College of Arts and Sciences

Education

Bachelor of Science in Information

Technology

Course/Subject: IT 4 (Calculus 1)
Name: Jesse Will B. Castillo
Email Address:
j.castillo.467897@umindanao.edu.ph or
jessewillc@gmail.com
Function is: a relation from a set of inputs to a set of possible outputs where each input is
related to exactly one output.

This means that if the object xx is in the set of inputs (called the domain) then a
function ff will map the object xx to exactly one object f(x)f(x) in the set of possible
outputs (called the codomain).

The notion of a function is easily understood using the metaphor of a function

machine that takes in an object for its input and, based on that input, spits out
another object as its output.

A function is more formally defined given a set of inputs X (domain) and a set of

possible outputs Y (codomain) as a set of ordered pairs (x,y) (x,y) where x ∈ X
(confused?) and y ∈ Y, subject to the restriction that there can be only one ordered
pair with the same value of xx. We can write the statement that ff is a function
from XX to YY using the function notation f:X→Yf:X→Y.

Rational Function:

Let’s say we have a defined function as follows:

x 2−3 x−4
f x=
( ) when x=−1 the y value becomes undefined so there is a hole in
x +1
x=−1. By factoring the equation, we could reduce this equation to a linear function

( x +1)( x−4 )
f ( x )= =x−4.
x +1

x f (x)∨ y
-3 x−4=−3−4=−7
-2 x−4=−2−4=−6
-1 undefined
0 x−4=0−4=−4
1 x−4=1−4=−3
2 x−4=2−4=−2
3 x−4=3−4=−1
4 x−4=4−4=0
In order to get the domain for rational function we have to set a restriction that the
denominator could not be 0 because it becomes undefined. From this equation, we
evaluate the denominator of the function to be x +1≠ 0 by subtraction property x ≠−1,
so the domain is simply all real numbers except 1. In set notation {x∨x ≠−1 } and
interval notation (−∞ , 1 ) ∪(−1 , ∞).

For the range of the rational function we look at the lowest value of y which is −∞
since it decreases without bound or goes downwards but the y value could not be
equal to −5 since it is a hole for the function and the range is not defined at that
point, the highest value of y is + ∞ since as shown on the graph it increases without
bound or goes upward. From this the range is simply between −∞ to + ∞ but not
equal to −5 or all real numbers except 5 in set notation {f (x )∨f ( x) ≠5 }, interval
notation (−∞,−5)∪(−5 ,+ ∞).

Piece wise-defined Function:

Let us say we have a defined function as follows:

x +2if x <0
{
f ( x )= 2 if 0 ≤ x ≤1
−x +3 if x> 1

x f ( x )∨ y
-2 x +2=−2+2=0
0 2
1 −x +3=−1+3=2
3 −x +3=−3+3=0

Domain is the set of input or argument values for which the function is real and
defined, for this piecewise function we get each domain from each restrictions and
union or combine them. In this example, the restrictions are x <0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and x >1. In
this example, x is less than 0, it is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal
to 1, and lastly it is greater than 1, so the domain of f is all real numbers. Written in
interval notation, the domain is all real numbers. Solution shown below:

x <0 ∪ 0 ≤ x ≤1 ∪ x> 1 in set notation: {x∨x ∈ R } in interval notation: (−∞,+∞).

Range on the other hand is the set of values of the dependent variable for which a
function is defined. Quickest and easiest way to determine the range is to graph the
equation and look for the lowest and highest value of y on each restrictions and
union. From the graph above the lowest is −∞ on the first restriction since it
continues to go downward or decreases without bound up to highest value of y is 2,
for the second restriction f ( x )=2 since its highest value of x and y is 2, lastly for the
third restriction the same value of range as the first restriction −∞ to 2. From this, the
range is simply f ( x ) <2 ∪f ( x )=2 ∪ f ( x )< 2, set notation {f (x )∨−∞< f ( x)<2 } interval
notation (−∞ , 2).

