Communications Elect
Communications Elect
Communications Elect
1. This Air Force Qualification Training Package (AFQTP) has been developed to provide information
on Communications Electronics (C-E) systems likely to be encountered by senior NCOs as they assume C-E
management responsibilities.
2. Review Air Force publishing bulletins and AFIND 8 to identify available training materials.
3. Maintain this AFQTP IAW AFIs 36-2201 and 36-2233. Routine changes will be accomplished via
page changes and urgent changes will be disseminated via message. Submit recommended AFQTP
improvements/ corrections to the 81 TRSS Qualification Training Flight (81 TRSS/TSQS), 601 D Street,
Keesler AFB MS 39534-2229.
1 Atch
Handbook
PREFACE
NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS...................................................10
FIXED NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION SYSTEM - TACAN
INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM - ILS
VHF OMNI RANGE SYSTEM - VOR
VHF OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION SYSTEM -
VORTAC
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
FIXED BASE MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM - FBMLS
NON-DIRECTIONAL BEACONS - NDB
REMOTE STATUS INDICATORS
FLIGHT INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS
UNIQUE TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
POWER REQUIREMENTS
TACTICAL NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION SYSTEM - TACAN
TRN-45 MOBILE MICRO LANDING SYSTEM (MMLS) AFSOC
INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM - ILS
REMOTE STATUS INDICATORS
FLIGHT INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS
UNIQUE TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
POWER REQUIREMENTS
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM - GPS
IMPACT OF GPS ON ATCALS
NONPRECISION APPROACH CONTROL
PRECISION APPROACH/LANDING
STATUS AND PERFORMANCE MONITORING
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER OPERATIONS PROCEDURES
TIMING
NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM - NAS
NAS INTERFACE
NAS PLAN
METEOROLOGICAL SYSTEMS...........................................16
FIXED METEOROLOGICAL EQUIPMENT
AN/GMQ-11/20
AN/FMN-1/1A RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE COMPUTING SET
AN/GMQ-32 TRANSMISSIOMTER
RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE SYSTEM - RVR-400
SYSTEM UPGRADE, RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE - SURVR
AN/FMQ-8 TEMPERATURE AND DEW POINT MEASURING SET
AN/FMQ-13 SURFACE WIND MEASURING SET
AN/GMQ-34 (CT-12K) LASER CEILOMETER
ML-658/GM DIGITAL BAROMETER/ALTIMETER SETTING INDICATOR
- DBASI
ML-563/UM BAROGRAPH
LIGHTNING DETECTION SYSTEM
LOCAL WEATHER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM - LWDS
TACTICAL METEOROLOGICAL EQUIPMENT
THE AN/GMQ-34
TACTICAL METEOROLOGICAL (TACMET)
AN/TMQ-34 TACTICAL METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVING SET (TMOS)
AN/GMQ-30 DIGITAL WIND MEASURING SET
AN/TMQ-36 TACTICAL WIND MEASURING SET
AN/TMQ-43, SMALL TACTICAL TERMINAL (STT)
AN/GMQ-33 TACTICAL LASER CLOUD HEIGHT SET
TRANSPORTABLE AUTOMATED WEATHER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM -
TAWDS
TACTICAL WEATHER ANALYSIS CENTRAL - TWAC AND TACTICAL
AIR
BASE WEATHER STATION - TABWS
BATTLEFIELD WEATHER OBSERVATION AND FORECAST SYSTEMS -
BWOFS
WEATHER FACSIMILE AND TELETYPE HF RECORDING SYSTEM
iii
ACRONYMS.........................................................135
RADAR SYSTEMS
The Air Force will replace existing ASR systems with a new Digital ASR
(DASR) beginning in FY99. The DASR includes the functionality of the
secondary surveillance radar and, therefore, will replace both the ASR
and AN/TPX-42 Interrogator Set. Currently, funding is available to
procure 20 DASRs for CONUS installation. The Air Force Flight
Standards Agency (AFFSA) is working to secure additional funds through
the POM process to replace all Air Force ASRs (GPN-12s and 20s)
worldwide.
Moving Target Indicator - MTI: The MTI uses primary radar returns
which have been processed to compare range and azimuth information on a
pulse-to-pulse basis and eliminate all fixed ground returns. As a
result, only moving targets are displayed on the respective system
indicators.
Video Map Generator, Model 102-G/12: The Video Map Generator (VMG)
produces high accurate digital video maps for use with military and
civilian analog radar Plan Position Indicator (PPI) displays. Video
maps are overlaid onto the PPI displays as video signals and can be
adapted to short and long range radar. A 19-inch rack mounted unit,
the VMG connects directly to the analog PPI display. Digital map
information representing geographical data, air routes, graphics,
beacon, and NAVAID positions are stored on memory card modules in the
VMG. Each VMG can contain up to 10 reprogrammable, nonvolatile memory
module cards. Each memory card represents an overlay map layer which
can be displayed on the radar PPI display. Data for overlay maps is
generated off-line on a commercial desktop 80386 PC (normally furnished
by the customer) and stored on a hard disk. Floppy disks can also be
used for storage of map data and for modification of data. The map
information is transferred from the PC to each memory module card via a
map memory burner unit (part of the hardware set). The VMG model 102-
G/12 can accommodate up to 12 PPI display connections. Each PPI
display can have its own remote control unit (RCU) to select any one of
the 10 map overlays or a combination of overlays. The VMG model 102-G
can accommodate 8, 12, or 16 PPI displays, respectively, and allow each
PPI display to independently select its overlay map (or combination of
maps) using an RCU.
NOTE: All the PAR radar systems are capable of providing approach
information to multiple runways when mounted on a turntable which
serves to realign the radar antenna to the desired runways. The
exception to this is the AN/GPN-22 which utilizes a fixed equipment
shelter but with the antenna mounted on a separate rotating base.
The AN/TPS-68 Tactical Weather Radar will be replaced, before the year
2000, by a NEXRAD-like system. An Operational Requirements Document is
being developed to support this requirement. The replacement system
will probably be one-half or less the size of the current TPS-68 and
will have most, if not all, of the functionality of a NEXRAD system.
NOTE: Beginning in FY97, the Air Force will begin replacing the OJ-314
with the new Voice Communications Switching System (VCSS). It will
provide the same voice and radio control capabilities in addition to
being solid-state and computer programmable.
Tape Recorders and ATIS: Two types of tape recorders are used within
the air traffic control arena: The AN/GSH-56 20-channel recorder and
the AN/GSH-57 40-channel recorder. These units are used to log or
recall all conversations between flight control facilities and
aircraft. Air Traffic Control management determines the requirement
for recording within the facility. Normal recording configurations
include: All positions in the OJ-314, selected land lines, the guard
frequencies, and some critical primary frequencies. Recording is
accomplished by routing signals to be recorded to the unit where they
are magnetically stored on tape reels. Each unit has two decks; one is
continually recording while the other is ready to start in the event of
a malfunction. The Air Traffic Information System (ATIS) is an
automatic information system linked to a VHF/UHF transmitter. Pre-
recorded airfield advisory information is automatically transmitted at
timed intervals over the airways on a specific frequency.
