A / The / Zero Article Part II: L Intermediate Grammar

OnebyOne l Intermediate Grammar
A / the / Zero Article Part II

A / an The Zero Article
Contable Singular Contable Singular / Plural / No contable Contable Plural / No contable
Un / una / uno El / La -
1. Primera mención (no se sabe de 1. Segunda Mención o cosas / personas 1. Cosas o Personas en General
quién o de qué se está hablando específicas (se sabe de quién o de qué se está ○ I don’t drink milk
especificamente) hablando especificamente) ○ I like coffee.
○ I saw an old woman with a dog ○ A man and a woman sat in front of me.The ○ Women drive more cautiously than men.
in the park. man was British, but I think the woman wasn’t. 2. Comidas (breakfast, lunch, dinner)
2. Descripciones u ocupación ○ Where are the kids?’ ‘They’re in the garden.’ ○ Dinner is served at 8.
○ Paula is a teacher. ○ I sat on the chair in the corner. ○ I always have breakfast with my children.
○ Paris is an interesting city. ○ I don’t like the milk John brought. 3. Años, meses y días
○ When I was a teenager, I 2. Cosas únicas (moon, sun, capital, president, ○ Friday is my favourite day of the week.
enjoyed sleeping. Internet, universe, sky, radio, etc) ○ I think 2021 will be an excellent year.
3. Para frecuencias, ratios y ○ The manager must be really rich. 4. TV
velocidades ○ The moon looks beautiful today. ○ I watched it on TV.
○ I work 6 hours a day 3. Lugares comunes (bank, park, cinema, library, ○ I don’t watch TV.
○ The rent is €500 a month. supermarket, zoo, gym, station, theatre, airport) ○ But: Turn off the TV. I’ve bought a new TV.
○ We were driving at 70 km an ○ I’m going to the bank. 5. Idiomas y Materias de escuela o universidad
hour. ○ I found Peter at the station. ○ He doesn’t speak English but he speaks J apanese
4. What a/such a + singular ○ I’m at the library. ○ I study biology. I hate history
countable noun 4. Superlatives (the - est) 6. Next, last (Después o antes de ahora)
○ What a fantastic idea! ○ This is the best restaurant in town. ○ The meeting is next Thursday.
○ What a beautiful day! 5. Instrumentos musicales ○ I saw him last week.
○ Yesterday was such a horrible ○ Margaret plays the guitar and I play the flute. ○ Last year we spent one week in London.
day! 6. Nombres de rios, océanos, mares y canales: ○ But: We really loved London.The last day we were
○ This is such a difficult problem! (The Mediterranean, the Atlantic, the Amazon, really sad.
○ Thanks, you are such a good the Panama canal, the Nile) 7. Cuando hablamos sobre (home, work, bed, hospital,
friend. ○ The Nile is the longest river. school, university, prison) en general.
7. Nombres de Países que contienen ○ David isn’t at school this morning.
sustantivos plurales (the Netherlands, the ○ She has been in bed all morning.
Bahamas,The Philippines) o incluye palabras ○ BUT: I found the keys under the bed. I’m going to
como “State or Republic, or Kingdom” (the the school to pick up my children.
US - the United States, the UK - the United 8. Name + number.
Kingdom, the Czech Republic) ○ He is in room 15.
○ Go to page 86.
9. Con la mayoría de nombres lugares como
continentes (Europe, Africa), países (Spain, China),
ciudades o pueblos (Rome, Bangkok), montañas
(mount Everest, Annapurna)
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Pronouns
Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns Possesive Adjectives Possesive
Reflexive Pronouns (RP)
(SP) (OP) (PA) Pronouns (PP)
Necesitan de un No necesitan de un Usado cuando el sujeto y el

Hacen una acción Reciben una acción
sustantivo sustantivo objeto es el mismo
(1) PA + Sustantivo (3) S + RP + V

(1) Prepo* + RP
(1) Verb + OP (3) S + V + RP
SP + Verb (2) on + PA + own PP (2) by + RP
(to emphasise who
(2) Preposition* + OP (= alone)
(= alone) does the action)
I* yo me a mí my mi __ mine mío myself mí mismo
He Él him a él his Su __ de él his De él himself él mismo
She Ella her a ella her Su __ de ella. hers De ella herself ella misma
It* Eso it a eso its Su __ de eso. its De eso itself eso mismo
Tuyo yourself tú mismo

You Tú / Ustedes you a ti / ustedes your tu __ yours De ustedes yourselves Ustedes mismos
We Nosotros us a nosotros our nuestro __ ours nuestro ourselves nosotros mismos
They* Ellos them a ellos their Su __ de ellos theirs De ellos themselves ellos mismos
She cut herself

