PLT Halliburton

Production Logging
© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved.

Introduction

Production Logging
• Production Logging encompasses logging techniques to

measure dynamic and static wellbore and reservoir
parameters including a flow measuring device.
© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 3

Production Logging Objectives
• Monitor reservoir performance
• Diagnose completion problems
• Evaluate treatment effectiveness

Reservoir Performance
Wellbore
• How much fluid is produced?
Gas Cap
• Where is the fluid coming from?
• What type of fluid is produced?
Oil Zone
• Where is the fluid going?
How much of What fluid coming from Where?

Completion Problems
High Pressure • Casing leaks

Water Sand
Channel Casing leak • Tubing leaks
• Packer leaks
• Poor cement bond
• Plugged perforations
Low Pressure Oil Reservoir

Treatment Effectiveness
Wellbore • Squeeze cement jobs

Casing
Cement • Bridge plugs
Intermediate
Permeability
Low
Permeability • Hydraulic fracturing
High
Permeability
Low • Acid treatments

Permeability
Intermediate
Permeability
• Conformance treatments

PL Objectives

Production logging Objectives
• Reservoir Monitoring & Problems Diagnostics
• Flow profile / Injection profile per zone
• Split of production between the phases: oil, gas and water
• Locate water entries
• Locate oil and gas production zones
• Locate low efficiency perforated intervals
• Temperatures and pressures
• Locate cross flow between different zones
• Mechanical Integrity (Casing Leaks / Tubing leaks / SSD Leaks)
• Locate flow behind the casing.
• Detect intervals affected by damage or skin
• Perforating Effectiveness
• Productivity Index (SIP)

Types of Production logs
• A production logging survey depends on:
• The type of the Well
• The Type of the Survey
• The Logging Method

Types of Production Logging Surveys
• There are many types of Production Logs, depending on the objectives of the test:
• Stationary
• Flowing
• Build-Up measurements
• Multipasses Method (Passes up and/or down)
• Any combination of Pressures, Temperatures, Densities, Hold-ups, Phase velocities....
They all have one thing in common

Downhole Production Measurement Device

Production Logging In The Classic Way
• Client identifies problem

• Service Company proposes Production Logging program
• Service Company acquires data
• Service Company does interpretation
• Client and Service Company discuss the results. Often a discussion with the
logs on the table and hand-waving arguments.
• Client decides on the plan of action based on the results

Evolution of Production Logging - Present Day
• Interpretation tool (Software) is in the hand of the Client.

• Clients integrates results with information from other sources
• Client develops knowledge
• Client sees opportunities for the tool: programs are tailored to the needs of the
client
• Client asks for further development of the software and hardware: cooperation
drives development
• Client becomes driver: takes control of the process

Well Production
• Oil rate of each individual reservoir is governed by:
• Pressures
•Reservoir pressure (Pr)
•Well pressure (Pwf: Pressure well flowing)
•Well head (WHP)
• Water cut
• Gas cut
• Lift dynamics (Production method)
• Performance of gas reservoirs is almost exclusively driven by pressures.

• But water and condensate can hamper production severely

Ultimate Production Log Analysis Software
• Quick Wellsite Analysis to Determine:
• Data Quality and Quantity
• Diagnose Unexpected Results
• Easy to Use for Field Personnel

• Advanced Options for Expert Users
• Complete Flow Analysis Including:

• Complete PVT Capabilities
• Holdups
• Phase Velocities
• Downhole and Surface Flow Rates

Design Of Logging Program
• Is the well flowing in a steady state?
• Wait until stabilization occurs
• Change chokes size
• Multiple spinner passes to determine correct Apparent Velocity profile

• 30, 60, 90, 120 Up and down
• Stationary measurements to confirm flowmeter, holdup/temperature and

pressure readings
• Shut-in passes for buildup pressure readings

• Determination of thief zones (cross flow)
• In-situ calibration of spinners/ holdup devices

