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Chapter II.3

1. A rotating magnetic field in an AC machine can induce a three-phase set of voltages in the stator coils. 2. The voltage induced in a single coil of a two-pole stator depends on factors like the angular velocity of the rotor, the magnitude of the flux density, and the length of the conductor in the magnetic field. 3. A three-phase set of currents in the stator can generate a uniform rotating magnetic field, and this rotating magnetic field can induce a three-phase set of voltages in the stator coils with phases differing by 120 degrees.

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48 views17 pages

Chapter II.3

1. A rotating magnetic field in an AC machine can induce a three-phase set of voltages in the stator coils. 2. The voltage induced in a single coil of a two-pole stator depends on factors like the angular velocity of the rotor, the magnitude of the flux density, and the length of the conductor in the magnetic field. 3. A three-phase set of currents in the stator can generate a uniform rotating magnetic field, and this rotating magnetic field can induce a three-phase set of voltages in the stator coils with phases differing by 120 degrees.

Uploaded by

islammuddin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Induced voltage in AC machines

Just as a 3-phase set of currents in a stator can produce a rotating


magnetic field, a rotating magnetic field can produce a 3-phase
set of voltages in the coils of a stator.

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The induced voltage in a single coil
on a two-pole stator
Assume that a rotor with a sinusoidally distributed
magnetic field rotates in the center of a stationary coil.
We further assume that the magnitude of the flux density B in
the air gap between the rotor and the stator varies sinusoidally
with mechanical angle, while its direction is always radially stator
outward. coil

Note, that this is an ideal flux


distribution.
The magnitude of the flux density
vector at a point around the rotor
is

(6.19.1)

Where  is the angle from the


Flux density in a gap
direction of peak flux intensity.
Pr. Anis AMMOUS
The induced voltage in a single coil
on a two-pole stator
Since the rotor is rotating within the stator at an angular velocity m, the
magnitude of the flux density vector at any angle  around the stator is

(6.20.1)

The voltage induced in a wire is


(6.20.2)

Here v is the velocity of the wire relative to the magnetic field


B is the magnetic flux density vector
l is the length of conductor in the magnetic field
However, this equation was derived for a moving wire in a stationary magnetic field. In
our situation, the wire is stationary and the magnetic field rotates. Therefore, the
equation needs to be modified: we need to change reference such way that the field
appears as stationary.

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The induced voltage in a single coil
on a two-pole stator
The total voltage induced in the coil is a sum of the voltages induced in each of its four
sides. These voltages are:
1. Segment ab:  = 1800; assuming that B is radially outward from the rotor, the angle
between v and B is 900, so
(6.21.1)

2. Segment bc: the voltage will be zero since the vectors (v x B) and l are perpendicular.

(6.21.2)

3. Segment cd:  = 00; assuming that B is radially outward from the rotor, the angle
between v and B is 900, so
(6.21.3)

4. Segment da: the voltage will be zero since the vectors (v x B) and l are perpendicular.

(6.21.4)

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The induced voltage in a single coil
on a two-pole stator
Therefore, the total voltage on the coil is:

(6.22.1)

Since the velocity of the end conductor is (6.22.2)

Then: (6.22.3)

The flux passing through a coil is (6.22.4)

Therefore: (6.22.5)

Finally, if the stator coil has NC turns of wire, the total induced voltage in the coil:

(6.22.6)

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The induced voltage in a 3-phase set
of coils
In three coils, each of NC turns, placed around the rotor magnetic field, the induced in
each coil will have the same magnitude and phases differing by 1200:

(6.23.1)

A 3-phase set of currents can generate a


uniform rotating magnetic field in a
machine stator, and a uniform rotating
magnetic field can generate a 3-phase set
of voltages in such stator.
Pr. Anis AMMOUS
The rms voltage in a 3-phase stator
The peak voltage in any phase of a 3-phase stator is:

(6.24.1)

For a 2-pole stator: (6.24.2)

Thus: (6.24.3)

The rms voltage in any phase of a 2-pole 3-phase stator is:

(6.24.4)

