yk*¾vynwf tajccH "mwfusrf; 109

"mwfav;0u? rvGwfMu&m? rSwfMuygavmh? oHk;&GmvlYb?

avmuwef a qmif ? ig;rm&f a tmif o nf ? tvd k a wmf t m;?
xm;onfhedó,? rSwfukefMuavmh awG;qqifjcif? odajrmfjrif
um? bHck iG f vlYay:? wefc;kd ausmo
f nf? oH;k vlYtxGwf rSm&if;wnf;/
urÇmom ysufrnf/ yx0Dwnf;[laom ajr"mwfESifh 0ga,mwnf;
[laom av"mwfwkdYonf &ef"mwfrsm;tjzpfrS rdwf"mwfjzpfvmrnf r[kwf/
&ef"mwftjzpfom wnfjrJaeayvdrfhrnf/ jzpfjzpforQaom taMumif;t&m
wkdYonf "mwfav;yg;jzifh rvGwfuif;EkdifaMumif;ukdvnf; avmuoHk;yg;\
txGwftjrwfjzpfaom jrwfpGmbk&m;u a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhonf/
"mwfav;yg;wdkY\&ef"mwf? rdwf"mwf? ygy"mwf? aomr"mwfwkdYukd &Sif;&Sif;
vif;vif; oabmaygufonfxufaygufatmuf BudK;pm;MuNyD; awG;awG;qq
qifqifjcifjcifjyKvkyf&ef vkdonf/

usrf;&if;vuFm tyk'd f 7
wpfenf;axGvm? rdefYcJYrSmonf? &efrSm&efiSm;? oabm
xm;avmh? t? ESifh? p? &? acwåNidKjiif? r&Tifa'go? rme
trsuf? xGufvdrfhyHkao? r,Gif; aywnfh? t&Snfaygif;um?
oifhwifhyg\/ aemifvmvlrsm;?jrJrSwfom;av? pD;yGm;csrf;om?
Opöm"e? ayg<u,f0atmif? wefcdk;aqmifonf? bkef;a&mif&Sdef
jyif;? rdwfcsif;cdkuf&ef? jzpfwwfjyefonf? pdwfÓPfa0cGJap
ownf;/
t? ESifh? &? p wnf;[laom taEÅm pa&wkdYonf "mwfzufrsm;
jzpfaomfvnf; tcsed u f mvacwåtm;jzifh &ef"mwfuYJoYdk jzpfwwfMuavonf/
okYd aomfvnf; t&Sno f jzifh txufyg aygif;zufí oifw h ifah Mumif; qdv
k &dk if;
jzpfonf/ rdwf"mwfcsif; cdkuf&efjzpfwwfonfhoabmjzpfonf/ xkduJYokdYyif
*? A? 0? o [laom aomrN*dK[f av;vHk;wdkYonfvnf; acwåNidKjiif? r&Tif
110 q&mBuD; OD;omwifh

