IEC 62478

A Prospective Standard for

Acoustic and Electromagnetic
Partial Discharge Measurements

Michael Muhr
Univ.-Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr.techn. Dr.h.c.

Institute of High Voltage Engineering and System Management

University of Technology Graz
 IEC 62478

Partial Discharge (PD) Measurement

Sensitive nondestructive method

as important diagnostic tool
for evaluation of the insulation condition
PD-defect

Location and Detection

Electrical Non electrical methods

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

Partial Discharge Measurement

Macroscopic-Physical
Detection Methods
Effects
Optical Effects
Optical
HV (Light) Acoustic
Pressure Wave
Mechanical Opto-acoustic
(Sound)

Discharge Effects
Dielectric Losses
Electrical IEC 60270
High Frequency
Waves
HF/VHF/UHF

Chemical Effects Chemical

Heat

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

PD-Detection Methods IEC 60270

• Conventional electrical measurement
- Integration at frequency domain
Narrow-band
Wide-band
- Integration at time domain
ZFilter Test Coupling HV
object capacitor measure

PD
Pulse

PD-System
HV-Source
Quadripole
Measuring impedance

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

PD-Detection Methods
• Electrical measurements with high frequencies
- HF / VHF method – 3 MHz to 300 MHz
- UHF method – 300 MHz to 3 GHz
• Acoustic measurements – 10 kHz to 300 kHz
• Optical measurements – ultraviolet – visible – infrared range
• Chemical measurements

HV Acoustic
- Chemical - Optical
PD

Directional
microphone

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

Optical – PD-Measurement

Light produced
Eye during the discharge Optical sensor

Low-light
Fiber-optic cable
enhancer

Infrared camera Coronascope

Optical detection and localisation

Outside accessible: Outside not accessible:

- Eye - Fibre-optic cable
- Low-light amplifier - Collimator
- Coronascope - Photodiodes

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

PD – Optical Detection

Peak
Rd Lens
M Voltage supply Optical fibre
CC
LWL
Signal-
ST PR conversion Medium oil
W optical Observation area
system
VP
Optical fibre with lens

Peak conventional
opt. fibre
IEC 270 Oscilloscope,
PC
ADU
fluorescent
opt. fibre

Measuring circuit after IEC 60270 Plate

and optical measuring system
Fluorescent optical fibre

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

Optical – PD-Detection in GIS

Photomultiplier

340 450 560 670 780 nm

I/U
Emission spectrum of
corona discharges in SF6
SF6

Conv. ADU
PD Detector
Oscilloscope

Test arrangement for optical PD-measurement

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

Chemical – PD-Measurement

Arc Partial discharge

Higher temperatures fluoric compounds

(Fluoride)
Sulfur-compounds
SF6 decomposition (Sulfate, Sulfide)
Sulfur- fluoric-
compounds

Sensors and analyser

- H2 Sensor
- DGA (Gas in oil analysis)
- Ozone analysis
- Gas Analysis

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

Chemical – PD-Measurement

CC2 HH2 CH
CH4 4 CC2 HH4
Fehlerart
Fehlerart
2 2 2 4
CC2 HH4 HH2 CC2 HH6
2 4 2 2 6
PD
PD -- <0,1
<0,1 <0,2
<0,2
D1
D1 >1
>1 0,1
0,1––0,5
0,5 >1
>1
D2
D2 0,6
0,6––2,5
2,5 0,1
0,1––11 >2
>2
T1
T1 -- >1
>1 <1
<1
T2
T2 <0,1
<0,1 >1
>1 11––44
T3
T3 <0,2
<0,2 >1
>1 >>44

IEC DGA Gas ratio values

• PD partial discharges • T1 temperatures T < 300° C

• D1 discharges with low energy • T2 temperatures 300° C < T < 700° C
• D2 discharges with high energy • T3 temperatures T > 700° C

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

HF / VHF – PD-Measurement
HF / VHF – Partial Discharge Detection

• Frequency range 3 MHz to 300 MHz

- HF 3 – 30 MHz
- VHF 30 – 300 MHz
• Measuring systems
- Narrow-band, band width < 2 MHz
- Wide-band, band width > 50 MHz

• Sensors
- Capacitive, inductive, electromagnetic

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

HF / VHF – PD-Measurement
Rogowski coil

Rogowski coil

PD Analyser

Measuring for HF – PD-detection on machines, VHF – PD-coupler,

Split ring Rogowski coil

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

HF / VHF – PD-Measurement

2 3
direct. coupling direct. coupling
A B C D

impulse signal at coupling output

source / - No. A B C D

joint /1 – X X –
left cable / 2 X – X –
right cable / 3 – X – X

Principle of the coupler sensor

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

HF / VHF – PD-Signal Damping

Damping effects:
- Geometric proportions
- Discontinuities
- Impulse form B
LDP-5 A

- Refraction
- Reflection C-Sensor

- Frequency
- Material

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

UHF – PD-Measurement
UHF – Partial Discharge Detection
• Transient electromagnetic waves
• Frequency range 300 MHz to 3 GHz
• Narrow band (~ 5 MHz)
• Wide band (~ 2 GHz)
• Propagation : - TM Wave (Transversal magnetic wave)
- TE Wave (Transversal electric wave)
- TEM Wave
• Not coupled to the conductor

