7.

SKEW BENDING

371
372
 P 3.1. The simply supported timber beam, having a rectangular cross-
section, as shown in Fig. 3.1, is loaded at the mid-span by the concentrated
load P. The loading plane, containing P, is inclined by angle α with respect
to the vertical plane. It is required:
a) to compute the normal and shear stress at point Q located on section
Cleft;
b) to determine the position of the neutral axis and to plot the diagrams
of normal and shear stresses on section Cleft;
c) to check the strength requirement;
d) to compute the maximum deflection of the beam.
Numerical data: P = 5 kN,  = 300 , = 4 m, b = 12 cm,

h = 18cm, E = 104 N / mm2 , yQ = −3cm, z Q = 4cm, 0 = R d = 13N / mm 2 ,

0 = R fd = 1N / mm2 .

Fig. 3.1. Timber beam and beam cross-section

373
 Solution
a) The free body diagram and the diagrams of internal forces, plotted
in the loading plane, are shown in Fig. 3.2a. The maximum internal forces
occur at the mid-span section and they have the following values:
P 54 P 5
M i max = M c = = = 5 kNm; Vi max
= = = 2.5 kN = Vcleft = Vcright .
4 4 2 2
The direction of the bending moment vector is normal to the loading
plane. The direction of the shear force vector coincides with the direction of
force P.
Since the direction of the bending moment vector does not coincide
with any of the principal centroidal axes of the cross-section, the loading state
is combined skew bending and shear force.
The components of Mi and Vi vectors along the principal centroidal axes
of cross-section Cleft are (Fig. 3.2b):
M y = Mi max cos  = 5cos 300 = 4.33kNm ;

M z = Mi max sin  = 5sin 300 = 2.50 kNm ;

Fig. 3.2. a) Diagrams of internal forces; b) Components of internal forces at section Cleft

374
 P 5
Vz = cos  = cos 300 = 2.165 kN ;
2 2
P 5
Vy = sin  = sin 300 = 1.250 kN .
2 2
The normal stress σx at any point of the cross-section located in the 1st
quadrant is computed by means of the effect superposition principle:
My Mz
 x ( y, z ) =  x y +  M
x = z − y
M z
(3.1)
Iy Iz

Equation (3.1) is also used for the points located in the remaining three
quadrants of the cross-section with the sole condition that y and z are
considered with the appropriate sign for each quadrant.
The geometrical properties of the cross-section are computed:
b  h 3 12 183 h  b3 18 123
Iy = = = 5832cm 4 ; Iz = = = 2592cm 4 ;
12 12 12 12
b  h 2 12 182 h  b 2 18 122
Wy = = = 648cm3 ; Wz = = = 432 cm3 ;
6 6 6 6
b  h 2 12 182
Sy0 = = = 486cm3 ; A = b  h = 12 18 = 216 cm 2 .
8 8
Therefore, at point Q ( yQ = −3cm , z Q = 4cm ), the normal stress σx is:

My Mz 4.33 104 2.5 104 daN

Qx =  zQ −  yQ = 4−  ( −3) = 58.63 2 .
Iy Iz 5832 2592 cm

The normal stress σx at any point of the cross-section can be also

computed by means of:
 z  cos  y  sin  
x = Mi  −  (3.2)
 I I z 
 y

My Mz
x =  z y (3.3)
Iy Iz

375
 In the last equation, although the terms are considered with their
absolute values, the algebraic sign should reflect the physical reality. It refers
to the sign of the normal stress (either tensile or compressive stress) produced
by the bending moments My and Mz and depending on the quadrant the
considered point is located. Either of the first three equations leads to the same
value.
The shear stresses are also determined based on the effect
superposition principle. Hence, the components Vz and Vy of the shear force
produce the following shear stresses at a point on the cross-section:
Vz  Sy1 Vy  Sz1
 xz = ; xy = (3.4)
b ( z )  Iy h ( y )  Iz

where, Sy1 = Sy  A ' ( z )  and Sz1 = Sz  A ' ( y )  are the first moments of areas

with respect to y and z axes of a part of the cross-section bounded by parallel

lines to the considered axes. The terms b(z) and h(y) are the width and the
height of the cross-section at the location of the considered point,
respectively.
The two components of the shear force are then geometrically
assembled and the total shear stress at the point is obtained:

 = 2xy + 2xz (3.5)

which has the same direction with the shear force Vi.
For point Q there are known b ( z ) = b = 12cm and Sy1 = Sy  A ' ( z )  , so

that the corresponding first moments of area can be computed,

Sy1 = Sy  A ' ( z Q ) = 12  5  6.5 = 390cm3 ;

Sz1 = Sy  A ' ( yQ )  = 18  3  4.5 = 243cm3

and the shear stresses:

376
 Vz  Sy1 216.5  390 daN
xz = =  1.21 2 ;
b ( z )  Iy 12  5832 cm

Vy  Sz1 125  243 daN

xy = = = 0.62 2 ;
h ( y )  Iz 18  2592 cm

The total shear stress at point Q is:

daN
 = 2xz +  2xy = 1.212 + 0.652 = 1.37
cm 2
b) According to the definition, the neutral axis is the geometrical locus
of the points of a cross-section for which  x = 0 . The neutral axis is a line

passing through the centroid of the cross-section and having the slope given
by:
Iy 5832
m = tan  = tan  = tan 300 = 1.299
Iz 2592
So, the angle β between the neutral axis and the y axis is:
 = tan −1 (1.299 ) = 52.41 ( 52 25' ) .

The angle “α” is considered to be positive when it is measured from z

axis clockwise. A positive “β” angle is measured from y axis clockwise.
A second possibility to determine the position of the neutral axis
consists in one of its properties, namely: the neutral axis passes through the
quadrants not crossed by the loading plane.
Once the position of the neutral axis is determined, the diagram of
normal stresses is plotted. The extreme values of the normal stress on a cross
section are obtained at the furthest points of the cross-section from the neutral
axis (points 1 and 2 or “i” and “c”). The linear distribution of normal stress σx
is then considered (Fig. 3.3). Both diagrams of normal and shear stresses can
be plotted on the same drawing.

377
 Fig. 3.3. Neutral axis position and normal stress distribution

The distribution of shear stresses is shown in Fig. 3.4.

Fig. 3.4. Distribution of shear stresses

378
 c) The extreme values of the normal stress σx are computed and the
strength requirement is checked. In the case of rectangular cross-sections and
cross-sections having two axes of symmetry, that can be inscribed into a
rectangle, having material at each of the four corners of the escribed rectangle,
the following equations can be used:
 M y Mz   cos  sin  
 x1,2 =  x max =   +  =  Mi  +  (3.6)
W W   W Wz 
min
 y z   y

Because timber has the same strength in tension and compression (σ0i
= σ0c = σ0), the strength requirement is:
My M z 43300 25000 daN
 x max = + = + = 66.82 + 57.87 = 124.69 2
Wy Wz 648 432 cm

The strength requirement is fulfilled since:

daN daN
 x max = 124.69 2
 0 = 130 2
cm cm
daN daN
 x max = 124, 69 2
  0 = 130 2 .
cm cm
The maximum shear stress, occurring at the level of the neutral axis, is
also checked:

max = 2xz0 + 2xy0  0 (3.7)

For the rectangular cross-section it is known that:

Vz Vy
xz0 = 1.5 ;  xy0 = 1.5 (3.8)
A A
hence, equation (3.7) becomes:
1.5 1,5 daN daN
max = Vy2 + Vz2 = 216.52 + 1252 = 1.736 2  0 = 10 2 .
A 216 cm cm
d) In order to compute the maximum deflection of the beam, the
components of force P along y and z axes are used:

379
Py = P sin  = 5sin 300 = 2.5kN ;

Pz = P cos  = 5cos300 = 4.33kN ;

The components of the maximum deflection in the two orthogonal planes are
computed (Fig. 3.5a). The effect superposition principle is then applied (Fig.
3.5b).