Peripheral Systems:
Mobile/Backup System:
Tape Recorders and ATIS: Two types of tape recorders are used within
the air traffic control arena AN/GSH-56 20-channel recorder and an
AN/GSH-57 40-channel recorder. These units are used to record all
conversations between flight control facilities and aircraft. In
addition, certain land lines, as determined by air traffic management,
are also recorded. As a general rule, there are usually two recorders
at a typical air traffic control facility. One supports the control
tower and the other the RAPCON. Each recorder has two tape decks—one
on-line and the other in the standby mode, ready just in case the on-
line deck fails. Air Traffic Information System (ATIS) is an automatic
information system linked to a VHF/UHF transmitter. Pre-recorded
airfield advisory information is automatically transmitted at timed
intervals over the airways on a specific frequency.
NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS
Fixed Navigation Systems
Tactical Air Navigation System - TACAN: The AN/TRN-26 and -41 Mobile
TACAN systems are located at combat communications and/or ANG units and
are deployed for tactical air bases (TAB), interim mission support
(IMS), and emergency mission support (EMS). Some AN/TRN-41 TACANs are
supported by O&M under Quick Wartime Restoral of ATCALS Equipment and
Systems (QWRATES). (NOTE: HQ CSC is responsible for the only mobile
glideslope and VOR in the AF inventory. Their primary mission is site
feasibility studies.) The primary mobile TACAN used is the AN/TRN-26.
The system is considered solid-state (only three tubes), medium-
power/dual transmitters, and dual monitors. It is lightweight and
highly mobile. The shelterized -26B configuration provides for long-
term support. It is scheduled for improvements when funding is
obtained. This system is the workhorse of the combat communications
and ANG units. The AN/TRN-41 (newest to inventory) is a one-man,
lightweight, portable air-droppable system. The system is completely
solid-state; low-power/single transmitter with an internal monitoring
system. It's scheduled for improvements when funding is obtained. The
system has a "demand only" mode capability. It's available at 3 CCGP,
selected AMC units (combat controllers), and at O&M units for QWRATES.
NAS Plan: The FAA plans to improve the air traffic control and air
navigation system in terms of safety, capacity, and economy. Benefits
are expected to be substantial. Improvements planned are the upgrade
of ground-to-air systems to solid-state; provision for remote
maintenance monitoring; and matching the location of navigation,
surveillance, approach and landing systems, and communications
facilities with the projected demand. Coverage will be provided, where
it is required and not available today, through studies to identify
candidates for consolidation or relocation. In short, the FAA plans to
develop a nationwide system of navigation, surveillance, and
communications, as well as weather radar coverage, through a networking
concept.
METEOROLOGICAL SYSTEMS
A large number of sensors and electronic equipment gather
meteorological information in support of Air Force weather operations.
The primary focal point for worldwide dissemination of weather
information is the Base Weather Station (BWS). Other dissemination
sources include: solar observatories, tactical operations, centralized
weather facilities, and rawinsonde sites. Information is provided to
the Air Force flying community via face-to-face briefings, by airborne
radio contacts, and through an Automated Weather Distribution System
(AWDS).
Tactical Weather Analysis Central - TWAC and Tactical Air Base Weather
Station - TABWS: TWAC and TABWS consist of the following shelters: A,
the AN/TMQ-28 Semiautomatic Meteorological Station; B, the AN/TCC-76
Communications Central; C, the AN/TCC-77 Communications Central; and D,
Electrical Equipment Shelter. Shelter A provides the weather forecaster
with a work area and displays for all of the weather information
gathered and disseminated by the other shelters. Shelter B is the
terminal point for all weather information to include facsimile and
teletype that is received via land lines. Shelter C provides
reception, recording, and transmission of weather information from VHF
sources, HF sources, and land lines. Shelter D is used for equipment
storage and maintenance work area. Tactical meteorological equipment
(AN/TMQ-34, AN/TMQ-36, AN/GMQ-33) used for measuring local weather
conditions is housed in shelter B, and there are local communications
between A, B, and C. Van configuration is determined by mission and
determines whether the system is a TWAC or TABWS. TWAC and TABWS are
operated and maintained by the combat communication units. They are
used for Tactical Air Bases, operated by Air Weather Service forecaster
and observer personnel, and directly support tactical flying
operations.
AN/UMQ-35, DMSP MARK IVB Terminal: The MARK IVB system provides timely
environmental data bases and images from remotely-sensed satellite
observations to users and external communications/processing systems.
The MARK IVB system is a stand-alone system consisting of a tracking
(polar orbiting satellite) antenna and a pointing (geostationary
satellite) antenna, a processing area containing a console for
operator/maintenance personnel to control/monitor the system and to
perform routine maintenance. Forecasters use the user workstation to
generate products. To prevent loss of data due to facility power
failure, the processing area has a 10 kilo-volts-amperes (KVA)
uninterrruptible power supply (UPS). The user workstation has a 850
volt-ampere (VA) UPS. The three areas are physically separated.
Communications are through fiber optic cables that connect the areas.
The antenna area cannot be located more than 1500 feet from the
processing area. The processing area cannot be located more than 10
miles from the user workstation.
BATA
Business Telephone
Attendant Console
DATA
Unit
DMS Remote
Business Telephone Set DATA
Unit
DMS-100 SYSTEM
The CCC is comprised of those modules which direct and control the
operation and functions of the DMS-100/200. The CCC contains a group
of four units which act together to evaluate incoming messages, to
formulate proper response, and to issue instructions to subsidiary
units.
SLC NM DNI
Analog Trunks
D3-30
ATTENDANTDATA UNIT CONSOLE TM/ MTM DRAM
Service Circuits
D3-30
CCIS CCIS LINKS
Carrier Facilities MSB
MESSAGE LINKS
IOC
CMC Clock DS
MTD DDU
VDU TTY CPU PS
Land Mobile Radio (LMR) Systems are designed to provide Air Force bases
with radio communications where mission essential requirements cannot
be satisfied by telephone or other existing communications facilities.
LMR systems include base pager, trunking, and cellular telephone
systems:
CABLE PLANT
The Cable Plant may be installed overhead on poles (aerial cable),
underground in conduits (underground cable), or buried in direct
contact with the earth (buried cable). Two types of cable plants
described below can be installed using any combination of underground,
buried, and aerial cable.
Trunk Cable Plants: The trunk cable plant facility consists of cables
that join two or more centers or facilities (usually dial central
offices) together.
Edwards AFB:
The Advanced Range Instrumentation Aircraft (ARIA) fleet is undergoing
its third major upgrade since its inception. All six subsystems are
being upgraded to keep pace with the remainder of the space launch and
missile test community. The antenna control system will be replaced in
the near future using a 90 MHz, pentium-based, system to provide
automatic and manual control. New antenna feeds and down converters
have also been purchased to support future Chinese missile launches.
The data separation section is being converted to a pentium-based
system. It integrates an Acromatics box with pentium PCs and Astromed
strip-chart recorders. The Acromatics box is a VME-based system that
includes bit synchs, decommutators, etc. The receiver section is
upgrading to Microdyne MR-700 single channel telemetry receivers and
1620 PC combiners. The software (using Labview) has been locally
developed to control the suite of 12 receivers and 6 combiners. The
recorder and timing section is upgrading from USH-30 wideband recorders
to new Racal Storehorse DD-4 double density recorders and Datum 9390
GPS-based timing receiver systems. This section is also controlled by
Labview software. The communication subsystem is being upgraded with
secure voice and data communication via satellite using INMARSAT and
LST-5D (DAMA).
The 412th Test Wing is replacing their TEAC triple deck 8mm
recorder/merlin data encoder combinations with DCRSi 75 data recorders.
This will significantly increase data quality and reliability as well
as enable data capture rates above 2.3 MHz (TEAC/Merlin upper limit).