Production Logging
Tools

Production Logging Tools - SONDEX
• Telemetry
• Gamma Ray
• CCL
• Flowmeter (Fullbore Spinner - Continuous Spinner)
• Temperature
• Capacitance
• Flowmeter (Inline Spinner)
• Pressure
• CCL
• Density
• Centralizers

PL Tool String
PL Tool String
Inline Spinner
Telemetry
Fluid Density CCL

Gamma Ray
Centralizer
Centralizer
Capacitance
Temperature
CCL
Fullbore Spinner
CFB Quartz Pressure
Production Logging
Procedure

Production Logging Procedure
Gamma Ray Flowmeter Cable Speed Temperature Pressure Density Capacitance
(API)
CCL -15 60 120 (ft/min) -120 240 250 2500 (psi) 3000 0.5 (gr/cc) 1 27K (cps) 33K
(rps) (Deg F)

Flowmeter
(Spinners)

Flowmeter
• A flow-meter measures flow rate in terms of fluid velocity.
• The rotation is linearly proportional to the flow velocity
• The spinner rotates clockwise or counter clockwise depending on the fluid

direction and the relative velocity of the fluid with respect to the tool.
• It is one of the most important tool in the string.
• During the processing the RPS are converted into Velocity and the Velocity is
converted into flow Rate

Types of Flowmeters
• Caged Fullbore Flowmeter (CFB 3 arm, CFB 6 arm)
• Continuous Flowmeter (CFS)
• Inline Spinner Flowmeter (ILS)
• Diverter Basket Flowmeter (DBT)

Caged Fullbore Flowmeter – 3 & 6 Arm
• Fullbore flow meter is self centered at the middle of the well bore
• The mechanical section is available in different sizes to cover the
different casing size.
• There are standard stand alone tools and as part of the short stack
(CTF)
• Allows a large diameter impeller to pass through small diameter tubing
• Accurate flowrates covering the cross sectional area of the casing.
• 3 Arm Caged Full Bore (CFB) helps to support the weight of the tool in
highly deviated wells acting as a centralizer.
• The Flowmeter is closed while running in hole, opening automatically
when it leaves the tubing to enter the casing.
• The 6 Arm Caged Full Bore Flowmeter provide more protection to its
impeller when used in wells with large ID, gas lift mandrels and in 3 Arm 6 Arm
horizontal wells. CFB CFB
Continuous Flowmeter - CFS
• The Continuous Flowmeter has a fixed OD and impeller diameter.
• Works in Tubing and Casing
• Spinner is protected by the case wall
• In very high fluid velocity wells CFS could be a better tool to run than the CFB
• Sensitive to problems of plugging with debris.
• If there are debris in the wellbore CFS with 3 side windows in the impeller
housings is recommended to allow debris to escape
• Sizes : 1-3/8”, 1-1/2”, 1-11/6” , 2-1/8, 3-1/8”

Inline Spinner Flowmeter (ILS)
• Mainly used as an alternate spinner or it is the only spinner when used with CFB
to measure inside the tubing.
• Three different sizes are available 1 11/16”, 2-1/8” or 3-1/8” OD .
• As it is not a bottom tool there is influence to the flow due to tool body.
• If possible according with the minimum ID a larger spinner than the diameter of
the tool could be used

Diverter Basket Flowmeter (DBT)
• The tool utilizes a patented fabric diverter element to divert wellbore

flow up through a modified in-line spinner.
• Its main application is to measure very low flow rates. It is done by

reducing the flow cross-sectional area forcing all the fluid to pass
through the spinner housing
• In multi-phase wells the tool minimizes the effects of fluid segregation.