I play soccer. He called me This is our brother This toy is theirs
Paul himself designed
They are delicious. I like her This is its house This house is hers
He is really proud of himself.
My friend and I play They talked about him She did it on her own. The victory is ours
She did it by herself
*It: cosa o animal (singular) Don’t use RP: concentrate, dress,

Prepositions: at, in, on, Each other = one another
*They:personas, animales No notes shave, wash, relax, hurry, or open.
from, with, about, for, to, of Cada uno
o cosas en Plural. NOT Prepo of time: of, behind, with:

Adjetivos -ing / -ed
Adj - ing Adj - ed
Producen ese sentimiento Describen cómo nos sentimos

(usado para cosas y personas) (usado mayormente para personas)
Interesting Interested
Interesante Interesado
(produce interés) (se siente con interés en algo)
boring bored
ser aburrido estar aburrido
(produce aburrimiento) (se siente aburrido)
confusing confused
confuso confundido
(produce confusión) (se siente confundido)
surprising surprised
sorprendente sorprendido
(produce sorpresa) (se siente sorprendido)
disappointing disappointed
decepcionante decepcionado
(produce decepción) (se siente decepcionado)
annoying annoyed
molestoso molesto
(produce molestia) (se siente molesto)

So & Neither
Yo tambien vs Yo tampoco
Speaker A Speaker B
Option 1 Option 2 Option 3
+ So + S + Aux + too S + V + too

Aux + S
- Neither + S + Aux(-) + either S + V(-) + either
Speaker A Speaker B Speaker A Speaker B
S+V So + Aux + S S + Aux + too S + V + too S + V(-) Neither + Aux + s S + Aux(-) + either S + V(-) + either
I am tired So she I am too I am tired too I am not tired Neither am I I am not either I am not tired either
I like soccer So do I I do too I like soccer too I don’t like soccer Neither do I I don’t either I don’t like soccer either
I was at home So was I I was too I was at home I wasn’t at home Neither was I I wasn’t either I wasn’t at home either
I went to bed So did I I did too I went to bed too I didn’t go to bed Neither did I I didnt either I didn’t go to bed either
Sally has found it So have I I have too I have found it too Sally hasn’t found it Neither have I I haven’t either I haven’t found it either
I will be late So will I I will too I will be late too I won’t be late Neither will I I won’t either I won’t be late either
He can speak So can I I can too I can speak too He can’t speak Neither can I I can't either I can’t speak either
You should go So should I I should too I should go too You shouldn’t go Neither should I I shouldn’t either I shouldn’t go either
She always runs So do I I do too I always run too *She never runs Neither do I I don’t either I never run either
nor = neither

Linking Words Part II

Type Linking Words Meaning Examples
.However, +S+V Sin embargo We didn’t like the hotel. However, we had a good time.
Although
Although it was raining, we had a good time.
Even though +S+V Aunque
Contrast Even though he studied a lot, he didn’t pass the test.
Though
In spite of + Noun Despite the rain, we had a good time.

A pesar de
Despite + Ving In spite of studying a lot, he didn’t pass the test.
(not) to He studied to pass the test.

in order (not) to + Vb para (hacer) He studied in order to pass the test.
so as (not) to He studied so as to pass the test.
… so that +S+V para que He studied so that he could pass the test
Purpose
+ Noun He studied for the test.
for por (algo)
+ Ving She lost control for drinking alcohol
In case +S+V En caso de que Take the umbrella in case it rains.
As As he wanted to study more, he stayed at school.

Since +S+V porque Since he wanted to study more, he stayed at school.
Because Because he wanted to study more, he stayed at school.
Reason
Because of Because of the rain, we didn’t go to the party.
Due to + Noun Due to the rain, we didn’t go to the party.
Debido a
Owing to + Ving Owing to the rain, we didn’t go to the party.
On account of On account of the rain, we didn’t go to the party.
So Por eso We were bored, so we decided to rent a film.

+S+V
For this reason, Por esta razón, We were bored. For this reason, we decided to rent a film
Result
As a result Como resultado, The flight was delayed due to the storm. As a result/
Consequently +S+V Por consiguiente, consequently / therefore, many passengers complained.
Therefore Por lo tanto, We have therefore/consequently decided to promote you.
S: Subject / V: Verbo (en cualquier tiempo) / Noun: Sustantivo / Vb: Verbo base

Intensifiers II
Intensifier Structure Examples
too + Adj/Adv This cake is too sweet / Homework is too difficult.
Too too much + UN You have too much free time.