Data acquisition systems for the Speckled Trout program are now VME-
based with MIL STD 1553, ARINC 429, and PCM bit stream capability.
Data is archived to internal 4 gigabit hard drives. Current upgrades
will allow integration with the Ampex DCRSi 240 Digital Recorder.
These upgrades will store up to 48 gigabits of information on one tape.
The 412th Test Wing continues to provide research and development and
test and evaluation support for B-1, C-17, F-15, F-16 programs, USAF
Test Pilot School, automated jet engine test cell, as well as
mechanical/electrical Class II modification of DoD aircraft. Support
will expand to the F-22 when it comes on line.
Hill AFB:
Vandenberg AFB:
Barksdale AFB:
AIM-120 AMRAAM has been recently incorporated into the WSEP. This
missile system places greater challenges to telemetry capture and
recording due to the 1.8 Mbit/sec data rate in addition to frequent
multi-shooter, multi-target environments, not to mention longer flight
times. Telemetry systems easily handle the data rate, but there are
only two ground-based antenna systems; this requires use of other range
ground stations or the E-9A which has only recently been realistically
incorporated into mission profiles.
US Navy Tomahawk cruise missile flight tests. The E-9A is the only
asset that supports the Navy in this instance. The E-9A records and
relays data for flights over land and water, some lasting four hours.
The Navy is so impressed with the E-9A’s data quality, they call it the
“telemetry system of choice” for their Tomahawk mission.
Interim Vector Scoring System (IVS). As the name implies, this system
is an interim upgrade to the Digital Doppler Scoring System (DIGIDOPS)
presently used on full-scale and sub-scale drones while the Non-
cooperative Airborne Vector Scoring System (NAVSS) is developed. The
data rate of IVS is approximately 10 Mbits/sec, requiring some
equipment upgrades.
Currently replacing the aging VAX 8700 with a LORAL 550, VME-based
telemetry data processing system using a “Windows” environment through
a SUN workstation. This system occupies 17 inches (vertically) of a 19
inch rack compared to the 10 x 10 foot area presently used by the VAX.
The system contains five decommutators, one bit sync, two digital to
analog converter (DAC) boards (containing 32 DACs and 32 discretes a
piece), one A/D converter, and a field programmable processor.
Advantages: Processes real-time displays using bar graphs, meters,
chart displays and display panels, thus eliminating strip chart
recorders. In addition, it can be programmed to visually and audibly
warn operators of “out of limits” conditions.
Communications-Electronics (C-E) Managers Handbook 55
Installed two new Loral DBS-430 dual bit synchs that will increase our
data handling capability from two Mbit/sec to 50 Mbit/sec in addition
to reducing space requirements.
Added one Astromed K-2, 32-channel recorder that provides variable data
width (all the previous being fixed width) displays as well as the
capability to program set-ups using an onboard floppy disk. This
recorder will be a welcome addition to the present complement of five
Western Graphtec 8-channel strip chart recorders, five Astromed 95000
16-channel recorders, and three Astromed 9500 8-channel recorders.
Two RACAL Storeplex recorders are being prepared for upcoming high data
rate tests. These recorders use a tape cartridge and are capable of
data rates as high as 50 Mbit/sec.
Keesler AFB
DCS COMPOSITION
DCS CONTROL
The systems control design supports DISA and the MilDeps, in the
performance of management, operation, and maintenance activities.
Additionally, system control builds upon the inherent monitoring and
control features of DCS and non-DCS facilities to assist in the
execution of related management activities.
LEVEL 5 - Patch and Test Facilities (PTF): DCS PTFs are MilDep
operated and maintained facilities that are also responsible for DCS
transmission links, trunks, and circuits. DCS PTFs have the same
functions and responsibilities as TCFs with the exception that the
physical and electrical capabilities may be limited. DCS PTFs report
directly to a DCS TCF. If a DCS TCF is not assigned in the geographic
area, then reporting responsibility is direct to the FCO. A PTF is
normally peculiar to a specific facility; thus, its control activities
are focused on local equipment using provisions built into the
particular communication subsystem design.
The DSN is more than the replacement of the Automatic Voice Network
(AUTOVON). It is the primary Defense Communication System (DCS)
command and control information transfer network. It not only provides
for the familiar worldwide voice telecommunications services for
command and control elements and their supporting activities engaged in
logistics, personnel, engineering, and intelligence, it will also
provide data and video services, reflecting the advances in technology
in the information age.
The Central Control Complex (CCC) directs the actions of the network
and various peripheral devices involved in switch operations. In
addition, the CCC monitors and analyzes the performance of the
peripheral devices. The CCC contains the Central Processing Unit (CPU)
which provides access to the stored programs and network data contained
in the Program Store and Data Store memory modules respectively. The
CPU utilizes this data to decide what action is required to satisfy the
needs of the network and subsequently issues commands to carry them
out.
Communications-Electronics (C-E) Managers Handbook 60
The Peripheral Modules (PM) scan the trunk or line circuits and detect
change of states on the transmission facility; provide timing of call
processing functions; collect and store dialed digits; and generate
digital tones. The PMs include Line Modules, Trunk Modules, and
digital Carrier Modules.
The DEB program replaces existing analog microwave equipment in the DCS
in Italy, Germany, Belgium, Holland, and the United Kingdom with
digital microwave and bulk encryption equipment. This upgrade involves
buildings, or expanding facilities and towers. The main objectives of
the program are to reduce OPSEC problems on microwave lines (through
bulk encryption) and to improve service to users by doubling system
capacity while increasing system efficiency, tactical interconnect
capability, and survivability. There are four phases to the DEB
program.
Phase I was implemented in 1979, which brought the first digital link
service from Coltano, Italy, to Vaihingen, Germany. The first phase
installations paved the way for the next generation of digital
multiplexers and radios.
The first phase will replace the aging Transmission Monitoring and
Control (TRAMCON) system with a Unix-based Telecommunications
Management Network (TMN).
The last phase will replace the DEB radios with modern SONET radios
running at 155 Mb/s. SONET radios incorporate the best of optical and
terrestrial radio systems and have the capability to transmit over
fiber optic cable or via line-of-sight transmission. This initiative
will be a trend setter for military systems in the Pacific.
points (GEP) located throughout the world. Fourteen of the HF GEPs are
supported by the USAF Global System.
TERRESTIAL
SATELITE
IZMIR STUTGART
PIRINCILIK
ANKARA
COLTANO INCIRLIK
SCOPE COMMAND
Scope Command modernizes and expands aging high frequency (HF) radio
equipment supporting Mystic Star, Global Command and Control (GCCS),
and Defense Communications (DCS) HF entry and point-to-point systems.
Scope Command will improve and expand capabilities by procuring next
generation equipment capable of accommodating military standard (MIL
STD) 188-148 (Anti-Jam) and MIL STD 188-141A (Automatic Link
Establishment) technology. Scope Command will also consolidate
GCCS/Giant Talk operations at Yokota, Elmendorf, McClellan, and RAF
Croughton.
CENTER — NMCC NATIONAL MILITARY COMMAND
COMMAND, CONTROL, AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
The NMCC, along with the Alternate National Military Command Center
(ANMCC) and the National Emergency Airborne Command Post (NEACP)
comprise the National Military Command System (NMCS). The NMCS
provides the National Command Authorities (NCA) with warning and
intelligence data upon which accurate and timely decisions can be made,
apply the resources of the Military Departments (MILDEPs), assign
military missions, and provide direction to Unified and Specified
Commands. The command and control of day-to-day and crisis operations
at the national level is monitored and executed through the NMCC.