Fig. 3.5. Displacements for skew bending: a) maximum deflections in the orthogonal planes
of the beam; b) effect superposition

Consequently, in the vertical plane xAz, the component Pz produces a

maximum deflection of:
Pz  3 433  400 3
w max = = = 0.99 cm = 9.9 mm .
48EI y 48 10 5  5832

In the horizontal xAy plane, the component Py produces the deflection:

Py  3
250  4003
v max = = = 1.286 cm = 12.86 mm .
48EI z 48 105  2592

The maximum deflection at mid-span is:

f max = vmax
2
+ w max
2
= 12.862 + 9.92 = 16.23mm .

380
 The angle between the vector fmax and y axis has the value:
w max 9.9
tan  = = = 0.76983   = tan −1 ( 0.76983) = 37.590 (37 035') .
v max 12.86

Because  +  = 37.59 0 + 52.41 0 = 37 035'+ 520 25' = 90 0, it follows that

the total deflection fmax is normal to the neutral axis.

P 3.2. Determine the required dimensions for the timber purlins of the
roof structure shown in Fig. 3.6. Plot the distribution of the normal stress σx
on the cross-section and compute the maximum deflection. The distance
between the roof trusses is 4m, the span is 12m, and the inclination angle of
the envelope is α = 150. The purlins are located at 1.5 m apart.

Fig. 3.6. Framing roof structure: a) cross-section; b) side view (without the envelope)
The self weight of the envelope is 40daN/m2 in (gravitational direction)
and the intensity of the snow load is considered 100daN/m2 (gravitational
direction). The purlins are considered as simple supported beams on the truss
sub-structures. The timber design tensile and compressive strength from
bending are equal: σ0 = Rd = 100daN/cm2, E = 105 daN/cm2 (Bia et. al., 1983).
Solution
The intensity of the distributed load per meter
q = ( 40 + 100 ) 1.5daN / m = 2.1kN / m = 2.1daN / cm .

381
 Because the load is oriented in the gravitational direction, the purlin
itself is subjected to skew bending (Fig. 3.7).

Fig. 3.7. Purlin support and orientation

According to the free body diagram shown in Fig. 3.8, the maximum
bending moment occurring at the mid-span section is:
q 2 210  42
M i max = = = 420 daNm.
8 8

Fig. 3.8. Free body diagram and bending moment diagram

The components of M i max vector along the principal centroidal axes of

the cross-section have the values:

382
M y = Mi max cos  = 420cos150 = 405.7 daNm ;

M z = Mi max sin  = 420sin150 = 108.7 daNm .

The strength requirement for the case of skew bending in terms of

normal stresses,
My Mz
 x max = +  0
Wy Wz

can be alternatively considered as:

1  Wy 
 x max =  My +  M z   0 .
Wy  Wz 
By making the following notation:
Wy h
= = k,
Wz b
then the strength condition becomes:
My + k  Mz
 x max =  0 .
Wy

By imposing k = 1.5 it follows:

Wy req =
My + k  Mz
=
( 405.7 + 1.5 108.7 ) 102 = 568.75cm3 .
0 100
Taking into account that:

b  h 2 b  (1.5  b )
2

Wy = = = 0.375b3 = Wyreq ,
6 6
the width of the cross-section is obtained:
Wyreq 568.75
b= 3 = 3 = 11.49cm ; h = 1.5b = 17.23cm .
0.375 0.375
The following dimensions are adopted b = 12cm and h = 18cm, which
leads to:

383
 b  h 2 12 182 h  b 2 18 122
Wy = = = 648cm3 , Wz = = = 432cm3 .
6 6 6 6
The extreme values of the normal stress are:
 M y Mz   40570 10870  daN
 x max =  x1,2 =   +  =   +  = 87.77 2  0 .
  648 432 
min
 Wy Wz  cm

The position of the neutral axis is given by:

2
Iy h
m = tan  = tan  =   tan  = 1.52 tan150 = 0.603 
Iz b

  = tan −1 ( 0.603)  31.090 (3105').

Fig. 3.9. Mid-span cross-section of the purlin: a) position of the neutral axis and normal
stress distribution; b) maxiumum deflection
Fig. 3.9a shows the distribution of the normal stress, having extreme
values at the points 1 and 2.
For the calculation of the maximum deflection, the two components of
the load q are used (Fig. 3.9b):
q y = q sin  , q z = q cos ,

based on which the following values are obtained for each plane (Fig. 3.10a,
b):

384
 5q z  4
- for xAz plane  w max = ;
384 EI y

5q y  4

- for xAy plane  v max = .

384 EI z

Fig. 3.10. Maximum deflection: a) in the horizontal plane xAy; b) in the vertical plane xAz

The maximum deflection of the purlin occurs at the mid-span section

and its value is:

5q  4 sin 2  cos 2 
f max = v 2max + w 2max = + =
384E I 2z I 2y

5  2.1  4004 sin 2 150 cos 2 150

= + = 1.35cm
384 105 2592 2 5832 2
where:
b  h 3 12 183 h  b3 18 123
Iy = = = 5832cm 4 ; Iz = = = 2592cm 4 .
12 12 12 12
The geometrical addition of the two maximum deflections
corresponding to the two orthogonal planes of the purlin is presented in Fig.
3.9b.
It can be shown that:

385
 w max cos  I z cos 150 2592
tan  = =  =  = 1.658689   = 58.910 (58054 ')
v max sin  I y sin150 5832

Because  +  = 58.91 0 + 31.09 0 = 58055'+ 3105' = 90 0 it follows that

the maximum deflection fmax is perpendicular to the neutral axis.

P 3.3. The roof purlins of an industrial building are made of hot-rolled

steel profiles (IPN type), with a length ℓ = 4.2m and the free-body diagram
shown in Fig. 3.11. The purlin should resist a uniformly distributed load of
intensity q = 12kN/m, applied at an angle α = 300 with respect to the axis of
symmetry Gz of the cross-section. It is required:
a) to determine the dimensions of the steel profile considering a limit
value for the normal stress σ0 = Rd = 210 N/mm2;
b) to determine the position of the neutral axis and to plot the diagram
of normal stresses;
c) to check the stiffness requirement knowing that E = 2.1·105N/mm2,
and the maximum allowed deflection is fa = ℓ/200.

Fig. 3.11. Roof purlin: a) free body diagram and diagrams of internal forces; b) cross-
section

386
 Solution
a) The state of loading of the purlin is combined shear and skew
bending. The diagrams of internal forces, in terms of Mi and Vi, are shown in
Fig. 3.11a.
The maximum values of the internal forces are:
q 2 12  4.22
M i max = = = 26.46 kNm ;
8 8
q 12  4.2
Vi max = = = 25.2kN .
2 2
The maximum bending moment vector is normal to the loading plane
and its components act along the principal centroidal axes of the cross-section
are (Fig. 3.11b):
M y = Mi cos  = 26.46cos 300 = 22.915kNm ;

Mz = Mi sin  = 26.46sin 300 = 13.230 kNm .

