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    Flow Past Immersed Objects: Drag and Drag Coefficients

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    Yulia T Rahkadima
    1) Drag and drag coefficients are used to describe the force exerted by fluid on immersed objects. Drag coefficient depends on the object's shape and particle Reynolds number. 2) For low Reynolds numbers, drag follows Stokes' law. For high Reynolds numbers above 3x105, the boundary layer becomes turbulent. 3) Pressure drop in packed beds depends on particle properties, void fraction, and Reynolds number. It can be described by equations like Kozeny-Carman or Ergun. 4) Terminal velocity is reached when gravitational/buoyancy forces equal drag forces, and can be estimated using Stokes' law or Newton's law depending on Reynolds number.

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    Flow Past Immersed Objects: Drag and Drag Coefficients

    Uploaded by

    Yulia T Rahkadima
    12 views11 pages
    1) Drag and drag coefficients are used to describe the force exerted by fluid on immersed objects. Drag coefficient depends on the object's shape and particle Reynolds number. 2) For low Reynolds numbers, drag follows Stokes' law. For high Reynolds numbers above 3x105, the boundary layer becomes turbulent. 3) Pressure drop in packed beds depends on particle properties, void fraction, and Reynolds number. It can be described by equations like Kozeny-Carman or Ergun. 4) Terminal velocity is reached when gravitational/buoyancy forces equal drag forces, and can be estimated using Stokes' law or Newton's law depending on Reynolds number.

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    FLOW IMMERSED OBJECT.pptx

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    1) Drag and drag coefficients are used to describe the force exerted by fluid on immersed objects. Drag coefficient depends on the object's shape and particle Reynolds number. 2) For low Reynolds numbers, drag follows Stokes' law. For high Reynolds numbers above 3x105, the boundary layer becomes turbulent. 3) Pressure drop in packed beds depends on particle properties, void fraction, and Reynolds number. It can be described by equations like Kozeny-Carman or Ergun. 4) Terminal velocity is reached when gravitational/buoyancy forces equal drag forces, and can be estimated using Stokes' law or Newton's law depending on Reynolds number.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    12 views11 pages

    Flow Past Immersed Objects: Drag and Drag Coefficients

    Uploaded by

    Yulia T Rahkadima
    1) Drag and drag coefficients are used to describe the force exerted by fluid on immersed objects. Drag coefficient depends on the object's shape and particle Reynolds number. 2) For low Reynolds numbers, drag follows Stokes' law. For high Reynolds numbers above 3x105, the boundary layer becomes turbulent. 3) Pressure drop in packed beds depends on particle properties, void fraction, and Reynolds number. It can be described by equations like Kozeny-Carman or Ergun. 4) Terminal velocity is reached when gravitational/buoyancy forces equal drag forces, and can be estimated using Stokes' law or Newton's law depending on Reynolds number.

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    Unit Operations Flow Past Immersed Objects

    Flow Past Immersed Objects


    Drag and Drag Coefficients
    * Drag
    : The force in the direction of flow exerted by the fluid on the solid

    . wall drag: drag from wall shear


    . form drag: “ pressure

    * Drag coefficient, CD
    for immersed solids
    cf.) friction factor, f
    for flow
    through conduits
    FD: total drag
    C D  FD / Ap
    u02 / 2 Ap: projected area
    approaching velocity
    cf.) f  w
    V 2 / 2
    Unit Operations Flow Past Immersed Objects

    Particle Reynolds number (Re for a particle in a fluid):

    Re p  Dp u0

    Dp: characteristic length ( particle diameter)

    * Drag coefficient of typical shapes

    CD vs. Rep
    for spheres, disks
    and cylinders
    Unit Operations Flow Past Immersed Objects

    . For low Re (Rep << 1)


    € Creeping flow

    FD  3   u 0 for a sphere (Stokes’ law)


    Dp
    24
    CD 
    Re p

    . For Rep > 20


    € Separation occurs

    . For high Re (103 < Rep < 3×105)


    laminar flow in boundary layer (Rep=105)
    € CD  0.40  0.45

    Front boundary layer is still laminar


    . For high Re (Rep > 3×105)

    € CD  0.10
    turbulent flow in boundary layer (Rep=3×105)
    Front boundary layer becomes turbulent
    (B: stagnation pt., C: separation pt.)
    cf.) Rep= 3×105 : critical Reynolds number for drag
    Unit Operations Flow Past Immersed Objects

    . CD vs. Rep for a cylinder


    € similar to that for a sphere, but CD is not exactly proportional to Rep-1
    . CD vs. Rep for a disk
    € does not show CD drop at Rep, crit (“bluff body”)
    CD for a disk is nearly 1 at Rep > 2,000.

