Rocks and minerals may be classified according to their characteristics such as, texture, color, luster,

streak, hardness, specific gravity, cleavage, and shape

Color-It is the most observable characteristic of work

Luster: it describes the way light reflects off a surface of a mineral. Silver and gold possess a metallic
luster that makes these very shiny, while non – metallic are dull.

Streaks: it refers to the color of a thin layer powdered mineral. It is obtained by rubbing a mineral
against a hard surface such as porcelain or unglazed tile.

Cleavage: it is the property of minerals that refers to how they break. A mineral has good cleavage if
it breaks along irregular surface.

Hardness: the hardness of a mineral is measured by how it scratches a softer object or how a harder
object scratches it.

1.Sandstone is used to build buildings.

2.Marble is used for monuments, buildings floor, counter tops, and kitchen items.

3.Limestone is used to decorative trims, buildings, monuments park bench.

4.Granite is used for monuments, buildings, grave markers.

Minerals - are substances that occur naturally and have an exact chemical composition or structure.

>Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling of volcanic materials such as magma or lava.

>Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments or fragments of rocks, minerals, plant and animal
materials, igneous, or sedimentary rocks.

 Metamorphic rocks are formed due to changes in temperature, pressure, and chemical
composition that happen to either igneous or sedimentary rocks.

Crystallization is the process by which a substance assumes the form and structure of a crystal, or
becomes crystallized, as it solidifies. There are also minerals that can be formed through evaporation
of seawater. As the water slowly evaporates, it leaves mineral deposits in the form of crystals.

Rocks are considered important to humans. Sedimentary rocks are known to contain fossils.
Geologist and archeologist use these fossils to identify and learn about the characteristics and
structure of plants and animals that existed in the past.

A geologist is a scientist who studies the solid, liquid, and gaseous matter that constitutes
the Earth and other terrestrial planets, as well as the processes that shape them. 

Archaeologist=a person who studies human history and prehistory through the
excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains.
Sedimentary rocks can be sources of crude oil when heat, pressure, and other organisms act on
them. This oil provides gasoline, diesel, petroleum, and kerosene that are used to operate machines
and industries.

. Gems are used for aesthetic purposes. People sometimes use earrings, rings, and bracelets with
gems as jewelry and fashion accessories.
Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks into sediments. Mechanical weathering occurs
when rocks break down into smaller pieces due to physical forces, such as water and temperature,
without changing the mineral compositions of the rocks

Rocks exposed to the intense heat of the sun crack and crumble when rain falls and soak into the
ground. In temperate regions, the water that accumulates in the cracks or crevices of rocks
alternately contract and expands as the temperature in the air changes. The expansion is brought
about by the freezing temperature

Chemical weathering happens when rocks break down due to reaction

with water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and organic acids. This process
forms new substances from the minerals of rocks.

Identify the change happening in each situation. Write PW for physical weathering and CW for
chemical weathering.
___1. A boulder of shore is slowly broken apart by the force of water.
___2. Earthworm make tunnels in the ground which may lead to the breakdown of stones and rocks.
___3. Some plants release chemicals which loosen the rocks and cause them to break.
___4. Water inside the rocks freezes and melts again.
___5. The chemical composition of rocks changes when acid is produced by the roots of some plants.

Soil erosion is the moving or carrying away of soil from one place to another.
>is a continuous process that gradually change the natural environment overtime.

Plants grow healthy in loam soil because it contain humus and it does not erode easily. But not all
areas in our community has loam soil. How would you make plants grow healthy in sandy soil?
Answer: Add humus in the top soil and use organic fertilizer.

Unscramble the letters to identify the words being described which are associated with the Earth’s
surface.
____1. RSOCK A natural solid material which is usually made up of one or more minerals
___2.ALSMINER These are what rocks made up of
____3. WTEAHRENGI Breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces
____4. OILS Tiny pieces of rocks which are combined with water and remains of animals and plants.
____5. EODER Move away or carry away
What are the ways to prevent soil erosion?
1. Contour Plowing- it is the process done by farmers in making furrows, following the shape of the
slope of the hill.
2. Soil Tilling- the farmers till the land once or twice a year only to make the soil more fertile and
good for planting.
3. Terracing- one of the most famous terraces in the world is the Banaue Rice Terraces. It is one of
the eight wonders of the world.
4. Strip cropping- it is a process of growing tall and short crops in alternate strips to break the wind.
5. Crop Rotation- is a farming practice where crops planted are different every planting season. In
this way, the soil nutrients are being replenished.
6. Planting Vegetation
7.Reforestation- the process of replanting an area with trees

Weather > the day to day or time to time condition of the atmosphere in certain area.
> It affects our daily activities.
> The weather is fine when the sky is bright, sunny, with few clouds, and no rain; it is fair
when there are clouds and rain may occur in isolated patches,
> Climate is the total weather conditions in a region over a longer period of time. The weather at a
certain place such a Manila may be cold and have a warm, dry, sunny climate. Climate is the
combination of temperature, moisture, wind and sunshine at place over a period of years. The study
of climate is called climatology and scientist is known as a climatologist.