(+)(-)(?)
Demasiado Verb + too much You work too much / She e
ats too much.
too many + P There are too many people
I don’t earn enough m

oney.
enough + UN / P
We have enough workers.
Enough
(+)(-)(?)
Adj/Adv + enough This place is big enough for us.
Suficiente
Verb + enough I don’t sleep enough / I work enough
He is so good (that) he gets bored when he plays against

so + Adj/Adv + (that)
me.
So
so much + UN + (that) She always cooks so much food that we have to throw
(+)(-)
Quantity half of it away.
Tan
so many + P + (that) There were so many people at the concert (that) we
Quantity didn’t really enjoy it.
We had such terrible w eather (that) we decided to go

Such + (adj) + UN/ P + (that)
back home.
Such Essense
She said such nice things (that) we were all moved.
(+)(-)
Tan
Such a/an + (adj) + S + (that) I love her. She is such a brilliant actress.
Essense He is such a liar (that) nobody trusts him any more.
UN: Uncountable Nouns / P: Countable Plural Nouns / S: Countable Singular Nouns

Quantifiers II
Quantifier (+) (-) (?) Example
1 a/an + S (+)(-)(?) un/una I have a cat / I don’t want an apple.
(+) algo de He has some cats / sugar.

2 Some + P / UN (?)* algo de: ofrecer o Would you like some salad?
pedir algo Can I have some salad?
(?) algo de Do you have any friends?

3 Any + P / UN
(-) nada de I don’t h
ave any friends.
4 No + P / UN (+) nada de I have no friends
5 None (+) nada I have none.
A lot of + P / UN She has a lot of brothers / sugar.

Lots of + P / UN She has lots of brothers / sugar.
6
Plenty of + P / UN
(+) mucho She has plenty of brothers / sugar.
(Verb) + a lot. She sleeps a lot.
We need many apples.

(+)(-) mucho
7 Many + P We don’t need many apples.
(?) cuánto How many apples do you have?
8 Much + UN
(-) mucho They don’t have m
uch homework
(?) cuánto How much homework do you have?
A few + P (+)(-)(?) un poco de There are a few people here.

9
Few + P (+)(-)(?) casi nada de There are few people here.
A little/ a bit of + UN (+)(-)(?) un poco de He has a little/ a bit of time to study.
10
Little + UN (+)(-)(?) casi nada de He has little time to study.
S: Singular / P: Plural / UN: Uncountable

Bother, either & Neither

Sólo para 2 objetos o personas
Quantifier Meaning Verb Uses Examples
Both Jane and Margaret like singing.

Both… and…
Both (of the) girls like singing
Both (of the) + P
Both (+) Ambos ✔
✔ Plural Both of them like singing
Both of + them/us/you
They both like singing. They were both
Both: Adverb
happy
❌❌❌
Either… or … Either Mike or John has been here.

(+) Cualquiera ✔ Either + Sing You can fish from either side of the river.
Either Singular
(-) Ninguno Either of the + P Either of the cars is a good purchase.
Either of + them/us/you Either of them is OK.
Neither… nor… Neither Silvia nor Sandra has been here.

Neither (+) Ninguno ❌❌ Singular
Neither + Sing
Neither of the + P
Neither candidate is a good option.
Neither of the candidates is a good option
Neither of + them/us/you I like neither of them
N: Noun (Sustantivo) Sing: Singular Noun P: Plural Noun
Gerunds vs To + Verb Part II

Gerund (V-ing) To + Verbo Base Verbo Base (Vb)
(+) Ving / (-) not + Ving (+) To Vb / (-) not + To Vb (+) Vb / (-) not + Vb

1. Cuando el verbo es un sujeto 1. Adjectivos + to Vb 1. Modales + Vb

○ Reading on phones isn’t very good for your eyes. Also: too/enough + Adj + to Vb (will, can, could, must,
○ Cheating is not allowed. ○ It’s important to arrive early at the station. should, might, may, would,
○ He is too young to be here had better, ought to)
2. Preposition + Ving ○ She isn’t old enough to vote. ○ You should come with us.
(at, in, on, from, about, of, with, by, for) ○ I can’t play the guitar.
○ I’m tired of waiting. Let’s go home. 2. Para expresar una razón o propósito (para hacer algo)
○ He is good at dancing. ○ I need time to study for the exam. 2. Make/let + person + Vb
○ She is interested in studying biology ○ You made us wait a lot.
3. Would + like/love/hate/prefer + to Vb ○ Let me go!
3. like/love/hate/prefer/ mind + Ving ○ I’d love t o cycle.
○ I love cycling. ○ I’d hate t o see that.
○ I hate getting up early.
4. Después de estos verbos:
4. Después de estos verbos: (afford, agree, allow, appear, be able, choose, deserve,
(avoid, admit, deny, feel like, finish*, enjoy, imagine, expect, happen, hesitate, decide, forget, help, hope, learn,
involve, practice, keep, recommend, spend make, manage, remind, need, offer, pretend, plan, promise,
time/money, stop*, suggest, regret) + Ving refuse, remember, teach, seem, try, tend, want, used to, etc)
○ She recommended visiting this museum. + to Vb
○ My mom avoids paying late bills. ○ Don’t forget to call me.
○ She seems to be distracted.
5. Después de expresiones:
(look forward to, it’s no use, it’s worth, there’s no point, 5. Verb + Person + to Vb
there’s no use (in), can’t help, have difficulty, have ○ He told me to wait.
trouble, have problem, have a hard time) + Ving ○ I want you to study more.
○ I’m looking forward to hearing from you again. ○ The doctor asked me to rest 2 weeks.
○ I had trouble eating that sandwich.
○ There is no use going to war. 6. “Question Words” + to Vb
(When, How, Why, Where, What, etc)
○ I don’t know what to eat.
○ She wants to know where to play videogames.
○ I want to learn how to play the guitar.
Extra: Gerunds vs To + Verb
forget + to Vb Olvidar hacer algo que ● I think I forgot to lock the door when we left.

