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Article ID: IJCIET_09_11_117 of Guinea Corn Husk Ash on the Mechanical

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 9, Issue 11, November 2018, pp. 1207–1216, Article ID: IJCIET_09_11_117
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=11
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

©IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

EFFECT OF GUINEA CORN HUSK ASH ON THE

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND WEAR
BEHAVIOUR OF EPOXY MATRIX
COMPOSITES
O. O. Daramola
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology,
Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
Institute of Nano Engineering Research (INER), Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and
Materials Engineering (Polymer Technology Division), Tshwane University of Technology,
Pretoria, South Africa and the Tooling Centre Soshanguve Campus, Tshwane University of
Technology, Pretoria, South Africa.

A. Adediran
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Landmark University,
PMB 1002,Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria.

M. H. Adegun
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology,
Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.

E. R. Sadiku
Institute of Nano Engineering Research (INER), Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and
Materials Engineering (Polymer Technology Division), Tshwane University of Technology,
Pretoria, South Africa and the Tooling Centre Soshanguve Campus, Tshwane University of
Technology, Pretoria, South Africa.

T.M.A. Olayanju
Department of Agriculture and Biosystems Engineering, College of Engineering,
Landmark University, Omu-Aran, PMB 1001, Kwara State, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT
The utilization of polymeric materials for certain engineering applications have
been limited due to their mechanical properties observed to be time, rate and
temperature dependent. However, with the recent development in technology, there
has been a demand for advanced materials of which polymer matrix composites are
potential candidates. This has geared up the interest in development of reinforced
polymeric materials. Inorganic particulate reinforced polymers has shown significant
improvements in mechanical properties but their limitation lies their high cost and

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 O.O. Daramola, A. Adediran, M.H. Adegun, E.R. Sadiku and T.M.A. Olayanju

availability. Hence, a need to develop polymer composite using readily available

organic particulates. The research work studies the influence of guinea corn husk ash
(GCHA) particulate on the mechanical and wear properties of epoxy matrix
composites. The GCHA was produced by burning guinea corn husk in an enclosed
cylindrical chamber and conditioning it at a temperature of 650 oC for 3 h in order to
reduce its carbonaceous constituents. The conditioned GCHA was sieved to 150 µm
passing. The compositional analysis of the sieved GCHA carried out using X-ray
fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer, revealed that it is silica dominated with other trace
compounds. The epoxy matrix composites were reinforced by incorporating 2, 4, 6, 8,
and 10 wt. % of GCHA. After curing, the composites produced were subjected to
tensile, flexural, impact and wear tests. There was an appreciable improvements in the
mechanical properties of the GCHA reinforced epoxy matrix composites developed
while the wear property appears to suffer. However, the study has shown that GCHA
is a promising reinforcement for polymeric composites.
Key words: Guinea corn husk ash, organic particulate, epoxy resin, agglomerates and
interfacial bonding
Cite this Article: O.O. Daramola, A. Adediran, M.H. Adegun, E.R. Sadiku and
T.M.A. Olayanju, Effect of Guinea Corn Husk Ash on the Mechanical Properties and
Wear Behaviour of Epoxy Matrix Composites, International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 9(11), 2018, pp. 1207–1216.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=11

1. INTRODUCTION
Recent advancement in technology has increased the quest for engineering materials with
improved mechanical and physical properties [1]. Polymer matrix composites have been
reported to possess promising properties such as light weight, ductility, good mechanical
properties and ease of processing which are potentials for modern engineering applications [2,
3]. More interesting is that these properties can be tailored towards achieving the desired
properties required for such applications. Among the classes of polymeric composites is
epoxy. It is a thermosetting polymer with a unique mechanical, chemical and thermal
properties. It is often used as impregnating materials, adhesives or matrices for composites
[4]. Epoxy-matrix composites possess high adhesion, low weight, good mechanical and
tribological properties, adequate chemical and corrosion resistance, low shrinkage on curing
(good dimensional stability) and less rigour in processing [1,3-5]. These properties has
encouraged the continuous usage and demand of epoxy-based composite materials for
structural components, electrical and electronic systems and industrial tooling [2,6]. However,
the limitation of epoxy-based matrix composites lies in their average mechanical properties in
relation to metals matrix/hybrid composites [4]. In bid to overcome these challenges, fillers
are used to reinforce the matrix and it is pertinent to mention that there have been significant
improvement [7]. Particulates, fibre and whiskers have been utilized in reinforcing PMCs.
The macroscopic behaviour of particulate polymeric composites have been reported to be
affected by the size, shape, aspect ratio, particle loading, the distribution of the inclusion in
the polymer matrix and the interfacial adhesion between the matrix and the inclusion [8,9].
Previous studies revealed that properties such as stiffness, coefficient of thermal expansion,
creep and scratch resistance, wear properties, compressive strength, impact performance and
fracture toughness can be improved by the addition of rigid particles [2,9]. Inorganic
particulates have been predominantly used for polymeric composite reinforcement. Examples
of inorganic particulate fillers that has been investigated are silicon carbide, alumina, silica
(SiO2), glass microspheres, Mg(OH)2 and limestone (CaCO3) particles, carbon black,

