Ordovician

The Ordovician (/ɔːr.dəˈvɪʃ.i.ən, -doʊ-, -ˈvɪʃ.ən/ or-də-VISH-ee-ən, -doh-, -VISH-ən)[2] is a geologic period and system, the
second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era. The Ordovician spans 41.6 million years from the end of the Cambrian Period 485.4
million years ago (Mya) to the start of the Silurian Period 443.8 Mya.[3]

The Ordovician, named after the Welsh tribe of the Ordovices, was defined by Charles Lapworth in 1879 to resolve a dispute
between followers of Adam Sedgwick and Roderick Murchison, who were placing the same rock beds in northern Wales into the
Cambrian and Silurian systems, respectively.[4] Lapworth recognized that the fossil fauna in the disputed strata were different from
those of either the Cambrian or the Silurian systems, and placed them in a system of their own. The Ordovician received
international approval in 1960 (forty years after Lapworth's death), when it was adopted as an official period of the Paleozoic Era
by the International Geological Congress.

Life continued to flourish during the Ordovician as it did in the earlier Cambrian period, although the end of the period was marked
by the Ordovician–Silurian extinction events. Invertebrates, namely molluscs and arthropods, dominated the oceans. The Great
Ordovician Biodiversification Event considerably increased the diversity of life. Fish, the world's first true vertebrates, continued to
evolve, and those with jaws may have first appeared late in the period. Life had yet to diversify on land. About 100 times as many
meteorites struck the Earth per year during the Ordovician compared with today.[5]

Contents
Subdivisions
British stages
Paleogeography
Ordovician meteor event
Geochemistry
Climate and sea level
Life
Fauna
Flora
End of the period
References
External links

Subdivisions
A number of regional terms have been used to subdivide the Ordovician Period. In 2008, the ICS erected a formal international
system of subdivisions.[6] There exist Baltoscandic, British, Siberian, North American, Australian, Chinese Mediterranean and
North-Gondwanan regional stratigraphic schemes.[7]

The Ordovician Period in Britain was traditionally broken into Early (Tremadocian and Arenig), Middle (Llanvirn (subdivided into
Abereiddian and Llandeilian) and Llandeilo) and Late (Caradoc and Ashgill) epochs. The corresponding rocks of the Ordovician
System are referred to as coming from the Lower, Middle, or Upper part of the column. The faunal stages (subdivisions of epochs)
from youngest to oldest are:

Late Ordovician

Hirnantian stage/Gamach (Ashgill)

Rawtheyan/Richmond (Ashgill)
Cautleyan/Richmond (Ashgill)
Pusgillian/Maysville/Richmond (Ashgill)

Middle Ordovician
 Trenton (Caradoc)
Ordovician Period
Onnian/Maysville/Eden (Caradoc) 485.4–443.8 million years ago
Actonian/Eden (Caradoc)
PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K PgN
Marshbrookian/Sherman (Caradoc)
Longvillian/Sherman (Caradoc)
Soudleyan/Kirkfield (Caradoc)
Harnagian/Rockland (Caradoc)
Costonian/Black River (Caradoc)
Chazy (Llandeilo)
Llandeilo (Llandeilo)
Whiterock (Llanvirn) A map of the world as it appeared
Llanvirn (Llanvirn) at the boundary between the Early
and Middle Ordovician. (470 ma)
Early Ordovician
Mean
Cassinian (Arenig) atmospheric O 2 c. 13.5 vol %
content over (68 % of modern level)
Arenig/Jefferson/Castleman (Arenig) period duration

Tremadoc/Deming/Gaconadian (Tremadoc) Mean

atmospheric
c. 4200 ppm
CO 2 content (15 times pre-industrial level)
over period
duration
British stages
Mean surface
temperature c. 16 °C
The Tremadoc corresponds to the (modern) Tremadocian. The Floian corresponds to over period (2 °C above modern level)
duration
the lower Arenig; the Arenig continues until the early Darriwilian, subsuming the
180 m; rising to 220 m in
Dapingian. The Llanvirn occupies the rest of the Darriwilian, and terminates with it at Sea level (above Caradoc and falling sharply to
the base of the Late Ordovician. The Sandbian represents the first half of the Caradoc; present day) 140 m in end-Ordovician
glaciations [1]
the Caradoc ends in the mid-Katian, and the Ashgill represents the last half of the
Katian, plus the Hirnantian.[8]
Epochs in the Ordovician

– Silurian

Hirnantian
-445 —

L Katian
-450 —
a
t
– e

-455 —
Sandbian
–
PO
-460 —
ar
l dM
– o i Darriwilian
e
vd
o i
-465 — d
zc l
o
– i e
i a Dapingian
cn
-470 —

–
E Floian
-475 — a
r
– l
y
-480 —
Tremadocian
–

-485 —
Cambrian
 Epochs of the Ordovician
Period.
Axis scale: millions of
years ago.

Ordovician regional stages

North North
ICS British British Australian Australian Chinese
ICS stage American American Chinese stage
Epoch epoch stage epoch stage epoch
epoch stage
Hirnantian Hirnantian Gamach Hirnantian
stage stage stage Bolinda stage
Rawthey Richmond stage Chientangkiang
Ashgill stage Cincinnati stage stage
series Cautley series Maysville
stage stage
Pusgill Eden
Katian stage
Late stage stage Late Easton Late
Ordovician Strefford Ordovician stage Ordovician
stage Chatfield Neichiashan
Cheney Mohawk stage stage
Caradoc stage stage
series Burrell Turin
Sandbian stage stage Gisborne
stage Aureluc stage
stage Chazy
Llandeilo stage
Darriwilian Llanvirn stage Middle Darriwilian Darriwilian
stage series Abereiddy Whiterock Ordovician stage stage
stage stage Not
Fenn defined Yapeen
Middle stage stage Middle
Ordovician Ranger Castlemaine Ordovician
Dapingian stage stage Dapingian
stage Arenig Whitland Chewton stage
series stage Black stage
Hills
stage Early Bendigo
Ordovician stage
Moridun Ibex Tule
Floian stage Floian stage
stage series stage
Early Migneint Stairs Lancefield Early
Ordovician Tremadocian Tremadoc stage stage stage Ordovician Tremadocian
stage series Cressage Skullrock stage
stage stage

Paleogeography
During the Ordovician, the southern continents were collected into Gondwana. Gondwana started the period in equatorial latitudes
and, as the period progressed, drifted toward the South Pole.

Early in the Ordovician, the continents of Laurentia (in present-day North America), Siberia, and Baltica (present-day northern
Europe) were still independent continents (since the break-up of the supercontinent Pannotia earlier), but Baltica began to move
towards Laurentia later in the period, causing the Iapetus Ocean between them to shrink. The small continent Avalonia separated
from Gondwana and began to move north towards Baltica and Laurentia, opening the Rheic Ocean between Gondwana and
Avalonia.

The Taconic orogeny, a major mountain-building episode, was well under way in Cambrian times. In the early and middle
Ordovician, temperatures were mild, but at the beginning of the Late Ordovician, from 460 to 450 Ma, volcanoes along the margin
of the Iapetus Ocean spewed massive amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere, turning the planet into a
hothouse.
Initially, sea levels were high, but as Gondwana moved south, ice accumulated into glaciers and sea levels dropped. At first, low-
lying sea beds increased diversity, but later glaciation led to mass extinctions as the seas drained and continental shelves became dry
land. During the Ordovician, in fact during the Tremadocian, marine transgressions worldwide were the greatest for which
evidence is preserved.

These volcanic island arcs eventually collided with proto North America to form the Appalachian mountains. By the end of the
Late Ordovician the volcanic emissions had stopped. Gondwana had by that time neared the South Pole and was largely glaciated.

Ordovician meteor event

The Ordovician meteor event is a proposed shower of meteors that occurred during the Middle Ordovician period, about
467.5±0.28 million years ago due to the break-up of the L chondrite parent body.[9] It is not associated with any major extinction
event.[10][11][12]

Geochemistry
The Ordovician was a time of calcite sea geochemistry in which low-magnesium calcite
was the primary inorganic marine precipitate of calcium carbonate. Carbonate hardgrounds
were thus very common, along with calcitic ooids, calcitic cements, and invertebrate
faunas with dominantly calcitic skeletons. Biogenic aragonite, like that composing the
shells of most molluscs, dissolved rapidly on the sea floor after death.[13][14]

Unlike Cambrian times, when calcite production was dominated by microbial and non-
biological processes, animals (and macroalgae) became a dominant source of calcareous
material in Ordovician deposits.[15] External mold of Ordovician bivalve
showing that the original aragonite
shell dissolved on the sea floor,
Climate and sea level leaving a cemented mold for
biological encrustation (Waynesville
The Ordovician saw the highest sea levels of the Paleozoic, and the low relief of the Formation of Franklin County,
continents led to many shelf deposits being formed under hundreds of metres of water.[15] Indiana).
The sea level rose more or less continuously throughout the Early Ordovician, leveling off
somewhat during the middle of the period.[15] Locally, some regressions occurred, but sea
level rise continued in the beginning of the Late Ordovician. Sea levels fell steadily in accord with the cooling temperatures for ~30
million years leading up to the Hirnantian glaciation. During this icy stage, sea level seems to have risen and dropped somewhat,
but despite much study the details remain unresolved.[15]

As with North America and Europe, Gondwana was largely covered with shallow seas during the Ordovician. Shallow clear
waters over continental shelves encouraged the growth of organisms that deposit calcium carbonates in their shells and hard parts.
The Panthalassic Ocean covered much of the northern hemisphere, and other minor oceans included Proto-Tethys, Paleo-Tethys,
Khanty Ocean, which was closed off by the Late Ordovician, Iapetus Ocean, and the new Rheic Ocean.

As the Ordovician progressed, there is evidence of glaciers on the land we now know as Africa and South America, which were
near the South Pole at the time, resulting in the ice caps of the Late Ordovician glaciation.

Life
For most of the Late Ordovician life continued to flourish, but at and near the end of the
period there were mass-extinction events that seriously affected conodonts and planktonic
forms like graptolites. The trilobites Agnostida and Ptychopariida completely died out, and
the Asaphida were much reduced. Brachiopods, bryozoans and echinoderms were also
heavily affected, and the endocerid cephalopods died out completely, except for possible
rare Silurian forms. The Ordovician–Silurian extinction events may have been caused by
an ice age that occurred at the end of the Ordovician period, due to the expansion of the
first terrestrial plants,[16] as the end of the Late Ordovician was one of the coldest times in
the last 600 million years of Earth's history. A diorama depicting Ordovician flora
and fauna.

Fauna
 On the whole, the fauna that emerged in the
Ordovician were the template for the remainder of
the Palaeozoic.[15] The fauna was dominated by
tiered communities of suspension feeders, mainly
with short food chains. The ecological system
reached a new grade of complexity far beyond
that of the Cambrian fauna,[15] which has
Nautiloids like Orthoceras were persisted until the present day.[15]
among the largest predators in the
Ordovician. Though less famous than the Cambrian explosion,
the Ordovician radiation was no less remarkable; Fossiliferous limestone slab from the
marine faunal genera increased fourfold, resulting Liberty Formation (Upper Ordovician)
in 12% of all known Phanerozoic marine fauna.[17] Another change in the fauna was the of Caesar Creek State Park near
strong increase in filter-feeding organisms.[18] The trilobite, inarticulate brachiopod, Waynesville, Ohio.
archaeocyathid, and eocrinoid faunas of the Cambrian were succeeded by those that
dominated the rest of the Paleozoic, such as articulate brachiopods, cephalopods, and
crinoids. Articulate brachiopods, in particular, largely replaced trilobites in shelf
communities.[19] Their success epitomizes the greatly increased diversity of carbonate
shell-secreting organisms in the Ordovician compared to the Cambrian.[19]

In North America and Europe, the Ordovician was a time of shallow continental seas rich
in life. Trilobites and brachiopods in particular were rich and diverse. Although solitary
corals date back to at least the Cambrian, reef-forming corals appeared in the early
Ordovician, corresponding to an increase in the stability of carbonate and thus a new
abundance of calcifying animals.[15]

Molluscs, which appeared during the Cambrian or even the Ediacaran, became common
and varied, especially bivalves, gastropods, and nautiloid cephalopods.

Now-extinct marine animals called graptolites thrived in the oceans. Some new cystoids
and crinoids appeared.

It was long thought that the first true vertebrates (fish — Ostracoderms) appeared in the
Ordovician, but recent discoveries in China reveal that they probably originated in the The trilobite Isotelus from Wisconsin.
Early Cambrian. The very first gnathostome (jawed fish) appeared in the Late Ordovician
epoch.

During the Middle Ordovician there was a large increase in the intensity and diversity of bioeroding organisms. This is known as
the Ordovician Bioerosion Revolution.[20] It is marked by a sudden abundance of hard substrate trace fossils such as Trypanites,
Palaeosabella, Petroxestes and Osprioneides. Several groups of endobiotic symbionts appeared in the Ordovician.[21][22]

In the Early Ordovician, trilobites were joined by many new types of organisms, including tabulate corals, strophomenid,
rhynchonellid, and many new orthid brachiopods, bryozoans, planktonic graptolites and conodonts, and many types of molluscs
and echinoderms, including the ophiuroids ("brittle stars") and the first sea stars. Nevertheless, the arthropods remained abundant,
all the Late Cambrian orders continued, and were joined by the new group Phacopida. The first evidence of land plants also
appeared (see evolutionary history of life).

In the Middle Ordovician, the trilobite-dominated Early Ordovician communities were replaced by generally more mixed
ecosystems, in which brachiopods, bryozoans, molluscs, cornulitids, tentaculitids and echinoderms all flourished, tabulate corals
diversified and the first rugose corals appeared. The planktonic graptolites remained diverse, with the Diplograptina making their
appearance. Bioerosion became an important process, particularly in the thick calcitic skeletons of corals, bryozoans and
brachiopods, and on the extensive carbonate hardgrounds that appear in abundance at this time. One of the earliest known
armoured agnathan ("ostracoderm") vertebrate, Arandaspis, dates from the Middle Ordovician.

Trilobites in the Ordovician were very different from their predecessors in the Cambrian. Many trilobites developed bizarre spines
and nodules to defend against predators such as primitive eurypterids and nautiloids while other trilobites such as Aeglina prisca
evolved to become swimming forms. Some trilobites even developed shovel-like snouts for ploughing through muddy sea bottoms.
Another unusual clade of trilobites known as the trinucleids developed a broad pitted margin around their head shields.[23] Some
trilobites such as Asaphus kowalewski evolved long eyestalks to assist in detecting predators whereas other trilobite eyes in contrast
disappeared completely.[24] Molecular clock analyses suggest that early arachnids started living on land by the end of the
Ordovician.[25]

The earliest-known octocorals date from the Ordovician.[26]

The Upper Fossil Mountain, Outcrop of Upper Outcrop of Upper Trypanites borings
Ordovician west-central Utah; Ordovician rubbly Ordovician in an Ordovician
edrioasteroid Middle Ordovician limestone and shale, limestone and minor hardground,
Cystaster stellatus fossiliferous shales southern Indiana; shale, central southeastern
on a cobble from the and limestones in College of Wooster Tennessee; College Indiana.[27]
Kope Formation in the lower half. students. of Wooster students.
northern Kentucky.
In the background is
the cyclostome
bryozoan
Corynotrypa.

Petroxestes borings Outcrop of Bryozoan fossils in Brachiopods and Vinlandostrophia

in an Ordovician Ordovician kukersite Ordovician kukersite bryozoans in an ponderosa,
hardground, oil shale, northern oil shale, northern Ordovician Maysvillian (Upper
southern Ohio.[20] Estonia. Estonia. limestone, southern Ordovician) near
Minnesota. Madison, Indiana.
Scale bar is 5.0 mm.
 The Ordovician Prasopora, a An Ordovician The heliolitid coral Zygospira modesta,
cystoid trepostome strophomenid Protaraea atrypid brachiopods,
Echinosphaerites bryozoan from the brachiopod with richmondensis preserved in their
(an extinct Ordovician of Iowa. encrusting encrusting a original positions on
echinoderm) from inarticulate gastropod; a trepostome
northeastern brachiopods and a Cincinnatian (Upper bryozoan;
Estonia; bryozoan. Ordovician) of Cincinnatian (Upper
approximately 5 cm southeastern Ordovician) of
in diameter. Indiana. southeastern
Indiana.