Because the cross-section can be inscribed into a rectangle and it has
material at all four corners of the virtual rectangle, the strength requirement
becomes:
 M y Mz 
 x max =   +  0 .
 W W 
min
 y z 

Wy 1
Making the notation k = and considering as common factor,
Wz Wy

it follows:
1
Wy
( M y + k  M z )  0 , based on which Wy can be determined.
For standardized IPN steel profiles tha values of the “k” ratio is between
6.5…10. By arbitrary selection of k = 8 it follows:

387
Wy nec =
My + k  Mz
=
( 22.915 + 8 13.230 ) 104  613cm3  from tables
0 2100
an IPN 300 steel profile is selected, having Wy = 653cm3, Wz = 72.2cm3.
Wy 653
Since k = = = 9.04  8 , the strength requirement should
Wz 72.2
be checked again:
 My Mz   229150 132300  daN
 x max =   +  =   +  =  2183.3 2  0 .
  653 72.2 
min
 Wy Wz  cm

The strength requirement is not fulfilled and a new steel profile is

selected. The new profile is IPN 320, having Wy = 782cm3, Wz = 84.7cm3, for
which the strength requirement is fulfilled:
 M y Mz   229150 132300  daN
 x max =   +  =   +  =  1855 2  0 .
  782 84.7 
min
 Wy Wz  cm

b) The position of the neutral axis is given by its slope:

Iy 12510
m = tan  = tan  = tan 300 = 13.014   = 85.610 = 85036 ' .
Iz 555
The neutral axis passes through the centroid at an agle β with respect to Gy
axis. The extreme values of normal stress occur at points 1 and 2 of the mid-
span cross-section of the purlin (Fig. 3.12a).
c) The components of the external load with respect to the two principal
centroidal axes of inertia of the steel profile section,
q y = q sin  , q z = q cos  ,

produce the following maximum deflections at the mid-span:

5q 4 sin 
4
5q y
v max = = ;
384EI z 384EI z

388
 5q z 4 5q 4 cos 
w max = = .
384 EI y 384 EI y

Fig. 3.12. Stresses and deflections: a) distribution of the normal stress and the geometrical
addition of the deflections; b) maximum deflections in planes xAy and xAz
By geometrical addition, the total maximum deflection is obtained:
2
 cos    sin  
2
5q 4
f max = v max + w max
2 2
=   +   =
384E  I y   Iz 
2 2
5 12  420 4  cos 300   sin 30 0 
=   +  = 2.09cm 
384  2.1 106  12510   555 
420
 fa = = = 2.1cm.
200 200

P 3.4. For the beam shown in Fig. 3.13 it is required:

1. to plot the diagram of normal stresses σx on the most loaded section
(the extreme values of normal stresses will be expressed in terms of parameter
”t”);
2. to determine the cross-sectional dimensions of the beam from the
strength requirement in terms of normal stresses;
389
 3. to plot the diagram of normal stresses on the cross-section
corresponding to the maximum positive bending moment;
4. to compute the total deflection at section C.
Given data: = 4.2 m, q = 50 kN / m, E = 2.1 106 daN / cm 2 ,

 = 250 , 0 = R d = 2200daN / cm2 .

Solution
1. The internal forces are computed, and the corresponding diagrams
are plotted:
q q 3q
M B = 0  RA  − q  + q   = 0  RA = − =
2 2 4 2 8 8
;

3 3 9q
M A = 0  RB  − q   = 0  RB =
2 4 8
.

Checking the support reactions:

3 3q 9q 12q 3q
F zi = 0  RA + RB − q 
2
=0 
8
+
8
=
8
=
2
(A)
Evaluation of internal forces:
3q 3q 5q
ViA = R A = ; ViB,left = R A − q = −q = − ;
8 8 8
5q 9q 4q q
ViB,right = ViB,left + R B = − + = = ; ViC = 0;
8 8 8 2
q 2
M iA = 0; M iB = −q   = − ; M iC = 0;
2 4 8
3q
R 3
Vi ( x ) = R A − qx = 0  x = A = 8 = ;
q q 8

 3  3q 3 3 3 9q 2 9q 2 9q 2
M i max = M i   =  −q  = − = .
8 8 8 8 16 64 128 128

390
 The diagrams of internal forces are shown in Fig. 3.13a.

Fig. 3.13. Free-body diagram and cross-section: a) diagrams of internal forces;

b) distribution of normal stresses σx on section Bleft
The state of loading is combined shear and skew bending (the twisting
effect is neglected). The most loaded section is Bleft, where the maximum (in
absolute value) internal forces are:
q 2 50  4.22
Mi = = = 110.25 kNm ;
max 8 8
5q 5  50  4.2
Vi max
= = = 131.25 kN .
8 8
The geometrical properties of the cross-section are computed:
- centroid location (with respect to y1G1z)

zG =
A z i i
=
40t 2  20.5t 820t 3
= = 13.23t ;
A i 22t 2 + 40t 2 62t 2

- principal moments of inertia

t  ( 40t )
3
22t  t 3
Iy = + 22t 2  (13.23t ) + + 40t 2  ( 7.27t ) = 11300t 4 ;
2 2

12 12

391
 t  ( 22t )
3
40t  t 3
Iz = + = 890.67t 4 .
12 12
The position of the neutral axis is given by its slope:
Iy 11300
m = tan  = tan  = tan ( −25 ) = −5.916   = −80.410 (−800 24' )
0

Iz 890.67
The signs of angles α and β could be neglected if the concept of the
neutral axis passing through the other two quadrants of the cross-section than
the loading plane, is used.
The extreme values of the normal stresses occur at points 1 and 2 and
are computed as follows:
My Mz  cos  sin  
 x max =  x1 =  z1 +  y1 = M i   z1 +  y1  =
Iy Iz  I Iz 
 y 
 cos 250 sin 250  6968.5  daN 
= 1102500   13.73t + 11t  =
 11300t
4
890.67t 4
 t 3  cm 2 

My Mz  cos  sin  
 x min =  x 2 =  z2 −  y2 = Mi   z2 −  y2  =
Iy Iz  I Iz 
 y 
 cos 250 sin 250  4628.78  daN 
= 1102500  4
 12.73t − 4
11t  = −  cm 2 
 11300t 890.67t  t3

The position of the neutral axis and the distribution of normal stresses
on section Bleft are shown in Fig. 3.13b.
2. Since steel has the same tensile and compressive strength, (
0t = 0c = 0 ), the strength requirement can be written at limit as:

6968.5
x = = 0 (= R d ) ,
max
t3
From where the parameter “t” is determined.

392
 6968.5 3 6968.5
t req = 3 = = 1.47 cm = 14.7 mm.
Rd 2200

The following integer values is adopted: t = 15mm.

3. The maximum positive moment occurs at the section located at
3 9q 2 9  50  4.22
x= and it is equal to M i = =  62.0156 kNm , as shown
8 128 128
in Fig. 3.14.
The extreme values of the normal stress are:
 cos  sin  
 x max =  x1 == M i  −  z1 +  y1  =
 Iy Iz 
 
 cos 250 sin 250 
= 620156  − 4
 12, 73 t + 4
11 t  =
 11300 t 890.67t 
2603.689 2603.689  daN 
= = = 771.46  2 
 cm 
3 3
t 1,5

 cos  sin  
 x min =  x 2 = M i  −  z2 −  y2  =
 Iy Iz 
 
 cos 250 sin 250 
= 620156  − 4
 13, 73t − 4
11 t  =
 11300 t 890.67t 
3919.787 3919.787  daN 
=− =− = −1161.42  2 
 cm 
3 3
t 1.5
The distribution of the normal stresses is presented in Fig. 3.14.

393
 Fig. 3.14. Distribution of normal stress σx on the beam section located at x = 3ℓ/8

4. The components of the distributed load q in xAy and xAz planes,

q y = q sin  , q z = q cos  , lead to similar bending moment diagrams in the

two orthogonal planes of the bar. For example, My diagram produced by the
component qz has the same shape as the Mi diagram from Fig. 3.13a. In order
to obtain geometrical shapes with known areas and known positions of their
centroids, the diagram is divided as presented in Fig. 3.15.

394
Fig. 3.15. Division of My bending moment diagram (produced by qz) and the diagram

produced by a virtual unit force (1)

395
 Mohr-Maxwell method is used for the calculation of the deflection wc:
My  My 2 q 2   1 q
2
2
wC =  EI y
dx =   z   −  +  z    +
3 8  4 2 8 3 2
( L)

1 qz 2 3  1 1  qz 4 qz 4 qz 4  qz 4
+      = − + + = =
3 8 2 4 2  EI y EI y  48 48 128  128EI y
q 4 cos  50  420 4  cos 250
= = = 0.0917 cm.
128 EI y 128  2.1 10 6 11300 1.5 4

Similarly:
q 4 sin  50  4204  sin 250
4
qy
vC = = = = 0.5425cm .
128 EI z 128 EI z 128  2.1106  890.67 1.54
The total deflection at the end C of the beam is:

f C = vC2 + w C2 = 5.4252 + 0.917 2 = 5.5mm.

