K01587 - 20200217130259 - Chapter 8 - Paint, Varnish, Liquer, Inks

Chapter 5
PAINTS, VARNISH, LACQUER AND INKS

Paints
 Paint is defined as a unique homogeneous mixture of three major ingredients

namely pigment, vehicle (binder & solvent) and additives, which when applied
on the surface as a thin layer that forms a solid dry adherent film after
oxidation/evaporation/ polymerization.
 Paint consists of a particular pigment, dispersed in a particular binder,
dissolved in a particular solvent.
 Pigment is usually mixture of inorganic metal salts. Purpose is to impart colour.
 Film former (binder) is usually organic polymer(s). Purposes are to protect
surface and hold pigments.
Properties of Paints
 It should have high hiding power & the required colour

 It should be able to resist the atmospheric conditions to which it will be put
 The films produced should be washable
 It should resist corrosion
 It should have the necessary consistency (property to resist permanent change
of shape) for a particular purpose for which the paint is to be used
 The film produced by applying the paint on a surface should have gloss
 All the requirements can be obtained in a paint by properly

choosing the proper pigments, extenders, binders and their
quantities.
Purpose of Paints
 To avoid loss of metal due to corrosion
 Protects the metal surfaces from the corrosive effects of weather

(sun, wind, rain, frost, atmospheric pollution & other natural
elements), heat, moisture, gases etc.
 Delays in rusting
 Provides:
 aesthetic look to materials

 a smooth surface for easy cleaning
Constituents of Paints
1. Binder
2. Pigment
3. Filler/ Extender
4. Solvents
5. Additives (driers, anti skinning agents, anti settling agent,
plasticizers, fire retardants, etc
Binder
 Binders are usually resins or oils but can be inorganic compounds
 Consists of a resin and a solvent thinner
 It is the part which solidifies to form the dry paint film when the
solvent evaporates
 Non-volatile & mainly polymers of various types (alkyd, epoxy,
polyurethane resins, etc)
 Different resins form dry film on the substrate in different manners
 Alkyd resins (widely used binders) form dry film simply by
volatilization as well as by oxidation in presence of air
 Epoxy & PU resin mainly dry through chemical reactions
 Purpose:
 Binds pigment, fillers and additives together
 Imparts adhesion & strongly influences gloss, durability,
flexibility, toughness
Pigments
 Pigments are finely ground inorganic or organic powders of higher
refractive index, RI (> 1.5)
 Higher the RI, more the light is bent and greater the opacity
 Good opacity has good lighting absorbing and/or scattering
properties
Properties of Pigments
 It should be opaque so that it may have good covering power.
 When a coating is opaque the pigment particles scatter and/or
absorb light sufficiently to prevent it from reaching the substrate
 Opacity depends on two characteristic properties:
 Refractive Index (RI) - If the particles do not have a high RI,
less the bending of light travelling & thus insufficient hiding
of the substrate.
 Particle size - Particle size has also an effect on the
effectiveness of the pigment. As the particle size decreases,
opacifying ability increases
 should be insoluble in the medium in which they are used,
chemically inert, free of soluble salts and unaffected by normal
temperatures.
 It should be easily wetted for proper dispersion, non-toxic, non-
corrosive and have low oil-absorption characteristics
Purpose of Pigments
1. provides colour, opacity and sometimes corrosion inhibition
2. provides aesthetic look to the paint
3. to hide substrates and obliterate previous colors
4. to improve the strength of the paint film
5. protects the film by reflecting the destructive UV light
6. to improve the adhesion of the paint film
7. to reduce gloss
8. to reduce cost
Widely used Pigments
 White Lead, Zinc Oxide, Titanium Dioxide, Red Oxide, Carbon Black,
Prussian Blue, Chrome Yellow, Aluminium powder etc.
 Titanium dioxide is extensively used because it has good covering power.
Titanium is an excellent reflector of infrared
Extender/filler
 Filler is non-expensive commonly natural inorganic materials added
to the paint in order to increase its volume.(RI <1.5)
 Reduce overall cost of the paints
 Mainly inorganic substances & do not provide colour to the paint
but added to improve adhesion, ease of sanding and film strength
 Properties:
 Do not provide colour
 Poor optical properties (reflectance, opacity, etc)
 It improves adhesion
 If extender pigment added are of needle shaped or flaked shape,
the settling may be very little
 Purpose:
 thickens the film
 Increases volume, paint film thickness
 reduces cost of the paint
 imparts toughness, abrasion resistance & texture
 Control consistency
 Widely used fillers:
o Calcium carbonate, gypsum, ground silica, barytes, glate
powder, french chalk, china clay, asbestos, silica, mica, whiting
etc.
Uses of paint
 Art work
 Decoration (residential paint)
 Protection of a surface (rust inhibiting auto paints)
 Warnings (reflective paint, fluorescent paint)
CLASSIFICATION OF PAINTS
1. Exterior house paints