Consequently, the NMCC must be capable of providing the communications
required to receive information and transmit decisions to U.S. military
forces under all conditions of peace and war. In addition, within the
NMCC, there are a number of systems to distribute and process audio,
video, and data.
Computer Maintenance
Command Center Processing and Display System - CCPDS: In the NMCC, the
CCPDS is located in a High-altitude Electro-Magnetic Pulse (HEMP)
protected facility. The processor receives data from Precision
Acquisition Vehicle Entry Phased Array Warning System (PAVE PAWS),
Ground Communication Network (GCN), and Missile Warning and Display
System (MWDS) sites. The data is transmitted via Jam Resistant Secure
Communication (JRSC) circuits. The NMCC's CCPDS provides Tactical
Warning and Attack Assessment (TW/AA) data to surveillance officers in
the Emergency Actions Room and the National Military Intelligence
Center (NMIC).
Warning Display Terminal - WDT: The WDT acts as a partial backup for
the CCPDS. The WDT, located in the Emergency Actions Room, interfaces
with Missile Warning TTY (MWTTY) and European Warning circuits.
Theater Display Terminal - TDT: The TDT collects and displays missile
warning data in graphic format for the European theater. The TDT, also
located in the Emergency Actions Room, is a Sun 3/260 minicomputer.
Radio Maintenance
NMCC Conference Rooms: The ECR and ODCR have a variety of large screen
wall displays, primarily Barco projectors, 35mm projectors, DISIDS
inputs/monitors, and transparency projectors. A Conference Management
Table controls all of these to present a professional integrated
presentation. In addition, the rooms are equipped with room status
displays. The displays show the current condition of the room: phones
off hook, door open, door secure, microphones on, sound being
distributed out of room. Only when the room is isolated can classified
discussion take place. The conference rooms also have cameras equipped
with pan and tilt motors. The VRF controls the cameras. Each
conference room has an eight zone clock to show the time worldwide. In
addition to the ODCR and the ECR, the major facilities, there are
conference rooms in the Current Actions Center, the Current Situation
Room, and the Crisis Management Room.
Air Force Mission Support System (AFMSS): Provides air crews and
mission planners with a computer planning system for peacetime and
wartime air missions. The AFMSS consists of three major subsystems:
the Mission Planning Subsystem (MPS), the Data Preparation Subsystem
(DPS), and the Portable Mission Planning Subsystem (PMPS). All
hardware maximizes the use of non-developmental items. AFMSS uses
multi-user "high end" computer workstations (one to four stations).
The workstations are packaged in rugged transit cases for mobility and
rapid setup and are deployable worldwide using a single 463L pallet.
Each subsystem is a two person portable, set up time not to exceed 25
minutes. A non-deployable version will be available for applications
that don't require mobility. It typically consists of one to four
planning stations with one text printer, one color printer for every
two planning stations, removable secondary memory devices, two 3-1/2
floppy disk drives, two 5-1/4 inch floppy disk drives, and four
loader/reader devices for Data Transport Device (DTD) media.
The ACE HIGH System: The ACE HIGH system is a Frequency Division
Multiplex (FDM) analog transmission network comprising a total of 49
tropospheric scatter links and 41 line-of-sight (LOS) microwave links.
It is the primary terrestrial transmission backbone for ACE. As such,
it's used extensively to provide dedicated voice, telegraph, and data
circuits in support of NATO command and control. ACE HIGH provided
communications from Northern Norway to Eastern Turkey. The system is
over 30 years old. Due to the large frequency bandwidth and high
maintenance costs, it's being quickly phased out of the NATO inventory
and replaced by digital systems.
NATO SATCOM System: NATO SATCOM is in Phase III of its development and
consists of two segments. The space segment consists of four
satellites, one operational and three spare. Each was designed for a
seven year life, with the first launched in Apr 76 and the last in Nov
84. The ground segment consists of 21 fixed and 2 transportable
terminals. The system is designed for digital traffic on a single
destination carrier. The analog voice channels are converted into
digital stream by PCM and Delta Modulation before being multiplexed by
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM).
NATO Secure Voice - NSU: NATO uses STU-II, SPENDEX 40, and Elcrovox
systems for secure voice. Elcrovox is the most widely used secure voice
system within NATO and supports voice encryption. Elcrovox is not
compatible with STU-II, SPENDEX 40, or STU-III. Elcrovox is used
primarily between NATO headquarters and intermediate headquarters.
Single Channel Transponder System - SCTS: SCTS has three segments: the
space, injection, and the reception segment. The space segment
consists of transponders (single channel transponders) aboard DSCS III
and other spacecraft. The injection segment includes the Single
Channel Transponder Injection Subsystem (SCTIS), selected DSCS
terminals, satellite control facilities, National Emergency Airborne
Command Post (NEACP), and all communication links to SCTIS nodes from
selected command centers. The reception segment consists of AFSATCOM-
terminals, SHF receivers at the ICBM Launch Control Facilities, ICBM
SHF Satellite Terminals (ISST), SHF receivers collocated with units
having a Flaming Arrow Net (FAN) terminal in Europe, Single Channel
Transponder Receiver (SCTR), and SHF receivers at command centers
receiving SCTIS.
AN/FPS-85 Radar Set: This large phased array radar's 24-hour mission
is to detect, track, and identify space objects for the US SPACECOM
Space Surveillance Network. Located at Eglin AFB, FL, the transmitter
with its 32 million watt output is one of the world's most powerful,
and together with its 4,600 element receiver array, it is suitable for
both deep space and near earth surveillance.
SATELLITE TRACKING
MISSILE WARNING
AN/FPS-123(V) Radar Set - PAVE PAWS: The PAVE Phased Array Warning
System (PAWS) has sites at Cape Cod AFS, MA; Beale AFB, CA; Robins AFB,
GA; and Eldorado AFS, TX. The primary mission of PAVE PAWS is to
provide the CMC with Tactical Warning/Attack Assessment (TW/AA) data on
all SLBMs penetrating the coverage area. The secondary mission is to
provide the CMC and other users with TW/AA data on ICBMs penetrating
PAVE PAWS coverage. The PAVE PAWS mission also provides ESV
surveillance, tracking, and SOI data as required. All PAVE PAWS sites
are dual faced, computer controlled phased array radars with built-in
self-diagnostic capabilities. The radars can track multiple objects
and, by allocating time, can perform self-diagnostic tests in between
tracks. All sub-systems have redundant channels or complete systems,
i.e., Dual Cyber 865 computers, beam steering units, and radar
controllers. This UHF dual faced phased array radar contains over 2,500
antenna elements on each face, of which 1,792 transmit and receive RF
energy. This array provides 602KW of power. The array receives target
returns that are processed by four general purpose signal processors.
This target data is then processed by the prime mission computer and
sent to forward users.
Ballistic Missile Early Warning System - BMEWS: The BMEWS sensors
consist of an AN/FPS-120, two-faced phased array radar located at Thule
AB, Greenland; three AN/FPS-50V detection radars and an AN/FPS-92
tracking radar at Clear AFS, AK; and three AN/FPS-49A tracking radars
at Royal Air Force (RAF) Fylingdales, United Kingdom. The primary
mission of BMEWS is to provide CMC with TW/AA data on all ICBMs and
SLBMs penetrating the site's coverage. Secondary mission is to provide
Launch and Impact (L&I) predictions for attack assessment by the CMC.