P 3.5. For the beam shown in Fig. 3.16 it is required to:

a) plot the diagrams of internal forces and identify the state of loading
(the twisting effect is neglected);
b) check the strength requirements;
c) plot the distribution of stresses over the considered sections from
task b);
d) compute the total deflection at section C.
Given data: a = 1.2m, P = 2qa, E = 2.1 10 6 daN / cm 2 ,

q = 50kN / m, 0 = 2200daN / cm2 , 0 = 1400daN / cm2 .

Solution
a) The diagrams of internal force Vz and My (produced by load q in xAz
plane) and Vy, Mz (produced by load P in xAy plane) are shown in Fig. 3.16.

396
 Fig. 3.16. Free body diagram and diagrams of internal forces

States of loading corresponding to each sub-domain of the beam:

AB: combines shear and skew bending (biaxial bending);
BC: combined shear and bending.
Section A and C: pure shear.

397
 The bending moments are considered to be positive when the associated
vectors point in the positive direction of principal centroidal axes of the cross-
section.

b) The strength requirements should be expressed at two sections where

large values of stresses may occur:
- Section Bleft, is subjected to combined shear and bending:
MBz = Pa = 2qa 2 = 2  50 1.22 = 144 kNm ;

P qa 50 1.2
VzB,left = 2qa = 2  50 1.2 = 120kN; VyB,left = = = = 30 kN.
4 2 2
- Section D, is subjected to combined shear and skew bending:
qa
M Dy = 2qa 2 = 144 kNm, M Dz = qa 2 = 72 kNm, VyD = = 30kN.
2
In order to check the strength requirements, the geometrical properties
of the cross-section should be computed.
With respect to y1G1z system of coordinates:

zG =
A z i i
=
2 1  40  21
=
1680
= 12 cm .
A i 30  2 + 1  40  2 140

With respect to the principal centroidal system of axes yGz, (Fig.

3.17a), the geometrical properties are:
23  30  403 1 
Iy = + 30  2 122 + 2  + 1  40  92  = 25806.67cm 4 ;
12  12 

2  303  40 13 
Iz = + 2 + 1 40 102  = 12506.67cm 4 ;
12  12 
Iz 12506.67  29 
Wz = = = 833.78cm3 ; Sy0 = 2 1  29   = 841cm 3 ;
y max 15  2 

398
 15
Sz0 = 2 15  + 1  40 10 = 625cm 3 ; A = 30  2 + 2 1 40 = 140cm2 .
2

Fig. 3.17. Diagrams of normal stresses: a) section B; b) section D

Checking the normal stress.

- section B
M Bz 144 104 daN daN
 x max = = = 1727.07 2  0 = 2200 2 .
min Wz 833.78 cm cm
- at section D the position of the neutral axis should be determined first:
Iy I y M z 25806.67 72
m = tan  = tan  = =  = 1.031716 
Iz I z M y 12506.67 144
  = −45.890 (−45053').
The extreme values of normal stress are:

399
 My Mz 144 10 4 72 10 4
 x max =  x1 =  z1 +  y1 =  29 + 10.5 =
Iy Iz 25806.67 12506.67
daN
= 2222.66  0 ;
cm 2
My Mz 144 10 4 72 10 4
 x min =  x 2 = −  z2 −  y2 = − 13 − 15 =
Iy Iz 25806.67 12506.67
daN
= −1588.93  0 .
cm 2
Checking the shear stress
- section Bleft – due to Vz
Vz  Sy0 120 102  841 daN
xz0 = xz max = = = 195.53 2  0 ;
b0  I y 2  25806.67 cm

- sections Bleft and D – due to Vy

Vy  Sz0
30 102  625 daN
xy0 = xy max = = = 74.96 2  0 ;
h 0  Iz 2 12506.67 cm
- section Bright – due to Vy
Vy  Sz0 12000  625 daN
xy max = = = 299.84 2  0 ;
h 0  Iz 2 12506.67 cm

Sz1 = 1 40 10 = 400cm3 ;

Vy  Sz1 12000  400 daN

xz max = = = 383.8 2  0 .
h1  I z 112506.67 cm

c) The distribution of normal stresses over the considered sections are

shown in Fig. 3.17 (a and b) and for the shear stresses in Fig. 3.18.

400
 Fig. 3.18. Distributions of shear stresses: a) section Bleft; b) section Bright

d) A virtual unit force is applied at section C on both z and y directions.

The corresponding M z and M y diagrams are plotted (Fig. 3.19).
By using the bending moment diagrams My and Mz from Fig. 3.16 and
the diagrams from Fig. 3.19, the deflections at point C are computed by means
of Mohr-Maxwell method:
My  My 1 2  a 8qa 4
wC =  EI y
dx =   2qa 2  4a   −  = −
EI y 3  2 3EI y
=
( )

8  50 1204
=− = − 0.51cm;
3  2.1 106  25806 .67

Mz  Mz 1 1 2 1 2 
vC =  dx =  Pa  4a  a + Pa  a  a  =
EI z  2 3 
( ) EI z 3 2
1  4Pa 3 Pa 3  5Pa 3 10qa 4 10  50 120 4
=  + = = = = 1.32 cm.
EI z  3 3  3EI z 3EI z 3  2.1 106 12506.67

401
 Fig. 3.19. Diagrams M z and M y , produced by virtual unit forces applied at section C
along z and y axes

The total displacement/deflection at point C is:

f C = vC2 + w C2 = 13.22 + 5.12 = 14.15mm

P 3.6. Consider the horizontal cantilever shown in Fig. 3.20.

a) plot the diagrams of internal forces and identify the state of loading;
b) plot the diagram of normal stresses on the most loaded section of the
cantilever;
c) plot the total linear displacement of the free end.
Numerical data:  = 3m, P = 3kN, E = 2,1  106 daN / cm 2 , q = 2,5kN / m

Note: The torsional effect produced by load P is neglected.

402
 Fig. 3.20. Geometry and loading condition of the cantilever

Solution
a) The cantilever is loaded by forces acting in two orthogonal planes.
The internal forces produced by these forces are:
- distributed force q in xAz vertical plane
MAz = Mz = P = 3  3 = 9kN  m; ;

- concentrated force in xAy horizontal plane

VyA −B = −P = const.; M zB = 0; M zA = P .

The diagrams of internal forces are shown in Fig. 3.21.

The state of loading is combined shear (section B is subjected to pure
shear) and biaxial bending (skew bending). The most loaded section is section
A (the fixed end), where the internal forces have maximum values (absolute
values):
q 2 2.5  32
M Ay = M y = = = 11.25 kNm; VzA = Vz = q = 2.5  3 = 7.5kN;
2 2
MAz = Mz = P = 3  3 = 9 kNm; VyA = Vy = P = 3kN.

403
 Fig. 3.21. Diagrams of internal forces: a) xAz plane, b) xAy plane

b) The geometrical properties of the cross-section are computed. The

position of the centroid with respect to y1Cz frame of reference is:

zG =
A z i i
=
1  20 11
=
220
= 4.58cm .
A i 14  2 + 1  20 48

The principal moments of inertia are:

14  2 3 1  20 3
Iy = + 14  2  4,58 2 + + 1  20  6,42 2 = 2087,67cm 4
12 12
2  14 3 20  13
Iz = + = 459cm 4
12 12
The position of the neutral axis is given by:
I y M z 2087.67 −9
m = tan  =  =  = 3.63864   = 74.630 (74038')
Iz M y 459 −11.25

The position of the neutral axis and the diagram of normal stresses on
the section located at the fixed end are shown in Fig. 3.22.
The extreme values of the normal stresses are given by:

404
 My Mz 11, 25 10 4 9 10 4
 x max =  x1 =  z1 +  y1 =  5.58 + 7 =
Iy Iz 2087.67 459
daN
= 1673.24 ;
cm 2
My Mz 11.25 10 4 9 10 4
 x min =  x 2 =  z2 −  y2 =  3.58 − 7 =
Iy Iz 2087.67 459
daN
= −1179.63 .
cm 2

Fig. 3.22. The position of the neutral axis and the diagram of normal stresses on section A

c) Mohr-Maxwell is used for calculating the total linear displacement of the

free end. For this purpose, the diagrams of bending moments produced by virtual
units loads applied at the free end, in z and y directions, are plotted. (Fig. 3.23).