 Generally have constituents such as pigment (ZnO, TiO2,
white lead etc.), extenders (talc, barytes, clay etc), vehicle
(e.g. boiled linseed oil) and thinners (e.g. mineral spirit,
naphtha etc.) Coloured pigments for light tint are also added
in varying amount.
2. Interior wall paints

 It is prepared by mixing pigments (e.g. white and colored
pigments), vehicle (e.g. varnish or bodied linseed oil) and
resins (e.g. emulsified phenol formaldehyde resins and
casein).
3. Emulsion paints
 These paints are highly durable, impermeable to dirt,
resistant to washing, rapidly drying, contain water as thinner
and can be easily cleaned. It contain an emulsion of alkyds,
phenol formaldehyde etc.(vehicle) in water pigments and
extenders are also added to get other desirable properties.
4. Fire resistant paints

 These paints impart a protective action on the article being
coated through easy fusion of the pigments and other paint
ingredients giving off fume on heating, they do not support
combustion. It consist of borax, zinc borate, ammonium
phosphate synthetic resins etc as anti-fire chemicals.
5. Chemical resistant paints

 Consist of baked oleo resinous varnishes, chlorinated rubber
compositions, bituminous varnishes and phenolic dispersion as
chemical resistant materials in paint formulations..
6. Marine paints
 Also known as antifouling paint and can be prepared by mixing various
ingredients such as pigments (ZnO and venetian red), resin (shellac),
driers (manganese lineolate), vehicle (coal tar), diluents (pine oil), toxic
components(cuprous oxide and mercuric oxide) and small amount of
bees wax.
7. Luminous paints
 Consist of phosphorescent paint compositions such as pigment (sulfides
of Ca, Cd and Zn dispersed in spirit varnish), vehicle (chlorinated
rubber, styrol etc.) and sensitizer for activation in UV region
8. Metal paints
 Applied on the metal surfaces or bodies for protection and decoration and
are of two types:
a) Barrier coating
 Protective barrier is formed between the surface coated and its surroundings.
These consist of pigment, binder, anticorrosive agents (e.g. zinc or chrome
yellow), resins (e.g. alkyds, epoxy, polyamides, chlorinated rubbers and
silicones) etc. Alkyd resists weathering of metals, epoxy and polyamides
form tough film resistant to chemicals. Chlorinated rubbers resist action of
soaps, detergents and strong chemicals and silicons are added as heat
resistant and water repellents.
b) Galvanic coating
 Protection is provided by self-undergoing of galvanic corrosion. e.g. Zinc
coating (Galvanization) on steel.
 Before applying metal paints it is important to clean thoroughly the surface

to be coated. Moreover, paint should be applied over a primer such as red
lead by a high pressure spray gun.
VARNISH
Varnish
 Varnish is a type of paint with a solvent that evaporates to leave a

transparent, hard, protective finish or film that is primarily used in
wood finishing but also for other materials.
 Varnish is a solution that is made from synthetic or natural resins
and drying oil dissolved in organic solvents, after drying it creates a
protective film on the surface.
 It enhances the appearance of grains in wood and to protect the
wood surface and painted surface.
 It is resistant to impact, heat, abrasion, water and alcohol.
 Natural varnishes tend to yellow and darken with time, while
synthetics tend not to yellow as quickly.
 Varnishes have differing properties in gloss, durability, flexibility
and protection.
Characteristics of a good varnish
A good varnish should:

