PAPER: ENGLISH ESSAY (100 MARKS)

Candidates will be required to write one or more Essay in English. A wide choice of topics will be
given.
Candidates are expected to reflect comprehensive and research-based knowledge on a
selected topic. Candidate’s articulation, expression and technical treatment of the style of English
Essay writing will be examined.

PAPER: ENGLISH (PRECIS & COMPOSITION) (100 MARKS)

The examination in this subject will be based upon a paper carrying 100 marks to Test the
candidate’s abilities to handle Precis Writing, Reading Comprehension, Sentence
Structuring, Translation, Grammar and Vocabulary, etc.
1. Precis Writing (20 marks)
A careful selected passage with an orientation of generic understanding and enough
flexibility for compression shall be given for précising and suggesting an appropriate title.
Out of the total 20 marks allocated to this question, 15 shall go to précising the text and 5 to
suggesting the title.
2. Reading Comprehension (20 marks)
A carefully selected passage that is rich in substance but not very technical or discipline
specific shall be given, followed by five questions, each carrying 4 marks.
3. Grammar and Vocabulary (20 marks)
Correct usage of Tense, Articles, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Punctuation, Phrasal Verbs,
Synonyms and Antonyms etc.
4. Sentence Correction (10 marks)
The sentences shall be given each having a clear structural flaw in terms of grammar or
punctuation. The candidates shall be asked to rewrite them with really needed correction
only, without making unnecessary alterations. No two or more sentences should have
exactly the same problem, and 2-3 sentences shall be based on correction of punctuation
marks.
5. Grouping of Words (10 marks)
A random list of twenty words of moderate standard (neither very easy nor utterly
unfamiliar) shall be given, to be grouped by the candidates in pairs of those having similar or
opposite meaning, as may be clearly directed in the question.
6. Pairs of Words (10 marks)
Ten pairs shall be given of seemingly similar words with different meanings, generally
confused in communication, for bringing out the difference in meaning of any five of them
by first explaining them in parenthesis and then using them in sentences.
7. Translation (10 marks)
Ten short Urdu sentences involving structural composition, significant terms and
figurative/idiomatic expressions shall be given, to be accurately translated into English.

PAPER: GENERAL SCIENCE & ABILITY (100 MARKS)

Part-I (General Science) 60 Marks
I. Physical Sciences
 Constituents and Structure: -Universe, Galaxy, Light Year, Solar System, Sun, Earth,
Astronomical System of Units.
  Process of Nature: - Solar and Lunar Eclipses, Rotation and Revolution, Weather Variables
(Global Temperature, Pressure, Circulation, Precipitation, Humidity) and Weather Variations.
 Natural Hazards and Disasters: - Earth Quake, Volcanic Eruption, Tsunami, Floods,
Avalanche, Travelling Cyclone (Tropical Cyclone, Middle Latitude Cyclone and Tornadoes),
Drought, Wildfire, Urban Fire. Disaster Risk Management.
 Energy Resources: - Sources of Energy (Renewable i.e. LED Energy, Solar Energy, Wind
Energy and Non-Renewable Energy conservation and its sustainable use.
 Atomic Structure, Chemical Bonding, Electromagnetic Radiations.
 Modern Materials/Chemicals: - Ceramics, Plastics, Semiconductors. Antibiotics, Vaccines,
Fertilizers, Pesticides.