405
Fig. 3.23. Diagrams produced by the vitual unit load: a) diagram M y ; b) diagram M z , c)

deflections at the free end of the cantilever

By using the bending moment diagrams shown in Fig. 3.21, it follows:

My  My 1 1 q 2 3 q 4 2,5  3004
wB =  dx =      = = 
EI y EI y 3 2 4 8EI y 8  2.1 106  2087.67
 0.58cm;

Mz  Mz 1 1 2 P 3 300  3003
vB =  dx = −  P   =− =− =
EI z EI z 2 3 3EI z 3  2.1 106  459
= −2.8cm.
The total displacement at section B is:

f B = vB2 + w B2 = 282 + 5.82  28.6 mm.

406
 P 3.7. For the beam shown in Fig. 3.24 it is required:
a) to plot the diagrams of internal forces and to identify the state of
loading;
b) to plot the diagrams of stresses on the most loaded section (extreme
values expressed in terms of q);
c) to determine the carrying capacity, qcap, of the beam;
d) to compute the deflection at the free end.
Numerical data: = 3m; E = 1.5 106 daN / cm 2 ; 0 = R d = 1800daN / cm2 .

Fig. 3.24. Beam geometry and loading conditions

Solution
a) The cantilever is loaded by forces acting in the two orthogonal
planes. The diagrams of internal forces are shown in Fig. 3.25.
q q q 2
VzA = ; VzB = 0; M Ay = −  = − ; M By = 0;
2 2 3 6
q q 2 q 2
VyA = − ; VyB = 0; M zA =  = ; M zB = 0;
2 2 3 3
The beam is subjected to combined shear and skew bending (except
section B which is not loaded).
The most loaded section is the one located at the fixed end.

407
 Fig. 3.25. Diagrams of internal forces: a) in xAz plane; b) in xAy plane

b) The moments of inertia with respect to the principal centroidal axes

of the cross section are determined. Based on them, the section moduli are
computed by using the cross-sectional dimensions shown in Fig. 3.24:
22  423 20  403
Iy = − = 29161.33cm 4 ;
12 12
Iy 29161.33
Wy = = = 1388.63cm3 ;
z max 21

408
 42  223 40  203
Iz = − = 10601,33cm 4 ;
12 12
I 10601,33
Wz = z = = 963,76cm3 .
y max 11

The slope of the neutral axis is:

I y M z 29161.33
m = tan  =  =  2 = 5.50145   = 79.7 0 (790 42 ')
I z M y 10601.33
2
Mz q /3
where the ratio = 2
= 2 = tan  was used.
My q /6

The position of the neutral axis and the diagrams of normal stresses σx
over the cross-section located at the fixed end are presented in Fig. 3.26.

Fig. 3.26. Diagram of normal stresses σx

Because the cross-section is a rectangular hollow section, the extreme

values of the normal stress can be computed according to the following
relations:
409
  M y Mz   q  3002 / 6 q  3002 / 3  daN
 x max =  x1,2 =   +  =  +  = 41.93q 2
 Wy Wz   1388.63 963.76  cm
min
 
c) The carrying capacity, qcap, is determined from the strength
requirement (applied at limit):
1800 daN
 x max = 0  41.93q = 1800  q cap = = 4.93 .
41.93 cm

d) A virtual unit force is applied at the free end, in turn, along y and z
directions. The corresponding bending moment diagrams are plotted (Fig.
3.27).

Fig. 3.27. Bending moment diagrams produced by virtual unit forces

Using Mohr-Maxwell Method, the deflections along the two directions

are determined:

410
 My  My 1 1 q 2 4 q 4
wB =  dx =      = =
EI y EI y 4 6 5 30EI y
42.93  3004
=  0.265cm = 2.65 mm.
30 1.5 106  29161.33
In order to compute the deflection vB, the bending moment diagram Mz
shown in Fig. 3.25 b should be divided into simpler diagrams for which their
centroids and their areas are known. Hence, the real linearly distributed load,
located in the horizontal xAy plane, can be considered to be produced by a
uniformly distributed load q, active in the negative direction of y axis, and a
linearly distributed load having the maxium intensity q at the fixed end. Such
distribution of external loads lead to diagrams of bending moments in the
shapes of a 2nd degree and 3rd degree parabolas, respectively (Fig. 3.25').
Based on the effect superposition principle, if ollows:
Mz Mz 1  1 q 2 3 1 q 2 4 
vB =  dx =  −    +    =
l
EI z EI z  3 2 4 4 6 5 
q 4 q 4 11q 4
=− + =− =
8EI z 30EI z 120EI z
11  42.93  300 4
=− = −2.0045 cm = −20.045 mm.
120 1.5 106 10601.33

Fig. 3.25’. Bending moment diagrams expressed in terms of its components

411
 Checking by means of Step Functions Method:
M 0 x 2 V0 x 3 qx 4 q x5
w ( x ) = w 0 + 0 x − − + − 
2!EI y 3!EI y 4!EI y 5!EI y

q 2 q
where, w 0 = 0; 0 = 0; M 0 = − ; V0 = ;
6 2
 q 
2 2
q 3
q 4 q 4
wB = w ( ) 
= − −   −  + − =
 6  2EI y 2 6EI y 24EI y 120EI y
4q 4 q 4
= = .
120EI y 30EI y

The deflection in xAy plane is given by:

M 0 x 2 V0 x 3 q x 5
v ( x ) = v 0 + 0 x − − −  ,
2!EI z 3!EI z 5!EI z

q 2 q
where v0 = 0; 0 = 0; M 0 = ; V0 = − ;
3 2
q 2 2
q 3
q 4 11q 4
vB = v ( )=−  +  − =− =
3 2EI z 2 6EI z 120 EI z 120 EI z
11  42.93  300 4
=− = −2.0045 cm = −20.045 mm.
120 1.5 106 10601.33
The total deflection is:

f B = vB2 + w B2 = 20.0452 + 2.652 = 20.22 mm .

P 3.8. Consider the beam shown in Fig. 3.28:

a) compute the load carrying capacity, qcap, knowing that = 1.2m and
0 = R d = 2200daN / cm2 ;
b) plot the diagram of shear stress τ on the most loaded section in shear
and compute numerically only τxzmax and τxymax;

412
 c) determine the position of load Q so that the element to be subjected
only to combined shear and bending along two orthogonal directions;
d) compute the deflection and the rotation at section C

( E = 2.110 daN / cm ) .
6 2

The dimensions of the cross-section are expressed in mm.

Fig. 3.28. Free body diagram and cross-section of the beam

Solution
a) The internal forces in the two orthogonal planes:
- Vz and My are produced by the forces acting in the vertical plane xAz (Fig.
3.29a)

413
 1 q
M B = 0  R AV  3 − q  3  + q  = 0  R AV = ;
2 6
1 2 7q
M A = 0  R VB  3 − q  4 − q  3   3 = 0  R VB =
2 3 3
1
Checking: F zi = 0  R VA + R VB − q  3 − P = 0 
2
q 7q 3q 15q 5q
 + − −q = − =0 (A)
6 3 2 6 2
q 1 q 3q 8q 4q
VzA = R AV = ; VzB,left = VA − q  3 = − =− =− ;
6 2 6 2 6 3
4q 7q
VzB,right = VBleft + R VB = − + = q = VC ;
3 3
M Ay = 0 = M Cy ; M By = −P  = −q 2 .