a'go? rmetrsu?f xGuv f rd yhf akH o? r,Gi;f aywnf;[lívnf;aumif;? t&Snf

aygif;um oifhwifhyg\[lívnf;aumif; rpyfqdkxm;aomfvnf; pyfqdk
xm;bdouJYokdYyif odtyfygonf/
,if;okdY ynmÓPfESifh csdefqNyD; MuHpnfEdkif&eftwGuf vuFmtykd'f
10 wGif a&SUaemufqifjcif? ÓPfESifh,SOfum? ay;uk&monf? tpmrvGef
aumif;aywnf;[lívnf;aumif;? tykd'f 12 wGif aemifvmolrsm;? ynmyGm;
zdkY? rrSm;apatmif? owdaqmifí? aemufaemifpOfvm? pdwfrSmcGJjcrf;? ÓPf
tpGrf;jzifh? axmufvSrf;uko&mownf;[lívnf;aumif;? tykd'f 17 wGif
awG;qqifjcif? odajrmfjrifatmif? vHYk vaqmifí aemufaemifrrSm;? odw&m;
ESifh[lívnf;aumif;? tykd'f 24 wGif usrf;rsm;pGmudk? csifhumvnf; EdIif;?
uokP d ;f uGuuf ? xifujrifajrmf? awmf&maxmufvrS ;f ? usr;f *eft&? obm0
jzifh? awG;quko&mownf;[lívnf;aumif;? tykd'f 25 wGif "mwfpm
ay;oifh? ray;oifhukd? axmufcsifhqifjcif? owdxifavmh [lívnf;aumif;
xyfum xyfum owday;xm;onfrsm;udk jrifawGU&ayvdrfhrnf/ xkd;xGif;
MuHqEkdifa&;rnfrQ ta&;BuD;onfudk ay:vGifapvdkaomaMumifh txyfxyf
owday;jcif; jzpf&monf/
txufwGif azmfjycJYonfh tykd'f 7 yg rdwfcsif;cdkuf&ef? jzpfwwf
jyefonf/ pdwfÓPf a0cGJapownf; qkdonfhtqdkESifhywfoufNyD; ay:vGif
apvdkaomaMumifh atmufygtjzpftysufukd wifjyvdkygonf/
1294 ckESpfu awmfc&rf;&GmwGif ausmif;q&mtjzpf pma&;ol
vkyfukdifaecdkuf rar qkdol zsm;onf/ pma&;olu a&SmufoD;ESifh oMum;udk
e,fNyD; eHeufwpfBudrf? nwpfBudrf? aemufwpfaeY eHeufwpfBudrf? pkpkaygif;
3 Budrf auR;onf/ xkdokdY auR;NyD;aomtcg raru a&SmufoD;oufouf
pm;vdkonfajymaomaMumifh olpm;csifovdk oHk;Budrfwkdifatmif auR;jyef
onf/ oHk;BudrfaphonfwGif tpmawmif;ojzifh uifyGef;&Guf[if;ESihf xrif;
oHk;eyf auR;onf/ qufvufNyD; csOfaygif&Guf[if;ESifh xrif;ESpfeyf auR;NyD;
yk*¾vynwf tajccH "mwfusrf; 111

aomtcgwGif vlrrmonf avSvGef;xkd;ouJYokdY BuD;BuD;us,fus,f tarm

qdkufavawmh\/ "mwfpmay;oifh ray;oifhudk axmufcsifhqifjciftcsufukd
owdcRwf,Gif;NyD; aomrynwf&Sdoltm; aomrynwf"mwfpm auR;ojzifh
rdwcf sif; cdu
k &f efjzpfaomoabm jzpfonf/ aus;Zl;&Siq f &mBuD;u ud, k "hf mwf
ukd,fykdifvQifqkdonfhpum;ukd ajymzl;onf/ xkdpum;ukd owd&ojzifh tdrfrSm
toifh&Sdaeonfh i½kwfaumif;rIefYukd ,lonf/ vufzuf&nfMurf;yef;uefxJ
xnfhNyD; a&aEG;ylylavmif;xnfhum rIwfí aomufaponf/ i½kwfaumif;
a&ylyl rukefrDrSmyif tarmajyav\/ tarmajyonfwGif wGif;a&ukd
avmif;csK;d ay;NyD; apmifjcHKtyd af ponf/ tdy&f mrS Ed;k onfwiG f aumif;pGm use;f rm
onfhtajcokdYa&mufav\/
1298 ckESpfu OuúHNrdKUe,f uHukef;&GmwGif ausmif;q&mvkyfaecdkuf
ausmif;ol rusifqkdol rusef;rrmjzpfonf/ wdkufBuD;NrdKUrS q&m OD;ausmfpdef
udk ausmif;olav;\rdbrsm;u yifhNyD; ukoaponf/ q&m OD;ausmfpdef
a&mufvmvQif q&mu a&SmufoD;rsm; 0,faponf/ xkdtcsdefu pma&;ol
vnf; vlrrmtdrfa&mufaeNyD; q&mOD;ausmfpdefESifh pum;ajymaeonf/
a&Smufo;D 0,fcidk ;f aMumif; awGU&ojzifh ]]a&Smufo;D cku d vf Qif rnfoYdk jzpfwwf
ygovJ}} [k pma&;olu q&mukd ar;onf/ q&mu a&SmufoD;ckdufvQif
ar;ckdifNyD; oGm;aphwwfonf/ odkYaomfvnf; ajzwwfvQif rcufaMumif;
jyefajymonf/ pma&;olurl a&Smufo;D cku d v f Qif avSveG ;f xk;d ouJYoYdk arm[ku d f
onfukd jrifawGUzl;aMumif; jyefajymjyonf/
q&mu a&SmufoD;aMumifh arm[dkufonfqdkjcif;rSm tjrifrSm;jcif;
omjzpfonf[k jyefajymonf/ pma&;oltaejzifh a&SUqufajym&ef cufae
onf/ odYk aomfvnf; vlemrSm rdr\ d wynfw h pfO;D jzpfaeaomaMumifh raeom
awmhbJ tcsOfcdkufaeolukd i½kwfaumif;rIefYESifh a&aEG;ylyl wdkufcJY&zl;aMumif;
ajymjyonf/ tcsdefrSm nOfheufaeNyDjzpfojzifh pma&;ol tdrfjyeftdyfcJhonf/
eHeuf rd;k vif;aomtcgwGif ausmif;oluav; rusifonf oef;acgifausmfu
112 q&mBuD; OD;omwifh