Thule (Site I) was the first UHF phased array radar designed for BMEWS
ICBM warning. This dual-faced phased array radar contains 3,169
antenna elements per face of which 2,560 per face transmit and receive
RF energy. Each array provides 870KW of RF power.
The arrays receive target returns which are processed by the signal
processors and forwarded to the prime mission computers for final
processing and transmission to forward users. Clear (Site II)
composition of three detector radars (DRs) is transmitters, reflectors,
receivers, and the DR data take off (DRTO). The transmitters
(multiple/redundant, 13 ea) supply two 4MW beams (upper and lower) of
RF energy to each of the DR reflectors. The reflectors, truncated
parabolic toroid sections 165 ft high and 400 ft long are positioned to
reflect the lower beams at 3.5 degrees elevation and the upper beams at
7 degrees elevation. Each DR covers a 40 degree azimuth sector. The
reflectors receive target returns which are routed to the dual channel
dual conversion superheterodyne receiver. Receive signals are routed
to the DRDTO which performs analog to digital conversion. These
digital signals then are processed through the main mission computers
(CDC Model 170-720) for final processing and transmission to forward
users. The Clear AN/FPS-92 Tracking Radar (TR) consists of
transmitters, antenna assembly, receiver, and TR data take off (TRDTO).
The transmitters (multiple/redundant, 3 ea) supply 8MW of RF energy to
the antenna assembly (4MW in azimuth and 4MW in elevation). The
antenna is an 84 ft diameter parabolic dish. The movable portion
weighs 210,000 lbs (105 tons) and is enclosed in a 140 ft diameter
radome.
CMAFB
CONUS ROCC
CONUS SOCC's
ICELAND ROCC
ALASKAN ROCC
CANADIAN SOCC'S
HAWAIIN ROCC
FORWARD TELL
LATERAL TELL
FORWARD TELL/FMS
FORWARD/TELL/FMS
CONUS ROCC
SW SOCC MARCH AFB CMAFB
OTHB SE SOCC
TYNDALL AFB
ECRS
NE SOCC
GRIFFISS AFB
ICEROCC
AIR FORCES
ICELAND
CESOCC
CWSOCC
NORTH BAY
ALASKA ROCC
LATERAL TELL DATA ELMENDORF
FORWARD TELL DATA
AFB
ADS CONNECTIVITY
ADS CONNECTIVITY
The JSS Program is a joint USAF/FAA radar use program. The ACC portion
of the JSS is composed of four CONUS SOCCs and 44 ground-based radars.
Each radar site has a delta-band radar. Collocated with the majority
of radar sites are ultra-high frequency (UHF) ground-air-ground (GATR)
transmitter/receiver facilities. The GATR facility provides radio
access to fighters and AWACS aircraft from the SOCCs. The JSS radars
forward surveillance data to the SOCCs who in turn forward tracks of
interest to the CONUS ROCC and NORAD. CONUS SOCCs communicate with the
CONUS ROCC and NORAD by voice and data landline circuits.
Connectivity: Satellite
communications between control CANADA SOCC
ws
centers and radar sites. UHF
ground-air-ground between LRRs and
ROCC/SOCCs.
NORAD CMAFB
Equipment: 15 AN/FPS-117s and 39 NWS LONG RANGE RADAR NWS UNATTENDED RADAR
AN/FPS-124s.
Connectivity: Radar sites tied to ICEROCC via fiber optic cables. UHF
ground-air-ground between ICEROCC and sites. HF TADIL A and land line
TADIL B through RADIL. The illustration below identifies the current
configuration.
BULUNGARVIK (H-4)
GUNNOLFVIXURFJALL (H-3)
ROCKVILLE (H-1)
Equipment: AN/FPS-118.
BANGOR
MT HOME
Communications-Electronics (C-E) Managers Handbook 95
operational within 12 hours.
NEWCBRN RADARS
1
8 26&7
34 5
1992-FUTURE CBRNS 18010 2
NEW CBRN ISNTALLED RADARS
12 11
10
EXISTING RADARS INTERGRATED INTO CBRN 1
8 117
12 16 7
15
13
OPERATIONAL
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
The USAF TACS provides the Tactical Air Forces (TAF) Commander with a
mobile command and control system and trained personnel which can be
tailored for large or small scale operations in varying intensities of
warfare. The TACS elements may be deployed to form a complete system
or deployed incrementally to augment an existing theater fixed/mobile
system. The TACS operates on the principle of centralized control and
decentralized execution. A TACS is the organization, personnel,
procedures, and equipment necessary to plan, direct, and control
tactical air operations and to coordinate air operations with other
services and allied forces. It is composed of control agencies and
communications-electronics (C-E) facilities that provide the means for
centralized control and decentralized execution of tactical air
operations.
The TAF Commander serves as the commander of the Air Force component of
the joint or combined force and controls Air Force operations through
the Tactical Air Control Center (TACC). The TACC is the wartime
operations center of the TAF Commander. The TACC provides the TAF
Commander with the capability to supervise and manage the activities of
assigned or attached forces, and to monitor the actions of both
friendly and enemy forces. The TACC is the senior control element of a
TACS and includes personnel and equipment of both a Tactical Air
Control Center Squadron and a Tactical Intelligence Squadron.
The elements of the TACS include the Tactical Air Control Center
(TACC), Airlift Control Center (ALCC), Control and Reporting Center
(CRC), Control and Reporting Post (CRP), Forward Air Control Post
(FACP), Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS), Airborne
Battlefield Command and Control Center (ABCCC), Air Support Operations
Center (ASOC), Tactical Air Control Party (TACP), and Airborne Forward
Air Controller (AFAC).
The main purpose of the ground TACS is to provide the capability to
implement the centralized control and decentralized execution doctrine
of the TAF. It consists of two distinct legs that, together, implement
this doctrine. The direct support leg provides offensive air support
for the ground war, while the control and surveillance leg provides air
defense, airspace control, and attack warning. The direct support
units are the ASOC and the TACPs located at the Corps, Division,
Brigade, and Battalion levels of associated Army combat units. The
control and surveillance leg is comprised of the CRC, CRP, and the
FACP. As the senior element of the TACS, the TACC brings both legs of
the system together under the direct control of the theater command
structure.
Control and Reporting Center - CRC: The CRC is the senior element of
the control and surveillance leg of the TACS. It is directly
subordinate to the TACC in executing the war effort and is responsible
for overall airspace control and warning. It collects and collates
data from other sensor elements and distributes a consolidated air
picture to the TACC, AWACS, Army Air Defense units, and other command
and control centers. In a "classical" employment scenario, the CRC
would be responsible for overall airspace management of approximately a
Corps area, with subordinate units to provide close-in control and
"gap-filler" coverage of selected areas.
Control and Reporting Post - CRP: The CRP is identical to the CRC
except for slightly smaller numbers of operations personnel and some
communications equipment. It focuses the control functions of the CRC
in a smaller geographical area and reports to the CRC. The CRP is
likely to disappear as a distinct element of the TACS when the AN/TYQ-
23 Modular Control Equipment is fully fielded. In all other areas, the
CRP is identical to the CRC.
Communications-Electronics (C-E) Managers Handbook 10
Forward Air Control Post - FACP: The FACP is the smallest, most mobile
of the radar units in the TACS. It is normally employed within 50
miles of the actual or expected fighting, and can redeploy and be
operational in a very short time in response to changing situations.