tenemos que hacer ● Don’t forget to call me when you finish.
+ Ving Olvidar algo del pasado ● I’ll never forget walking on that amazing beach for the first time.
Recordar hacer algo que ● He didn’t remember to turn off the heating after class.
+ to Vb
tenemos que hacer ● Please, will you remember to close the windows if you leave?
remember
Recordar algo del ● I remember eating on this same chair the day I graduated.
+ Ving
pasado ● I remember mentioning the issue to Elisabeth last week.
● Could you please try to be a bit less rude?

Intentar/Esforzarse por
+ to Vb ● I’ll try to convince him, but I’m not sure that’s going to change
hacer algo
anything.
try
Intentar hacer algo como ● Why don’t you try drinking a glass of hot milk?
+ Ving experimiento para ver si ● I can’t contact Jane. I’ve tried calling her home number and also on
funciona her mobile, but nothing.
Parar de hacer algo para ● We had been driving for hours, so we had to stop to eat something
+ to Vb
empezar otra and go to the toilet. (=We stopped driving in order to eat.)
stop
● Could you stop biting y our nails?
+ Ving Parar de hacer algo
● I need to stop smoking once and for ever.
+ to Vb Necesitar hacer algo ● I need to see you immediately.

need
Algo necesita que se le
+ Ving ● Your car needs cleaning. (=Your car needs to be cleaned.)
haga alguna acción
Tag Questions


Conditionals Zero, I, II & III
Condition Result Examples
If + S + Present Simple, S + Present Simple

“If” can be replaced by: When ● If you stand in the rain, you get wet.
● You get wet if you stand in the rain
0 ● If you heat ice, it melts.
Use: Resultados que siempre serán verdad y normalmente pasan
● You get green if you mix blue and yellow.
en el presente. (Resultado obvios o hechos)
● Plants die if they don’t get enough water
Spanish: “Si pasa esto, pasa esto”
If * + S + Present Simple, S + will / won’t + Vb

“If” can be replaced by: When, as soon “will” can be replaced by: be going to,
should, could, can, must, might,
● If it rains, we’ll stay home.
as, Until, Once, Before, After, While ● We’ll stay home if it rains.
imperative
1
● As soon as you finish, you can leave.
Use: Posibles resultados en el futuro. ● After you arrive, call me.
Spanish: “Si pasa algo, pasará esto”
If + S + Past Simple, S + would (not) + Vb ● If we had a mansion in the country, we’d go

“would” can be replaced by: there every weekend.
Past Continuous is sometimes used too
could, might or should
● Would you travel around the world if you won
2 the lottery?
Use: Resultados hipotéticos no probables en el presente o futuro. ● If I were you, I would tell her the truth.
Aveces lo usamos para pedir o dar consejos ● What would you do if you were in my
Spanish: “Si pasase algo, haría esto (hipoteticamente hablando)” position?
If + S + Past Perfect, S + would (not) + have + P.P

“would” can be replaced by:
(Had + P.P) could, might or should ● If we had had a mansion in the country last
year, we’d have gone there every weekend.
3
Use: Resultados hipotéticos no probables en el pasado. ● I could have passed the test if I had studied
Lamentaciones o criticas. more.
Spanish: “Si hubiera pasado algo, yo habría hecho esto”
Even if = Incluso si / Unless = amenos que (=if not)

Conditionals - Alternatives to If
Expressions Spanish Examples
Whether or not Incluso si ● I’ll help him whether or not he needs me

1
Even if (1,2,3) ● Even if you apologise, he’ll never forgive you
Suppose Suponiendo que ● Supposing I got a job, I wouldn’t be able to travel with you next summer.
2
Suppossing (2,3) ● Suppose she didn’t believe you, what would you do then
A menos que ● I won’t go on holiday unless I save some money.