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

UHF – PD-Measurement

Narrow band Wide band

PRPD
pattern

Spectrum amplifiers low-pass PD measuring

filter Peak detector instrument
analyser

UHF – PD-measurement

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

UHF – PD-Sensors

Detector
Dectector

Conductor Conductor

Cage Cage

- Mobile - Conventional
UHF-window UHF-sensors
sensor Disc sensor
Cone sensor

Field grading electrodes

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

Sensitivity Verification

UHF
measurement Signal 1

C1 C2

Defect

Impulses of
variable PG UHF
measurement Signal 2
amplitude
C1 C2

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

UHF – PD-Fault Location

L1
L2 1

Defect

Amplitude
2
Sensor 1 Sensor 2

Measuring Zeit
instrument Pre amplifier
Time delay
Schematic arrangement 1 ... Sensor 1
2 ... Sensor 2

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

UHF – PD-Signal Damping, Sensitivity

Damping effects:
- Frequency
- Geometries
- Conductor material
- Mode type
- Reflection and refraction

Sensivity:
- Facility configuration
- Failure location
- Location of the sensor Sensitivity of developed UHF-sensors

- Measurement equipment

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

Acoustic – PD-Measurement
Acoustic Partial Discharge Detection
- Acoustic signal as a result of the pressure wave produced by PD
- Frequency spectrum 10 Hz up to 300 kHz

SF6
Box

Air AE Sensor

Principle schematic to the acoustic PD-detection

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

Acoustic – PD-Sensors

- Piezo-electric (sound emission) - Condenser microphones

- Structure-born sound-resonance - Accelerometer
- Opto-acoustic-sensor

HV HV

PD Sensor PD
Signal

Time delay Directional

microphone
Time

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 IEC 62478

Acoustic – PD-Measurement

PD-Detector
AE Sensor

amplifier
Oscilloscope

Filter

A/D Converter

Acoustic – PD-detection system

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 IEC 62478

Acoustic – PD-Measurement
Damping effects:
- Equipment dispersion
- Construction
- Insulation structures
- Gas pressure
- Encapsulation material
- Absorption during a
medium to another
- Geometrical spreading
of the wave

Acoustic fingerprint of a overhead line conductor

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

Opto-Acoustic – PD-Measurement

Reference optical fibre coil

Laser
Beam
Beam Splitter
Splitter

Detector

Oil tank

Sensing optical High

fibre coil Voltage

PD-source

Experimental setup of the optical interferometric detection of PD

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

IEC TC42 WG 14
Content 1
- Scope
- Phenomena
• PD occurrence in discharging defects
• Frequency / time behaviour
• Specifies of HV-components
• Applicability for detection
- Normative References
- Definitions
- Sensors
• Types, parameters, positioning
- Location (time and frequency domain) vs measurement only

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

IEC TC42 WG 14
Content 2
- Transmission Aspects
A) UHF Aspects
• PD source, quantity E [V/m]
spectrum, filed mode, signal strength, magnitude, characteristic
impedance, velocity of medium, distance, activity
• Sensor-antenna, basic quantity [m]
type, bandwidth, position, receiving area, transfer impedance,
characteristics
• Reading quantity [V]
• Derived quantity
measuring equipment, bandwidth, center frequency, tuning

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

IEC TC42 WG 14
Content 3
B) HF / VHF Aspects
• PD source, quantity [V] or [A]
electric or magnetic signal, impedance, signal magnitude,
distance, activity
• Sensor – impedance [R, L, C]
type, bandwidth, position, dielectric attenuation, distortion,
polarity aspects
• Reading quantity [V, A]
• Derived quantity
measuring equipment, center frequency, tuning, bandwidth,
pulse resolution

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

IEC TC42 WG 14
Content 4
C) Acoustic Aspects
• Mechanical pressure, quantity [Pascal]
pressure waves, modes, acoustic impedance, delay,
propagation velocity, distance
• Sensor – impedance
piezo electric, composite material, optical, microphone,
directivity, position, coupling, bandwidth, linearity
• Reading quantity [V]
• Derived quantity
measuring equipment, pulse counter, pulse pattern

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

IEC TC42 WG 14
Content 5
- System Checks
Performance and sensitivity check
• UHF Aspects
performance check: functional check of the whole measuring
path including sensor and PD acquisition system
sensitivity check: emission of electromagnetic waves into test
objects, distance
• HF / VHF Aspects
performance check: sensor to sensor coupling in a specific
arrangement
sensitivity check: injection of field signal to test object, distance
• Acoustic Aspects
performance and sensitivity check: recommendation of acoustic
standards

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

IEC TC42 WG 14
Content 6
- pC Correlation
• HF / VHF / UHF – pulse generator injection to determine relation
between pC and measured quantities
• Acoustic: can not compared to pC without knowing the type of PD
source
- New quantities
• parameters linear with sensor output [mV]
• parameters quadratic with sensor output [mW]
• effective height [mm] – ratio between sensor output and incoming
electrical field
• Effective aperture [mm2] – ratio between maximum sensor output
power and power density of incoming electrical field
• sensor gain [dBi] – ratio between receiving power antenna and
receiving power of isotropic radiator

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

IEC TC42 WG 14
Content 7

EM – PD Source Sensor – Antenna

Basic Quantity Basic Quantity e.g.
Physical E [Volt / meter] [meter]
Generic
Aspect

Low Standard Deviation Reading

Mathematical Definition of Transfer Quantity
Term Characteristic [Volt]

Quantity [m Watt]
Quantity [Volt]
PD [pC] PD [pC] System Check
High Standard Deviation
Low Standard Deviation
Definition of Transfer Characteristic

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

IEC TC42 WG 14
Content 8
Non Standardization
- Applicable sensor
- Test and measuring configurations
- Interpretation – task of the component panels

M. Muhr
 IEC 62478

Thank You for Your Attention

M. Muhr