Flow Profile

Flow Profile
• Vertical distribution of the oil, water and gas rates

produced through the perforated intervals
• Have to be measured under stabilized conditions, at

different rates and also with the well shut-in

How the flow is measured?
• Using a Flowmeter in the center of the hole (Centralized)
• The flow doesn’t have to measured in front of the producer zone. The flow
have to be measured in the top and bottom of the producer zone. (In the
calibration zones)
2500 BPD…50 ft/min...
1000 BPD
1500 BPD
Multipasses Method
PLT Passes -15

Flowmeter
(rps) 60 -10
Apparent Velocity
(ft/min) 90 0 Flow rate
(stb/d)
5000 0
Total Flow Rate
(stb/d) 5000
QA+QB+Qc
Stationary Readings A QA
QB+Qc
Calibration Plot B QB
Qc
C QC
Apparent Fluid Velocity
Rates
Flowmeter (rps)
Multipasses Method
Cable Speed
-15 60 120 (ft/min) -120
1.- PLT PASSES

2.- STATIONARY READINGS
A 3.- CALIBRATION ZONES
4.- CALIBRATION PLOT
50
B 40
30
Angular Velocity
Rps
Vs 20
Cable Speed
(ft/min)
C 10
-120 -90 -60 -30 30 60 90

-5
-10
Calibration Plot
Flowmeter Cable Speed
-15 60 120 (ft/min) -120
(rps)
Angular Velocity
50
Rps
40
A
30
20
B 10
5
Cable Speed
(ft/min)
C x x x x
-120 -90 -60 -30 30 60 90
-5
-10

Rate Calculation
Flowmeter Apparent Velocity Flow rate Total Flow Rate
-15 (rps) 60 -10 (ft/min) 90 0 5000 0 (stb/d) 5000
(stb/d)
QA+QB+Qc Factor to use Vapp in ft/min

and ID in inches to obtain
QC1 =1.4* *ID² rates in B/D
A QA QA = QC1 –QC2
Q=1.4* Vapp*ID²
QC2 =1.4* *ID² QB+Qc ID
B QB QB = QC2 –QC3
QC3 =1.4* *ID² Qc
C QC Qc = QC3 –QC4
QC4 =1.4* *ID²

QC4 =0

Temperature

Temperature
• Temperature is one of the most useful “auxiliary” measurements made in
production logging.
• Combined with pressure it helps compute the PVT parameters.
• In addition it will detect very small fluid entries and their flow.
• Gas entries, for example, are characterized by a sharp reduction in

temperature.
• It is the only tool in the string that “sees” behind casing, hence it will detect
channeling.
• The temperature gauge is in direct contact with the fluids in the wellbore and
respond to all the changes of the system (Inside the wellbore and behind the
casing)

Temperature Tools
Principle of operation:
PRT
• The sensor of the tool is a platinum resistor, in the form of a needle for rapid
response
• Changes resistance with temperature , causes a varying voltage difference across

the probe which is used to drive an oscillator.
• The original frequency is multiplied 64 times by a phase lock loop multiplier so as to

increase the resolution.
• The frequency is counted and sent to the memory tool/ surface system
Response Time <0.5 seconds

Resolution 0.006 °F (0.003 °C )
CTF Accuracy 0.9 °F (0.5 °C)
Linearity 0.5 °F (0.15 °C)

Temperature
The temperature of a formation/well follows the regional geothermal gradient

Earth Thermal Conduction
Different layers of different
Thermal Conductivity materials of different thermal
kh (Btu/hr-ft-ºF) Temperature (ºF) conductivity will have the effect
Ts of having different gradients.
Temperature Increases
1.692 Depth (feet) 1.5 ºF/100’ dT/dD

Lime
Shale
2.307 1.1 ºF/100’
Q Dolomite
1.058 2.4 ºF/100’ Gypsum
Anhydrite
1.952 1.3 ºF/100’
Sand
Temperature tool Logging and Log Quality
Logging job operations
• The probe has very thin attachment wires it should be protected from shock
• The best logging data is with a line speed of around 30 ft/min.
Log quality control

• The correct calibrations must be entered into the logging software.
• Tool cage must be kept clean. Running the tool into the bottom of the well can introduce mud or
debris and into the sensor window.
• The best data will be from logging against flow and into fresh fluids.
• Line speed – the optimum line speed is 30 ft/min.
• Different fluids have different thermal conductivity. In a shut in well slight temperature changes
may be seen at fluid interfaces and temperature changes when the tool is in gas may be slow
compared to fluids.
Temperature tool Logging and Log Quality
Log quality control
• There is normally a cooling effect where gas enters the wellbore. However above about 7,500
psi this cooling effect may not be seen.
• Flowing temperature will be above geothermal with water and when oil flow is above bubble
point.
• In zones of no flow, at the same line speed temperature curves should overlay.
• The thermal mass of the toolstring can itself influence the temperature profile. When this is
critical, position the temperature sensor at the bottom of the toolstring.
• Check on the depth correlation, noticeable temperature changes should be on depth in
relation to the perforations, formation or completion items.
• Expect temperature changes when the spinner tool shows fluid entry.
• Observe minor temperature changes with change in fluid type.

Temperature Interpretation
• The interpretation of temperature logs relies on patterns.
• The change in temperature with respect to the geothermal gradient has to

be noted.
• Heating means a fluid is flowing from deeper to shallower
• Cooling means a fluid is injecting from shallower to deeper.
• The temperature is much more sensitive to small flows than the

flowmeters.

Temperature Profile example

Temperature Well Flowing
Temperature (ºF)
• Fluid enters to the well

through the perforations
and continues flowing
upward
• The “hotter” fluid

increases the
temperature away from
the geothermal
gradient.
TGeo
gGA
Flow rate Dependency
Temperature (ºF)
• While more production;

more temperature

Time Dependency
Temperature (ºF)
• While more time of

production. More close
to the true Flowing
temperature

Multiple Zones Producing Liquid
Temperature (ºF)
500 B/D
Asymptote 2300 B/D

800 B/D
Asymptote 1800 B/D
Asymptote 1000 B/D
1000 B/D

Temperature Injector Well
Water / Gas Injection
Temperature (ºF)
Temperature coming back
to the Geothermal Gradient
Injection Profile
Shut-in Profile
after Injection

Temperature - Cross Flow
Cross Flow
Temperature (ºF)
KhbSeq1mfs CO1
Mhf5
High Flow Rate
CO2
Mhf4_SB CO3
Ρ= 0.78 gr/cc
Mhf4_MSF T-GEO RIH1
Up Flow RIH2
Cross Flow
2275 m SG1
Mhf3
Low Flow Rate
2279 m
SG2
Down Flow
Mhf2
Cross Flow
Ρ= 1 gr/cc
Mhf1

Multiple Zones Producing – Gas Effect
Temperature (ºF)
• When the Gas enter in the

wellbore occurs an
expansion. Due to its PVT
properties a cooling effect
can be observed.
• Oil above the bubble point

500 B/D will have a heating effect.
Asymptote 2300 B/D
800 B/D
Asymptote 1800 B/D
Gas Effect Asymptote 1000 B/D
1000 B/D

Friction Effect
Temperature (ºF)
500 B/D
Asymtote 2300 B/D

800 B/D
Asymtote 1800 B/D
Asymtote 1000 B/D
1000 B/D
Friction Effect

Fluid Identification
Tools

Density

Density tool
• The fluid measure the average density of the fluid in the wellbore
coming from the perforated intervals.
• The main objective is determine the distribution of different kind

of fluids produced from the reservoir

Density Tools
• Gradiomanometer (mercury filled) (obsolete)
• Fluid density Differential pressure sensor (FDD)
• Nuclear fluid density tool (FDR)

Radioactive Density (FDR)
• When a gamma ray passes through the crystal it causes a photon of light to
be emitted (it scintillates)
• The signal is amplified using a photomultiplier tube to create a measurable

charge pulse.
• The pulses are detected and filtered for noise.
• The pulses are stored and if necessary divided down before sending to
surface
• The log of the count rate of the detected sources is in proportion to the
density of the fluids passing through the tool window.
• The relationship of the natural log of the tool response (counts) is Calibration
approximately linear over the density range between 0.0 to 0.90 g/cc. Above General Multipoint calibration
line end-points
1.0 g/cc the logarithmic response is also linear but the high concentration of Density Frequency
0 6.815 * gas freq
chlorine ions tends to absorb gamma rays which changes the slope of the 0.846 1.432 * oil freq
1.0 fresh water freq
response 1.2 0.447 * water freq

Fluid Density
Gamma Air Water Diesel

Ray 0 g/cc 1 g/cc 0.8 g/cc
Detector
Source

Capacitance

Fluid Capacitance (CWH)
• Its main application is to distinguish between water and hydrocarbons based on the
disparity in the Dielectric Constant of them.
• Tool has non linear response and it is very sensitive in the 0-40% water holdup
range, above this water becomes more dominant.
For qualitative interpretation it should be

noted that a trend towards a higher
frequency denotes hydrocarbon and a
trend towards a lower frequency denotes
water.

Fluid Capacitance (CWH)
• The tool is essentially an annular variable capacitor with
a central probe as one plate and the cage / housing of
the tool as the other plate.
Water Oil
• The well mixture flows between the plates.
E
• The average dielectric of the fluid mixture governs the Housing
rate of charging of the capacitor. Isolator
Electrode
• Water charges slowly low frequency
Casing
• Hydrocarbons high frequency.
• Measurement at the center of the casing. Calibration

Fluid K cps
Air 1-2 33,500 Hz
Oil 2-4 32,500 Hz
Fresh Water 80 27,500 Hz
Saline Water (100 Kppm) >80 27,000 Hz
Holdup

Holdup
• Percentage of the Cross-Sectional Area occupied for each phase present in
the Pipe.
Yw Yg
Yo
Yg+Yo+Yw=1
Holdup
• Single phase does not require a holdup device
• Two phases require one holdup device
• Three phases require two holdup devices

• The Devices Cannot Measure Same Fluid Property
• Phases are at downhole conditions

Two Phase Holdup Calculations
Holdup From the Fluid Density
ρm - ρl
Yh = Yl = 1-Yh
ρh - ρl
• ρm = Measured Density
• ρl = Density of the Light Phase
• ρh = Density of the Heavy Phase
• Yh = Holdup of the Heavy Phase
• Yl = Holdup of the Light Phase

Two Phase Holdup Calculations
Holdup From the Fluid Capacitance Tool
Hm - Hw
Yh = Yw = 1-Yh
Hh - Hw
• Hm = Measured Hydro Reading

• Hw = Hydro Reading of Water
• Hh = Hydro Reading of Hydrocarbons
• Yh = Holdup of the Hydrocarbon Phase
• Yw = Holdup of the Water Phase

Three Phase Holdup Calculation
Yg =
ρw×( Hm−Ho )+ ρo×( Hw−Hm )+ ρm×( Ho−Hw)
ρw×(Hg−Ho )+ρo×(Hw−Hg )+ρo×(Ho−Hw)
Yw=
ρm+Yg×( ρo−ρg )−ρo
ρw−ρo Yw Yg
Hm−(Yg×Hg )−(Yw×Hw ) Yo
Yo=
Ho
• Yg = Holdup of the Gas Phase
Yg+Yo+Yw=1
• Yo = Holdup of the Oil Phase
• Yw = Holdup of the Water Phase

Multiphase flow
rates

Rate calculation for Multiphase Flow
Qw = Yw * Vw * A
Yo = 1-Yw
Qo = Yo * Vo * A
Qo = (1-Yw) * Vo * A

Quartz Pressure

Quartz Pressure
• The gauge measures the pressure during the PLT passes
• The pressure measurement is a continuous profile of the pressure in the

wellbore.
• The curve reflects changes in the borehole fluid composition (density)
• The major reason to measure the pressure is to be able to accurately predict

the PVT properties of the fluids.
• It is possible to use the pressure as a density measurement. (derivative)

