8/17/2014

Double-Rodded Leveling

Double-Rodded
Double Rodded A method of determining the differences in
Leveling elevation between points by employing two level
routes simultaneously
 Two turning points are established such that at
each set up of the leveling instrument, two sets of
independent backsights and foresights are taken

Double-Rodded Leveling Illustrative Problem

 Advantage: provide a continuous check on the  Complete the following differential level notes for a double-
process of determining ground elevations while the rodded line from BM1 to BM2. Show the customary
arithmetic check.
work is in progress
STA BS HI FS ELEV
 Useful when there is an urgent need to undertake
BM1 1.86 205.60m
differential leveling in a short period of time where 1.86
no established benchmarks are available for TP1 H 2.15 1.10
L 2.52 1.58
checking results
results. TP2 H 1.40 1.79
L 1.76 2.27
TP3 H 0.33 2.99
L 0.74 3.41
BM2 2.63
2.63

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Illustrative Problem

 Arithmetic Check
 1st Method  2nd Method
• Mean Elev BM2 = • Mean Elev BM2 = BM1 + [(ΣBS-ΣFS)/2]

Three-Wire
• DE1 = (ΣBS-ΣFS)/2 Leveling

• DE2 = BM1 – Mean Elev BM2

Three-Wire Leveling Three-Wire Leveling

s = a-b
 More p
precise method m = (a
(a+b+c)/3
b c)/3
HD = Ks + C
 Method of determining the differences in elevation
Elev = HI - m
wherein three horizontal hairs are read and
recorded rather than from a single horizontal hair a = upper stadia hair reading
b = lower stadia hair reading
 Any level equipped with three horizontal cross c = horizontal cross hair reading
g
hairs can be used for three-wire leveling s = stadia intercept
- difference
diff b
between
t th
the upper
and lower stadia hair reading
m = mean of the three-hair readings
HD = horizontal distance from the level to
the rod
K = stadia interval factor (100)
C = instrument constant (0)

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Illustrative Problem Illustrative Problem

BACKSIGHT FORESIGHT
 Arithmetic Check
STA HAIR MEAN HI HAIR MEAN ELEV
S S  1st Method  2nd Method
RDGS RDG RDGS RDG
• DE1 = (ΣBSm-ΣFSm)/2 • Elev BM2 = BM1 + ΣBS - ΣFS
1.15
BM1 0.95 445.20
0.72
2.79 1.11
TP1 2.42 0.89
2.06 0.68
1.70 1.90
TP2 1 44
1.44 1 54
1.54 • DE2 = Elev BM1 – Elev BM2
1.18 1.17
2.59 1.45
TP3 2.10 1.18
1.59 0.95
1.60
BM2 1.35
1.25

Profile Leveling

 The process of determining differences in elevation

P fil L
Profile Leveling
li
along a fixed line at designated short measured
intervals
 Design and construction of roads, railroads, canals,
culverts, bridges, sewer lines (horizontal structures)
 Usually taken along the centerline with the level set up
a convenient distance away from it so that sights of
more uniform lengths can be obtained

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Profile Leveling Profile Leveling

 Any number of foresights can be taken  Profile

 Intermediate
I t di t foresights
f i ht are taken
t k where
h necessary to
t  A curved line which graphically portrays the intersection
portray accurately the existing ground surface along the of a vertical plane with the surface of the earth
route surveyed  Represent the ground elevations of selected critical
points along a surveyed line and the horizontal distances
between these points
 Stationing
 A numerical designation given in terms of horizontal
distance any point along a profile line is away from the
starting point

Profile Leveling Illustrative Problem

 Intermediate foresights (ground rod readings)  A schematic arrangement of a profile level route from BM3 to BM4
are shown below. The values indicated represent
p backsight,
g ,
 Taken along the centerline of the proposed project to
foresight, and intermediate foresight readings taken on stations
provide an accurate representation of the ground surface along the route. Prepare and complete profile level notes for the
 Full stations portrayed information. Show the customary arithmetic check and
plot the profile. 2+00
 Points which are established along the profile level route 1+00 HI
2

at uniformly measured distances 3+00

 Plus stations 0+00

BM4

 Points established along a profile level route which is not TP1

designated as a full station HI1
4+50 6+70
 Points taken at breaks in the ground surface slope and at 5+50
6+00
critical points (location of culverts, bridges) BM3
Elev 300.50m

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Illustrative Problem Illustrative Problem