q&mauR;onfh a&Smufo;D udpk m;NyD; tBuD;tus,f tarmqku d uf m uG,vf eG f

oGm;&SmNyDjzpfaMumif; pdwfrcsrf;ajrUzG,fowif;ukd Mum;&avawmhonf/
tvm;wltrIrsK;d aemufxyfwpfBudrf awGUMuHK&ao;onf/ txufyg
uHukef;&GmrSyif jzpfonf/ xkd&Gm&Sd OD;atmifvdIif\om; armifcsufBuD;qdkol
zsm;ojzifh ¤if;\tpfukdawmfol q&mOD;xGef;rSdefu a&SmufoD;auR;&m tvGef
w&m arm[kdufNyD; uG,fvGef&jyefonfukd jrifawGU&zl;ygonf/ vlemrsm;ESifh
aq;q&mrsm;\trnfrsm;ukd wdwdusus xkwfazmfa&;om;&onfhtwGuf
pdwfraumif;yg/ odkYaomfvnf; usrf;&if;vuFm\tqdktrdefYrsm;udk xif&Sm;
apvdkaomaMumifh xkwfazmfa&;om;&jcif; jzpfygonf/ epfemapvdkonfh
oabmrygyg/

usrf;vuFm tyk'd f 8
rdótajc? azmfxkwfaytHY? ajra&av;&yf? 0*F"mwfrSm?
&ef o myH o k ? rS w f w H k ½ I a vmh ? odrIvG,fum? jyefMum;ygtHY?
aovmausmuf"mwf? a&yky"f mwfEiS ?hf zufpyfp&m? rSww f ykH gavmh
aemifvmvlrsm;? trsKd;om;wdkY jcm;em;ydkif;jzwf? trsm;a0ae?
aoaocsmcsm? ynwfpmukd? q&mrSmwkdif;? ynmvdIif;í csifhEdIif;
NyD;um? ay;ukygrS? ynmr&Sd? ey@dwdkY? pdwf&Sdwkdif;ukd? "mwf&if;
cdkí? ay;vkd&monf? vGefpGm"mwfrD;tcgwnf;/
txufyg tyk'd f 8 \oabmukd q&mBuD;ppfaq;pOfu ajzqdck YJ&onfh
twkid ;f a&SUykid ;f wGif &Si;f vif;azmfjycJYNyD;ygNyD/ xkYd aMumifh xyfrH &Si;f vif;jyjcif;
rjyKawmhyg/

usrf;vuFm tyk'd f 9
rSwfMutm*Hk? av;pHkþ"mwf? rSwfavmhpOfvm? enf;jcif;
&mudk? odomvG,fatmif? ÓPfwefaqmifjzihf? aemufaemif
yk*¾vynwf tajccH "mwfusrf; 113

