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    Sedimentation Sedimentation: Operasi Teknik Kimia I Institut Teknologi Indonesia

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    Novadeha
    The document discusses sedimentation, which is a process used in water treatment to separate solid particles from water using gravity. It operates by removing particles and pathogens, and dissolved chemicals. There are different types of sedimentation including discrete settling, flocculant settling, hindered settling, and compression. Key factors that determine sedimentation rates include particle size and density, fluid density and viscosity, and gravitational acceleration. Sedimentation is often used after coagulation and flocculation in water treatment to separate flocs from water before disinfection or filtration. Typical sedimentation tank configurations include rectangular and circular clarifiers.

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    Sedimentation Sedimentation: Operasi Teknik Kimia I Institut Teknologi Indonesia

    Uploaded by

    Novadeha
    53 views31 pages
    The document discusses sedimentation, which is a process used in water treatment to separate solid particles from water using gravity. It operates by removing particles and pathogens, and dissolved chemicals. There are different types of sedimentation including discrete settling, flocculant settling, hindered settling, and compression. Key factors that determine sedimentation rates include particle size and density, fluid density and viscosity, and gravitational acceleration. Sedimentation is often used after coagulation and flocculation in water treatment to separate flocs from water before disinfection or filtration. Typical sedimentation tank configurations include rectangular and circular clarifiers.

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    Sedimentasi

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    The document discusses sedimentation, which is a process used in water treatment to separate solid particles from water using gravity. It operates by removing particles and pathogens, and dissolved chemicals. There are different types of sedimentation including discrete settling, flocculant settling, hindered settling, and compression. Key factors that determine sedimentation rates include particle size and density, fluid density and viscosity, and gravitational acceleration. Sedimentation is often used after coagulation and flocculation in water treatment to separate flocs from water before disinfection or filtration. Typical sedimentation tank configurations include rectangular and circular clarifiers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    53 views31 pages

    Sedimentation Sedimentation: Operasi Teknik Kimia I Institut Teknologi Indonesia

    Uploaded by

    Novadeha
    The document discusses sedimentation, which is a process used in water treatment to separate solid particles from water using gravity. It operates by removing particles and pathogens, and dissolved chemicals. There are different types of sedimentation including discrete settling, flocculant settling, hindered settling, and compression. Key factors that determine sedimentation rates include particle size and density, fluid density and viscosity, and gravitational acceleration. Sedimentation is often used after coagulation and flocculation in water treatment to separate flocs from water before disinfection or filtration. Typical sedimentation tank configurations include rectangular and circular clarifiers.

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    of 31

    Sedimentation

    Operasi Teknik Kimia I


    Institut Teknologi Indonesia
    Where are we?
     Unit processes* designed to
    ◦ remove _________________________
    Particles and pathogens
    ◦ remove __________ ___________
    dissolved chemicals

    ◦ inactivate ____________
    pathogens

     *Unit process: a process that is used in similar


    ways in many different applications
     Unit Processes Designed to Remove Particulate
    Matter
    ◦ Screening
    Empirical design
    ◦ Coagulation/flocculation
    ◦ Sedimentation Theories developed later

    ◦ Filtration
    Sedimentation
     the oldest form of water treatment
     uses gravity to separate particles from
    water
     often follows coagulation and flocculation
    Sedimentation: Effect of the particle
    concentration

     Dilute suspensions
    ◦ Particles act independently
     Concentrated suspensions
    ◦ Particle-particle interactions are significant
    ◦ Particles may collide and stick together
    (form flocs)
    ◦ Particle flocs may settle more quickly
    ◦ At very high concentrations particle-particle
    forces may prevent further consolidation
    Types of Settling
    Four types of sedimentation:
     Discrete settling (pengendapan partikel diskrit,
    partikel mengendap secara individual dan tidak ada
    interaksi antar-partikel)
     Flocculant settling (pengendapan partikel
    flokulen, terjadi interaksi antar-partikel sehingga ukuran
    meningkat dan kecepatan pengendapan bertambah)
     Hindered settling (pengendapan pada lumpur
    biologis, dimana gaya antarpartikel saling
    menahan partikel lainnya untuk mengendap)
     Compression (terjadi pemampatan partikel yang
    telah mengendap yang terjadi karena berat
    partikel)
    Examples of Settling Types

    Discrete Flocculant Hindered


    Type I settling
    During settling, a particle will accelerate until the drag force, FD,
    equals the impelling force, F1

     V s2  Identify forces
    F1   s   gV F D  C D Ac  
     2

     Fb
     
    FD
      Vs2    
     s   gV  C D Ac    V   d 3 ; Ac   d 2
    6 4
     2 

     s   
    Vs 
    4g
     d ; Vs 
    4g
    S g  1d  F  ma
    3C D    3C D
    F1  W  Fb
    W
    CD (drag force) :depend on whether the flow regime around the particle is
    laminar or turbulent or function of NRe
    V d V S d
    N Re  S 
     
    V S d VS d
    N Re  
     
    Drag Coefficient on a Sphere
    Vs 

    d 2g  p   
    18
    1000
    Stokes Law
    Drag Coefficient

    100

    10

    0.1

    24
    Cd 
    Re Reynolds Number
    turbulent
    laminar turbulent boundary
    • NRe < 1 : laminar flow; CD = 24/NRe
    g
    VS 
    18
     s   d 2 Stokes equation

    24 3
    • 1< NRe < 104 : transition flow; CD    0. 34
    N Re N Re

    •NRe > 104 : turbulent flow; CD=0.4

    VS  3.3 g S g  1d Newton equation


    Sedimentation Rate
     VS = particle settling velocity (m/s or ft/s)
     p = particle density (kg/m3 or lbm/ft3)
      = fluid density (kg/m3 or lbm/ft3)
     d = particle diameter (m or ft)
     g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2 or 32.2 ft/s2)
     μ = dynamic viscosity (kg/m·s or lbm/ft·s)
    Metode Grafis
    *Bila diketahui Sg dan
    diameternya pada
    temperatur 10oC.
    Contoh Soal:

    Stokes
    Applications
     Stoke’s Law can be used to determine the
    surface area of a settling tank
    Set the critical velocity equal to the settling
    velocity of the smallest particle
    The overflow rate is equal to the flow rate
    into the tank divided by the surface area
    Setting the overflow rate equal to the critical
    settling velocity allows time to capture
    smallest particles of interest
    Applications

    Q
    OFR  vc 
    A
     OFR = over flow rate (m/s or ft/s )
     vc = critical settling velocity (m/s or ft/s)
     Q = the flow rate into the basin (m3/s or ft3/s)
     A = the surface area of the basin (m2 or ft2)
     t＝V/Q＝(L×W×H)/Q for rectangular settling basin
     Circular basin
    dh vo Q dh 2 rHv0 2 Hv0
     ; v ;  dh rdr
    dr v 2 rH dr Q Q

    H 2 Hv0 ro Q Q
    0 dh  Q r1 rdr  vo 
    2
     ro  r12
    
    Ap
    Typical surface water
    treatment process
    Typical water treatment
    process with lime softening
    Solid- liquid separation in water treatment

    Typical layout of a water treatment plant


    Sedimentation Tank Configrations

     Rectangular Clarifiers
    • Most common

     Circular Clarifiers
    • Center feed
    • Peripheral feed

     Flocculator Clarifiers
    Chemical addition

    Coagulant mixing
    Clear Clear water surge
    & Flocculation
    water
    out

    Sludge
    Zone

    Impeller

    Sludge Wash Sedimentation Tank


    out Overiew

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