Write W if the statement describes the weather and C if it describes the climate.
___1. It happens at a very short period of time-even only for a day.
___2. It occurs for a long period of time.
___3. It is the average weather in a place over many years.
___4. It varies from day to day and from one place to another.
___5. Is the combination of temperature, moisture, wind and sunshine at a place over a period of
years.

Type of Weather Disturbances

Storm- is a violent disturbance in atmosphere marked by sudden changes in air pressure and rapid
air movements.
Thunderstorm – is a localized storm cloud that produces thunder and lightning.
It is one of the most common types of weather disturbances that is experienced in the country.
Hurricane - is a tropical storm with sustained winds of at least 120km/hr.
> considered the most violent storms on Earth, have several names depending on the location
where they are formed.

Tropical cyclones are areas of low pressure that contains rising warm air.
Classification of tropical cyclone according to maximum speed:
1. Tropical depression- has maximum sustained wind speed of less than 63 kph. When it
gains speed, it becomes a storm and eventually a typhoon.
2. Tropical storm- has maximum sustained wind speed which ranges from 63 to 118 kph.

3. Typhoon- has a wind speed greater than 118 kph

Weather- the condition of the atmosphere at a certain time and place.

Habagat- Wind that comes from the Southwest Area
Amihan- wind that comes from the northeast area
Atmosphere- it includes all the gases on Earth

Typhoon signals are raised when wind speed is very strong. Wind strength determines typhoon
signals. Philippines Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
is a government agency that issue warnings to people.

Typhoon Signal Meaning

Number 1
Weather disturbance is within the Philippine Area of Responsibility. Winds are up to 60 km
per hour may be expected in the locality within the next 36 hours.
Classes are suspended in the nursery, kindergarten and pre – school levels.

Number 2

Weather disturbance is affecting the locality. Winds of 60 to 100 km per hour are expected
within the next 24 hours. Houses of light materials should be strengthened.
Classes in elementary and secondary levels are automatically suspended.

Number 3
Weather disturbances are dangerous to the locality. Winds of more than 100 km per hour
are expected within the next 12 to 18 hours. Classes are suspended in all levels and people are
advised to stay indoors. Seas will be very rough

Storm Signal Number 4

A very intense typhoon will affect the locality. Very strong winds of more than 185 kph may
be expected in at least 12 hours.

Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere.

Precipitation is the product of a rapid condensation process (if this process is slow, it only
causes cloudy skies). It may include snow, hail, sleet, drizzle and rain.

Atmospheric pressure (or air pressure) is the weight of air

resting on the earth's surface. Pressure is shown on a weather map, often with lines called isobars.
Wind is the movement of air masses, especially on the Earth's surface.

Rain Gauge= a device for measuring the amount of rain which falls.

Moon is the nearest earth’s neighbor in space. As it orbits the earth, the Moon seems to change
shape and disappear. It is due to the part that is light by the sun as it goes around. The lighted part
of the moon is called the
moon’s phase.
Moon is the nearest earth’s neighbor in space. As it orbits the earth, the Moon seems to change
shape and disappear. It is due to the part that is light by the sun as it goes around. The lighted part
of the moon is called the
moon’s phase.

Phases of the Moon

1. New Moon – the unlighted side of the moon faces the earth that
makes it invisible when viewed from the earth. The moon and the sun are aligned on the same side
of the earth.
2.Crescent Moon – after one or two days, small edge of the moon is
lighted.
First Quarter Moon – after a week, half of the moon is lighted.
Gibbous Moon - After a few days, we see more than half of the moon lighted.
Full Moon - After one week, the whole side of the moon facing the earth becomes lighted. This
happens when the earth is between the sun and the moon.

The moon completes one revolution around earth in about 28 days or almost a month.

Neil Armstrong- first man who walks in the moon. (Apollo 11)

If the moon started its orbit from a spot exactly between Earth and Sun, it would return to almost
the same spot in 29 ½ days. During this period, the moon has changed from one new moon phase to
the next new moon phase. This period is called a SYNODIC MONTH.
If the moon started its orbit around the Earth from a spot in line with a certain star, it will return to
that same spot in about 27 ½ days. This is called a SIDEREAL MONTH.