pOfvm? rSwfom;&mukd? odomaprI? ajryHok"mwf? rckdifvwf

aomf? 0rf;uswpfoG,f? &if0,favqdkY? tefysKdUaomtcg?
quf o G i f ; &mum;? avpmrD ; awmuf ? ay;wH k a jrmuf u ?
a&muf o nf h a &m*g? uif ; vG w f u G m vd r f h ? enf;emrSwfom;?
raxGjym;onf? xif&Sm;vlwdkYrSwfxHk;wnf;/
yx0D"mwfysufjym;NyD; 0rf;oGm;jcif;? &ifüavqdYk jcif;? ysKdUtefjcif;rsm;
jzpfvQif avpmrD;awmufudk ay;&rnf[k qdv k o dk nf/ tif;pdeNf rdKU abm*vrf;
rS armifcspf\ZeD; rtke;f Munftm; xked nf;jzifh ukocJYyu kH dk a&SUykid ;f wGif azmfjy
cJhNyD/
uHuek ;f aus;&GmrS yGpJ m;BuD; OD;bk;d uGe;f \om; armifarmifqo dk vl nf;
xkdenf;twl jzpfcJYzl;onf/ 0rf;wpfBudrf ESpfBudrf oGm;½HkrQjzifh rsufwGif;
a[mufyufjzpfum toHeufvmNyD; yg;jyifwpfckvHk; csKdifh0ifoGm;onftxd
½kyfysufqif;ysuf jzpfoGm;onf/ xkdYaMumifh a&Smuf&nfwGif Z0ufoma&mNyD;
wdkuf&m ESpfBudrfwdkuf½HkrQjzihf 0rf;&yfoGm;onf/ oifhavsmfaom "mwfpmrsm;
qufvuf pm;aomufap&m aumif;pGmusef;rmoGm;onf/ tvm;wlyif xk&d mG
rS ausmif;opfausmif;\ ausmif;'g,um? ypön;f av;yg;'g,um OD;bd;k wG,f
qko d \ l ol&if;iSm; armifoifqo dk v
l nf; armifarmifuYJoYdyk if jzpfonf/ armifarmif
uJYokdYyif a&Smuf&nfESifh Z0ufoma&mNyD; wdkuf&m a&S;enf;wl 0rf;&yfí
usef;rmonf/
a&S m uf [laom emrynwf"mwfwGif OD;acgif;cs&m uBuD;owfukd
,laomaMumifh wevFmemrfjzpfonf/ Z0ufomrSm aomMumemrfjzpfonf/
Oompdefyef;-'ef;vSukd&Sm pmwef;jzifh a0zefMunfhaomf Oom0ga,m
jzpfojzifh Z0ufomukd avpm[k ,l&rnf/ a&Smufukd awaZm"mwf (0g)
rD;awmuf"mwf[k ,lqonfwGif avpm rD;awmufukd &onf/ wpfzef
aomMumN*dK[fouf 21 ESpf? wevFmN*dK[fouf 15 ESpfwkdYukd aygif;aomf 36
jzpfonf/ 36 ukd e0if;ESihfjzwfaomf e0if;ausonf/ xkdYaMumifh e0if;aus
114 q&mBuD; OD;omwifh

jcif;? avpmrD;awmuf"mwfjzpfjcif;? aomrynwfqdkol armifarmifESifh

armifoifwdkYtm; aomrynwf"mwfpmukday;um ukojcif;rsm;aMumifh
csrf;om&m&jcif; jzpfygonf/
aomrynwf&Sdonfh v*kdPf;tkyfpk0ifolwkdYü wevFmESifh aomMum
[laom acgifaomufonf avpmrD;awmuf ,lqtyfaMumif;? Oom-
0ga,m? pdefyef;-yx0D? 'ef;vS-tmayg? ukd&Sm-awaZm [laom pmwef;jzifh
MuHqtyfaMumif;rsm;ukd aus;Zl;&Sifq&mBuD;u MuHqyHkMuHqenf;rsm;ESifh
wuG enf;vrf;toG,foG,fwkdYukd pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf jyocJYzl;onf/

usrf;&if;vuFm tyk'd f (10)