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 Effect of Guinea Corn Husk Ash on the Mechanical Properties and Wear Behaviour of Epoxy
Matrix Composites

graphite, atomize aluminium, titanium carbide, portland cement, potassium titanate and
layered silicate [8, 10, 11]. Organic particulates that have been investigated includes rice husk
ash, palm kernel shell ash, coconut-shell powder and snail shell [12-14]. GCHA is an
agricultural waste which is readily available in the Nigeria. They are either burnt off or
disposed after harvesting the desired guinea corn from it. This constitute another source of
environmental pollution. Hence, there utilization for reinforcement in composites materials is
a welcomed development as this presumed “trash” is being converted to “treasure” in the
development of polymeric composites. The GCHA is an organic particulates. Since it is
readily available, its utilization as reinforcement in epoxy matrix help to reduce the cost of
production while enhancing the overall properties [5]. In this study, the mechanical (tensile,
flexural and impact strength) and wear properties of GCHA particulate reinforced epoxy
composites were investigated. This is to evaluate the performance of readily available and
low cost organic GCHA for the development of epoxy matrix composites.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Materials
The materials used for the composite production are epoxy resin, amine-based hardener and
guinea corn husk ash. Guinea corn husk (for producing the ash) used in the study was
obtained from Akure Metropolis, Ondo State, Nigeria. The epoxy resin and the amine-based
hardener (SL 1000 grade) was procured from Pascal Scientific and Chemical Ltd., Akure,
Nigeria.

2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Production of the GCHA
Inclusions and other unwanted particles present in the guinea corn husk obtained were hand-
picked. The sorted guinea corn husk was thoroughly washed, sun dried and then burnt in a
cylindrical chamber. The ash obtained was conditioned in a muffle furnace at 650 oC for 3 h.
The conditioned GCHA was sieved to 150 µm passing with the aid of laboratory sieve shaker
and was thereafter characterized using X-ray fluorescence spectrometer in order to determine
the chemical composition of the GCHA.
2.2.2. Composite Production
The composite was mixed manually and produced using hand lay-up method (open moulding
techniques). The production was done at room temperature and the composites produced
contained 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt. % fractions of guinea corn husk ash. The epoxy and the
amine-based hardener which are the matrix materials were prepared in ratio 2:1 respectively.
The GCHA was first added to the epoxy resin and mixed thoroughly before the introduction
of hardener. The process was in accordance to [4]. Epoxy sample was produced without the
addition of GCHA and was denoted as control. This is to serve as a base for composites
performance evaluation. In order to ensure homogeneity, the mixture was stirred before
pouring into the pre-coated aluminium moulds. The mould was lubricated with silicone oil to
aid easy removal of the composites after curing. The mixture was left for over 2 h at room
temperature in order to cure before been stripped off. The cast samples were subjected to test
after 14 days. Table 1 shows the formulation table for the production of the GCHA reinforced
epoxy matrix composite.

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 O.O. Daramola, A. Adediran, M.H. Adegun, E.R. Sadiku and T.M.A. Olayanju