    * Form drag and streamlining


    Minimizing the from drag
    € streamlined body (ex.,
    airfoil)

    Pressure at stagnation
    point, ps : 2

    € by Bernoulli equation (from A to B)


    p s  p0 u 0 2
     B: stagnation point
    u0: velocity of undisturbed fluid
    p0: pressure in undisturbed fluid
    Unit Operations Flow Past Immersed Objects

    Flow through Beds of Solids

    : filtration, flow of liquid and gas through packed towers, ion-exchange reactor,
    catalytic reactor)

    “actual channels” “uniform circular channels”


    (irregular, tortuous channels)

    So n channels
    cross-sectional channel length L
    area of the
    bed

    Dp Deq
    particle diameter equivalent channel diameter
    Unit Operations Flow Past Immersed Objects

    Surface-volume ratio for particles

    s p  4 R p 2   D p 2
    sp 6 4 
    For spheres, 
    3 3
    vp Dp v p   Rp  Dp
    3 6

    sp 6 6 / Dp
    For other spheres,  or s 
    vp s Dp sp / vp

    sphericity

    Porosity , or void fraction:

    particle volume fraction in the bed: 1  


    6
    Total surface area: n Deq L  S0 L (1  
    )  s Dp
    total particle volume

    Void volume in the bed: 1


    S0 L  4 n Deq 2 L
    Unit Operations Flow Past Immersed Objects

    Combining the above two equations,

    2 
    Deq  3 s D p 1 

    ex.)   0.4, Deq  0.44s D p
    1
     Deq  2 Dp

    superficial (or empty-tower) velocity


    Average velocity in the channels: V0
    V 

    321V0 (1   )
    . Pressure drop at low Re p( < 1) : p L 32V  4 2 2
    2
    D2  s D p  2
    9
    1 : correction factor
    Hagen-Poiseuille equation “channels are tortuous”
    (1  2.1)
    p 150V0 (1   )2 : Kozeny-Carman equation
    L 
    s 2 Dp 2  3

    p
    Darcy’s law 를 따름 ( q   )
    Unit Operations Flow Past Immersed Objects

    . Pressure drop at high Rep ( > 1000) :

    p 1.75V02 (1  : Burke-Plummer equation


    L 
    ) s Dp 3

    An equation covering the entire range of the flow rates

    Viscous losses & kinetic energy losses are additive.

    p 150V0 (1   )2 1.75V02 (1   ) --- Eq. (7.22)


    L  2 2 3

    s Dp  s Dp 3

    : Ergun equation
    Unit Operations Flow Past Immersed Objects

    * Terminal velocity

    2g(  p   )
    ut 
    m Ap  p C D

    Motion of spherical particles

    1 1
    m  6  Dp 3  p Ap  4  D p 2

    4g ( p   )D p
     ut 
    3CD 
    Unit Operations Flow Past Immersed Objects

    At low Rep ( << 1 ) € Stokes’ law range

    24
    CD  FD  3  ut D p
    Re p

    gD p 2 ( p 
    Stokes’ law --- Eq. (7.40)
    )
    ut 
    18
    For 1,000 < Rep < 200,000 € Newton’s law range

    CD  0.44 FD  0.055 D p 2ut 2



    g ( p   )D p
    ut  1.75 Newton’s law --- Eq. (7.43)

    Unit Operations Flow Past Immersed Objects

    * Settling and rise of bubbles and drops

    Drops of liquid or bubbles of gas


    € change their shapes
    Form drag € flattens drops
    Surface tension €
    keeps spherical shapes
    Drop size ↓ €
    surface energy per
    volume ↑
    but not or
    Drop exactly the< same.
    bubble 7)
    0.5 mm € nearly
    (Q circulation of fluid inside a drop)
    spherical
    € Total drag is somewhat less than
     CD & ut are about
    the sameaasrigid sphere
    solid sphere,
    Rise velocity of air bubbles in water
    Large drops become flattened ellipsoids
    or may oscillate from oblate to prolate
    form.
    Drops larger than about 10 mm in diameter usually break apart.

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