rSwxf ;kH axGvm? rdecf rhJ mS tH? aovmausmuf"mwf? ,k, d iG ;f
vwfu? ckdifcHhatmifyif? ½Iqifjcifavmh? eHyift&if;? aygif;oif;
0ga,m? tmaygESihfpyf? ay;ukeftyf\? rSwfMuwHkyg? rsm;wum
wdkY? tmumoav? vGefay awaZm? tmayg yifhavQmuf? yx0D
ajrmuf\/ a&SUaemufqifjcif? ÓPfESifh,SOfum? ay;uk&monf?
tpmrvGefaumif;aywnf;/
eHudk t&if;jyKum 0ga,m"mwf? tmayg"mwfwYdk EiS ahf ygif;pyfNyD; uko
onfhoabm jzpfonf/ ykdrdkí &Sif;vif;atmif atmufygukd,fawGUwpfckudk
wifjyNyD; &Sif;vif;ygrnf/
pma&;olonf 1298 ckESpfu uHukef;&GmrS awmfc&rf;&GmokdY tvnf
oGm;onf/ awmfc&rf;&Gm&Sd oli,fcsif;jzpfol armifpdefjr\ZeD; rapmvS
onf umv0rf;a&m*gjzpfum tvGefw&m ½kyfysufqif;ysufjzpfaeaMumif;
jzifh wnf;cdk&mtdrfokdYvmNyD; taMumif;Mum;onf/ vdkufoGm;&m qdkonfh
twkid ;f jrifawGU&onf/ yk*v ¾ ynwf "mwfusrf;q&mu ynm&Siw f Ydk ? ½kyvf Qif
½ly? yom'ukd? jrifuodap qdkonfhtwkdif; rapmvS\½kyfukd jrif½HkrQjzifh
a&m*g tvGeu f Rr;f aeNyDjzpfaMumif; odomEdik o f nf/ okYdaomfvnf; oli,fcsi;f
yk*¾vynwf tajccH "mwfusrf; 115

jzpfolESifh rdwfaqGrsm;u bmaq;rS wdkufír&awmhaMumif;? wwfEkdiforQ

BudK;pm;NyD; toufu,fapvdak Mumif; ajymaomaMumifh raeomawmhbJ MuHq
&awmhonf/
eHyift&if; qdkaomaMumifh rapmvSESifh eHwl&m qD;aph oHk;q,fcefY
&atmif &Smckdif;onf/ aygif;oif; 0ga,m qkdojzihf pa&"mwfrS qm;udk
0ga,m"mwftjzpf aumuf,lonf/ 'ef;vS tmayg qdkaomaMumifh 'ef;
[laom tmayg"mwfukd xef;vsuftjzpf aumuf,lonf/ yk*¾vynwf
"mwfq&mwkdYu xef;vsufonf xef;rSjzpfaomaMumifh paeeHukd ,lNyD; ygy
ynwf&SdoltwGuf 'ef;vS tmayg"mwftjzpf azmfjyMuonf/
txufazmfjyyg qD;aph? qm;ESihf xef;vsufwdkYukd tmaygwnf;[l
aom xHk;Muufwufa&ESihf usKdcsufNyD; ylylaEG;aEG;wdkufonf/ wdkufNyD;onf
ESihf ydw0f rf;wpfBudrrf Qom oGm;um 0rf;&yfomG ;onf/ odYk aomfvnf; tmum
oav? vGefayawaZm? tmaygyifhavQmuf? yx0Dajrmuf\[laom vuFm
t& rapmvSrSm qD;csKyfNyD; roufrom&Sdaejyefonf/ xkdYaMumifh vlrrm\
trnfynwfESihf oifhaom tkef;&nfwGif ,rf;pGufNyD; t½dkif; jzpfaom e0if;
aus"mwfukd wkdufay;onfwGifrS qD;oGm;avawmhonf/ xkdYaemuf rdrdESihf
oifhonfh ynwftpmrsm;udk pm;aomuf&ef rSmMum;cJYNyD; pma&;oljyefvmcJY
onf/ aemufydkif;&ufrsm;wGif vlemtajctaeukd odvkdaomaMumifh pHkprf;
Munhf&m usef;rmoGm;NyDjzpfaomfvnf; wpfukd,fvHk;&Sd ta&cGHrsm;rSm wpfv
cefYtwGif; uGmvsufyif&SdaeaMumif; Mum;od&onf/ ,if;okdYjzpf&onfrSm
a&m*guRrf;pjyKaeNyDjzpfjcif;? uko&onfrSm aemufusjcif;wdkYaMumifhjzpf
aMumif; owdcsyftyfygonf/