The rms voltage at the terminals will depend on the type of stator connection: if the
stator is Y-connected, the terminal voltage will be . For the delta
connection, it will be just EA.
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Example

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Induced torque in an AC machine
In an AC machine under normal operating conditions two magnetic fields are present: a
field from the rotor and a field from the stator circuits. The interaction of these magnetic
fields produces the torque in the machine.
Assuming a sinusoidal stator flux distribution
peaking in the upward direction
(6.27.1)

(where BS is the magnitude of the peak flux


density) and a single coil of wire mounted on the
rotor, the induced force on the first conductor
(on the right) is
(6.27.2)

The torque on this conductor is (counter-


clockwise)
(6.27.3)

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Induced torque in an AC machine
The induced force on the second conductor (on the left) is

(6.28.1)

The torque on this conductor is (counter-clockwise)

(6.28.2)

Therefore, the torque on the rotor loop is

(6.28.3)

We may notice the following:


1. The current i flowing in the rotor coil produces its own magnetic field HR, whose
magnitude is proportional to the current and direction can be found via the RHR.
2. The angle between the peak of the stator flux density BS and the peak of the magnetic
field intensity HR is .
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Induced torque in an AC machine
Furthermore,
(6.29.1)

(6.29.2)

Therefore, the torque on the loop is


(6.29.3)

Here K is a constant dependent on the


machine design. Therefore:

Vectoriel (6.29.4)
equation
Since (6.29.5)

Vectoriel
(6.29.6)
equation

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Induced torque in an AC machine
As before, k = K/ is a constant dependent on the machine design.
The equation (6.29.5) can be applied to any AC machine, not just to simple one-loop
rotors. Since this equation is used for qualitative studies of torque, the constant k is not
important.
Assuming no saturation, the net magnetic field is a vector sum of rotor and stator fields:
(6.30.1)

Combining the last equation with (6.29.5), we arrive at

(6.30.2)

Since the cross-product of any vector with itself is zero:

(6.30.3)

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Induced torque in an AC machine
Assuming that the angle between the rotor BR and stator BS magnetic fields is :

(6.31.1)

Assume that the rotor of the AC machine is


rotating counter-clockwise and the configuration
of magnetic fields is shown. The combination of
(6.30.3) and the RHR shows that the torque will
be clockwise, i.e. opposite to the direction of
rotation of the rotor. Therefore, this machine
must be acting as a generator.

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AC machine power flows and losses

The efficiency of an AC machine is defined as

(6.33.1)

Since the difference between the input and output powers of a machine is due to the
losses occurring inside it, the efficiency is

(6.33.2)

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AC machine power losses
Losses occurring in an AC machine can be divided into four categories:

1. Electrical or Copper losses


These losses are resistive heating losses that occur in the stator (armature) winding and in
the rotor (field) winding of the machine. For a 3-phase machine, the stator copper losses
and synchronous rotor copper losses are:

(6.34.1)

(6.34.2)

Where IA and IF are currents flowing in each armature phase and in the field winding
respectively. RA and RF are resistances of each armature phase and of the field winding
respectively. These resistances are usually measured at normal operating temperature.

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AC machine power losses
2. Core losses
These losses are the hysteresis losses and eddy current losses. They vary as B2 (flux
density) and as n1.5 (speed of rotation of the magnetic field).

3. Mechanical losses
There are two types of mechanical losses: friction (friction of the bearings) and windage
(friction between the moving parts of the machine and the air inside the casing). These
losses are often lumped together and called the no-load rotational loss of the machine.
They vary as the cube of rotation speed n3.

4. Stray (miscellaneous) losses


These are the losses that cannot be classified in any of the previous categories. They are
usually due to inaccuracies in modeling. For many machines, stray losses are assumed as
1% of full load.

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The power-flow diagram
On of the most convenient technique to account for power losses
in a machine is the power-flow diagram.
AC generator:

The mechanical power is input,


and then all losses but cupper are
subtracted. The remaining power
Pconv is ideally converted to
electricity:
(6.36.1)

AC motor:
Power-flow diagram is simply
reversed.

Pr. Anis AMMOUS

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