303
STA BS HI FS IFS ELEV
BM3 2.4 300.50m
0+00 1.5 302

1+00 2.0
2+00 1.3

ELEVATION (m)
301
3+00 0.7
TP1 2.55 3.2
4+50 2.8 300

E
5+50 3.5
6+00 4.5
299
6+70 3.95
BM4 3.3
298
0+00 1+00 2+00 3+00 4+00
STATIONINGS

Illustrative Problem

 Arithmetic Check

• Elev BM4 = BM3 + ΣBS - ΣFS

Reciprocal Leveling

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Reciprocal Leveling Reciprocal Leveling

 Employed to determine the difference in elevation  Errors due to refraction by the atmosphere,
between two points when it is difficult or impossible curvature of the earth and faulty adjustment of the
to keep backsights and foresights short and equal instrument are significantly reduced if not
 Such conditions are running a line of levels across eliminated
wide rivers, lakes, and rugged terrain (deep
canyons)
 Two sets of rod readings are observed (Method of
Reversion)
 One set taken with the instrument set up close to one
point and another instrument on the other

Reciprocal Leveling Illustrative Problem

 In leveling across a deep and wide river, reciprocal level

readings were taken between two points, X and Y as
follows:
a. With instrument set up near X, the rod readings on X
are 1.27 and 1.265 meters; on the distant point Y, the
rod readings are 2.50, 2.52, 2.55, and 2.49 meters.
b. With instrument set up near Y, the rod readings on Y are
DE 1 a  b 3 48 and 3.47
3.48 3 47 meters; on the distant point X
X, the rod
DE2  a 'b' readings are 2.13, 2.14, and 2.145 meters.
Instrumental errors and the effect
of curvature and refraction DE 1 DE2 (a  b)  (a 'b' ) Determine the true difference in elevation between the two
DE1 ≠ DE2, » » TDE   points and the elevation of Y if the known elevation of X
2 2 is 289.90meters.
*Note: If TDE is negative, A is higher than B;
If TDE is positive, B is higher than A.

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Illustrative Problem

Elev=289.90m

T i
Trigonometric
t i Leveling
L li
Instrument Set up near X Instrument Set up near Y
STA BS FS STA BS FS
X 1.27 X’ 2.13
1.265 2.14
Y 2.50
2 50 2.145
2.52 Y’ 3.48
2.55
3.47
2.49
SUM
SUM
MEAN
MEAN

Trigonometric Leveling Trigonometric Leveling

 “Indirect Leveling”
 Determine
D t i ththe diff
difference iin elevation
l ti ffrom
observed vertical angle and either horizontal or
inclined distances
 Used extensively when undertaking topographic
surveys over rugged or rolling terrain since it
provides a rapid means of determining vertical
distances and elevation of points V  dTan DEab  dTan  HI  RR
V  sSin DEab  sSin  HI  RR
ElevB  ElevA  DEab

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Trigonometric Leveling Illustrative Problem

 For horizontal distance is greater than 300 meters,  A vertical angle of +13°45’ is read to a target
effects of the earth’s
earth s curvature and refraction must 1.23m
1 23m above point B. B the measured inclined
be considered in the calculation of the vertical distance, s, is 823.29m and the elevation of A is
distances. 123.65m above datum. If the HI at A is 1.35m,
d 2 determine the difference in elevation between A
DEab  dTan  HI  RR  0.0675( ) and B and the elevation of B, considering the
1000
d 2 effects of curvature and atmospheric
p refraction.
DEab  sSin  HI  RR  0.0675( )
1000

Illustrative Problem

Cross-Section
Leveling

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CROSS-SECTION LEVELING ROADWAY CROSS-SECTION

 Short profiles taken perpendicular to the centerline  This type of cross-section is

of projects such as a highway
highway, railroad
railroad, irrigation required for most route
projects such as roads and
canal, or sewer line
railroads.
 They may also be taken for borrow pits and
excavations required for buildings, structures, and  Elevations of ground points
quarries. along the section are taken at
regular intervals on either side
side.
Where significant changes
Roadway Cross-Sections occur in ground features,
Borrow-Pit Cross Sections ground elevations are also
taken.

BORROW-PIT CROSS-SECTION
 Employed in the construction of structures and buildings,
and in the excavation of borrow pits.
 Borrow pit is an open area which is usually adjacent to a
construction project where suitable fill material is
excavated.

The base line from which the GL are

referred should be established outside the
immediate project area so that reference
stakes and other markers will not be
obliterated or disturbed during the process
of excavation.

Similarly, any reference bench mark should

also be located outside the work area.