From the similarity of the triangles on the diagram of the linearly distributed
load, it follows:
q(x) x q
=  q(x) =  x;
q 3 3
1 q 1 q 2
Vz ( x ) = R AV − q ( x )  x = 0  −  x = 0 
2 6 2 3
q
 2
= x2  x= ; q( )=
3
1 q q 2 q 2 q 2
My ( ) = R AV  −    = − = .
2 3 3 6 18 9
- Vy and Mz are produced by the force Q = 2qℓ acting in the horizontal plane
xAy (Fig. 3.29b)
2q
M B = 0  R AH  3 − 2q  = 0  R AH =
3
;

8q
M A = 0  R HB  3 − 2q  4 = 0  R HB =
3
.

414
 a)

b)
Fig. 3.29. Diagrams of internal forces produced by: a) forces in xAz plane;
b) forces in xAy plane
2q 2q 8q
VyA = R AH = = VBleft ; VyB,right = VyB,left − R BH = − = −2q = VC = Q;
3 3 3
2q
M Az = 0; M Bz = R AH  3 =  3 = 2q 2 ; M Cz = 0.
3
The beam is subjected to combined shear and bending along two
orthogonal directions (sections A and C only to pure shear along two

415
orthogonal directions). The most loaded section is Bright, where maximum
internal forces occur (in absolute value):
M y = q 2; M z max  = 2q 2 ; VzB,right = q ; VyB,right = 2q .
max 

The geometrical properties of the cross-section are determined.

With respect to the initial system of reference y1G1z (Fig. 3.28), it
follows:

zG =
A z i i
=
2 1.2  42  21,9
=
2207.52
= 14.53cm .
A i 28.4 1.8 + 2 1.2  42 151.92

With respect to the principal centroidal system of axes yGz:

28.4 1.83  1.2  423 
Iy = + 28.4 1.8 14.532 + 2  + 1.2  42  7.37 2  =
12  12 
= 31099.05cm 4

1.8  28.43  42 1.23 

Iz = + 2 + 42 1.2  5.62  = 6609.13cm 4 ;
12  12 
28.37
Sy0 = 2 1.2  28.37  = 965.83cm 3
2
Sz0 = 1.8 14.2  7.1 + 1.2  42  5.6 = 463.716cm3 .
The slope of the neutral axis in case of skew bending:
Iy 31099.05
m = tan  = tan  =  2 = 9.410936   = 83.930 (83056 ') ,
Iz 6609.13

M z 2q 2
where tan  = = = 2 (Fig. 3.29).
My q 2
The extreme values of the normal stress from Fig. 3.30 are determined:
My Mz 14400 q 22800 q
 x max =  x1 =  z1 +  y1 = 15.43 + 14.2 =
Iy Iz 31099.05 6609.13
daN
= 69.02 q ;
cm 2
416
 My Mz 14400 q 22800 q
 x min =  x 2 =  z2 +  y2 = 13.63 − 14.2 =
Iy Iz 31099.05 6609.13
daN
= −55.57 q .
cm 2

Fig. 3.30. Neutral axis position and normal stress distribution

From the strength requirement expressed in terms of normal stresses:
x max
= 69.02 q  0 ,

the carrying capacity is determined:

0 2200 daN
q cap = = = 31.875 .
69.02 69.02 cm

b) Using the determined value of qcap, the shear forces at section Bright are
computed:

VzBright = q = 31.875 120 = 3825daN;

Vy = 2q = 2  31.875 120 = 7650 daN
max

417
 The maximum shear stresses are:
VzB,right  Sy0 VzB,right  Sy0 3825  965.83 daN
xz max = = = = 49.5 2 ;
b0  I y 2t w  I y 2 1.2  31099.05 cm

VyB,right  Sz0 VyB,right  Sz0 7650  463.716 daN

xy max = = = = 298.19 2 .
h 0  Iz t f  Iz 1.8  6609.13 cm
The diagrams of shear stress τ on section Bright are shown in Fig. 3.31.

Fig. 3.31. Diagrams of shear stresses τ on section Bright: a) produced by Vz; b) produced by
Vy

c) For the beam to be subjected only to combined shear and bending

along two orthogonal directions, force Q must pass through the shear center
of the cross-section. The shear center is a point located in the plane of the
cross-section with respect to which the twisting moment produced by the
shear stresses is equal to zero. The diagrams of shear stresses shown in Fig.
3.31b are used and the calculation is performed with respect to the middle line
of the cross-section walls, as shown in Fig. 3.32.

418
Fig. 3.32. Diagram of shear stresses τ produced by Vy, resultants of shear stresses and the

position of the shear center (S.C.)

The shear stresses τxy in the flange:
Vy  Sz ( y ) Sz ( y )
xy = =k ;
t f  Iz tf

Vy  Sz0 469.764
xy0 = xy max = =k = 260,98k ;
t f  Iz 1.8

Vy
where the following notation has been made k = and
Iz

  1.8

1
Sz ( y ) = 1.8 (14.2 − y )  y + (14.2 − y )  =
2  2
(14.22 − y 2 ) ;

Vy  Sz0 469.764
xy0 = xy max = =k = 260.98 k ;
t f  Iz 1.8
419
 Sz1 8.6 1.8  9.9 + 42.9 1.2  5.6
xy1 = k =k = 245.3k ;
tf 1.8

Sz 2 8.6 1.8  9.9

xy2 = k =k = 85.14k .
tf 1.8
The shear stress τxz in the steel plates parallel to z axis
Vy  Sz ( ) S ( )
xz = =k z ;
t w  Iz tw

42.9 1.2  5.6

 xz1 = k = 240.24k .
1.2
The resultants of the shear stresses are:
 
V1 = 1.8 11.2   xy1 + (  xy0 −  xy1 )  =
2
 3 
 2 
= 20.16  245.3k + ( 260.98k − 245.3k )  = 5155.9872k;
 3 
14.2
14.2 14.2
 y3 
V2 = 1.8   xy dy =1.8
k
 2
1.8
(14.2 2
− y 2
) dy = 0.9k  201.64y −  =
5.6
1.8 5.6  3  5.6
 14, 23 5.63 
= 0.9k  201.64 14.2 − − 201.64  5.6 +  = 754.392k;
 3 3 

1 1
V3 =   xz1  42.9 1.2 =  240.24k  42.9 1.2 = 6183.7776 k .
2 2
The twisting moment produced by the resultant forces with respect to
the shear center is equal to zero:

M SC = 0  V1  d + 2V2  d − V3 11, 2 = 0  d ( V1 + 2V2 ) = 11.2V3

11.2V3 11.2  6183.7776k

d= = = 10.39 cm .
V1 + 2V2 5155.9872k + 2  754.392k

d) The equation of the deflection w(x), produced by the loads acting in

xAz plane, is written by using the Step Functions Method:

420
  M 0 x 2 V0 x 3 q x5 
w ( x ) =  w 0 + 0 x − − +   −
 2!EI y 3!EI y 3 5!EI y 
 x 0

 RB (x − 3 )
3
q (x − 3 )
4
q (x − 3 )
5

− V + + 
 3!EI y 4!EI y 3  5!EI y 
x 3

The parameters at the origin A are (Fig. 3.29a):

q
w 0 = 0; 0  0; M 0 = 0; V0 = R VA = ;
6
The equation of the deflection curve becomes:
 q x3 q x5 
w ( x ) =  0 x −  +   −
 6 3!EI y 3 5!EI y 
 x 0

 7q ( x − 3 )3 q ( x − 3 )
4
q (x − 3  )
5

−  + + 
 3 3!EI y 4!EI y 3  5!EI y 
x 3

The parameter θ0 is determined from the boundary condition

wB = w ( )=0:
q 4 q 4
wB = w ( ) = 0 − + =0 
36EI y 3 120EI y
 1 1 q 3 9q 3 q 3
 0 =  −  = = .
 36 360  EI y 360EI y 40EI y

It follows:
 q 3 q x3 q x5 
w (x) =  x −  +   −
 40EI 6 3!EI 3 5!EI
 y y y  x 0
 7q ( x − 3 )3 q ( x − 3 )
4
q (x − 3  )
5

