Solution: Material Properties

SOLUTION
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
1. CEMENT
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is composed of calcium silicates, aluminates and
aluminoferrite. It is obtained by blending predetermined proportions of limestones, clay and
other materials in small quantities which are pulverized and heated at high temperature around
1500°C to produce ‘clinker’. The clinker is then ground small quantities of gypsum to produce a
fine powder called Ordinary Portland Cement. During this present work OPC conforming to IS
12269-1987 was used. Some of the physical properties of cement are listed in Table 1.
Table 1:
Particulars Test value
Fineness 5%
Specific gravity 3.15
Consistency 33%
Initial setting time 125 min
Final setting time 260 min
2. HYPO SLUDGE
Hypo sludge (HS) consumes a large percentage of local landfill space for each and every year. It
is a by-product of acetylene gas plant. In this type of sludge lime varies between 25% to 50%. By
incinerating paper sludge at approximately 800°C, the resultant fly ash ay contains reactive
silica, magnesium and alumina (in the form of Metakaolin) as well as lime (CaO) which
contributes chemical properties to the Portland cement. During this investigation Hypo sludge
was used as a replacement material for cement because of both materials having Silica and
Magnesium properties which improve the setting and workability properties of concrete. The
properties of sludge are listed in Table 2.
Table 2:
Constituent % in Sludge % in Cement
Moisture 56.8 -
Magnesium oxide 3.3 1.1
(MgO)
Calcium oxide (CaO) 46.2 65.6
Loss on ignition 27.00 0.9
Acid insoluble 11.1 0.4
Silica (SiO2) 9.0 21.0
R2O3 3.6 8.66
3. FINE AGGREGATE
Aggregates passing through 4.75mm sieve are defined as fine aggregate. Fine aggregate is added
to concrete to assist workability and bring uniformly in mixture. Usually, the natural river sand is
used as fine aggregate. By conducting sieve analysis, it was found that sand used for this work
conforms to grading zone II as per IS 383:1970 and fineness modulus of sand was found as 2.71.
The specific gravity of fine aggregate is 2.62.
4. COPPER SLAG
Copper slag (CS) is a by-product obtained during the copper smelting and refining process. In
copper slag, CaO content is in order of 0.15% to 3.30%. It indicates that the lime content is very
low. Slag also exhibits pozzolanic properties since it contains low CaO. Since most of the
properties of CS are similar to that of river sand, it can be used as a replacement material for
sand/fine aggregate. The physical and chemical properties are listed in Table 3 & 4 respectively.
Table 3:
Physical property Values/Nature
Appearance Black glassy
granules
Shape Granular
Chloride content water soluble 11ppm
Bulk density 1.8
Hardness 7 mhos scale
Table 4:
Chemical property Values
PH of aqueous solution of aqueous 6.9
extract
Fe2O3 56.4%
CaO 2.1%
Al2O3 3%
Cu 1%
Free moisture 1%
SiO2 28.7 %
5. COARSE AGGREGATE
Coarse aggregate is a chemically stable material present in concrete. Presence of Coarse
aggregates reduces the drying shrinkage and other dimensional changes occurring an account of
movement of moisture. Coarse aggregate contributes to impermeability of concrete, provide that
is properly graded and the mix is suitably designed. In this present work 20mm angular size
aggregate is used. The specific gravity of coarse aggregate is 2.67 and fineness modulus of
Coarse aggregate is 3.17.
6. WATER
The water, which is used for making concrete should be clean and free from harmful impurities
like oil, alkalis, acids etc. Ordinary potable water available in the laboratory was used for making
and curing the concrete. The quality of water was found to satisfy the requirements of IS 456-
2000.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
M25 grade mix was designed as per IS 10262-2009 and the mix proportion was found to be
1:1,80:2.95 with w/c ratio of 0.5. Hypo sludge was used as a replacement material for cement
and copper slag was as a replacement material for fine aggregate. The replacement percentage
adopted were 10%, 20% & 30% for Hypo sludge and 30%, 40% & 50% for copper slag.
Specimens were casted and the Mechanical properties of concrete were determined.
The various percentage replacement of materials used in this present investigation replacement
are given in the Table 5;
Table 5:
Specimen Replacement Percentages
identity
Specimens Cement Hypo Fine Copper
sludge aggregate slag
A1 100 0 100 0
A2 90 10 100 0
A3 80 20 100 0
A4 70 30 100 0
B1 100 0 70 30
B2 100 0 60 40
B3 100 0 50 50
C1 90 10 70 30
C2 90 10 60 40
C3 90 10 50 50
D1 80 20 70 30
D2 80 20 60 40
D3 80 20 50 50
E1 70 30 70 30
E2 70 30 60 40
E3 70 30 50 50
In order to investigate the mechanical property, cubes of 150mm x 150mm size, cylinder of
150mm diameter and 300mm length and prisms of 100mm x 100mm x 500mm were cast. The
total number of specimen cast were 144 cubes, 96 cylinders and 48 prisms. The specimens were
cured, and tested as per relevant codal provisions.
1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CUBES
The compressive strength of concrete was determined by conducting tests on 150mm x 150mm x
150mm cube specimens at 7th, 28th & 56th days as per IS 516-1959. The test was carried out in the
compression testing machine of 2000kN capacity. The cubes were placed in the compression
testing machine and the load was applied at the rate of approximately 140N/mm2/min until the
failure of the specimen. The average value of three samples were taken as strength.
2. SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CYLINDERS
Split tensile strength is an indirect method of finding out the tensile strength of concrete. The test
is carried out by placing the cylindrical specimens horizontally between the loading surfaces of
the compression testing machine and the load is applied until the failure of the cylinder, along
the vertical diameter. The test was as per IS 5816:1999 on the 28th and 56th.days.
3. FLEXTURAL STRENGTH OF PRISM
Flexural strength tests were carried out on 100mm x 100mm x 500mm beams on the 28th day
using a 100kN capacity Universal Testing Machine (UTM) apparatus. The system of loading
used in finding out the flexural tension is two-point loading as per IS 516-1959.
The values of the Compressive, split tensile and Flexural strength of the specimens are given in
the table 6.
Table 6: Compressive, Split tensile & Flexural Strength Test at 7th, 28th & 56th days
Specimen % Replacement Compressive Strength Split tensile Flexural
of HS & CS strength strength
7th day 28th day 56th 28th day 56th 28th day
N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
A1 0 24.8 32.89 38.65 2.68 3.39 5.5

