1.

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

1.1 Foundation Work

(i) Soil Investigation

Exploratory borehole shall be carried out at the site. The number, location and depth of borehole
shall be generally be determines by footprint of the buildings. The one hole shall be for the main
office building, 2 nos. for the workshop buildings. Total minimum of 3 nos. are required to
determine the strata profile of the site.

Site test shall include Standard Penetration Test including Vane Shear.

Laboratory tests shall be carried out on disturbed and undisturbed soil samples. Test shall include
classification tests, strength tests (such as unconfined undrained, shear test) and chemical tests to
rule out any possibility of unfavourable chemical reaction to concrete.

The laboratory, site tests and borehole logs will assist the Engineer in determining the optimal and
economical foundation design.

(ii) Foundation Design

Depending on the results of soil investigation, the foundation design may incorporate RC piling.

1.2 Structural Works

(i) Reinforced Concrete

Conventional reinforced concrete works (beam, column and slab) shall be used for the main office
building, transit building and the lower structure for the workshop buildings.

(ii) Steelworks

The workshop shall incorporate steel structure for the column and roof truss. All roof trusses shall
also incorporate steel frame.

1.3 Civil Works

(i) Road Work

The road geometric shall be designed in accordance with the road standard (category), type and
functionality, suitable for the purpose of the project. Road pavement shall be designed to
minimum standard in view of the anticipated low volume of traffic. The width of the road reserves
and the details of the road cross section (such as lane width, marginal strip width) shall generally
conform to the typical standard adopted by the local authority.

(ii) Drainage Work

Concrete building perimeter drains will be provided to collect runoff from all building roof and
paved/concrete area which then will be discharged into a detention pond. The size of the pond shall
conform to requirement set by the authority. The design of the drainage system shall include
culverts, roadside drain, toe drain and berm drains. The proposed drainage system shall be designed
to integrate and discharged into the detention pond and thereon into the irrigation for the area as
required by the Jabatan Pengairan Dan Saliran Sarawak (JPS).

(iii) Sewerage System

The sewerage system shall consists of the sewer line and the sewerage treatment facility. The sizing
of sewer line and design capacity of the treatment facility shall be based on the numbers of beds,
effective floor area or the anticipated usage of the buildings. Generally, the sewer treatment facility
shall be individual septic tanks which seems the suitable option for this project.

(iv) Water Reticulation

The water reticulation shall be sized based on estimated water consumption. The total water
demand will be computed based on population equivalent and average daily consumption stated
under Malaysian Water Association Manual. Considering the site is quite far from the Local Water
Authority pipelines, a new trunk main shall be designed to bring the supply to the site. A 24-hour
pressure chart by the Water Authority will be used to determine the appropriate size of the trunk
main. Sizing of all the components shall be determined based on computer simulation in detail
design stage.

2 DESIGN APPROACH

2.1 SITE VISIT

The objectives of the site visit are as follows: -

(i) To identify location of possible geotechnical problem such as settlement and slope
failure
(ii) To identify suitable foundation for the project
(iii) To identify nearby building project already carried out and to check problem that may
have arisen to avoid similar problem in the proposed project
(iv) Locate nearest Water Authority main pipe
(v) Source of fill material for the site

2.2 Hydrology, Hydraulic Analysis and Design Approach for Drainage System

The hydrology, hydraulic analysis, drain sizing and including on-site retention pond (OSD) shall be in
accordance with Guideline and Design Criteria established by Manual Saliran Mesra Alam Malaysia
and REAM .Appropriate hydrological procedure, available local record and consultation with JPS shall
be used to estimate the design flood level.

2.3 P.E Computation for Sewer and Water reticulation Design

The overall PE shall be computed based on the data provided by the architect with 10-15%
contingency to accommodate future expansion.