−  + + 
 3 3!EI y 4!EI y 3  5!EI y 
x 3

421
 dw  q 3 q x2 q x4 
(x) = = x −  +   −
dx  40EI y 6 2!EI y 3 4!EI y 
x 0

 7q ( x − 3 )2 q ( x − 3 )
3
q (x − 3 )
4

−  + + 
 3 2!EI y 3!EI y 4  5!EI y 
x 3

For x = 4ℓ, the deflection and the rotation at section C in the vertical
plane are determined:
1 q 3 q q 7q 3 q 4 q 4 
wC = w (4 ) = − ( ) + ( ) − − − =
3 5
 4 4 4
EI y  40 36 360 18 24 360 
q 4  1 64 1024 7 1 1  11q 4 11  31.875 120 4
=  − + − − − = = =
EI y  10 36 360 18 24 360  15EI y 15  2.1 106  31099.05
= 0.0742 cm = 0.742 mm;

q 3  1 16 256 7 1 1  9q 3
C =  ( 4 )=  − + − − − = =
EI y  40 12 72 6 6 72  10EI y
9  31.875 1203
= = 7.59 10−4 rad.
10  2.1 10  31099.05
6

The load Q = 2qℓ acting in the horizontal plane xAy produces the
deflection:

RB (x − 3 )
3
 M x2 V x3 
v ( x ) =  v 0 + 0 x − 0 − 0  + H
 2!EI z 3!EI z  x 0 3!EI z
x 3

Substituting the known values of parameters (Fig. 3.29b),

2q 8q
v 0 = 0; 0  0; M 0 = 0; V0 = ; R HB = ,
3 3
the deflection equation becomes:
8q ( x − 3 )
3
 2q x3 
v ( x ) =  0 x −   +  x 3
 3 3!EI z  x 0 3 3!EI z

From the boundary condition vB = 0 it follows:

422
 2q 27 3 18q 3 q 3
vB = v ( 3 ) = 0  3 −  = 0  0 = = ,
3 6EI z 18EI z EI z
and:
8q ( x − 3 )
3
q 3 2q x3 
v(x) =  x−   +  x 3
 EI z 3 3!EI z  x 0 3 3!EI z

8q ( x − 3 )
2
dw  q 3 2q x2 
(x) = = −   + 
dx  EI z 3 2!EI z  x 0 3 2!EI z
x 3

For x = 4ℓ, the deflection and the rotation at section C in the

horizontal plane are:
q 4 2 64 8 1  48q 4 8q 4
vC = v ( 4 ) =  4 −  +   = − = − =
EI z  3 6 3 6 18EI z 3EI z
8  31.875 120 4
=− = −1.27cm;
3  2.1 106  6609.13

(1 −  +   = −
q 3 2 16 8 1 18q 3 3q 3
C =  ( 4 )= =− =
EI z 3 2 3 2 6EI z EI z
3  31.875 1203
=− = −0.0119056 rad.
2.1 106  6609.13
The total displacement of the free end of the beam is:

f C = vC2 + w C2 = 12.72 + 0.7422 = 12.72 mm.

P 3.9. The simply supported beam shown in Fig. 3.33a is positioned

such that the loading plane makes and angle α =200 with z axis of the cross-
section (Fig. 3.33b). It is required to:
1) plot the diagrams of internal forces and identify the state of loading;
2) determine the required dimensions of the cross-section;
3) compute the total displacement of section C.

423
Input data: E = 2.1105 N / mm2 , 0 = R d = 200N / mm2 ,

q
= 5m, P= , q = 60kN / m.
10
Solution
1) The support reactions and the internal forces in the loading plane are
computed. The diagrams of internal forces are shown in Fig. 3.34.
750 + 90
M B = 0  R VA  5 − 60  5  2.5 − 30  3 = 0  R VA =
5
= 168 kN;

750 + 60
M A = 0  R VB  5 − 60  5  2.5 − 30  2 = 0  R VB =
5
= 162 kN;

Checking: R AV + R BV − 60  5 − 30 = 0  168 + 162 − 330 = 0

Fig. 3.33. Simply supported beam a) support and loading conditions; b) cross-section

Internal forces
ViA = R VA = 168kN; ViC,left = 168 − 60  2 = 48kN; ViC,right = 48 − 30 = 18kN;

ViB = −R VB = −162 kN; MiA = MiB = 0; MiC = 168  2 − 60  2 1 = 216 kNm;

Vi ( x ' ) = −162 + 60  x ' = 0  x ' =

162
= 2.7m;
60

424
Mi ( 2, 7 ) = 162  2.7 − 60  2.7 1.35 = 218.7 kNm = M i max

The beam is subjected to combined shear and skew bending. Sections

A and B are subjected to pure shear and the section located at x’ = 2.7m is
subjected to skew bending (most loaded section).

a)

b)
Fig. 3.34. a) Diagrams of internal forces; b) Distribution of normal stresses σx on the most
loaded section

2) The required dimensions of the cross-section are determined from

the strength condition expressed in terms of normal stresses:

425
  cos  sin  
 x max = Mi max  +   0 .
 W W
 y z 

The geometrical properties of the cross-section are computed in terms

of parameter “t”:

12t  ( 24t ) 10t  ( 20t )

3 3

Iy = − = 7157.33t 4 ;
12 12

24t  (12t ) 20t  (10t )

3 3

Iz = − = 1789.33t 4 ;
12 12
Iy 7157.33t 4
Wy = = = 596.44t 3 ;
z max 12t

Iz 1789.33t 4
Wz = = = 298.22t 3 .
y max 6t
By substituting them in the strength condition, it follows:
 cos 200 sin 200 
218.7 106  3
+ 3 
= 200 
 596.44t 298.22t 

595383.2521 617273.1282
 3
= 200  t = 3 = 14.39 mm = 1.439 cm .
t 200
The value t = 1.5cm is adopted, which leads to:
I y = 7157.33t 4 = 7157.33 1.54 = 36233.983cm 4  3.6233 10 −4 m 4 ;

Iz = 1789.33t 4 = 1789.33 1.54 = 9058.483cm 4  0.90585 10 −4 m 4 .

The neutral axis in case of skew bending is defined by its slope:
Iy 36233.983
m = tan  =  tan  =  tan 200 = 1.455883   = 55031' .
Iz 9058.483
The diagram of normal stresses σx on the most loaded section is shown in Fig.
3.34b.

426
 3) The components of the loads in the two orthogonal planes of the
beam are presented in Fig. 3.35a, 3.35b, and have the following values:
- in the vertical plane xAz
q z = q cos  = 60cos 200 = 56.382 kN / m;

Pz = P cos  = 30cos 200 = 28,192 kN ;

- in the horizontal plane yAz
q y = q sin  = 60sin 200 = 20.521kN / m ;

Py = P sin  = 30sin 200 = 10.261kN .

Fig. 3.35. Assessment of deflections in two orthogonal planes:

a) displacements in xAz plane; b) displacements in xAy plane

Based on Step Function Method, the general equation of the deflection

curve is:
 M x2 V x3  Pz ( x − 2 )
3
q x4
w ( x ) =  w 0 + 0 x − 0 − 0  + z +
 2!EI y 3!EI y  4!EI y 3!EI y
 x 0 x 0 x 2

where,
w 0 = 0; 0  0; M0 = 0; V0 = R VA cos  = 168 cos 200 = 157.868kN .