II. Biological Sciences

 The Basis of Life: - Cell Structures and Functions (Subcellular Organelles such as Nucleus,
Mitochondria and Ribosomes).
 Biomolecules: - Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates and Enzymes.
 Plant and Animal Kingdom: - A brief survey of plant and animal kingdom to pinpoint
similarities and diversities in nature.
 A Brief Account of Human Physiology.
 Common Diseases and Epidemics: - Polio, Diarrhea, Malaria, Hepatitis, Dengue their Causes
and Prevention.
 New Model Concept of Producing BIO Fuel Method

III. Environmental Science

 Environment: - The Atmosphere (Layered Structure and Composition), Hydrosphere (Water
Cycle, Major Water Compartments), Biosphere (Major Biomes) and Lithosphere (Minerals
and Rocks, Rock Types, Plate Tectonics).
 Atmospheric Pollution: - Types, Sources, Causes and effects of major air pollutants (COx,
Particulate Matter, NOx, SOx, Tropospheric Ozone, Volatile Organic Compounds, Dioxins).
Regional and Global air pollution issues (Acid-rain, Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and
Global Warming). International agreements on air pollution control (Montreal Protocol and
Kyoto Protocol).
 Water Pollution: - Types, sources, causes and effects of major water pollutants (Synthetic
Organic Chemicals, Oxygen Demanding Wastes, Plant Nutrients, Thermal Pollution,
Infectious Agents, Sediments, Radioactivity, Heavy Metals and Acids). Drinking water quality
and standards.
 Land Pollution: - Solid waste management and disposal.
 Role of Remote Sensing and GIS in Environmental Science.
 Population Planning.

IV. Food Science

 Concept of Balance Diet: - Vitamins, Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats and oil, Minerals, Fiber.
 Quality of Food: - Bioavailability of Nutrients, Appearance, Texture, Flavor, Quality of Packed
and Frozen Food, Food Additives, Preservatives and Antioxidants
 Food Deterioration and its Control: - Causes of Food Deterioration, Adulteration, Food
Preservation.

V. Information Technology
 Computer (Hardware & Software Fundamentals); I/O Processing and data storage,
Networking & Internet Standards, Application and business Software, Social Media
Websites. Information Systems. Fundamentals of artificial intelligence.
  Telecommunications: - Basics of Wireless Communication (Mobile, Satellite, Surveillance
and GPS and Fiber Optic etc.

Part-II (General Ability) 40 Marks

VI. Quantitative Ability/Reasoning
 Basic Mathematical Skills.
 Concepts and ability to reasons quantitatively and solve problems in a quantitative setting.
 Basic Arithmetic, Algebra and Geometry (Average, Ratios, Rates, Percentage, Angles,
Triangles, Sets, Remainders, Equations, Symbols, Rounding of Numbers
 Random Sampling
VII. Logical Reasoning and Analytical Reasoning/Ability
 Logical Reasoning includes the process of using a rational, systematic series of steps based
on sound mathematical procedures and given statements to arrive at a conclusion
 Analytical Reasoning/Ability includes visualizing, articulating and solving both complex and
uncomplicated problems and concepts and making decisions that are sensible based on
available information, including demonstration of the ability to apply logical thinking to
gathering and analyzing information.
VIII. Mental Abilities
 Mental Abilities Scales that measures specific constructs such as verbal, mechanical,
numerical and social ability.

PAPER: CURRENT AFFAIRS (100 MARKS)

Candidates will be expected to display such general knowledge of history, politics and
International Affairs, as deemed necessary to interpret current affairs.
I. Pakistan's Domestic Affairs (20 marks)
 Political
 Economic
 Social
II. Pakistan's External Affairs (40 marks)
 Pakistan’s relations with its Neighbors (India, China, Afghanistan, Russia)
 Pakistan’s relations with the Muslim World (Iran, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia,
 Turkey)
 Pakistan’s relations with the United States
 Pakistan’s relations with Regional and International Organizations (UN, SAARC,
 ECO, OIC, WTO, GCC)
III. Global Issues (40 marks)
 International Security
 International Political Economy
 Human Rights
 Environment: Global Warming, Kyoto Protocol, Copenhagen Accord
 Population: world population trends, world population policies
 Terrorism and Counter Terrorism
 Global Energy Politics
 Nuclear Proliferation and Nuclear Security
 Nuclear Politics in South Asia
 International Trade (Doha Development Round and Bali Package)
 Cooperation and Competition in Arabian Sea, Indian and Pacific Oceans.
 Millennium Development Goals, Current Status
 Globalization
 Middle East Crisis
 Kashmir Issue
  Palestine Issue
PAPER: PAKISTAN AFFAIRS (100 MARKS)