 Dry rapidly
 Form a hard film on drying
 Not crack on drying. It should have sufficient elasticity
 Durable and weather resistant
 Give uniform and good appearance
 Not hide the natural grain of the inner surface of timber
 The colour should not fade with time
Varnish Ingredients
 Driers
 Driers accelerate the process of drying.
 Example: litharge, white copper and lead acetate
 Resins
 Natural resin: copal, shellac, amber, mastic, rosin (pine
resin), gum dammar, balsam, etc.
 Synthetic resin: phenolic, epoxy, polyurethane, vinyl, etc
 Solvents
 Example: linseed oil, turpentine, methylated spirit of wine,
wood naphtha.
Classification of Varnish
Classification of varnish based on the type of solvent used

1. Oil varnishes
o Used linseed oil as solvent in which hard resins (amber,
copal) are dissolved by heating.
o Dry slowly but form hard and durable surface.
2. Spirit varnishes (lacquers)

o Used methylated spirit of win as solvent in which soft
resins (shellac) are dissolved.
o Dry quickly but are not durable
Classification of Varnish
3. Turpentine varnishes
o Used turpentine as solvent in which resins (gum dammar,
mastic, rosin) are dissolved.
o Dry quickly but no sot durable.
o Cheaper than oil varnishes.
4. Water varnishes
o Varnishes are formed by dissolving shellac in hot water,
using enough of ammonia, borax, potash or soda)
o Used for varnishing wall papers, maps, pictures, book
cover, etc
INK
INK
 Inks are a liquid or paste that contain dyes or pigments, and

are used mostly for writing, printing, drawing and tattoos.
 Anti-counterfeiting inks, including gel inks, some fountain pen
inks, and inks used for paper currency, react with the cellulose
in paper to produce a permanent color change.
 Ink composed of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants,
solubilizers, surfactants, particulate matter, fluorescents, and
other materials.
 The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink's
carrier, colorants, and other additives affect the flow and
thickness of the ink and its dry appearance.
 Over 90 per cent of inks are printing inks, in which colour is
imparted by pigments rather than the dyes used in writing
inks.
 Pigments are insoluble, whereas dyes are soluble.
 Ink pigments are both inorganic and organic.
 Most red writing inks are a dilute solution of the red dye eosin.
 Blue colour can be obtained with substituted triphenylmethane
dyes.
 Most white inks contain titanium dioxide as the pigment.
 Many permanent writing inks contain iron sulfate and gallic
and tannic acids as well as dyes.
 Ballpoint ink is usually a paste containing 40 to 50 per cent
dye.

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Chapter 5

PAINTS, VARNISH, LACQUER AND INKS

 Paint is defined as a unique homogeneous mixture of three major ingredients

 It should have high hiding power & the required colour

 All the requirements can be obtained in a paint by properly

 To avoid loss of metal due to corrosion

 Protects the metal surfaces from the corrosive effects of weather

 aesthetic look to materials

1. Exterior house paints

2. Interior wall paints

4. Fire resistant paints

5. Chemical resistant paints

 Before applying metal paints it is important to clean thoroughly the surface

 Varnish is a type of paint with a solvent that evaporates to leave a

A good varnish should:

Classification of varnish based on the type of solvent used

2. Spirit varnishes (lacquers)

 Inks are a liquid or paste that contain dyes or pigments, and

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