The FACP completes the decentralized execution loop of the combat
doctrine, by providing close control
Other uses of 2EX9X personnel within the TACS are in the reconnaissance
business and in the TAC component of NORAD - the First Air Force.
Imagery obtained by various photographic reconnaissance platforms are
processed and interpreted by the WS-428A Tactical Information
Processing and Interpretation (TIPI) ground segment, maintained to a
large degree by 2E2X1 personnel. 2E2X1s are also used extensively in
the 1 AF Region and Sector Operations Centers for maintenance of the
AN/FYQ-93 Computer System. 2E2X1, and several other C-E maintenance
AFSCs, are also used extensively as Quality Assurance Evaluators (QAEs)
for several NORAD systems maintained by contractor personnel. These
include the AN/FPS-117 North Warning and the AN/FPS-118 Over-the-
Horizon Backscatter radar systems.
COMMUNICATIONS LINKS
The TACS uses land-line cable for voice and data transfer within a
site. Long haul communications are done by radio wave transmission.
The following is a short description of the types of communications
available to the TACS:
Troposcatter: A very high power UHF transmitter that uses a high gain
directional antenna to transmit energy at the horizon. These waves are
then scattered off the troposphere and sent back to earth. A typical
path is 300-1000 Nms. Troposcatter shots need high power transmitter,
elaborate antennas, and link engineering to get the signal to the
receiver.
COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
Transmission Terminals
Secure Net Radio Interface Device (KY-90): The KY-90 allows any phone
on the TRI-TAC network to go digital over an HF radio.
Technical Control
The tactical system can be set up anywhere in the world; however, the
system must connect to the fixed DCS system. DCS has developed entry
points around the world. At these entry points, the computer takes the
signal and routes it to the appropriate systems.
HF/VHF/UHF Equipment
etc. The Close Air Request Network is an HF network between the TACPs
and ASOC. Airborne Communications: Most airborne communications are
UHF from aircraft to aircraft/ground. Most airborne platforms like the
AWACS, ABCCC communicate HF to the ground units.
HAVE QUICK
SCOPE SHIELD
TACTICAL RADARS
TACTICAL COMPUTERS
Air Force Mission Support System - AFMSS: AFMSS provides aircrews and
mission planners with computer planning system for peacetime and
wartime air mission. The AFMSS consists of three major configurations:
the Mission Planning Subsystem (MPS), the portable Mission Planning
Subsystem (PMPS), and the Data Preparation Subsystem (DPS). All
hardware will maximize the use of Non-Developmental Items (NDI)
AFMSS provides the core mission planning system with functions that are
common to all using commands. The system is based on an Open System
Architecture (OSA) and a modular software design to provide a common
interface for a variety of Aircraft/Weapon/Electronic (AWE)systems.
It automates the organization and display critical mission planning of
weapons delivery, and the selection of minimum risk routing through
hostile areas.
The MPS interfaces with systems such as the Air Force Weather
Distribution System, Sentinel Byte, Constant Source, and Air Force Wing
Command and Control systems. COMSEC equipment may be needed for
network interfaces.
The PMPS is a single user system that provides limited mission planning
capabilities. It is used primarily by AMC and SOF aircrews to plan
missions and input\update mission data to the aircraft directly through
a MIL-STD-1553B data bus. Other commands will use the portable system
for deployment operations or when minimum planning tasks are all that
is required. Mission data will be transferred to the aircraft through
the appropriate data transfer device.
INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS
The Combat Intelligence System (CIS) program absorbed both the Constant
Source and the Sentinel Byte programs. Constant Source and Sentinel
Byte no longer exist. Constant Source software was renamed as the CIS
Automatic Associator (CIS/AA) Module. Sentinel Byte is now known as
CIS/Data Manipulation (DM)/ Message Analysis (MA). Joint Deployable
Intelligence Support System (JDISS) is another CIS program.
CIS Automatic Associator (CIS/AA) formerly Constant Source - CS:
CIS/AA resides at the squadron, wing, and force levels. The AA
provides ELINT updates to the force and unit levels for threat
awareness and mission planning. The AA is built into rugged transit
cases for mobility, rapid setup, and making it deployable worldwide.
NIS: Receives and routes national imagery and low rate data, transmits
requests for selective image distribution, and formats and compresses
imagery.
LOGISTICS SYSTEMS
MOBILIZERS
The various vans and shelters that comprise this equipment must be
transportable over various road surfaces. The A/M32U-17, M-832, M-720
transportable trailer dolly sets are used to accomplish this. These
"mobilizers" are designed to be towed over prepared roads, rough
terrain, and hard bottom water crossings. Each dolly set consists of a
front and rear dolly which are coupled together during transport or
storage. They are equipped with a towing bar and steering mechanism
for the front dolly. When in use, the dollies are uncoupled and
attached to opposite ends of a shelter which is then easily
transportable. Maximum Loads: U-17 - 8.5 tons, M-832 - 5 tons, M-720 -
3 tons.
MB-15: A 150kw, 120VAC, 60Hz generator used as primary power for the
Limited Enemy Situation Correlation Element (LENSCE) system while
deployed with the TACC. It's also used for emergency standby power
while in-garrison.
COMBAT COMMUNICATIONS
Emergency War Orders Systems - EWO: The Emergency War Order system is
composed of two separate networks. One network, EWO-1, is a telephone
system which uses commercial telephone (TELCO) lines to provide direct
line communications between the WCP, the ACP, and the SCPs. The
network also provides the WCP the capability to conference or bridge
the ACP and the SCPs. The second network, EWO-2, is a party-line
telephone system that allows the ACP to communicate with any or all of
the SCPs via the HICS. Each ACP and SCP has the capability to receive,
transmit, and generate EWO-2 ring tones and voice.
Rapid Execution and Combat Targeting — REACT: REACT consoles are ICBM
operation consoles designed to integrate the reception of redundant
Higher Authority Communications messages into one physical
input/output. REACT acknowledges and suppresses duplication of
identical messages received via AFSATCOM, SACCS, and SLFCS. The REACT
console also houses the Weapon System Control Element.
OFFUTT
ANMCC
NORAD
NMCC
INPUT\OUTPUT
RELAY NODE
Ground Wave Emergency Network - GWEN: The mission of the GWEN system
is to provide Command and Control Communications for the USSTRATCOM
commander during the period of time between a high altitude blast and
the ground level blasts. Current expectations are it will last roughly
15-30 minutes.
Connectivity: The I/O stations are linked to nearby R/Ns via UHF link
at a frequency range of 225-399.975MHz. ROs and RNs are linked via LF
within the frequency range of 150-175kHz.
FUTURE STATION
LCF - LF Telephone: Each Launch Control Center (LCC) has direct line
communications with its ten launch facilities by using this circuit.
The LCC crew member properly depresses the appropriate button on the
communications panel that selects and rings the desired LF; the
telephone at the called LF rings until answered or the crew releases
the circuit. The LF can call the LCC by simply picking up the headset
(Wing I-V LFs), or by picking up the handset and momentarily placing
the IN-OUT-Ring switch to the RING position (Wing VI LFs).
Dial Lines 1 and 2: These two telephone circuits provide the LCC crew
members the capability to dial on-base or off-base telephone numbers.
The communications control panel allows the crew to select either of
the two circuits. Dial line 2 also has an extension in the Security
Control Center (SCC) for security guard to use and monitor if requested
by the LCC crew.
