Binary Distillation (2) Binary Distillation (2) : (CH 7) (CH 7) (Ch. 7) (Ch. 7)

Lecture 12.
Binary Distillation (2)

[Ch 7]
[Ch.
• Condenser Type
• Subcooled Reflux
• Reboiler Type
• Condenser and Reboiler Duties
• Feed
F dP Preheat
h t
• Optimal Reflux Ratio
• Use of Murphree Efficiency
• Multiple Feeds, Side Streams, and Open Steam
Condenser Type
Total condenser Partial condenser Mixed condenser
- Partial condenser: liquid reflux and vapor distillate are at

equilibrium in the reflux drum  In the McCabe-Thiele method,
the partial condenser becomes the first equilibrium stage
- Mixed condenser: can provide both vapor and liquid distillates
Subcooled Reflux
• If the condenser outlet pressure is lower
th th
than the ttop ttray pressure off th
the column,
l
the reflux is subcooled
• When subcooled reflux enters the top tray tray,
its temperature rises and causes vapor L
entering the tray to condense
• The latent enthalpy of condensation of the
vapor provides the sensible enthalpy to
heat the subcooled reflux to the bubble
point
R ' H vap  RC PL Tsubcooling
b li
Rinteranl  R  R '
 C PL Tsubcooling  The McCabe-Thiele
McCabe Thiele
Rinternal  R1  construction should be based
 H vap
 on the internal reflux ratio
Reboiler Type
Kettle-type reboiler Kettle reboilers are common
Equivalent to one
equilibrium stage
Vertical thermosyphon-type reboiler

Bottom-trayy Thermosyphon reboilers are
downcomer
favored for
(1) Thermally sensitive
bottom product compounds
Bottom (2) High bottom pressure
sump
(3) Only small T available
for heat transfer
(4) Heavy fouling
Condenser and Reboiler Duties (1)
• Energy balance for the entire distillation column
FhF  QR  DhD  BhB  QC  Qloss

V
• Total condenser
QC  V H vap  ( L  D)H vap  D( R  1)H vap
• Partial
P ti l condenser
d
QC  LH vap  DRH vap L
• Partial reboiler
QR  V H vap  BVB H vap
Condenser and Reboiler Duties (2)
• For bubble-point liquid feed and total condenser L VV  V
F
BVB = L + D = D(R + 1) QC  D( R  1)H vap

L LL  F V
QR  QC QR  BVB H vap
L V V V  VF
• For partially vaporized feed and total condenser F VF
LF
 VF  QC  V H vap
L  LL  LF V
QR = QC 1 - 
 D(R + 1)  QR  V H vapp  (V  VF )H vapp
• Saturated steam rate for the reboiler

m s  M s QR / H svap
• Cooling water rate for the condenser

mcw  QC / C PH O (Tout  Tin )
2
Feed Preheat
• (Feed pressure) > (pressure in the column at the feed-tray)
• Deviation of feed temperature from column temperature at
the feed location: second-law efficiency 
• It is usually best to avoid a subcooled liquid or superheated
vapor feed
• The cost of reboiler steam is usually an order of magnitude
higher than the cost of cooling water
 The feed is preheated and
partially vaporized to reduce QR
i comparison
in i tto QC
 VF 
QR  QC 1  
 D ( R  1) 
Optimal Reflux Ratio
• (minimum reflux) < (reflux in industrial distillation) < (total reflux)

• When reflux ratio is increased from minimum value
- Number of plates 
- Column diameter 
- Requirement of reboiler
steam and condenser
cooling water 
• The total annual cost is

dominated by the steam
cost except at the
minimum reflux condition
Use of Murphree Efficiency
• Concentration changes for a given stage are usually less than
predicted by equilibrium
• Murphree efficiency: (the change in actual composition in the
phase) / (the change predicted by equilibrium)
yn  yn  1 Efficiency Efficiency x n  xn 1
E MV  * E ML  *
yn  yn  1 based on based on x n  xn 1
vapor liquid
phase phase
yn
xn-1
Tray n
xn
yn+1
Multiple Feeds, Side Streams, and
Open Steam (1)
• Two feeds
(saturated liquid & saturated vapor)
V   V  F1 L  L  F2  L  F2
Multiple Feeds, Side Streams, and
Open Steam (2)
• One feed, one side stream • Use of open steam
(
(saturated
d liliquid)
id) ( th th
(rather than a reboiler)
b il )
Open steam can be used if one of the

V V L  L  LS components is water, or if water can
form a second liquid phase
[Example] One Feed, One Side
Stream (Saturated Liquid)
Operating lines in the rectifying section
Vn1 yn1  Ln x x  Dx D
Vs  2 ys  2  Ls1 x s 1  Ls x s  Dx D
L D L L x  Dx D
y  x  xD y x s s
V V V V
Intersection of
the operating
lines
( L  L) x  Ls x s
L  L  Ls
x  xs

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Lecture 12.

Binary Distillation (2)

Total condenser Partial condenser Mixed condenser

- Partial condenser: liquid reflux and vapor distillate are at

Vertical thermosyphon-type reboiler

FhF  QR  DhD  BhB  QC  Qloss

QC  V H vap  ( L  D)H vap  D( R  1)H vap

BVB = L + D = D(R + 1) QC  D( R  1)H vap

• For partially vaporized feed and total condenser F VF

• Saturated steam rate for the reboiler

• Cooling water rate for the condenser

• (minimum reflux) < (reflux in industrial distillation) < (total reflux)

• The total annual cost is

Open steam can be used if one of the

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