Zubayer Al Billal Khan Research Engineer, IICT BUET 01913469663

INTRODUCTION TO
ROBOTICS
Zubayer Al Billal Khan

Research Engineer, IICT BUET
01913469663
zubayer_007@yahoo.com
Seminar on IOT & Robotics 10 December 2016

DEFINATION
Robotics is the branch of technology that deals
with the design, construction, operation, and
application of robots .
The word ROBOTICS is used to collectively

define a field in engineering that covers the
mimicking of various Human characteristics.
 It is the application of electronics, mechanical,

electrical and computer engineering.

Laws of Robotics
 Isaac Asimov proposed three “Laws of Robotics” and later

added the “ zeroth law ”.
 Law 0: A robot may not injure humanity or through inaction,

allow humanity to come to harm.
 Law 1: A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction,

allow a human being to come to harm, unless this would violate a
higher order law.
 Law 2: A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings,

except where such orders would conflict with a higher order law.
 Law 3: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such

protection does not conflict with a higher order law.
 Word robot was coined by a Czech novelist Karel
Capek in a 1920 play titled Rassum’s Universal Robots
(RUR).
 Robot in Czech is a word for worker or servant.
 In 1980s the robot industry entered a phase of

rapid growth. Many institutions introduced
programs and courses in robotics. Robotics
courses were spread across mechanical
engineering, electrical engineering,
electronics engineering and computer
science departments.
Seminar on IOT & Robotics
10 December 2016
Uses of Robotics:
Agriculture
Automobile
Construction
Entertainment
Health care: hospitals, patient-care, surgery ,
research, etc.
Household purposes
Laboratories: science, engineering , etc.
Law en forcement : surveillance, air port
Security, spying, etc.
Manufacturing
Military: demining, surveillance, attack, etc.
Mining, excavation and exploration
Transportation: air, ground, rail, space, etc.
10
Utilities: gas, water and electricity
Seminar on IOT & Robotics Decembe
r 2016
Warehouses
10
r 2016
Uses of Robotics:
Industrial Applications
•Material handling
•Material transfer
•Machine loading and
unloading
•Spot welding
•Continuous arc welding
•Spray coating
•Assembly
•Inspection 10
r 2016
Uses of Robotics:
Robots in Hazardous Environments
Photo: HAZBOT operating in

atmospheres containing
combustible gases
Photo: TROV in Antarctica
operating under water
10 Photo: Robot used in

r 2016 explosive mines
Uses of Robotics:
Research and Space Exploration
10
r 2016
Uses of Robotics:
Military
PREDATOR
SPLIT STRIKE:
Deployed from a
sub’s hull, Manta
could dispatch tiny
mine-seeking AUVs
or engage in more
explosive combat.
GOLDENEYE
Seminar on IOT & Robotics GLOBAL HAWK 10
Decembe
r 2016
Uses of Robotics:
Household Purposes
Photo: Robotic Vacuum Cleaner

Photo: Garbage Collector
10
Photo: The SCRUBMATE Robot
r 2016
Uses of Robotics:
Others
10
r 2016
Components of ROBOTS
Power Supply
 Sensors
Controller
Effectors
Actuators
10
r 2016
POWER SUPPLY
 Suitable power supply is needed to run the motors
and associated circuitry.
 Typical power requirement ranges from 3V to 24V

DC.
 Power supply must be adjusted as per the ratings

of the components.
 Power supply must be regulated using voltage

regulator and current regulator ICs.
10
r 2016
POWER SUPPLY
Rechargeable 12V LM317 Current Regulator IC with Heat Sink

Battery
10
LM7805 Voltage Regulator IC
Decembe
r 2016
What is a sensor?
A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type

of input from the physical environment.
The specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture,

pressure.
The output is generally a signal that is converted to human-

readable form.
10
r 2016
SENSORS
 Sensors are used to collect the information about an

event, condition or the environment and send it to the
controller.
 Sensors convert the physical properties into the

electronic signal.
 Different kinds of sensors can be used depending upon

the physical properties to be sensed and the function of
10
robot.
r 2016
SENSORS
Physical Property Technology
Contact Bump, Switch

Distance Ultrasound, Radar, Infra Red
Light Level Photo Cells, Cameras, LDRs
Sound Level Microphones
Strain Strain Gauges
Rotation Encoders
Magnetism Compasses
Smell Chemicals
Temperature Thermistors, Infra Red
Inclination Inclinometers, Gyroscope
Pressure Pressure Gauges
Altitude Altimeters
10
r 2016
SENSORS
Contact or Touch Sensors
Bump Switch
10
Switch r 2016
Light Sensors
SENSORS
LDR
IR sensors
10
Photo Cell r 2016
SENSORS
Proximity Sensors
Infrared Ranging Sensor
10
r 2016
SENSORS
Vision Sensors
In-Sight Vision Sensors
10
r 2016
SENSORS
Tilt Sensors
To balance the robot.
10
r 2016
What is a ultrasonic?
ULTRA - BEYOND
SONIC – SOUND
The sound beyond human hearing range
( 20,000 Hz ) is known as ultrasonic.
Ultrasonic sensor?
Ultrasonic sensors are sensors that
convert ultrasound waves to electrical signals or vice
versa.
10
r 2016
How does an ultrasonic
sensor works?
 How does a bat sense distance
 Bats sense distance using sound.