Quartz Pressure
Pressure (psia) Pseudo-Density (g/cc)
0.05 psi/ft 0.12 g/cc

Depth (ft)
0.32 psi/ft
0.79 g/cc
0.47 psi/ft 1.09 g/cc
- Check Fluid Density tool accuracy when well is stabilized

- Use as Fluid Density in the absence of Fluid Density tool if the well is properly stabilized
Log Quality Control

Log Quality Control
• Constant line speed in passes ± 3 ft/min
• Line tension quasi constant drag increase line tension with line speed in
upward passes and decrease line tension in downward passes.
• Depth match among all passes (Gamma Ray and CCL)
• Log length : 30 ft above perforations and 30 ft below perforations
• Stations 1 min above and below perforations
• Header fill in, Well diagram, Tool diagram Log Titles and Job Log
• Parallel Flowmeter passes

Log Quality Control
• Symmetric Flowmeter response at sump (zero flow)
• 6 passes are usually not enough
• Spinner Calibration Plots
• Pressures within ±5 psi among passes at the same depth
• Temperatures within ±0.1°F among passes
• Fluid Density within ±0.02 g/cc among passes
• Capacitance within ±200 Hz among passes (up and down sometimes
different)

Job Planning

Job Planning
• Job Program
• Multiple Rate Sequence
• Gradient RIH and POOH
• Reference Depth Selection for Well Testing
• Tool String Selection
• Well diagram
• Passes depth interval
• Tubing & Casing Size Fullbore Spinner selection
• Tubing End-Perf
• Perf-Sump
• Stationary Readings depth and duration

Examples

Example #1

Example #1 – Well Flowing

Example #1 – Well Flowing

Example #2

Example #1 – Well Shut-in
CROSS FLOW

Example #2 Well Before Stimulation
24/64” 32/64”
48/64” Shut-in

Example #2 Well Before Stimulation

Example #2 Well After Stimulation
24/64” 48/64”
Shut-in

Example #2 Well After Stimulation

Example #3

Example #4


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What are the objectives of production logging?

What are the objectives of production logging?

What factors determine the type of production logging survey?

What factors determine the type of production logging survey?

Production Logging

© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved.

© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved.

• Production Logging encompasses logging techniques to

© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 3

• Monitor reservoir performance

• Diagnose completion problems

• Evaluate treatment effectiveness

© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 4

• What type of fluid is produced?

How much of What fluid coming from Where?

High Pressure • Casing leaks

Channel Casing leak • Tubing leaks

• Poor cement bond

© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 6

Wellbore • Squeeze cement jobs

Low • Acid treatments

© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 7

© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved.

© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 9

• A production logging survey depends on:

• The type of the Well

• The Type of the Survey

• The Logging Method

© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 10

They all have one thing in common

© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 11

• Client identifies problem

© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 12

• Interpretation tool (Software) is in the hand of the Client.

© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 13

• Performance of gas reservoirs is almost exclusively driven by pressures.

© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 14

• Easy to Use for Field Personnel

• Complete Flow Analysis Including:

© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 15

• Multiple spinner passes to determine correct Apparent Velocity profile

• Stationary measurements to confirm flowmeter, holdup/temperature and

• Shut-in passes for buildup pressure readings

© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 16

© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved.

© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 18

Fluid Density CCL

© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved.

© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 21

© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved.

• The rotation is linearly proportional to the flow velocity

• The spinner rotates clockwise or counter clockwise depending on the fluid

• It is one of the most important tool in the string.

© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 23

• Caged Fullbore Flowmeter (CFB 3 arm, CFB 6 arm)

• Continuous Flowmeter (CFS)

• Inline Spinner Flowmeter (ILS)

• Diverter Basket Flowmeter (DBT)

© 2016 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 24