2.4 Sewage Flow Rate Estimation, Sewer Design Velocity and Sizing

The principal considerations for sewer pipe sizing and gradient determination are governed by the
following parameters: -

(a) Average Flow : The load for 1 PE is 225L/day

(b) Peak factor : The flow used in determining the pipe diameter and gradient is Peak Flow

Peak Flow = (Average Flow) X (Peak Factor),

where: Peak factor = 4.7 (PE/1000) -0.11

( c) Full bore flow : Computed using Manning Formula:

V = [R 2/3 S ½ ]/n
Where: V = velocity (m/s)

S = hydraulic gradient

R = hydraulic radius

N = Manning coefficient

The siting of the proposed septic tank location shall take into consideration: -

(i) Near effluent discharge point to provide easy conveyance of effluent

(ii) Sufficiently far from building to minimise nuisance

3 DESIGN CRITERIA

3.1 Foundation Design

Foundation design such that settlement will not be excessive and economic factor shall be
considered.

3.2 Reinforced Concrete Design

Concrete grade shall be 35MPa (28-day strength)

High Yield Strength Reinforcement shall be 460MPa

Mild steel reinforcement shall be 350 MPa

3.3 Design Criteria For Civil Work

(i) Road pavement design shall adhere to ESAL suitable for loacal traffic condition and
incompliance to Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 5/85 (Pind 1/1993)
(ii) Hydrological analysis and hydraulic consideration for road drainage shall comply with
Guideline for Road Drainage Design by REAM. The design flood level will be estimated
based on the following: -
a. For embankment area subject to flooding, the final subgrade level will be at least
300 mm above the flood level.
b. Culvert will be designed for a flood level with return period of 25 years together
with headwater depth not exceeding 2 times the diameter/height of the culvert
c. Surface drain will be designed for a rain with 10 years return period

(iii) Design Criteria for Waterways

In determining the design discharge for sizing of culvert, the following return period are
adopted: -
Major cross culvert (Q50>20 cumecs) : 50 years
Minor cross culverts (Q50<20 cumecs) : 25 years

4 PROPOSED SPECIFICATION

4.1 Standard Specification

The JKR standard specification for Building Works and Standard Specification for Road Works shall be
the basis of the Specification requirements for building and road related works. Where necessary
the Consulting Engineer (CE) shall also prepare details and other specification for the construction,
testing, erection of special requirement. The CE will also incorporate element of safety in
construction into the specification.

4.2 Other Specification

MS881 –Specification for Precast Concrete pipes and Fittings

5 Engineering Codes, Guidelines and Manuals

The design for civil works shall be based manily of current relevant edition of Manual Sliran Measra
Alam Malaysia, Road Engineering Association of Malaysia (REAM) guidelines, JKR Arahan Teknik
(Jalan) standard, Malaysia Standards (MS) or British Standard (BS) augmented as necessary by other
internationally recognised documents.

The following (but not limited to) shall be used for civil works: -

MASMA

REAM –GL 2/2002 : A Guide on Geometric Design of Roads

REAM –GL 3/2002 – Vol 4: Guidelines for Road Drainage Design –surface drainage
REAM –GL 8/2004 –Part 4: Guideline on Traffic Control and Management Devices – pavement
marking and delineation

JKR Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85 – Manual on Traffic Control Devices: Std Traffic Signs

JKR Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2B/85 – Manual on Traffic Control Devices: Traffic Signs Application

JKR Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2C/85 – Temporary Signs and Work Zones Control

JKR Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 5/85 – Manual on Pavement Design (Pind 1/93)

JKR Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 11/87 – A Guide to the Design of Grade Interchange

MS 1228 – Code of Practice for Design and Installation of sewerage system

JKR Water Supply Guidelines and Requirements to Housing and Development Scheme

Sarawak Hydrological Yearbook

The following codes shall be used for structural design: -

Foundation - BS 8004: 1986 Code of Practice for Foundation

Loading - BS 6399 -1: 1996 Loading for Buildings, Code of Practice for Dead and

Imposed Loads

Wind Load -BS 63992: 1996 Loading for Buildings, Code of Practice for Wind Loads

Concrete design -BS 8110: 1997 Structural Use of Concrete

Steel Design -BS 5950: 2000 Structural Use of Steelwork in Building

Fire rating -Sarawak Building Ordinance 1994: 1 hour

Concrete detailing shall be guided by Standard Method of Detailing Structural Concrete – A Manual
for Best Practice (3rd Edition) by IStructE, UK.