427
 Substituting these values, it follows:
 R AV cos   x 3 q cos   x 4  P cos  ( x − 2 )
3

w ( x ) =  0 x − +  +
 3!EI y 4!EI y  3!EI y
 x. 0 x 2

From the boundary condition w B = w ( )=0 it results:

P cos  ( − 2 )
3
R A cos   3
q cos   4
0 − V + + =0 : 
6EI y 24EI y 6EI y

cos   R AV q P 3
0 = 
2
− 3
− ( − 2)  =
EI y  6 24 6 
cos   168 2 60 3 30 3  cos 
=  5 − 5 −  3   0 = 360.5 .
EI y  6 24 65  EI y

The deflection at section C (for x = 2m) is:

cos  168cos  3 60 cos  4 cos 
w C = w ( 2 ) = 360.5 2 − 2 +  2 = 537 .
EI y 6EI y 24EI y EI y

Similarly, for loads in xAy plane (Fig. 3.35b):

sin 
v C = v ( 2 ) = −537 .
EI z

The total displacement at section C is:

2
537  sin    cos  
2

fC = v + w =
2 2
  +  =
E  I z   I y 
C C

2 2
537  sin 200   cos 200 
=   +  = 0.0117m = 1.17cm.
2.1 108  0.90585 10−4   3.6233 10 −4 

P 3.10. For the simply supported beam shown in Fig. 3.36 it is required:
1) to plot the diagrams of internal forces and to identify the state of
loading;

428
 2) to determine the required dimensions of the cross-section;
3) to compute the total displacement at the mid-span of the beam, based
on the previously determined dimensions.
Input data: = 4m, q = 20kN / m, E = 1, 2 105 N / mm 2 ,

0t = R t = 30N / mm2 , 0c = R c = 120N / mm 2 .

Fig. 3.36. The simply supported beam: a) system of reference and loading condition;

b) cross-section
Solution
1) The loads acting in the vertical plane xAz produce the support
reactions R AV , R BV (Fig. 3.37a):

1  2  q
M = 0  R AV  − q   +   −  = 0 
B
2 2 2 3 2 2 2
5q q 11q
 R AV = + = ;
24 4 24
q 1 1
M A = 0  R VB  −  − q   = 0 
2 2 2 2 3 2
q q 7q
 R BV = + = ;
4 24 24
Checking:

429
 1  11 7  q q
F zi = R VA + R VB − q  − P =  +  q − −
2 2  24 24  4 2
=0 (A)
The internal forces Vz and My:
11q 11q 1 5q
VzA = R AV = ; ViC,left = − q = ;
24 24 2 2 24
5q q 7q
VzC,right = VzC,left − P = − =− = VzB ;
24 2 24
7q 7q 2
M Ay = 0; M Cz = R BV  =  = ; M By = 0.
2 24 2 48
The diagrams of internal forces are shown in Fig. 3.37a and Fig. 3.37b
for the loads acting in xAz and xAy planes, respectively.

Fig. 3.37a. Diagrams of internal forces for loads in xAz plane

430
 Fig. 3.37b. Diagrams of internal foreces for loads in xAy plane
The beam is subjected to combined shear and bending along two
orthogonal directions (except section A and B which are subjectd only to
shear). Section C is the most loaded one, the bending moments having
maximum values:
7q 2 7  20  42
M ymax = = = 46.667 kNm;
48 48
q 2 20  42
M z max = = = 80 kNm.
4 4
2) Because the material has different strengths in tension and
compression (σ0t ≠ σ0c), the required dimensions of the cross-section are
determined from the following conditions:
 x max =  x1  0 t ;  x min =  x 2   0c

The geometrical properties of the cross-section are computed. The

position of the centroid with respect to y1G1z (Fig. 3.36b) is:

zG =
A z i i
=
16t  t 10,5t
=
168t 3
= 3t
A i 2  t  20t + 16t  t 56t 2

With respect to the principal centroidal system of axes yGz:

431
  t  ( 20t )3  16t  t 3
Iy = 2  + 20t  ( 3t )  + + 16t 2  ( 7.5t ) = 2594.67t 4 ;
2 2 2

 12  12

t  (16t )
3
 20t  t 3 2
Iz = 2  + 20t 2  ( 5.5t )  + = 1554.67t 4 .
 12  12

The slope of the neutral axis:

Iy I y M z 2594.67 80
m = tan  =  tan  =  =  = 2.861 
Iz I z M y 1554.67 46.667
  = tan −1 ( 2.861) = 70.730 = 700 44.'

The position of the neutral axis and the diagram of normal stresses σx
on the mid-span section of the beam are shown in Fig. 3.38.

The strength condition at point 1 is:

M y max M z max
 x max =  x1 =  z1 +  y1  0t .
Iy Iz

Fig. 3.38. Diagram of σx for the mid-span section of the beam

432
 Substituting numerically:
46.667 106 80 10 6 555548.6602
 8t +  8t = 30  = 30 
2594.67t 4 1554.67t 4 t3
555548.6602
 t1 = 3 = 26.46 mm.
30

The strength condition at point 2 is:

M y max M z max
 x min =  x 2 =  z2 +  y 2  0c ,
Iy Iz

Substituting numerically:
46.667 106 80 10 6 645477.2446
+  13t +  8t = +120  = 120 
2594.67t 4 1554.67t 4 t3
645477.2446
 t2 = 3 = 17.52 mm.
120

Finally, t = max ( t1 , t 2 ) = 26, 46 mm  26,5mm, which leads to the

values of the moments of inertia:

I y = 2594.67t 4 = 2594.67  26.54 = 1279574646 mm 4 ;

Iz = 1554.67t 4 = 1554.67  26.54 = 766693381 mm4 .

3) The Step Functions Method is used for the calculation of the
deflections along the two orthogonal directions and then, the effect
superposition principle is applied. The distributed load acting in xAz plane is
fictitiously continued until section B (the end of the beam). The effect of the
missing loads is then subtracted, according to Fig. 3.39a.

433
 Fig. 3.39. Assessment of the deflections: a) in xAz plane; b) in xAy plane

The function associated to the deflection w(x) is:

3
 
Px − 
 M x 2 V x3  qx 4
+ 
2
w ( x ) =  w 0 + 0 x − 0 − 0  + −
 2!EI y 3!EI y  3!EI y 4!EI y
 x 0

x
2 x 0

4 4 5
     
qx −  qx −  x− 
x5 q 
− 
2
+ 
q 2 2
−  + 
4!EI y 5!EI y 4!EI y 5!EI y
2 2
x x x
2 x 0 2 2

434
 11q
Substituting the known paramteres w 0 = 0; M 0 = 0; V0 = R VA = , it
24
follows:
 11q x3 qx 4 2q x 5 
w ( x ) =  0 x −  + −   +
 24 3!EI y 4!EI y 5!EI y
  x 0
 
3
  
5

  x −  2q  x −  

2
+ 
q 2
+ 
2 3!EI y 5!EI y 
 
  x
2

From the boundary condition wB = w(ℓ) = 0 it results:

11q 4 q 4 q 4 q 4 q 4
0 − + − + + =0 : 
24  6EI y 24EI y 60EI y 12  8EI y 60  32EI y

q 3  11 1 1 1 1  233 q 3
 0 =  − + − − =  .
EI y  144 24 60 96 1920  5760 EI y

For = ℓ∕2:
  233 q
3 3 4 4
11q q 2q
wC = w   =   −  +  −  =
 2  5760 EI y 2 144EI y 8 24EI y 16 120EI y 32
q 4  233 11 1 1  49q 4
=  − + − = .
EI y  11520 1152 384 1920  3840EI y

The loads acting in the horizontal plane xAy (Fig. 3.39b) produce the
following deflection:
3
 
Q x − 
 2
Vx 3
v ( x ) =  v 0 + 0 x − 0 − 0  − 
M x 2
 2!EI z 3!EI z  x 0 3!EI z
x
2

q
where v 0 = 0, M 0 = 0, V0 = − ;
2

435
 3
 
q x − 
 q x 3
  2
v ( x ) =  0 x +   −
 2 3!EI z  x 0 3!EI z
x
2

The boundary condition vB = v(ℓ) = 0 leads to:

q 4 q 4 q 3 1 1  q 3
0 + − = 0  0 =  −  = − .
12EI z 48EI z EI z  48 12  16EI z
For x = ℓ∕2, it is obtained:

  q 3 q 4 1 1 
3
q q 4
vC = v   = −  +  =  − +  = − .
2 16EI z 2 12EI z 8 EI z  32 96  48EI z
The final total displacement at section C is:
2
q 4  −1   49 
2

f C = v C2 + w C2 =   +  =
E  48 I z   3840 I y 
20  4000 4 
2 2
1   49 
=   +  = 1.235 mm.
1.2 10 5
 48  766693381   3840 1279574646 

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