A2 10% HS 28.22 31.22 35.56 2.83 3.255 4.5
A3 20% HS 23.77 29.5 28.44 2.96 3.397 3.5
A4 30% HS 17.55 21.56 23.11 2.26 2.69 3.75
B1 30% HS 32.7 43.56 50 2.97 3.53 3.5
B2 40% HS 34.6 45.33 53.11 3.03 3.82 3
B3 50%HS 36.8 48.22 54.25 2.83 2.54 2.5
C1 10%HS-30%CS 26.00 32.89 41.33 3.11 3.255 3.5
C2 10%HS-40%CS 28.44 34.64 45.4 3.45 3.11 5
C3 10%HS-50%CS 31.66 36.31 36.22 2.83 2.83 6
D1 20%HS-30%CS 17.55 31.78 35.67 3.04 2.83 5.5
D2 20%HS-40%CS 24.22 33.6 38.74 3.22 2.97 4.5
D3 20%HS-50%CS 25.33 33.9 31.24 2.89 3.11 4
E1 30%HS-30%CS 18.01 20 23.56 2.69 2.54 4
E2 30%HS-40%CS 17.29 21 25.56 2.97 2.54 3.5
E3 30%HS-50%CS 19.23 21.56 20.55 2.69 2.69 3
Reference
https://www.slideshare.net/esatjournals/study-on-mechanical-properties-of-concrete-with-industrial-
wastes
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212609015301217

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SOLUTION

A1 0 24.8 32.89 38.65 2.68 3.39 5.5

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