1. Ideology of Pakistan-----definition and elucidation, historical aspects: Muslim rule in the Sub-
Continent, its downfall and efforts for Renaissance. Movements for reforms-- Shaikh Ahmad
Sarhindi, Shah Waliullah, Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed, Aligarh, Deoband, Nadwah, and other
educational institutions-------Sindh Madrassah and Islamia College Peshawar. Ideology of
Pakistan in the light of Speeches and statements of Allama Iqbal and Quaid- i Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
2. Land and people of Pakistan------- Geography, Society, Natural resources, Agriculture,
Industry and education with reference to characteristics, trends and problems.
3. Pakistan and Changing Regional Apparatus
4. Nuclear Program of Pakistan, its Safety and Security; International Concerns
5. Regional Cooperation Organizations (SAARC, ECO, SCO) and the Role of Pakistan
6. Civil-Military Relations in Pakistan
7. Economic Challenges in Pakistan
8. Non-Traditional Security Threats in Pakistan: Role of Non-State Actors
9. Pakistan’s Role in the Region
10. The Palestine Issue
11. Changing Security Dynamics for Pakistan: Challenges to National Security of Pakistan
12. Political Evolution Since 1971
13. Pakistan and US War on Terror
14. Foreign Policy of Pakistan Post 9/11
15. Evolution of Democratic System in Pakistan
16. Ethnic Issues and National Integration
17. Hydro Politics; Water Issues in Domestic and Regional Context
18. Pakistan’s National Interest
19. Challenges to Sovereignty
20. Pakistan’s Energy Problems and their Effects
21. Pakistan’s Relations with Neighbors excluding India
22. Pakistan and India Relations Since 1947
23. The Kashmir Issue
24. The war in Afghanistan since 1979 and its impact on, and challenges to Pakistan in the Post
2014 era.
25. Proxy Wars: Role of External Elements
26. Economic Conditions of Pakistan, the Most Recent Economic Survey, the Previous and
Current Budgets, and the Problems and Performance of Major Sectors of Economy.
27. The Recent Constitutional and Legal Debates, the Latest Constitutional Amendments and
Important Legislations, Legal Cases and the Role of Higher Courts.
28. The Prevailing Social Problems of Pakistan and the Strategies to Deal with Them, Poverty,
Education, Health and Sanitation.
29. PAPER: BOTANY (100 MARKS)
i. Algae, Fungi and Bryophytes

 Phycology: Distribution, Classification, Structure, Life History and Economic importance of

the main groups of Algae.
 Mycology and Plant Pathology: Structure, Reproduction, Classification and Economic
importance of the main groups of Fungi. Diseases of economically important crops and
general principles of their control
 Bryology: Structure and reproduction of bryophytes, Evolution of Gametophyte and
Sporophyte.
ii.Peteridophyta and Gymnosperms

 General account with special reference to structure, life history and affinities of both
Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Ontogeny and structure of seed, classification and
economic importance of Gymnosperms.

III. Anatomy and Embryology

 Primary and secondary tissues. Meristems. Secondary growth in dicot stem. Anatomy of leaf,
stem and root.
 Micro and mega sporogenesis, pollination mechanism, fertilization, development of Embryo
and Endosperm, Seed dispersal.

IV. Taxonomy of Angiosperms

 Systems of classification. Rules of botanical nomenclature. Concepts of speciation.

Introduction to modern trends in plant taxonomy: bio-systematic, chemotaxonomy and
numerical taxonomy. General characters and economic importance of common angiosperm
families.