LCC - SCC Telephone System: This direct line system allows the
security guard immediate communications contact with the crew in the
LCC. The guard removes the handset from the SCC telephone and the crew
immediately receives an incoming call indication. The crew answers the
call by accessing the circuit on the communications panel. The crew
can also initiate a call by simply depressing the SCC push-button on
their panel.
FLTSAT
DSCS III
LCSB
UHF AFSAT I
ISST
LCC
BASE AND INSTALLATION SECURITY SYSTEMS - BISS
There are four major types of BISS equipment: exterior sensors (i.e.,
AN/GSS-26A, AN/GSS-34, etc.), interior sensors (i.e., AN/GSS-20, AN/GSS-
39, etc.), annunciators (i.e., AN/GSS-29, AN/GSS-41, etc.), and
surveillance equipment (i.e., AN/GXS-2, AN/GXH-8, etc.).
AN/GSS-32 Filter Set, Band Pass - Band Suppression System: The AN/GSS-
32 is a supplemental unit for the FDS and is designed to electronically
reduce the number of wind caused nuisance alarms, or other random fence
excitations. The AN/GSS-32 electronic assembly consists of a 20
channel filter module contained in a standard enclosure. The unit is
basically an adjustable bandpass filter for the FDS system. The power
supply is in a separate container and is capable of powering up to five
20 channel AN/GSS-32 units.
DTR-90 Taut Wire System: This system consists of stretched barbed wire
across the top of a fence line. This wire is stretched across
microswitches which change condition if the wire is moved by more than
1/4 of an inch at the switch. Cutting the wire causes the switch to
activate due to a lack of tension. This system only detects attempts
to enter the area by going over or through the barbed wire array atop
the fence. This system in no way detects fence cutting or climbing.
The DTR-90 should always be used in conjunction with systems capable of
detecting these other means of intrusion.
These sensors are used for structure security. They can be mounted on
doors and windows for intrusion, as well as on ceilings and walls for
movement detection. These sensors are used in structures such as
Intermediate Maintenance Facilities and Storage Igloos in a Weapons
Storage Area. The detected intrusion is transmitted to an annunciator.
AN/GSS-20: The AN/GSS-20 consists of one alarm set group (ASG) and one
control power supply (CPS). The AN/GSS-20 provides internal building
security by detecting intruders and transmitting alarm data. The group
transmits energy of a fixed frequency into its zonal environment while
simultaneously receiving energy reflected back from that environment.
As long as no moving intruder is within range of the group, transmitted
and received frequencies are identical and no alarm is given. However,
a moving intruder produces a doppler shift between transmitted and
received frequencies which is immediately detected and interpreted as
an alarm. Each alarm set employs two separate doppler intrusion
channels. An alarm is produced only when an intruder affects both
channels simultaneously, thereby greatly reducing the probability of a
false alarm. The two types of energy employed are microwave and
ultrasonic. Other features of the alarm set include tamper,
performance monitoring, and self-test circuits.
ANNUNCIATORS
SURVEILLANCE EQUIPMENT
Ongoing budget and personnel cuts are reducing the security field
resulting in increased dependence upon electronic security equipment
for expedient, accurate assessment of the security picture. Since
these personnel and our equipment are used in guarding priority A, B,
and C assets, the necessity also exists to evaluate their capability.
The LNSI accomplishes exactly that. In theory, it is a test of the
security police's capability to safeguard an asset. In actuality, it
becomes a piece by piece inspection of all aspects of the security
picture, to include all installed BISS equipment. The BISS equipment
must be near 100% capability, or the security police must have taken
approved compensatory measures to make up for the loss of any BISS
capability.
Communications-Electronics (C-E) Managers Handbook 13
Pil Sung, formerly known as KOTAR, is used and operated jointly by the
United States and Republic of Korea Air Forces. Many types of
electronic trainers are used to train combat aircrews of both nations
in radar threat recognition, avoidance, and countermeasure tactics.
The range is located in very rugged and mountainous terrain
approximately 120 miles east of Osan AB. The Korean AF and 51st EWTS
operate and maintain North Korean type "RED FORCES" radar defenses and
anti-aircraft threat simulators. This equipment defends the range
complex against target penetration using realistic target arrays
situated in a live ordinance delivery area and a real time scoring
system with video recording capability. Primary equipment located at
Pil Sung is US provided and logistically supported. The equipment
includes three computer/television based scoring systems (TOSS),
several radio frequency and land line communications systems, and the
EW threat equipment (IFF, AAA, SAM), which are maintained and operated
by Korean and American "RED FORCES."
The 81 TCS is a Forward Air Control Post (FACP) assigned to the 623
Tactical Control Squadron. Both units fall under the 5th Tactical Air
Control Group, Suwon AB, Korea. The 81st is unique in that it is the
only squadron in the Air Force to own and maintain two AN/TPS-43E
radars. One radar is considered a fixed training asset that performs
both operator training and day-to-day control of the tactical fighters
assigned to the 18th TFW. The other TPS-43 is a highly mobile tactical
wartime asset. This system is maintained in a constant state of
readiness and is the radar that the 81st maintenance personnel take on
deployments.
Korean Southern Loop - KSL: Upgrades the DCS link between Osan AB and
Kunsan AB connecting with the DC portion of the Telecommunication Plan
for Improvement of Communications in Korea (TPICK), a fiber optic
communication system that runs the length of Korea to mainland Japan
thru Changson-Tsushima-Seburiyama.
Areas of Responsibility
• Operate the Motion Media Archives for DoD and the military
services.
AFBS manages its field activities through one broadcasting squadron and
four direct reporting detachments. The Air Force Pacific Broadcasting
Squadron, Yokota Air Base, Japan, is responsible for AFRTS outlets in
Japan. OL-A AFBS, Ramstein Air Base, Germany, is responsible for AFRTS
outlets in Germany, Italy, Turkey, the Azores, and Norway. AFBS also
provides Air Force proportionate manning for Army-operated networks in
Germany, Italy, and Korea, as well as a Navy broadcasting outlet in
Iceland.
What About Me? A 9-level manager coming into AFBS would be assigned as
a Chief of Maintenance, either at command or squadron level, and be
responsible for providing maintenance management policies and guidance
to the subordinate units. Some areas under this nebulous "umbrella"
are:
Visit each work center annually. Our organization is spread out all
over the world. As Chief of Maintenance, it's your responsibility to
personally know each work center. The Chief of Maintenance has a high
TDY job.
Make sure the budget includes cost for spares, test equipment, TDY, and
training. The operation division establishes the requirements for new
equipment and systems. It is up to you to make sure your work centers
have the necessary support to keep everything up and running. It is
your responsibility to budget for new or replacement test equipment for
the work centers. Spares come into play due to the nature of the
beast. Broadcast stations are made up entirely of commercial off-the-
shelf equipment. Replacement parts, boards, training, etc., have very
long lead times when going through the supply system.
But Anyone Can Fix a TV. This is a common misconception about the
2E1XX career field. TVs are a very small part of a station's
operation. As you read earlier, we have a worldwide satellite
operation called SATNET. This is how the G.I. gets "real time"
programming all over the world. Our satellite distribution system
starts at the Broadcast Center (BC) at March AFB. From there it is
transmitted via microwave and satellites to downlinks in over 128
countries. Not only does the broadcast center supply programming to
AFBS, but the Army and Navy AFRTS outlets as well.
Let's Play Records. The other side of the "house" is the radio
station. Here is where you have your DJs spinning the discs and reading
the news. Audio systems basically consist of record players, cassette
decks, reel-to-reel units, and lately the introduction of CD units.
