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    Santos - Jiunior Problem Seminar - 2008 - 17-17

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    chengpeck
    The document shows how to use mathematical identities to solve problems mentally or algebraically. It provides examples of using the difference of squares identity (x2 - y2 = (x - y)(x + y)) and the factorization of terms in a geometric series to solve problems involving large numbers without calculation. In one example, it shows that 1234567892 - 123456790 × 123456788 can be solved as 1 using the difference of squares identity. In another example, it factors the terms in the geometric series 1 + x + x2 + ... + x1023 to show that it equals (1 + x)(1 + x2)...(1 + x256)(1 + x512).

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    Santos - Jiunior Problem Seminar - 2008 - 17-17

    Uploaded by

    chengpeck
    44 views1 page
    The document shows how to use mathematical identities to solve problems mentally or algebraically. It provides examples of using the difference of squares identity (x2 - y2 = (x - y)(x + y)) and the factorization of terms in a geometric series to solve problems involving large numbers without calculation. In one example, it shows that 1234567892 - 123456790 × 123456788 can be solved as 1 using the difference of squares identity. In another example, it factors the terms in the geometric series 1 + x + x2 + ... + x1023 to show that it equals (1 + x)(1 + x2)...(1 + x256)(1 + x512).

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    Santos_Jiunior problem seminar_2008_17-17

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    Santos_Jiunior problem seminar_2008_17-17

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    The document shows how to use mathematical identities to solve problems mentally or algebraically. It provides examples of using the difference of squares identity (x2 - y2 = (x - y)(x + y)) and the factorization of terms in a geometric series to solve problems involving large numbers without calculation. In one example, it shows that 1234567892 - 123456790 × 123456788 can be solved as 1 using the difference of squares identity. In another example, it factors the terms in the geometric series 1 + x + x2 + ... + x1023 to show that it equals (1 + x)(1 + x2)...(1 + x256)(1 + x512).

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    44 views1 page

    Santos - Jiunior Problem Seminar - 2008 - 17-17

    Uploaded by

    chengpeck
    The document shows how to use mathematical identities to solve problems mentally or algebraically. It provides examples of using the difference of squares identity (x2 - y2 = (x - y)(x + y)) and the factorization of terms in a geometric series to solve problems involving large numbers without calculation. In one example, it shows that 1234567892 - 123456790 × 123456788 can be solved as 1 using the difference of squares identity. In another example, it factors the terms in the geometric series 1 + x + x2 + ... + x1023 to show that it equals (1 + x)(1 + x2)...(1 + x256)(1 + x512).

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    Identities with Squares 9

    Solution: Let x = 1 000 000 = 106 . Then

    x(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) = x(x + 3)(x + 1)(x + 2) = (x2 + 3x)(x2 + 3x + 2).

    Put y = x2 + 3x. Then

    x(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) + 1 = (x2 + 3x)(x2 + 3x + 2) + 1 = y(y + 2) + 1 = (y + 1)2.

    Thus È
    x(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) + 1 = y+1
    = x2 + 3x + 1
    = 1012 + 3 · 106 + 1
    = 1 000 003 000 001.

    Another useful identity is the difference of squares:

    x2 − y2 = (x − y)(x + y) (2.4)

    59 Example Explain how to compute 1234567892 − 123456790 × 123456788 mentally.

    Solution: Put x = 123456789. Then

    1234567892 − 123456790 × 123456788 = x2 − (x + 1)(x − 1) = 1.

    60 Example Shew that

    1 + x + x2 + · · · + x1023 = (1 + x)(1 + x2)(1 + x4 ) · · · (1 + x256)(1 + x512).

    Solution: Put S = 1 + x + x2 + · · · + x1023. Then xS = x + x2 + · · · + x1024. This gives

    S − xS = (1 + x + x2 + · · · + x1023) − (x + x2 + · · · + x1024) = 1 − x1024

    or S(1 − x) = 1 − x1024, from where


    1 − x1024
    1 + x + x2 + · · · + x1023 = S = .
    1−x
    But
         
    1 − x1024 1 − x1024 1 − x512 1 − x4 1 − x2
    = · · ·
    1−x 1 − x512 1 − x256 1 − x2 1−x
    = (1 + x512)(1 + x256 ) · · · (1 + x2)(1 + x),

    proving the assertion.

    61 Example Given that


    1 1 1 1
    √ √ +√ √ +√ √ + ···+ √ √
    1+ 2 2+ 3 3+ 4 99 + 100
    is an integer, find it.
    √ √ √ √
    Solution: As 1 = n + 1 − n = ( n + 1 − n)( n + 1 + n), we have

    1 √ √
    √ √ = n + 1 − n.
    n+ n+1

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