Graptolites
(Amplexograptus)
from the Ordovician
near Caney Springs,
Tennessee.

Flora

Green algae were common in the Late Cambrian (perhaps earlier) and in the Ordovician. Terrestrial plants probably evolved from
green algae, first appearing as tiny non-vascular forms resembling liverworts. Fossil spores from land plants have been identified in
uppermost Ordovician sediments.

Among the first land fungi may have been arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (Glomerales), playing a crucial role in facilitating the
colonization of land by plants through mycorrhizal symbiosis, which makes mineral nutrients available to plant cells; such fossilized
fungal hyphae and spores from the Ordovician of Wisconsin have been found with an age of about 460 million years ago, a time
when the land flora most likely only consisted of plants similar to non-vascular bryophytes.[28]

End of the period

The Ordovician came to a close in a series of extinction events that, taken together, comprise the second largest of the five major
extinction events in Earth's history in terms of percentage of genera that became extinct. The only larger one was the Permian–
Triassic extinction event.

The extinctions occurred approximately 447–444 million years ago and mark the boundary between the Ordovician and the
following Silurian Period. At that time all complex multicellular organisms lived in the sea, and about 49% of genera of fauna
disappeared forever; brachiopods and bryozoans were greatly reduced, along with many trilobite, conodont and graptolite families.

The most commonly accepted theory is that these events were triggered by the onset of cold conditions in the late Katian, followed
by an ice age, in the Hirnantian faunal stage, that ended the long, stable greenhouse conditions typical of the Ordovician.
The ice age was possibly not long-lasting. Oxygen isotopes in fossil brachiopods show its
duration may have been only 0.5 to 1.5 million years.[29] Other researchers (Page et al.)
estimate more temperate conditions did not return until the late Silurian.

The late Ordovician glaciation event was preceded by a fall in atmospheric carbon dioxide
(from 7000 ppm to 4400 ppm).[30][31] The dip was triggered by a burst of volcanic activity
that deposited new silicate rocks, which draw CO2 out of the air as they erode.[31] This
selectively affected the shallow seas where most organisms lived. As the southern
supercontinent Gondwana drifted over the South Pole, ice caps formed on it, which have
been detected in Upper Ordovician rock strata of North Africa and then-adjacent
northeastern South America, which were south-polar locations at the time.

As glaciers grew, the sea level dropped, and the vast shallow intra-continental Ordovician
seas withdrew, which eliminated many ecological niches. When they returned, they carried
diminished founder populations that lacked many whole families of organisms. They then
withdrew again with the next pulse of glaciation, eliminating biological diversity with each
change.[32] Species limited to a single epicontinental sea on a given landmass were
severely affected.[14] Tropical lifeforms were hit particularly hard in the first wave of
extinction, while cool-water species were hit worst in the second pulse.[14]
Colonization of land would have been
limited to shorelines
Those species able to adapt to the changing conditions survived to fill the ecological niches
left by the extinctions.

At the end of the second event, melting glaciers caused the sea level to rise and stabilise once more. The rebound of life's diversity
with the permanent re-flooding of continental shelves at the onset of the Silurian saw increased biodiversity within the surviving
Orders.

An alternate extinction hypothesis suggested that a ten-second gamma-ray burst could have destroyed the ozone layer and exposed
terrestrial and marine surface-dwelling life to deadly ultraviolet radiation and initiated global cooling.[33]

Recent work considering the sequence stratigraphy of the Late Ordovician argues that the mass extinction was a single protracted
episode lasting several hundred thousand years, with abrupt changes in water depth and sedimentation rate producing two pulses of
last occurrences of species.[34]

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External links
Ogg, Jim (June 2004). "Overview of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP's)" (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20060423084018/http://www.stratigraphy.org/gssp.htm). Archived from the original (http://www.stratigr
aphy.org/gssp.htm) on 2006-04-23. Retrieved 2006-04-30.
Mehrtens, Charlotte. "Chazy Reef at Isle La Motte" (http://www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/geo/chazytxt.htm). An
Ordovician reef in Vermont.
Ordovician fossils of the famous Cincinnatian Group (http://members.wri.com/jeffb/Fossils)
Ordovician (chronostratigraphy scale) (https://ghkclass.com/ghkC.html?ordovician)

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