Tying this all together is an audio mixer. As in the video studio, the
mixer can select between sources for airing, or "mix" two or more
sources together. This is how you can hear the DJ and a song at the
same time.
Advanced Entry Control System (AECS): The AECS provides the capability
to control personnel entry into and exit from restricted areas and
controls access to individual resources at specified locations. AECS
uses a card reader, personal identification number, and personal
identity verifier correctly matching a biometrics characteristics (hand
geometry or retinal eye scan). Though AECS is being developed against
an Air Force requirement, it is a program objective for AECS to become
the standard control system for DoD. It was initially acceptance
tested at Eglin AFB with the first field installation scheduled at
Malstrom AFB in FY 96. Maintenance will initially be provided by the
contractor under a 7-year Contractor Logistic Support (CLS) agreement.
MISSION
ORGANIZATION
16th Special Operations Wing - SOW: The 16th SOW at Hurlburt Field is
the oldest and most seasoned unit in AFSOC. Its units include the 8th
Special Operations Squadron (SOS) which flies the MC-130E Combat Talon;
the 16th SOS which flies the AC-130H Spectre gunship; the 20th SOS
which flies the MH-53J Pave Low helicopter; and the 1st Special
Operations Communications Squadron (SOCS) which provides ground
communications with the aircraft and home station while the wing is
deployed. Two squadrons are the 9th at Hurlburt Field and the 55th
SOSs at nearby Eglin AFB, FL. The 9th flies the HC-130N/P Combat
Shadow and the 55th flies the MH-60G Pave Hawk helicopter.
352nd Special Operations Group: The 352nd at RAF Alconbury UK, is the
designated air component for Special Operations Command Europe. The
7th SOS flies the MC-130E Combat Talon and the 39th SOCS provides
ground-to-ground and ground-to-air communications. Two squadrons are
stationed at RAF Woodbridge, UK: the 21st SOS, equipped with the MH-53J
Pave Low; and the 67th SOS, with the HC-130P/N Combat Shadow.
353rd Special Operations Group: The 353rd at Kadena AB, Japan, is the
air component for Special Operations Command Pacific. The squadrons
assigned to Kadena are the 1st SOS flying the MC-130E Combat Talon, the
17th SOS flying the HC-130P/N Combat Shadow aircraft, and the 353rd
SOCF providing the ground communications for the deployed units and for
ground-to-air support. The 31st SOS, at Osan AB, Korea, flys the MH-53J
Pave Low Helicopters.
Air Force special operations has a wide variety of radio systems for
command and control, logistic, intelligence, and administrative
traffic. A working knowledge of these systems and their capabilities
is required in order to plan and construct reliable communications
nets. Managers coming into AFSOC would be assigned to one of the SOCS
mentioned above. You would be responsible for providing maintenance
management policies and guidance to the Chief of Maintenance. The
following is a brief description of some of the major components used
by the SOCS to perform their mission.
HF Radio Systems
AN/URC-92 (GSB-900 DX): The 1st SOCS is the only AFSOC unit that
maintains this radio system. The AN/URC-92 is a 100 watt, digitally
tuned, HF transceiver. It has the ability to operate in a two-
frequency simplex mode which allows transmission on one frequency and
reception on a different frequency. An additional operating mode
permits the operator to select two simplex operating frequencies and
rapidly change from one to the other with one selector switch.
Short range radio systems are used primarily for air-to-ground and
local area command and control communications. UHF/VHF AM transmission
is the primary media for air-to-ground communications by AFSOC.
In addition to the many radios mentioned above, the SOCS also utilizes
a wide array of cryptographic, termination, and communications
interface equipment: narrowband encryption devices consist of the KY-
65/75 (Parkhill), AN/CSZ-1 (Sunburst Processor), and the KG-84;
wideband encryption devices include the KY-57/58 (Vinson) and KY-28/38
(Secure Speech System); the KY-68 Digital Secure Voice Terminal (DSVT)
and STU-IIIs are the secure phones used.
ANG units enjoy a dual status. They are organized, commanded, and
administered as "federally recognized" units in all 50 states, the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, District of Columbia, and Guam. During
peacetime they are commanded by their respective governor, and
supported by the National Guard Bureau (NGB) through the Adjutant
General (TAG) of the various states. When mobilization is ordered,
they become part of the predesignated Air Force Major Command (MAJCOM).
USAFR units are assigned to HQ Air Force Reserve (AFRES) for command,
administration, operational control, personnel, logistics, and
comptroller functions. They also become part of predesignated Air
Force Major Air Command upon mobilization.
Air Force Technical Advisor - AFTA: The purpose of the assigned AFTA
is to provide the necessary advice, guidance, and assistance to the ARF
unit that will ensure operational readiness upon mobilization. Full
time AFTAs, with appropriate career fields and rank, are selected for
these special duty assignments. Selection is coordinated with MAJCOMs
and HQ AFMPC. Additional Duty AFTAs provide limited advisory support
to ARF units in the absence of the full time assigned AFTA. AFTAs
receive orientation training that covers unique characteristics of ARF
training, including manning, mobilization, and mission.
Duties and Responsibilities of the Primary AFTA: AFTAs are on duty
during normal hours and attend all UTAs and Annual Training of the unit
(the latter is accomplished within budgetary constraints). They
advise, guide, and assist Air Reserve Force (ARF) units in development
and conduct of training to attain optimum mission readiness. They
identify potential problem areas, and assist in prioritizing corrective
actions, as needed. They advise the ANG/USAFR unit in the preparation
of directives and regulation pertaining to unit mission, including unit
plans and operational orders for mobilization, mobility, annual
training, exercises, and contingency operations. They are familiar
with all unit functions in order to monitor them and provide necessary
guidance and requests for assistance. AFTAs assist the ANG/USAFR unit
in determining and reporting the state of operational readiness of the
unit. Advise and assist the unit on Air Force matters, including
interpreting directives, evaluating trend analyses, and customs and
courtesies. AFTAs also evaluate technical, administrative, safety,
security, and general military training programs, and evaluate unit
activities and provide assistance to the unit in all areas, but
particularly the area of his/her specialty.
AFTA Limitations: AFTAs will not accompany ANG units when they are
ordered to state duty by state authorities. They will not perform
state-related duties. AFTAs will not be used for other than advisory
duty unless specifically authorized by the advisory unit. (Note:
During temporary critical manning shortages resulting from exercises or
real world contingencies, the AFTA may be used to assist the unit in
other than advisory duties providing coordination and approval is FIRST
obtained from the AFTA's Commander). AFTAs will not be appointed as
custodians or alternate custodians of a unit's cryptographic or supply
accounts. On mobilization of ANG units, advisory personnel will be
reassigned IAW current directives. Reassignment instructions will
depend on the prevailing situation.
HQ AFI is also responsible for the Air Force cryptologic depot which
manages and accounts for AF cryptologic devices, codes, call signs, and
documents. The Air Force Cryptologic Support Center (AFCSC) is also
located at Kelly AFB and is responsible for life-cycle support for
cryptologic equipment and systems along with TEMPEST testing and COMSEC
programs. AIA major equipment items include:
Range
Tactical Air
Navigation
Command and
Control
System
WWMCCS -
Worldwide
Military
Command and
Control
System
WX - Weather
Communications-Electronics (C-E) Managers Handbook
1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
all equipment and software manufactured and installed by May 1992
to enable equal access to IXCs.