usrf;&if;vuFm tyk'd f 11
rvGefaumif;pGm? rSwfwHkygavmh/ ajryHok"mwf? ckdifcHY
vwfaomf? tyifh 0ga,m? awaZmvGefajrmuf? cef;ajcmuf
116 q&mBuD; OD;omwifh

tmayg? usavsmapvdk? a&SUudk axmufcsifh? ay;oihfaovm?

zufpyf&mum;? ]0} [kynwf? 0w¬Kpyfí? qHk;jzwfaomtcg?
vGwfuif;&monf? ay;&mrSefvS "mwfpOfwnf;/
ay;oifhaom aovm yx0D"mwfzkdESifh 0if [laom tmayg"mwfzdk
wdYk udk "mwfjzihaf &mpyftyfaMumif; jyqdo
k nf/ awmfc&rf;&Gm ta&SUbufurf;rS
v,fykdif&Sif OD;bkd;oif;tm; q&mBuD;ukd,fwkdif acwåtem&apNyD; jyefvnf
aysmufuif;atmif ukocJhonfukd jyefvnfavhvm&ef vkdygonf/

usrf;&if;vuFm tyk'd f 12
"mwfwlpyfí? ay;tyfaMumif;ukd? jyefMum;qdkydrfh? ]t}
ud k r D ; cJ ? pG J a vmh yH k a o? rS w f u k e f a yavmh ? vlYjynfüwGif?
yrm qifaomf a&vQifzsef;u? tcdk; xvdrfh? at;jrapatmif?
awmuf a vmif a waZm? 0ga,mES i h f z uf ? ay;uk q uf u ?
ck d ; xG u f a &m*g? uif ; vG w f y gvd r f h ? aemifvmvlrsm;? ynm
yGm;zdkY? rrSm;apatmif? owdaqmifí? aemufaemifpOfvm?
pdwfrSmcGJjcrf;? ÓPftpGrf;jzifh? axmufvSrf; uko&mownf;/
avmuOyrmwGif rD;avmifí ylaeonfah e&mukd a&zsef;vQif tcd;k x
ayvdrfhrnf/ t we*FaEG rD;cJawaZm"mwfzkd[k jyqkdcJhonfukd owdjyKtyf
ygonf/ xkrd ;D cJawaZm"mwfzEkd iS hf tmayg"mwfwYkd pyfNyD; oH;k aqmifpm;aomuf
í tcdk;xGufa&m*gjzpfay:vmrl a&vQif zsef;u? tckd;xvdrfh? at;jrap
atmif? awmufavmif awaZm? 0ga,mESifhzuf? ay;ukqufu? cdk;xGuf
a&m*g? uif;vGwyf gvdrhf[k qdx k m;onf/ awaZmrD;awmuf"mwfEiS hf 0ga,m
"mwfpyfvQif cdk;xGufa&m*g aysmufuif;apEkdifonf/ "mwfwlpyfí ay;tyf
aMumif;ukdvnf; owdjyKtyfygonf/
yk*¾vynwf tajccH "mwfusrf; 117

usrf;&if;vuFm tyk'd f 13
pGJavmhyHkao? rSwfukefayavmh? jzpfaxGrsm;pGm? tem
tiftm;? axmufxm;qifjcif? odajrmfjrifatmif? ÓPfjzifh
pOf;pm;? rrSm;aprI? vHkYvjyKí? &ifhEkqifjcif? tyifwpfoG,f?
wef c d k ; i,f a omf ? 0&Zd e f v uf e uf ? ynmpuf j zif h ? usKd ; yJ h
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