V. Plant Physiology

 Plant water relations, Osmotic Quantities, component potentials of water and their role in
transport, water absorption by roots, transpiration. Role of essential mineral elements and
their uptake. Plant hormones. Photoperiodism, Vernalization. Dormancy and Seed
germination. Enzymes.
 Photosynthesis: Plant pigments, Light reaction, CO2 fixation, Mechanism of
photophosphorylation.
 Respiration: Glycolysis, Kreb cycle, Mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation.

VI. Ecology

 Influence of climatic, edaphic and biotic factors on plant growth. Vegetation sampling
techniques. Concepts of ecosystems and their productivity, ecological energetics, Pyramids
(of numbers, biomass and energy), trophic levels, food chains and food webs.
Biogeochemical cycles (Hydrological and Nitrogen). Succession.
 Causes and reclamation of soil salinity and water logging in Pakistan. Soil erosion, its control
and soil conservation methods. Deforestation. Biodiversity conservation. Pollution

VII. Cytology

 Cell cycle, cellular morphology, chemistry of cell wall and cell membrane, cell to cell
communication, plant tissue and cell culture, cell senescence and cell death.
 Ultra-structure of various cell organelles: Mitochondria, Golgi bodies, Endoplasmic
reticulum, Plastids, Ribosomes, Glyoxysomes, Vaculoes, Nucleus.

VIII. Genetics

 Mendelian Genetics, Multiple Alleles, Polygenic inheritance, Gene interaction, Epistasis and
pleiotropy, Sex-linked inheritance, Chromosomal aberrations, Mutations, DNA repair.

IX. Evolution
  Introduction of Evolution, Evolutionary history, Evolution of life, Convergent Evolution,
Divergent Evolution, Parallel Evolution and Natural selection

X. Molecular Biology

 Nucleic acids, DNA as hereditary material, DNA replication, Transcription, Genetic code,
Protein synthesis, Genetic engineering and its application, Genetically Modified Organisms
(GMO).

PAPER: SOCIOLOGY (100 MARKS)

I. General Sociology

1. Individual: Sociability or the sociality of man.

2. Culture: Meaning and Characteristics (Culture is variable, learnt, social, shared, transmissive,
dynamic and adaptive), types (Material, Non –material), functions (transfer of knowledge, define
situation, provide behaviour pattern, moulds personality) and elements of culture (norms, values,
beliefs, sanctions, customs).Culture and Socialization; formal and non-formal socialization,
transmission of culture, cultural relativism. Sub-cultures. Ethnocentrism and xenocentrism, Cultural
lag, High culture and popular culture. Multiculturalism, assimilation, and acculturation.

3. Society: Meaning and characteristics. Community; meaning and characteristics. Individual and
society. Relationship between individual and society. Two main theories regarding the relationship
of man and society (i) the social contact theory and (ii) the organismic theory. Social and cultural
evolution of society (Hunting and Gathering Society, Herding and Advance Herding Society,
Horticultural Society, Agrarian Society, Industrial Society, Postmodern Society).

4. Social Interaction: Caste and classes, Forms of social classes, Feudal system in Pakistan, Social
Mobility-nature of social mobility and its determinants in Pakistani society, Culture of poverty.

5. Social Control: Mechanisms of social control-formal and informal means of social control, Anomie,
Alienation and social Integration-Means of social integration in Pakistani Society.

6. Social and Cultural Change and Social Policy: Processes of Social and Cultural Change-discovery,
Inhibitions to social and cultural change in Pakistan, Social planning and directed social and cultural
change, Effect of Industrialization, Urbanization, Modernization and Modern Means of
Communication on Social Change.

7. Public Opinion: Formation of public openion, concept of opinion leader, characteristics of opinion
leadership.

8. Community: The rural community, Traditional Characteristics of rural life, The urban community,
Rural – Urban convergence, Urbanism, Future of cities in Pakistan.

9. Social Institutions: The nature and genesis of institutions, The process of institutionalization,
Functions of Social Institutions: Family, Religion, Education, Economy and Politics.