Table 1 Composite Samples Formulation Table

Sample Designation Weight Weight Weight of Guinea Corn
of Epoxy Resin (g) of Hardener (g) Husk Ash (g)
Control 300.00 150.00 -
A (2 wt.% 294.00 147.68 9.00
of GCHA)
B (4 wt.% 288.00 144.00 18.00
of GCHA)
C (6 wt.% 282.00 141.00 27.00
of GCHA)
D (8 wt.% 276.00 138.00 36.00
of GCHA)
E (10 wt.% 270.00 135.00 45.00
of GCHA)
2.2.3. Mechanical Testing
Tensile, flexural and impact testing were used to characterize the mechanical properties of the
composites produced. The tensile tests were performed in accordance with [16] standard
procedures. Dog-bone shaped samples prepared by hand lay-up technique were used and the
tensile test of both the control and GCHA reinforced epoxy composites were carried out using
INSTRON 1195 at fixed crosshead speed of 10 mm/min, the flexural strength of the
composites were determined by carrying out three-point flexural tests on the control and
GCHA reinforced epoxy composites. The flexural tests were performed in accordance with
[17] standard using a Testometric universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.3
mm/min. In order to evaluate the impact strength, tests were performed on the notched
samples in accordance with [18] standard using Housefield balanced impact testing machine.
The notched samples were placed in a cantilever position, with the notched surface directly
opposite the swinging pendulum. The pendulum of the testing machine was swung freely
through 180o to fracture the samples. In order to obtain a reliable result, the average results of
three samples were calculated and presented.
2.2.4. Wear Test
The wear behaviour of the epoxy matrix and GCHA reinforced epoxy matrix composites were
performed using Rotopol-V. The samples were weighed before subjecting them to test. The
test was carried out at room temperature under dry sliding condition in accordance with.
ASTM G195-13a standard as reported by [19]. The taber wear index was evaluated using
equation 1
(1)

Table 2 Compositional Analysis of GCHA obtained from Akure Metropolis.

Constituents % Composition
SiO2 78.998
Al2O3 1.345
Fe2O3 0.837
CaO 3.338
MgO 3.757
SO3 0.494
K 2O 7.674
Na2O 0.249
P 2O 5 2.946
Mn2O3 0.081
TiO2 0.180
SrO 0.020

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 Effect of Guinea Corn Husk Ash on the Mechanical Properties and Wear Behaviour of Epoxy
Matrix Composites

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1. Ultimate Tensile Strength
Figure 1 shows the variation in the ultimate tensile strength of the epoxy matrix (control
sample) and the GCHA reinforced epoxy composites. It was observed that there was linear
increment in the UTS of the composites from samples A to D and the values of UTS for these
composites are higher than that of the control sample. The increase in strength can be
attributed to the uniform distribution of hard GCHA in the epoxy matrix which impedes
dislocation motion. Also, chain inter diffusion and entanglement between the epoxy and the
GCHA particles enhanced the improvement in UTS [20]. The decrease in the UTS value of
the composites at 10 wt.% GCHA may be due to the formation of agglomerated particles
within the epoxy matrix at this weight fraction which led to interfacial debonding at the
particles matrix interface thereby decreasing the strength of the composite [4,20].

25
Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa)

20
15
10
5
0

Sample

Figure 1 Variations of Ultimate Tensile Strength of Epoxy Matrix and GCHA/Epoxy Composites

3.2. Young’s Modulus of Elasticity

Young Modulus is a measure of the stiffness of a material at the elastic region during tensile
test. Figure 2 illustrates the Young Modulus of the control sample (epoxy matrix) and
GCHA/epoxy composites. The Young Modulus for the control sample was 269.77 MPa.
There was a significant improvement in the Young Modulus of the composites produced from
samples A to D and the value slightly decreased in sample E. The result shows that the
introduction of GCHA increases the young modulus of the epoxy matrix. Sample A with 2
wt.% of GCHA has the highest young modulus (820.004 MPa). The presence of uniformly
dispersed hard phase (due to the presence of silica in the GCHA) account for the high
stiffness and rigidity of the composites. This concords with Mudradi et al. [21] and Fu et al.
[8]. Also, the small particle size of the GCHA account for the high aspect ratio of the
composite thereby increasing the young modulus [8,22]. The decrease in young modulus of
sample E (10 wt.% GCHA) can be linked to poor dispersion of the particles in the epoxy
matrix. In addition, since GCHA contains high concentration of silica, this lowers the
crosslinking density of the composites and this aid the detachment of the epoxy matrix from
the hard dispersed GCHA particulate phase during loading [20].

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 O.O. Daramola, A. Adediran, M.H. Adegun, E.R. Sadiku and T.M.A. Olayanju

1000

Young Modlus of Elasticity (MPa)

900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

Samples

Figure 2.Variation of Young Modulus of Elasticity of Epoxy Matrix and GCHA/Epoxy Composites.

3.3. Flexural Strength

The variation in the average flexural strength of the epoxy matrix and GCHA/epoxy
composites is presented in Figure 3. There were appreciable increases in the flexural strength
of sample B and C (with 5.1 % and 10.9 % respectively). The increment can be attributed to
the homogenous dispersion of the GCHA particles in the epoxy matrix at lower weight
fractions (4 and 6 wt.%) which aid the load bearing capacity of the composites [4]. It is
pertinent to mention that the improvement in the flexural strength observed contradict the
proposition that rigid fillers have a devastating effects on strength as reported by [23].
However, it was observed that increasing the wt.% of GCHA particulates gradually decreases
the flexural strength of sample D and E. This has been attributed to increase in viscosity of the
resin phase due to higher concentration of GCHA silica in the resin [4].