3 Unless (= if not)
(1,2,3) = I won’t go on holiday if I don’t save some money.
En caso de que
4 In case ● I’ll take my umbrella in case it rains. (=because it might rain)
(1)
as long as
● I’ll tell you what really happened as long as you keep the secret.
provided (that) Sólo si
● I’ll lend you the money provided (that) you pay me back next month.
5 providing (that) Con la condición
● They will speak to the press on condition (that) they remain anonymous sources.
on condition (that) (1)
● We will invest the money, but only if you can prove that it’s a safe investment.
only if
● Should you find the answer, please let me know as soon as possible. (=If you find the answer)
Usado en 1st
Should + S + (not) Vb ● Should y ou not wish to retake the test, you must let us know before the end of June. (NOT
6 Conditional
(=If + S + Vb) Shouldn’t you wish)
(Fornal)
● Should you change your mind, you know where to contact us. (=If you change your mind)
● Had we arrived earlier, we could have prevented the incident.

Had + S + (not) P.P Usado en 3rd ● Had t hey looked further into the data, they might have realised there was a mistake.
7
(=If S + had + P.P) Conditional ● Had y ou not refused my invitation, we would have had the most incredible time in our lives.
(NOT Hadn’t you refused)
● Were we to announce the truth, we would receive a lot of criticism. (=If we announced …)
Were + S + (not) to Vb Usado en 2nd
8 ● Were t hey to buy a new house, they would need to sell the old one first. (=If they bought …)
(=If + S + Past Simple) Conditional
● Were y ou not my brother, I would call the police. (NOT Weren’t you)

Comparatives VS Superlatives
Comparatives Superlatives
# Silabos Comparamos 1 objeto / persona con otro. Comparamos 1 objeto / persona frente a los demás
Adj + er (than) The Adj + est

1 Sílaba
This toy is cheaper than yours This toy is the cheapest in the shop.
Adj + er (than) The Adj + est

1 Silaba (Se duplica la última letra) (Se duplica la última letra)
Terminan con CVC
This tea is hotter than my tea This tea is the hottest.
2 Sílabas que Adj(y) + ier (than) The Adj(y) + iest

terminen con
“y” She is happier than him. She is the happiest of my sisters.
more + Adj-b (than) The most + Adj-b

2 Sílabas +
Victor is more intelligent than we are. Victor is the most intelligent student in my class.
good > better good > the best

Bad > worse Bad > the worst
Adjetivos
Irregulares
Far > farther / further Far > the farthest / furthest
My grades are worse than your grades This is the worst weather I’ve ever seen
Adj-b : Adjectivo Base sin conjugar

CVC: Consonante + Vocal + Consonante
Comparatives VS Superlatives

Comparatives Examples
...than + OP (me, you, him, her, them, us) My sister is taller than me.
1 ...than + PP (mine, yours, his, hers, theirs) My barbie is taller than yours.
...than + S + Aux My sister is taller than I am.
2 as + Adj-b + as (Tan … como) Maria is as tall as John
3 less + Adj-b (than) (Menos … que) He is less hardworking than she is
A bit / A little + Comparative He’s a bit/ a little taller than me.

4
A lot / Much + Comparative Florence is a lot/ much more interesting than Pisa.
(-) Any + Comparative Your performance wasn’t any better than mine.
5
(+) no + Comparative =Your performance was no better than mine.
6 “Comparative” and “Comparative” The economy is getting worse and worse
More + Adv-ly She speaks more quietly than her boss. (quietlier)
7
(adverbios que terminen en “ly”) He cooks well, but more slowly than them (slowlier)
Estos adverbios tienen la misma He works harder than me.

conjugación como un adjetivo She always arrives earlier than her boss.
8
(early-earlier, late-later, fast-faster, It took us longer than usual to arrive because of the
hard-harder, long-longer, etc.) traffic.
Superlatives Examples
in + nombres de lugares (Peru, Lima, etc) o grupos de

Diana is the fastest person in Peru.
personas (class, school, team, family, etc.)
She is the best student in the class.
1
I am the tallest of my brothers.
of + periodos de tiempo (of the year, of my life) o # de
Ceviche is the best dish of the year.
personas (of my brothers, of the students, etc.).
2 Superlative + S + has/ have + ever + P.P This is the best movie I’ve ever
(que yo alguna vez he hecho) watched.
3 He is the least hardworking student

The least + Adj-b (el menos … )
in the class.



Causative Form
Hacer que algo sea hecho Tener a alguien que haga algo
(por alguien más) (por nosotros)
Have + Object + P.P Have + Person + Vb
● We have the house cleaned ● We are having the architect

every Friday. redesign the ground floor.
● I‘m going to have my hair c ut ● Susanne had her brother
tomorrow. prune all the trees.
● She‘s having her house ● I have the gardener take c are
redecorated. of everything
● He had h is wallet stolen in ● I had a mechanic take a look
Callao. (negative experience) at the car.
Get + Object + P.P Get + Person + to Vb

(informal) (informal)
● I need to get my eyes tested. ● I got a mechanic to take a

● They got their home rebuilt look at the car.
after the earthquake. ● Tom’s boss got him to go to a
● She got her legs burned in the conference in Germany.
fire. (negative experience) ● I got a mechanic to take a
look at the car.

Indirect Questions
We normally use indirect questions, when we want to be more polite
1 2 3 4
Question Word Aux S V
Who
Where am/is/are I -
When He
Why She
What do/ does It
What time did You
How long has/ have We Vb?
How many They
How Modals
1 2 3 4
Expressions Question Word S V
Can you tell me

Who
Could you tell me
Where
Do you know I Vb?
When
Would you mind telling me He
Why
Do you have any idea She
What
It
I don’t know What time
You
I wonder How long
We
I was wondering How many Vb.
They
I’m not sure How
I’d like to know If / Whether

Relative Pronouns & Adverbs
Relative Pronouns Examples

who that quién people I saw a man who/that was very tall.
which that que things & animals I’ll wear the pants which/that I bought in Paris
whose + N cuyo possession She is the woman whose baby was born yesterday.
Relative Adverbs Examples

where at/in/on dónde places That’s the place where we got married.
which
when (formal) cuándo time I’ll never forget the day when I first met him
why for which porqué reason It was late. That's why I didn’t call you.
(formal)
what lo que abstract This is what makes me happy.

Relative Clauses
Defining Non-Defining
Información Necesaria: Esencial para

Información Extra: No es necesario
distinguir de qué o quién se está
distinguir de qué o quién se está hablando
hablando
No commas Commas
● This is the music which was used at ● This music, which I really like, was used
the show. at the show.
● Have they found the prisoner who ● My sister, who I truly admire, is coming
escaped last week? for Thanksgiving
✔That = Which / Who ❌Can’t use that

● This is the music which/ that was used ● This music, (that / which) I really like,
at the show. was used at the show.
● Have they found the prisoner who/ that ● My sister, (that / who) I truly admire, is
escaped last week? coming for Thanksgiving
✔Podemos omitir who/which/that

cuando le sigue S + V
❌No podemos omitir who/which
● Can you pass me the box (which/that) ● This music, which I really like, was used
I keep in the top drawer? at the show.
● You are not the man (who/that) I ● My sister, who I truly admire, is coming
thought you were. for Thanksgiving.

Passive Voice
Active Voice Passive Voice
El sujeto hace la acción El sujeto recibe la acción

S + V (+ Obj) S + (Be) + P.P (+ by someone)
Present Simple They take the photos The photos are taken
Present Continuous They are taking the photos The photos ae beingr taken
Present Perfect They have taken the photos The photos have been taken
Past Simple They took the photos The photos were taken
Past Continuous They were taking the photos The photos were being taken
Past Perfect They had taken the photos The photos had been taken
Future They will take the photos The photos will be taken
Be going to They are going to take the photos The photos are going to be taken
When do we use Passive Voice?

The passive is more formal than the active and it is more common in written language. We often use the passive when we don’t
know, when it is obvious, or when we don’t want to say who or what is responsible for the action.
To be supposed to do something = se supone que hagas algo

Used to / Be used to / Get used to

Past habits
Used to + Vb Be used to
(+) S + used to + Vb

(-) S + didn’t use t o + Vb (be) used to + Ving / N
(?) Did + S + use to + Vb?
1. Acciones repetidas en el pasado (We 1. Estar acostumbrado a algo o a

can also use “would + Vb) hacer algo. Usados en presente,
(on Saturdays, everyday, twice a week, pasado o futuro.
once a month, every summer, every friday, ○ When I started working, it was
etc) hard to get up at 6 a.m., but now
○ When I was a child, I (used to / would) I’m used to it.
go skiing every winter. ○ I’ve been living in England for a
○ From the age of 12 till I was 16, I (used short time and I’m still not used to
to/ would) dance at weekends. driving on the left.
2. Situaciones o estados que solían ser Get used to

verdad en el pasado pero ya no lo son
en el present. (Verbos Estáticos) (get) used to + Ving / N
○ As a child I used to be blond.
1. Acostumbrarse a algo o a hacer
○ I used to live with my mum when I was
algo. Usados en presente, pasado o
a child. Now, I live with my wife.
futuro.
○ She used to have a big house. Now she
○ I’ve just started my new job and
lives in a small one.
I’m still getting used to getting up
Used to: Past Habits so early.
Usually: Present Habits ○ It might be difficult at first, but
you’ll get used to driving on the
❌ We use to eat out everyday. left.
✔ We usually eat out everyday.

Subjunctive
Es importante que alguien haga algo
USE: Es una estructura formal usada en situaciones de gran importancia o urgencia, expresados por alguien con cierto grado de
autoridad o en un manuscrito formal. Es usado con verbos o adjetivos que expresan urgencia, obligación o recomendación.
Verbs: advise, ask, command, demand, desire,

+ (that) + S + (not) Vb
S+ insist, order, prefer, propose, recommend,
should + Vb*
request, suggest, command.
I suggest that he study.

Dr. Smith asked that Mark submit his research paper.
Donna requested Frank come to the party.
The teacher insists that her students be on time.
Adjectives: advisable, best, crucial, desirable,

+ (that) + S + (not) Vb
It is + essential, imperative, important, necessary,
should + Vb*
unthinkable, urgent, vital.
It is crucial that you be there before Tom arrives.

It is important that she attend the meeting.
It is recommended that he take a gallon of water with him
Should + Vb: El uso del Subjunctive es común en el Inglés Americano que en el Británico, donde
se usa SHOULD + Vb
Far be it from me to + Vb ... , but : Lejos de mí la idea de hacer algo, ..

Come what may = pase lo pase

Unreal Wishes
I wish : Desearía
If only: Si tan sólo
Expression Tenses Examples
● (I wish / If only things) were different, but this is

the way they are.
Past Simple: Cosas que nos gustaría
● We wish we had enough money to help you.
que fueran diferentes en el presente o
● She wishes you could be there for her
en el futuro.
tomorrow.
● If only she were with me
Would + Vb: Cosas que nos molestan

S1 + wish(es) + S2 +
y nos gustaría que cambien o paren ● (I wish / If only things) you would stop biting
or
en el presente o en el futuro. your nails. I hate it when you do it.
If only + S2 + ● I wish it would stop raining. It’s been three
Note: “I wish I would” no es posible days!
“would have + P.P” no existe
Past perfect (had + P.P): cosas que ● (I wish / If only things) I hadn’t quit m
y job two
pasaron en el pasado y nos years ago.
lamentamos de haberlo o no hecho. ● (I wish / If only things) we hadn’t wasted all
Usado para criticas o Lamentaciones that money.
S: Subject / P.P: Past Participle
Note: that we can use “were” instead of “was” with “I/he/she” after I wish/if only.

A / The / Zero Article Part II: L Intermediate Grammar

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A / The / Zero Article Part II: L Intermediate Grammar

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OnebyOne ​l Intermediate Grammar

A / the / Zero Article Part II

Contable Singular Contable Singular / Plural / No contable Contable Plural / No contable

© Copyright OnebyOne 2020

Necesitan de un No necesitan de un Usado cuando el sujeto y el

(1) ​PA​ + Sustantivo (3) S + ​RP​ + V

I* yo me a mí my mi __ mine mío myself mí mismo

He Él him a él his Su __ de él his De él himself él mismo

Tuyo yourself tú mismo

We Nosotros us a nosotros our nuestro __ ours nuestro ourselves nosotros mismos

She cut ​herself

*​It​: cosa o animal (singular) Don’t use RP​: concentrate, dress,

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Adjetivos -ing / -ed

Adj - ing Adj - ed

Producen ese sentimiento Describen cómo nos sentimos

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Option 1 Option 2 Option 3

+ So ​+ S + ​Aux ​+ ​too S + V + ​too

Speaker A Speaker B Speaker A Speaker B

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Linking Words ​Part II

In spite of + Noun Despite ​the rain, we had a good time.

(not) ​to He studied ​to ​pass the test.

In case +S+V En caso de que Take the umbrella​ in case​ it rains.

As As ​he wanted to study more, he stayed at school.

So Por eso We were bored, ​so ​we decided to rent a film.

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Intensifier Structure Examples

Too too much​ + UN You have ​too much ​free time.

too many​ + P There are ​too many​ ​people

I don’t earn ​enough m

He is ​so ​good​ (that) he gets bored when he plays against

We had ​such ​terrible w​ eather​ (that) we decided to go

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(+)​ algo de He has ​some ​cats / sugar.

(?)​ algo de Do you have ​any ​friends?

4 No ​+ P / UN (+)​ nada de I have ​no ​friends

5 None (+)​ nada I have ​none.

A lot of ​+ P / UN She has ​a lot of​ brothers / sugar.

We need ​many ​apples.

A few​ + P (+)​(-)​(?)​ un poco de There are ​a few​ people here.

S:​ Singular / ​P​: Plural / ​ UN​: Uncountable

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Bother, either & Neither

Quantifier Meaning Verb Uses Examples

Both ​Jane ​and ​Margaret like singing.

Neither… nor… Neither ​Silvia ​nor ​Sandra has been here.

N: ​Noun (Sustantivo) ​Sing​: Singular Noun ​P​: Plural Noun

Gerunds​ ​vs​ To + Verb​ Part II

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1. Cuando el verbo es un sujeto 1. Adjectivos + to Vb 1. Modales ​+ ​Vb

Extra​: Gerunds​ ​vs​ To + Verb

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tenemos que hacer ● Don’t ​forget to call​ me when you finish.

● Could you please​ try to be ​a bit less rude?

+ to Vb Necesitar hacer algo ● I need​ to see​ you immediately.

OnebyOne l Intermediate Grammar

(1) PA + Sustantivo (3) S + RP + V

She cut herself

*It: cosa o animal (singular) Don’t use RP: concentrate, dress,

+ So + S + Aux + too S + V + too

Linking Words Part II

In spite of + Noun Despite the rain, we had a good time.

(not) to He studied to pass the test.

In case +S+V En caso de que Take the umbrella in case it rains.

As As he wanted to study more, he stayed at school.

So Por eso We were bored, so we decided to rent a film.

Too too much + UN You have too much free time.

too many + P There are too many people

I don’t earn enough m

He is so good (that) he gets bored when he plays against

We had such terrible w eather (that) we decided to go

(+) algo de He has some cats / sugar.

(?) algo de Do you have any friends?

4 No + P / UN (+) nada de I have no friends

5 None (+) nada I have none.

A lot of + P / UN She has a lot of brothers / sugar.

We need many apples.

A few + P (+)(-)(?) un poco de There are a few people here.

S: Singular / P: Plural / UN: Uncountable

Both Jane and Margaret like singing.

Neither… nor… Neither Silvia nor Sandra has been here.

N: Noun (Sustantivo) Sing: Singular Noun P: Plural Noun

Gerunds vs To + Verb Part II

1. Cuando el verbo es un sujeto 1. Adjectivos + to Vb 1. Modales + Vb

Extra: Gerunds vs To + Verb

tenemos que hacer ● Don’t forget to call me when you finish.

● Could you please try to be a bit less rude?

+ to Vb Necesitar hacer algo ● I need to see you immediately.

If + S + Present Simple, S + Present Simple

If * + S + Present Simple, S + will / won’t + Vb

If + S + Past Simple, S + would (not) + Vb ● If we had a mansion in the country, we’d go

If + S + Past Perfect, S + would (not) + have + P.P

Even if = Incluso si / Unless = amenos que (=if not)

Whether or not Incluso si ● I’ll help him whether or not he needs me

A menos que ● I won’t go on holiday unless I save some money.

● Had we arrived earlier, we could have prevented the incident.

Comparatives VS Superlatives

Adj + er (than) The Adj + est

Adj + er (than) The Adj + est

2 Sílabas que Adj(y) + ier (than) The Adj(y) + iest

more + Adj-b (than) The most + Adj-b

good > better good > the best

Adj-b : Adjectivo Base sin conjugar

Comparatives VS Superlatives

2 as + Adj-b + as (Tan … como) Maria is as tall as John

A bit / A little + Comparative He’s a bit/ a little taller than me.

6 “Comparative” and “Comparative” The economy is getting worse and worse

Estos adverbios tienen la misma He works harder than me.

in + nombres de lugares (Peru, Lima, etc) o grupos de

3 He is the least hardworking student

Have + Object + P.P Have + Person + Vb

● We have the house cleaned ● We are having the architect

Get + Object + P.P Get + Person + to Vb

● I need to get my eyes tested. ● I got a mechanic to take a

what lo que abstract This is what makes me happy.

Información Necesaria: Esencial para

✔That = Which / Who ❌Can’t use that

✔Podemos omitir who/which/that

To be supposed to do something = se supone que hagas algo

(+) S + used to + Vb

1. Acciones repetidas en el pasado (We 1. Estar acostumbrado a algo o a

Verbs: advise, ask, command, demand, desire,

I suggest that he study.

Adjectives: advisable, best, crucial, desirable,

It is crucial that you be there before Tom arrives.

Far be it from me to + Vb ... , but : Lejos de mí la idea de hacer algo, ..

● (I wish / If only things) were different, but this is

Would + Vb: Cosas que nos molestan

S: Subject / P.P: Past Participle