10.Social Problems in Pakistan: High population growth rate, Rural –urban migration. Issues of
technical/vocational training, Deviance and street crime, Unemployment, illiteracy and School drop
out, Smuggling, Prostitution, Poverty, Drug Addiction, Child Labour and Abuse, Bonded Labour,
Social customs and Traditions affecting Women in Pakistan, Violence Against Women and Domestic
Violence, Issues concerning the Elderly in Pakistan.
II. Sociological Theory: Three sociological perspectives: Structural Functionalism, Symbolic
interactions and Conflict. Theorists: Ibn-i-Khaldun, Spencer, August Comte, Emile Dukheim, Max
Weber, Karl Marx, Parson.

III. Methods of Sociological Research: Scientific Method, Steps in research, Types of Questionnaire
Research Design, Surveys, Observation and Case Studies

PAPER: PHYSICS (200 MARKS)

PAPER—I (Marks-100)

Mechanics

 Vectors: Dots, Cross and triple products, Gradient, divergence, curl and applications.
 Newtonian laws of motion: calculus-based approach to kinematics, forces and dynamics,
conservation law of energy; conservation of linear and angular momentum; Dynamics of
rigid body; spin and precession; gyroscope; Gravitation; planetary motion and satellites;
Kepler's laws; centripetal forces
 Special theory of relativity: Michelson-Morley experiment and Einstein’s postulates; Lorentz
transformation; time dilation and length contraction; equivalence of mass and energy.

Fluid Mechanics

 Surface tension; Viscosity; Elasticity; fluid motion and Bernoulli’s theorem.

Waves and Oscillations, Optics

 Free oscillation with one and two degrees of freedom; forced and damped oscillations and
phenomenon of resonance; Simple harmonic motion; Traveling waves and transmission of
energy; Phase and Group velocity; standing waves; Basics of sound waves.
 Reflection, Refraction, Interference, Diffraction and Polarization of waves; interfero meter
and Newton’s rings; Diffraction Gratings and their resolving power; spectro meters.
Electromagnetic wave equation; normal and anamolous dispersion; coherence, lasers and
applications.

Heat and Thermodynamics

 Perfect gas, real gas and Van der Waals equation; Three Laws of Thermodynamics; internal
energy; temperature; entropy; Thermal properties of simple systems; kinetic theory of
gases; Maxwellian distribution of molecular velocities; Brownian motion; Transport
phenomena. Classical Maxwell-Boltzmann Statistics and its application; Bose-Einstein and
Fermi-Dirac Statistics.

PAPER—II (Marks-100)

Electricity and Magnetism

 Electric field due to point charges; Gauss’ law; Electric potential; Poisson and Laplace’s
equations; Dielectric medium and Polarization; Capacitance; Moving charges and resulting
magnetic field; Ampere’s law; Magnetic properties of matter; Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction; Alternating current and RLC circuit; Poynting theorem and
Poynting Vector. Maxwell's equations in integral and differential form; scalar and vector
potential.
Modern and Quantum Physics

 Waves and particles and De Broglie’s Hypothesis; Operators and quantum states;
observables; time dependent and independent Schrodinger equation; angular momentum;
spin-1/2 particle in a magnetic field; wave mechanics; particle in a box; tunneling; one-
dimensional harmonic oscillator; Heisenber's uncertainty relationship and indeterminacy
based on commutation properties of operators; Bohr’s theory and quantum numbers
including electron spin; Pauli’s exclusion principle; Spectra of simple systems with one or
two valence electrons; photo electric effect; Compton scattering; pair production; Lande’s g
factor and Zeeman effect. Raman effect;

Solid State Physics

 Crystal lattice and structure, Bravais lattice, free electron model, Band theory and electron in
a periodic potential, Fermi energy and density of states, n and p type semiconductors,
physics of the transistor and MOSFET, dielectric properties, magnetic properties and origin
of magnetism.

Nuclear Physics

 Structure of Nuclei; Radioactivity,,  and  decay; Methods of detection of nuclear

radiation, Mass Sepectrometer; Accelerators; Phenomenon of fission; reactor and nuclear
power; nuclear fusion and its applications; Elementary particles and their properties.

PAPER: POLITICAL SCIENCE (200 MARKS)

PAPER I- (Marks - 100) Part-A (50 Marks)

Western Political Thought: Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Montesquieu, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau,
Kant, Mill, Bentham, Hegel, Marx, Lenin, Mao, Gramsci, Karl Popper, Pierre Bourdieu, John Rawls,
Frances Fukuyama, Foucault, Derrida, Kierkegaard, Jean Paul Sartre, Rene Descartes.

Muslim Political Thought: Al-Farabi, Al-Mawardi, Ibn Rushd, Imam Ghazali, Ibn Taymiyyah, Nizam-ul-
MulkTusi, Ibn Khaldun, Shah Waliullah, Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Jamaluddin Afghni, Rashid Rida.

Part -B (50 Marks)

State System: The nature and emergence of modern nation-state system, Islamic concept of state
and Ummah.

Political Concept (Western and Islamic): Sovereignty, Justice, Law, Liberty, Freedom, Equality, Rights
and Duties, Human Rights, Political Authority and Power.

Comparative Politics: Political Socialization, Political Culture, Political Development, Political

Recruitment, Social Change, Civil Society, Violence and Terrorism in Politics, Gender and Politics,
Women Empowerment.

Political Participation: Political Change and Revolution, Elections, Electoral System, Public Opinion,
Propaganda, Political Parties, Pressure Groups and Lobbies.

Political Institutions and Role of Government: Legislature, Executive, Judiciary, Political Elites, Civil
and Military Bureaucracy.

Forms of Government: Monarchy, Democratic, Dictatorship, Totalitarian/Authoritarian, Unitary,

Federal, Confederation, Presidential and Parliamentary.
Political Ideologies: Capitalism, Marxism, Communism, Socialism, Totalitarism, Fascims, Nationalism,
Islamic Political Ideology.

Local Self Government: Theory and practice of Local Self-Government with special reference to
Pakistan, Comparative analyses of systems of local governance, Public Administration and Public
Policy.

PAPER-II (MARKS-100) Part-A (30 Marks)

Comparative and Analytical Study of the Political Systems: Political System of U.S.A, U.K, France
and Germany

Global and Regional Integration Globalization and Politics, Global Civil Society, Regional politico-
economic integration and organizational structure of the European Union, SAARC, ECO, International
Financial Regimes IMF and WTO.

Part-B (70 Marks)

Comparative and Analytical Study of the Political Systems: Political system of Turkey, Iran,
Malaysia, India and China.

Political Movements in India (Colonial Period): Rise of Muslim Nationalism in South Asia and
Pakistan Movement (with special reference to the role of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama Muhammad
Iqbal and Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah)

Government and Politics in Pakistan: Constitution making from 1947 -1956, A comparative and
critical analysis of 1956, 1962, 1973 Constitutions of Pakistan, Constitutional Amendments up-to-
date, Federal Structure in Pakistan, and Central-Provincial relations after 18th amendment, Political
Culture of Pakistan, Political Developments and the Role of Civil and Military Bureaucracy, Judiciary,
Feudalism, Dynastic Politics, Political Parties and Interest Groups, Elections and Voting Behavior,
Religion and Politics, Ethnicity and National Integration.

International Relations: History of International Relations: Post World War-II (WW-II) Period.

Foreign Policy of Pakistan: National Interests and Major Determinants i-e

1. Size/Geography
2. Economic Development
3. Security
4. Advancement in Technology
5. National Capacity
6. Political Parties/Leadership
7. Ideology
8. National Interest
9. Role of Press/Bureaucracy
10. Social Structure
11. Public Opinion
12. Diplomacy.
13. Foreign Policy-making Process in Pakistan

Also, External Factors like International Power Structure, International Organizations, World
Public Opinion and Reaction of other States.