20
Flexural Strength (MPa)

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Sample

Figure 3. Variation of Flexural Strength of Epoxy Matrix and GCHA/Epoxy Composites

3.4. Flexural Modulus

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 Effect of Guinea Corn Husk Ash on the Mechanical Properties and Wear Behaviour of Epoxy
Matrix Composites

Figure 4 shows the variation in the flexural modulus of the epoxy matrix and the
GCHA/epoxy reinforced composites. It was observed that there was a general and significant
improvement in the flexural modulus of the GCHA/epoxy composites over the control
sample. Sample C has the highest flexural modulus with a value more than twice of the
control sample. The increase in the flexural modulus have been reported to be due to high
surface energy possessed by the small sized fillers [20]. The increase in the flexural modulus
of the composites specimens agreed with the other result from literature [13]. This shows the
propensity of GCHA as a potential reinforcement for polymeric composites.

900
800
Flexural Modulus

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

Sample

Figure 4. Variation in Flexural Modulus of Epoxy Matrix and the GCHA/Epoxy Composites

3.5. Impact Properties

The variation in the impact strength of the epoxy matrix and GCHA/epoxy composites is
presented in Figure 5. The results revealed that all composites have higher impact strength
than the control sample

900
800
Impact Strength (J)

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

Samples

Figure 5.Variation in Impact Strength of Epoxy Matrix and GCHA/Epoxy Composites

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 O.O. Daramola, A. Adediran, M.H. Adegun, E.R. Sadiku and T.M.A. Olayanju

Sample C has the highest impact energy which is 149.82 % improvement. It has been
reported that the impact strength of filled polymers depends on the degree of interfacial
bonding between the polymer matrix and the filler [24]. The presence of fillers helps to pin
down/hinder crack propagation which causes a change in the fracture behaviour during impact
of the composites [8]. Composites with higher impact energy will decelerate the propagation
of cracks [20]. Thus, for the composites produced for the impact test, the increase in the
impact energy is due to the presence of good adhesion between the epoxy matrix and the
GCHA particulates.

3.6. Wear Properties

The variation in the wear index of the epoxy matrix and GCHA/epoxy composites is
illustrated in Figure 6. It was observed that the wear resistances of the GCHA/epoxy
composites are generally lower than the control sample. Several factors have been identified
to affect the wear behaviour of a composites which includes the nature of the matrix material,
the type of reinforcement, surface roughness of the composite, sliding speed and type of
friction [3, 25]. The decrease in the GCHA/epoxy composite can be due poor interfacial
bonding with the epoxy and the hard particles and agglomeration of the GCHA particulates
during production. This causes the easy removal of the GCHA during friction, thereby
lowering the composite wear resistance.

7
Wear index (mg/mins)

6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Sample

Figure 6. Variation in Wear Resistance of Epoxy Matrix and GCHA/Epoxy Composites

4. CONCLUSIONS
The mechanical properties (tensile, flexural and impact strength) and the wear behaviour of
guinea corn husk ash (GCHA) reinforced epoxy matrix composites has been studied. The
following conclusion are derived from the investigation:
 There was an appreciable increase in the tensile strength of the composite produced over the
control sample. The decrease in the tensile strength of sample E has been attributed to
agglomeration of the GCHA particulates in the epoxy matrix.
 The flexural properties of the GCHA/epoxy composites were enhanced significantly.
 There were improvements in the impact strength of the GCHA/epoxy composites.

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 Effect of Guinea Corn Husk Ash on the Mechanical Properties and Wear Behaviour of Epoxy
Matrix Composites

 The wear properties of the GCHA/epoxy composites suffered depreciation due poor interfacial
bonding with the epoxy matrix and the hard particles coupled with the presence of
agglomerated particles of GCHA in the epoxy matrix.
 The study has shown that guinea corn husk ash if incorporated at lower weight fractions (2-6
wt.%) can be a potential reinforcement for the development of polymer matrix composites..

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We appreciate the following organizations for their support. The Federal University of
Technology, Akure, Nigeria, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria, Institute for Nano
Engineering Research, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa and
Technology Innovation Agency (TIA), South Africa

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