 They emit sound waves and receive back reflected waves.
 The time it takes to receive the waves back provides them with a very
good estimate of the distance.
 This is exactly how ultrasonic sensors estimate distance.
10
r 2016
 calls made by mouth
 ears hear reflected waves
 brain decides what to do
 wing muscles move
 flight path changed, as
10
r 2016
 An ultrasonic sensor has two parts:
 A transmitter that sends out a signal that humans
cannot hear
 A receiver that receives the signal after it has bounced
off nearby objects
 The sensor sends out its signal and determines how long
the signal takes to come back.
10
r 2016
 If the object is very close to the sensor, the signal
comes back quickly
 If the object is far away from the sensor, the signal

takes longer to come back
 If objects are too far away from the sensor, the signal
takes so long to come back (or is very weak when it
comes back) that the receiver cannot detect it
10
r 2016
Ultrasonic Sensor connections
Red - Power
Yellow - Signal
Black - Ground
10
r 2016
CONTROLLER
Controller provides the necessary intelligence to control
the action of the robot.
 It receives the information from the sensors and

activates the actuators to perform the task.
 It comprises complex electronics circuit.
 Micro Controllers are used in Automatic Robots whereas

different electronic switching components are used in
Manual Robots.
 The set of instructions is written in High Level

Language, compiled and converted into Machine Code(HEX
code) and burnt in the Micro Controller with the help of
10
Decembe
Computer Software . r 2016

CONTROLLER
Arduino uno
10
r 2016
EFFECTORS
Effectors are the parts of a Robot which execute the

certain task.
 Effectors pick up or modify objects or somehow

cause an effect to the environment.
 Examples: Mechanical grippers, Vacuum Grippers,

Wheels, etc.
10
r 2016
ACTUATORS
 Actuator is the actual mechanism that enables the

effectors to execute an action.
Actuators typically include electric motors, hydraulic or

pneumatic cylinders, gears, etc.
Pneumatic Cylinder
10
Gears
r 2016 Pneumatic Motor
• DC Motors
o As the name
suggests, a motor
which uses a DC
(Direct Current) power
o Can run in both

directions
o Speed Controllable
10
r 2016
• Stepper Motors
o Used for measured
rotation
o Can be held at a
particular position of the
shaft
o Ideal for many
autonomous robots
requiring higher
precision
10
r 2016
• Servo Motors :
o Used in closed loop
control systems in
which work is the
control variable.
o An integral feedback
device (resolver) or
devices (encoder and
tachometer) are either
incorporated within
the servo motor or are
remotely mounted,
often on the load itself
10
r 2016
• Wiper Motors :
o This type of motor is
called a "gear head"
or "gear motor" and
has the advantage of
having high torque.
o It draws more current

than other motors.
o The speed of motor

is controllable.
10
r 2016
Wiper Motors
RPM Current draw** + power supply - power supply
41 0.9 amps Low speed Common
70 1.6 amps High speed Common
106 4.0 amps High speed Low speed
**No load
Seminar on IOTcurrent.
& Robotics These numbers will increase asDecembe
the10 mechanical load
increases. r 2016
LOCOMOTION
• It is concerned with the motion of the robot.
• Robot contains different types of drives:
o Differential drive
o Car type
o Skid steer drive
o Synchronous drive
o Pivot drive
o Articulated drive
10
r 2016
Algorithm for obstacle avoidance robot
10
r 2016
Connections
10
r 2016
Applications
 Obstacle sensing robot can be applied at toys where small
children will play
 It can be used for army applications
 It can be used in mines
10
r 2016
Obstacle avoidance robot
10
r 2016

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INTRODUCTION TO

Zubayer Al Billal Khan

Seminar on IOT & Robotics 10 December 2016

The word ROBOTICS is used to collectively

 It is the application of electronics, mechanical,

Seminar on IOT & Robotics 10 December 2016

 Isaac Asimov proposed three “Laws of Robotics” and later

 Law 0: A robot may not injure humanity or through inaction,

 Law 1: A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction,

 Law 2: A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings,

 Law 3: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such

 Robot in Czech is a word for worker or servant.

 In 1980s the robot industry entered a phase of

Photo: HAZBOT operating in

10 Photo: Robot used in

Photo: Robotic Vacuum Cleaner

 Typical power requirement ranges from 3V to 24V

 Power supply must be adjusted as per the ratings

 Power supply must be regulated using voltage

Rechargeable 12V LM317 Current Regulator IC with Heat Sink

A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type

The specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture,

The output is generally a signal that is converted to human-

 Sensors are used to collect the information about an

 Sensors convert the physical properties into the

 Different kinds of sensors can be used depending upon

Contact Bump, Switch

Infrared Ranging Sensor

In-Sight Vision Sensors

To balance the robot.

 How does a bat sense distance

 Bats sense distance using sound.

 This is exactly how ultrasonic sensors estimate distance.

 If the object is far away from the sensor, the signal

 It receives the information from the sensors and

 It comprises complex electronics circuit.

 Micro Controllers are used in Automatic Robots whereas

 The set of instructions is written in High Level

Computer Software . r 2016

Effectors are the parts of a Robot which execute the

 Effectors pick up or modify objects or somehow

 Examples: Mechanical grippers, Vacuum Grippers,

 Actuator is the actual mechanism that enables the

Actuators typically include electric motors, hydraulic or

o Can run in both

o It draws more current

o The speed of motor

RPM Current draw** + power supply - power supply

41 0.9 amps Low speed Common

70 1.6 amps High speed Common

106 4.0 amps High speed Low speed

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