Polynomial Function

Let us say we have a defined function as follows:

f ( x )=x 2 +2 x−8

x f (x) or y
2
-5 −5 +2 (−5 )−8=7
-4 −42 +2 (−4 )−8=0
-3 −32 +2 (−3 )−8=−5
-2 −22 +2 (−2 )−8=−8
-1 −12 +2 (−1 )−8=−9
0 02 +2 ( 0 )−8=−8
1 12 +2 (1 ) −8=−5
2 22 +2 ( 2 )−8=0
3 32 +2 ( 3 )−8=7
4 4 2 +2 ( 4 )−8=16
5 52 +2 ( 5 )−8=27
Domain of a polynomial function is all real numbers if there are no fractions, log,
radical or rational etc. on the given function or if it is just simply a polynomial. In this
example the domain does not have any restrictions so the domain would simply be
all real numbers, in set notation {x∨x ∈ R } or in interval notation (−∞, ∞)

Range of a polynomial function is by looking at the leading the coefficient, if the

leading coefficient of the polynomial is even there will be a restriction for the range
but if the leading coefficient is odd, the range will be ∞. In this example the leading
coefficient is squared from the leading term x 2 and since its even, the range will have
restriction or limited. By looking at the graph the lowest value of y is equal to −9 and
the highest being + ∞ since it increases without bound or upwards. Simply the range
would be −9 to + ∞, in set notation would be {f (x )∨−9 ≤ f ( x )<+ ∞ } since -9 is
included in the range or it is less than or equal to, we use the bracket for interval
notation ¿.

Arithmetic Operations for Functions:

For functions we could also apply the 4 arithmetic operations for it like addition
f +g=f ( x ) + g ( x ), subtraction f −g=f ( x )−g( x ), multiplication fg=f ( x ) g (x), and division

f f (x)
= .
g g( x)

Let us say we have two functions defined as follows:

f ( x )=x +3 and g ( x )=5 x−6

Addition:

Sum of functions is to just simply adding both value of the functions, function f to
function g, we could rewrite it to f ( x ) + g(x ) and then substitute the equation or value
of the given function. In this example f (x) is x +3 add this to the g( x ) which is equal
to 5 x−6 then combine like terms and simplify as shown below:

f ( x ) + g ( x )=( x +3)+(5 x−6)=x+5 x +3−6=6 x−3

So f +g=6 x−3

Subtraction:

Difference functions is to just simply subtracting both value of the functions, function
f to function g, we could rewrite it to f ( x )−g (x) and then substitute the equation or
value of the given function. In this example f (x) is x +3 subtract this to the g( x ) which
is equal to 5 x−6, we should also remember to distribute the negative sign to the
subtrahend then combine like terms and simplify as shown below:

f ( x ) + g ( x )=( x+ 3 )−( 5 x−6 ) =x+ 3−5 x+ 6=x −5 x +3+6=−4 x+ 9

So f −g=−4 x +9.

Multiplication:

Product of functions is to just simply multiplying both value of the functions, function
f to function g, we could rewrite it to f ( x ) ∙ g( x ) and then substitute the equation or
value of the given function. In this example f (x) is x +3 multiply this to the g( x ) which
is equal to 5 x−6, we should also remember to distribute each terms of the function
to each terms of the other functions since the equation or value defines the whole
function and simplify it as shown below:

f ( x ) g ( x )= ( x +3 ) ( 5 x−6 ) =( x ) 5 x+ x (−6 ) +3 ( 5 x )+ 3 (−6 )=5 x 2−6 x +15 x −18=5 x 2+ 9 x−18

So fg=5 x2 +9 x−18 .

From this example we used the foil method when we multiply both functions.

Division:

Quotient of functions is to just simply dividing both value of the functions, function f

f (x )
to function g, we could rewrite it to and then substitute the equation or value of
g ( x)
the given function. In this example f (x) is x +3 divide this to the g( x ) which is equal
to 5 x−6 and simplify it as shown below:

f (x ) x+ 3
=
g ( x) 5 x −6

f x +3
So = .
g 5 x−6

Composition of Functions:

Composition of functions is an operation in which applying one function to the other

function and produces a new function such that f ∘ g=f (g ( x )). We apply the function
g to the function f or substitute the value or equation of g( x ) to the function f (x).
From the given example above, we simply substitute 5 x−6 to the x of f (x)= x+3 and
then simplify as shown below:

f ( g ( x ) )=f ( 5 x −6 )=( 5 x−6 )+ 3=5 x−3

So f ∘ g=5 x−3

Limits:

The limit of a function is the value or number L as the x value or the independent

variable approaches a value a and denoted as lim

x→ a
f ( x )=L. The concept of Limits of a

function focuses on the behavior of a function as it gets closer and closer near a
particular input value. Let me give you an analogy on how it works as a concept, let
us say you and your friend follows a path to a specific place for this example D-
morvie where both of you would meet, your path is from UIC Bankerohan which is
the left side going to D’Morvie, and your friend’s path is from UIC Bonifacio St. which
is the right side going to D’Morvie. Both of you are approaching the same place to
meet but took different paths, the convergence from different sides is how limits
works. But we have to also remember that sometimes the limit is represented as a
hole in the graph or indeterminate, it is like approaching D’Morvie but suddenly poof
it is not there but we know the path we took is leading there. Sometimes limits of
function doesn’t always exist, when we say it does not exist is when from both sides
of the graph it approaches a different point, lets say your path leads to D’Morvie
Claveria, and your friend’s path approaches D’Morvie San Pedro St. even though
both of you are going to D’Morvie but your path leads to different a place then simply
both you and your friend would not meet. Lastly when limits are approaching infinity,
as x approaches a point L the x increases or decreases without bound, is like saying
as x gets bigger and bigger in value the limit gets closer and closer to L. Let me give
you another analogy, lets say you are going to a Utopian World but the path leading
to that place does not end and just goes on forever, but we know that this path gets
closer and closer to this Utopian World.

Continuity of a function
A function is considered to be continuous when the graph shows no breaks or holes,
when we draw the graph of a function using a pen and we did not lift our pen in doing
so, the function is said to be continuous. In a practical way in explaining continuity of
a functions in Calculus is that it doesn’t have any sudden changes in value. When
small changes in the input of a function outcomes a small changes in its output. The
continuity of a function heavily relies on limits of a function. Let us think of it this way,
our connection to the internet is considered continuous when the connection is not
intermittent or there is no slow downs, but if there is a gap between the internet
connection to your device or there is no internet connection then that would be
considered as discontinuous. The flow of time could also be a great example of a
continuity.

Word Problem Examples:

Shown below is an example of a real-world mathematical model expressing the

amount you will pay to your favorite groom for your dog as a function of its weight.

Your favorite dog groomer charges according to your dog's weight. If your dog is 15
pounds and under, the groomer charges ₱35. If your dog is between 15 and 40
pounds, she charges ₱40. If your dog is over 40 pounds, she charges ₱40, plus an
additional ₱2 for each pound.

We let f (x) be the amount the groomer charges to us when our pet cat has an x
amount of weight (in pounds). Then f (x) is a piecewise function defined as:
 35 if 0< x ≤ 15
{
f (x)= 40 if 15< x ≤ 40
2 x−40 if x > 40

Let say we have a dog that weighs 60 pounds, so the groomer will charge us ₱80 or
it would cost us $80 at the groomer’s.
The function shown above is a discontinuous function since the graph jumps from
one point at (15,35) to (15,40) and is called as a jump discontinuity.

Shown below is an example of a real-world mathematical model expressing the

amount of money earned from ticket sales for a film or play as a function of its
number of years after its release.

The total worldwide box-office receipts for a long running blockbuster movie are
approximated by the function

(120 x 2 )
T ( x)=
( x 2 +4 )
where T ( x) is measured in millions of dollars and x is the number of years since the
movie's release.

a.) What are the total box-office receipts after the first month? The second
month? The third month?

For x=1

(120(1)2 )
T ( 1 )= =24
(12 +4)

So the total box-office receipts after a month are 24 Millions of $

For x=2

(120(2)2)
T (2)= =60
(22 +4 )

So the total box-office receipts after a month are 60 Millions of $

For x=3

(120(3)2)
T ( 3 )= =83
(3 2+ 4)

So the total box-office receipts after a month are 83 Millions of $

a.) What will the movie gross in the long run? (When x is very large or x →+ ∞).
In the long run, the movie will gross approximately $120 million. When x 2 gets
very large the 4 becomes inconsequential, the x 2 terms cancel each other,
and the answer is 120.
To get the movie gross in the long run we simply get the limit of the function
as it appraches + ∞ or increases without bound. Limits can be moved through
an equation in constant so we could get the limit by:
120 x 2 x2
lim =120∙ lim
x 2 +4 2
x→+∞ x →+∞ x +4

From this we divide the highest denominator which is x 2 to both the numerator
and denominator
 1

120 ∙ lim
( x )
x2 2
=120 ∙ lim
1
x →+∞ 1 4 x→+ ∞
(x + 4)
(x )
2
2
1+
(x ) 2

Then we move the limt through the equation and get the limits of each term
lim 1
x →+∞ 1
120 ∙ =120 ∙
lim 4 1+0
x→+ ∞
lim 1+ 2
x →+∞ x
We now then simplify:
1
120 ∙ =120 ∙1=120
1
So the limit of the function is equal to 120:
lim 120 x 2
x →+∞
2
=120
x +4

Graph of the given problem is shown below: