Abronia Fragrans Nutt. Ex Hook

Chapter 12
Ute Ethnobotany
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8.1 Introduction
The ethnological and ethnohistorical literature review documented approximately

183 plant resources acknowledged or used by the Ute. Sixty-five plants were recorded as
food resources. Thirty-six plants were listed as having medicinal value and two plants
had explicit religious or spiritual value. Twenty-one flora resources were used in the
manufacture of material items. Of the complete plant inventory, the literature recognized
72 plant resources with no cultural use for the resource. Below are the plant resources
listed by scientific name, although some plants could not be specifically identified.
These plants are listed as unidentified.1
8.2 Ethnobotanical Resources
Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook.

Snowball Sand Verbena; Nyctaginaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Sa-gwam-si-gwiv

Meaning: “Stomach medicine”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Sandy prairies, dunes, and stream valleys
Plants Parts Harvested: Roots and flowers
Season Collected: Not given
885
Medicinal Use(s): Roots and flowers used for stomach and bowel troubles
Additional Commentary: The indigenous term is probably not specific and will likely
be found to be applied to other plants used for similar purposes.
References: 2
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Acer glabrum (Torr.)
Maple
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Pa-wai-‘uv:pa

Meaning: “Water Oak”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Sandy prairies, dunes, and stream valleys
Plants Parts Harvested: Roots and flowers
Additional Commentary: No stated use for the plant
References: 3
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Achillea millefolium L
Common Yarrow; Asteraceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: I-am’-si-ta-gwiv

Meaning: “Wound medicine”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Prairies, meadows, open woods, especially areas of mild

disturbance. The plant thrives in dry to moderately moist soil, from valley floors to
above the timberline
Plants Parts Harvested: Plant
Medicinal Use(s): Poultice of plant applied externally to bruises.
886
References: 4
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Achillea millefolium L
Common Yarrow; Asteraceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: I-am’-si-ta-gwiv

Meaning: “Wound medicine”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Prairies, meadows, open woods, especially areas of mild

disturbance. The plant thrives in dry to moderately moist soil, from valley floors to
above the timberline
Medicinal Use(s): Administered as a panacea. An infusion of the plant taken

for cases of sickness
References: 5
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Agoseris sp.
Troxmon sp.
Asteraceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: An’-ka-pi-sa-wats

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry to moist, open sites, foothills to alpine; extends from
Alberta, Canada to New Mexico
Plants Parts Harvested: Leaves
Food Use(s): Leaves are formerly used as food
887
Additional Commentary: Eaten like the dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
References:6
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Allium acuminatum Hook
Tapertip Onion; Liliaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Kun-ka

Wisi-sikwu
Meaning: “Onion”
“Wild Onion”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found in foothills, woodlands, and forest openings. Allium

acuminatum is common in the pinon-juniper forests
Plants Parts Harvested: Bulbs and leaves
Season Collected: Spring
Food Use(s): Bulbs and leaves used for food
References: 7
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Allium bisceptrum S. Wats.
Twincrest Onion; Liliaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Kun-ka

Meaning: “Onion”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found across western North America from Oregon to

California and into Utah. Grows in meadows and aspen groves, occasionally on open
slopes, preferring sandy and loamy, moist, but well-drained soil.
Plants Parts Harvested: Bulbs and leaves
Food Use(s): Bulbs and leaves used for food.
888
References: 8
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Amaranthus retroflexus
Amaranthus gracizans
Redroot Pigweed; Amaranthaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Not given

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found from Alaska to Texas
Season Collected: Autumn
Food Use(s): Winnowed and parched, then either eaten or ground into
flour cakes or boiled into a mush
Additional Commentary: Pigweed is also boiled, mashed, dried and ground for
consumption. Young shoots and stems are eaten raw or boiled.9
References: 10
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Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer
Saskatoon Serviceberry; Rosaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: To-ump’

Tuwa=pi
Meaning: Not given
Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Brushy hillsides, open woods, creek banks, usually in well
drained soil. Occasionally found around bogs; Alaska to Colorado
Plants Parts Harvested: Fruit
Season Collected: Ripen in the fall
889
Food Use(s): Berries are harvested seasonally for immediate
consumption and surplus is dried for five days and stored in sacks for winter use
Additional Commentary: According to Smith’s consultants, serviceberries were a

favorite berry.11
References: 12
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Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer
Saskatoon Serviceberry; Rosaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: To-ump’

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Brushy hillsides, open woods, creek banks, usually in well
drained soil. Occasionally found around bogs; Alaska to Colorado
Food Use(s): Berries are used in season. Eaten raw, cooked and dried
into cakes for later consumption
References: 13
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Amsinckia tesselata
Fiddleneck; Boraginaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Tu’-ka-rump

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found along roadsides and dry open slopes and flats, often
in disturbed soil. Distributed widely across the southwest into Utah
Plants Parts Harvested: Not specified in the literature
890
Additional Commentary: No stated use for the plant.
References: 14
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Antennaria dimorpha (Torr. and Gray)
Low Pussytoes; Asteraceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Tim’-pin-tsau-uv

Meaning: “Rock-matting plant”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Grows on dry sites in foothills and montane zones from
southern British Columbia, Canada to Colorado
References: 15
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Arabis holboelli (Hornem.)
Reflexed Rockcress; Brassicaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Qta’-ko-mav

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Open, dry, often gravelly sites; plains to sub-alpine from
the southern Yukon and Northwest Territory, Canada to Colorado
891
References: 16
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Argropyrum repens (Beauv.)
Blue Joint;
Couch Grass
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: ? wai-

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Widespread across the west
References: 17
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Artemisia tridentata Nutt
Big Sagebrush; Asteraceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Ma-av

Ma-ap
Meaning:
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Prairies and semi-disturbed sites
Medicinal Use(s): Decoction of leaves used as a medicine
References: 18
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892
Asclepidiora decumbens Gray.
Milkweed; Asclepiadaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Sa-na’-ko-mav

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Moderately dry, open or shaded sites; plains to sub-alpine;

Montana to New Mexico
References: 19
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Aspidium filix-mas ( Schwartz)
Male Fern; Aspidium
Shield Fern
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Kai-ban-kim-bis

Meaning: “Wood Fern”
“Mountain Fern”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: An introduced species native to Europe. Found in wet to

very moist locations often in shady areas
References: 20
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Astragalus iodanthus, Watson
893
Buffalo Bean; Fabaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Ti’-wi-pi-tcum-av

Meaning: “Earth or Ground-matting Plant”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found throughout the west from Oregon to Utah
References: 21
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Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt
Arrowleaf Balsamroot; Asteraceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Ku-si-a kump

Meaning: “White shoot”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Moist to moderately dry, open sites in the montane zone;
Idaho to Wyoming and Montana
Plants Parts Harvested: Young shoots and leaves
Food Use(s): Young shoots and leaves eaten
References: 22
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Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt
Arrowleaf Balsamroot; Asteraceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Ku-si-a kump
894
Meaning: “White shoot”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Moist to moderately dry, open sites in the montane zone;
Idaho to Wyoming and Montana
Plants Parts Harvested: Root
Food Use(s): Roots were eaten to some extent
References: 23
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Beckmannia erucaeformis Host.
Slough Grass
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: A-wat’-o-gwiv

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found across the west
Plants Parts Harvested: Seeds
Additional Commentary: No stated use for the plant, although one unconfirmed
source commented that the seeds were collected for food among the Ute.
References: 24
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Berberis repens, Lindl.
Oregon Grape;
Barberry
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Ksip-o-a-ats

Meaning: Not given
895
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Forested slopes; foothills to montane; Alberta, Canada to
New Mexico.
References: 25
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Betula occidentalis, Hook.
Water Birch;
River Birch
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: ? pa-gwai’-uv

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found commonly along montane stream banks, slopes, and
ridges, also in moist open woods, at edges of marshes, along lakeshores, and in wet
swales; it is distributed from British Columbia, Canada into Colorado and New Mexico.
References: 26
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Calochortus nuttallii, Torr. & Gray
Sego Lily; Liliaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Si’-go

Sikwu
Cikwu
Meaning: Not given
Not given
896
Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: The plant is native to a number of western states including

Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Nevada, Utah,
Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico.
Plants Parts Harvested: Bulbs or root
Season Collected: Gathered in July
Food Use(s): Bulbs formerly used for food, either eaten immediately or
baked in an earthen oven
Additional Commentary: The sego lily is the state flower of Utah. The Ute taught
the Anglo pioneers how to find and eat the bulbs during times of starvation.27
References: 28
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Camassia quamash
Camas; Agavaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Unknown

Meaning: Unknown
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found in moist meadows that become dry in late spring
from British Columbia, Canada to Utah
Plants Parts Harvested: Root bulb
Food Use(s): Used as a food
References: 29
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Capsella bursa-pastoris, Moench.
Shepard’s Purse
Tribal Nation: Ute
897
Indigenous Name: Mo’-ten-de-ats
Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Introduced plant from Europe found in disturbed, waste or

cultivated ground; plains to sub-alpine; Alaska to New Mexico
Additional Commentary: Introduced into the region. There is no recorded use for the
plant.
References: 30
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Capsella divaricata, Walp.
Shepard’s Purse
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Mo’-ten-de-ats

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Introduced plant from Europe found in disturbed, waste or

cultivated ground; plains to sub-alpine; Alaska to New Mexico
Additional Commentary: The native plant.31
References: 32
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Carex jamesii, Torr.
Sedge; Cyperaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Pi’-gwuts

Meaning: Not given
898
Habitat/Ecological Zone: A native to North America and is distributed from
Minnesota east to New York and south to Oklahoma and South Carolina. It occurs in
mesic hardwood forests.
References: 33
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Castilleja parviflora Bong
Mountain Indian Paintbrush; Scrophulariaceae
Magenta paintbrush
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Mo’-ten-dit

Meaning: “Painted Cup”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Alaska through the Rocky Mountains
Plants Parts Harvested: Roots
Medicinal Use(s): Roots used for bowel troubles.
References: 34
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Caulanthus hastatus, Watson.
No Common Name; Brassicaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: An-ga—ko-rimp

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found across the west
899
Additional Commentary: No recorded use for the plant
References: 35
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Citrulus vulgaris
Watermelon
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Shan-ti-kut

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Domestic cultivar
Additional Commentary: No recorded use for the plant. Watermelon is an

introduced cultivar.36
References: 37
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Claytonia caroliniana Michx
Carolina Springbeauty; Portulacaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Ti-bi-wu-tcunk

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Endemic to regions east of the Mississippi River
Plants Parts Harvested: Bulbs
Food Use(s): Bulbs formerly used for food
900
References: 38
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Cleome serrulata
Guaco; Capparidaceae
Spider-Flower;
Rocky Mountain Bee-Plant
Tribal Nation: Ute

Meaning: No translation given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry, open, often in disturbed ground; plains to montane;

distributed from southern British Columbia, Canada to New Mexico
Food Use(s): The young shoots and leaves are boiled and eaten
References: 39
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Cleome serrulata
Spider-Flower;
Tribal Nation: Ute

Meaning: Not given

Plants Parts Harvested: Seeds
Food Use(s): Seeds are treated like pigweed seeds
901
References: 40
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Cleome serrulata
Spider-Flower;
Tribal Nation: Ute

Meaning: Not given

Artifacts: The plant is stored and used for a dye
References: 41
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Collinsia parviflora Lindl.
Small Flower; Scrophulariaceae
Blue Eyed Mary
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Mi’-pun-ga-shu’’-cts

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Moist to dry, shaded or open sites; foothills to montane;

British Columbia, Canada to Colorado
Medicinal Use(s): The plant is used externally for sore flesh
902
Additional Commentary: Collinsia parviflora is used in a similar fashion to Gilia
gracilius.42
References: 43
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Comandra umbellata ssp. pallida (A. DC.) Piehl
Pale Bastard Toadflax; Santalaceae
Sandalwood
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Sa-gwa-si-un-guts

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry to moist, well-drained sites; plains to foothills; British

Columbia, Canada to New Mexico
Artifacts: At the Unitah-Quray reservation, ethnographic information

was that the blue dye, which is beneath the root skin was powdered, and mixed to paint
thickness with the juice of the round pin-cushion cactus.44
References: 45
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Comandra umbellata ssp. pallida (A. DC.) Piehl
Pale Bastard Toadflax; Santalaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Sa-gwa-si-un-guts

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found from Washington south to Texas, also from Nevada
to Kansas
903
Medicinal Use(s): Roots are used for headaches
References: 46
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Cornus stolonifera Michx.
Kinnikinnick;
Cornel
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Kai’-siv

A-va-tu-tum-butc0um-av
Meaning: Possibly “Red Bark”
Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Moist, wooded to open sites; plains to montane; Northwest

territory, Canada to New Mexico
Medicinal Use(s): Roots are used for headaches
References: 47
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Cowania mexicana Don.
Cliff Rose
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Pu-i’-tcum-av

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Native to the north edges of the Mojave desert to Colorado,
Utah and Arizona.
Additional Commentary: No recorded use for the plant
904
References: 48
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Cymopterus, spp.
Biscuit root; Apiaceae
Grayish Cymopterus;
Waxy Spring Parsley
Tribal Nation: Ute

Habitat/Ecological Zone: Grows in the mountain regions of Montana and Idaho
Additional Commentary: No recorded use for the plant.
References: 49
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Cymopteris longipes, Watson.
Longstalk Spring Parsley; Apiaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: O-an-tuv

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Unknown
Food Use(s): The leaves were formerly boiled and eaten
References: 50
905
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Cystopteris fragilis Bernh.
Fragile Fern; Dryopteridaceae
Fragile Bladderfern
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Tim-pim-uv

Meaning: Possibly “Rock” + “Plant”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Moist, rocky sites; foothills to alpine; Alaska to New

Mexico
Food Use(s): The leaves were formerly boiled and eaten
Additional Commentary: Tim-pi means “rock.”51
References: 52
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Cryptantha sericea (Gray) Payson
Silky Catseye; Boraginaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute

Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found from Washington to Texas
Medicinal Use(s): The roots are used as a stomach medicine.
References: 53
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906
Delphinium menziesii DC.
Delphinium bicolor Nutt.
Menzies’ Larkspur; Ranunculaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Sa-gwa--rint

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found largely in Oregon and Washington
Additional Commentary: Plant use not recorded in source
References: 54
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Draba nemorosa L.
Whitlow Grass; Brassicaceae
Woods Draba
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Kus-pa-sen-di-at

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Grows on open or wooded, often disturbed ground; plains,

foothills, and montane zones; Northwest Territory, Canada to New Mexico
References: 55
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Descurainia pinnata ssp. pinnata
Western Tansy Mustard; Brassicaceae
907
Tribal Nation: Ute

Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry, open ground in plains, foothills and montane zones;
Northwest Territory, Canada to New Mexico
Medicinal Use(s): Used as medicine
References: 56
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Eleocharis palustris R. Br.
Spike-rush
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Pa-on-da-pin-tid

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Wet sites, often in standing water; plains to montane;

Northwest territory, Canada to New Mexico
Additional Commentary: Plant use not recorded in source. Pa-o refers to “water.”57
References: 58
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Elymus canadensis L.
Canada Wild Rye; Poaceae
Lyme Grass
Tribal Nation: Ute
908
Indigenous Name: O-do-rum-biv
Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry to moist locations in fairly open sites, often on rocky
ground; foothills to sub-alpine; British Columbia, Canada to New Mexico
Plants Parts Harvested: Seed
Food Use(s): Seeds formerly are gathered for food.
References: 59
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Eragrostis purshii Schrad.
Eragrostis pectinacea var. pectinacea (Michx.) Nees ex Steud.
Tufted Love Grass; Poaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Kaib’-o-gwiv

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found across the United States
Additional Commentary: Kai-ba refers to “mountain.” Plant use not recorded in

source.60
References:61
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Erigeron canus Gray.
Fleabane; Asteraceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: ? sa-gum-si-ta-gwiv

Meaning: Not given
909
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Grows in the foothills and plains; found in the Four Corners
area, the plant occurs throughout northeast Arizona and northwest New Mexico, and it
has been found in southwest Colorado.
Additional Commentary: Plant use not recorded in source.
References: 62
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Erodium cicutarium L’her.
Cutleaf Storks Bill;
Alfilaria;
Red-stem Filaree
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Pa’-bo-i-ats

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found in desert, mesa, rangeland, open meadow, newly

tilled ground, and prairie conditions; prefers sandy rocky soils.
Additional Commentary: Plant use not recorded in source.
References: 63
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Erysimium asperum DC.
Western Wallflower; Brassicaceae
Prairie Rocket
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Sa’-go-a’’-sint

Meaning: Not given
910
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry, sandy sites on the plains to foothills; southern British
Columbia to New Mexico
References: 64
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Equisetum arvense L.
Horsetail
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Tu-ko-wuts

To-tsi-wuts
Meaning: Fertile Stems
Sterile Stems
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Moist to dry, wooded to open sites, often on disturbed

ground; plains to alpine; Alaska to New Mexico
Additional Commentary: No use recorded in the source
References: 65
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Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun
Smooth Horsetail; Equisetaceae
Scouring Rush
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Ya-a’-ti-nump

Meaning: “Cry or Call Out Instrument”
911
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Moist to dry, wooded to open sites, often on disturbed
ground; plains to alpine; Alaska to New Mexico
Artifacts: Used by children as whistles.
Additional Commentary: Likely from ya-a-gi (“to cry or call out”) and –nump
(“instrument”)
References:66
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Eriogonum ovalifolium Nutt.
Cushion Buckwheat; Polygonaceae
Silver Plant
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: K’ sum-sed-au-ge-ets

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry, open sites; plains to alpine; British Columbia, Canada
to New Mexico
Medicinal Use(s): Plant used as medicine
Additional Commentary: Probably from ku-tsun, meaning ashen or gray.
References:67
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Ferula multifida Gray.
Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance
Lomatium; Apiaceae
Fern-Leaved Desert Parsley
Tribal Nation: Ute
912
Indigenous Name: To-tuv
Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry, open sites from rocky to rich soil; foothills to
montane; southern British Columbia, Canada to Colorado
Medicinal Use(s): The root is ground between stones or in a mortar and

applied externally to wounds and bruises
Additional Commentary: The root is highly valued among the Ute and related
peoples for medicine
References: 68
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Ferula multifida Gray.
Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance
Lomatium; Apiaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry, open sites from rocky to rich soil; foothills to
montane; southern British Columbia, Canada to Colorado
Medicinal Use(s): The root is burned in a pan beneath a horse’s nose to treat
distemper
Additional Commentary: The root is highly valued among the Ute and related
peoples for medicine
References: 69
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913
Fragaria vesca
Fragaria americana
Wood Strawberry; Rosaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Tuwisi

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Moist sites; foothills and montane zones; British Columbia,
Canada to New Mexico
Food Use(s): Eaten fresh
References: 70
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Fritillaria atropurpurea Nutt.
Spotted Missionbells; Liliaceae
Tiger Lily;
Brown Lily
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Kai’-rumosita-gwiv

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Moderately dry, open or wooded areas, grassy sites; plains
to montane; southern British Columbia, Canada to Colorado
Medicinal Use(s): Decoction of bulbs and roots in large quantities regarded

dangerously poisonous.
References: 71
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914
Fritillaria atropurpurea Nutt.
Spotted Missionbells; Liliaceae
Tiger Lily;
Brown Lily
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Kai’-rumosita-gwiv

Meaning: Not given
Plants Parts Harvested: Bulbs and roots
Medicinal Use(s): Decoction of bulbs and roots used as medicine.
References: 72
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Fritillaria pudica (Pursh) Spreng.
Yellow Missionbells; Liliaceae
Buttercup;
Yellow Bell
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Pim’-i-kwi-ets

Meaning: Not given
Food Use(s): Bulbs formerly used for food
References:73
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915
Gilia aggregata
Ipomopsis aggregata
Trumpet Phlox; Polemoniaceae
Scarlet Gilia;
Skyrocket
Tribal Nation: Ute

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry, open or lightly wooded areas; foothills to montane;

southern British Columbia, Canada to New Mexico
Plants Parts Harvested: Whole plant
Artifacts: In Utah, the whole plant is boiled for glue
References: 74
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Gilia gracilis Hook.
Phlox; Polemoniaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Yo-gum-si-ta-gwiv

Meaning: “Coyote Medicine”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry, open or lightly wooded areas; foothills to montane;

southern British Columbia, Canada to New Mexico
Medicinal Use(s): Used as a poultice on bruised or sore leg
References: 75
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916
Glaux maritime L.
Silk Milkwort
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Tsun’-a-na-di ets

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Distributed from Washington to New Mexico
Additional Commentary: No recorded use in the source for the plant
References: 76
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Unspecified
Grass; Poaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: O’-wiv

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Varies with eco-zones
Additional Commentary: No recorded use in the source for the plant.
References: 77
______________________________________________________
Grayia polygaloides Hook and Arn.
Shad Scale
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: ? sa’-muv
917
Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone:
References:78
______________________________________________________
Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal
Grindelia robusta Nutt.
Curlycup Gumweed; Asteraceae
Gum Plant
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Ku-ats-um-si-ta-gwiv

Meaning: “Possessive Medicine”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Pastures and disturbed areas; dry, open sites; plains to
foothills; Alberta, Canada to New Mexico
Medicinal Use(s): Used as a cough medicine.
References: 79
______________________________________________________
Guttierezia euthamiae Torr. and Gray.
Lesser Rabbit Brush;
Torch Weed
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Shpump

Meaning: Not given
918
References: 80
______________________________________________________
Hedysarum boreale ssp. mackenziei (Richards.) Welsh
Mackenzie's Sweetvetch; Fabaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Kai-va-ma-mu-tea-kwiv

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Moist, open sites; foothills to sub-alpine; Alaska to New

Mexico
Medicinal Use(s): Roots used as medicine
References: 81
______________________________________________________
Helianthuus annuus
Common Sunflower
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: ?akwu=pi

?ukw=pi
Meaning: Not given
Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry to moist open sites, Great Plains to mountain foothills.
Found from Alberta to New Mexico.
919
Season Collected: June through September
Food Use(s): The seeds are separated from the head by hand, parched
and eaten or hulled, winnowed, and ground into a meal.
Additional Commentary: The Ute recognize many varieties of sunflower species.

They prefer plants growing in the mountains as it is thought the seeds are richer and
contain more oil.
References: 82
______________________________________________________
Helianthuus annuus
Common Sunflower
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: ?akwu=pi

?ukw=pi
Meaning: Not given
Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry to moist open sites, Great Plains to mountain foothills.
Found from Alberta to New Mexico
Season Collected: June through September
Food Use(s): The root is boiled or roasted
References: 83
______________________________________________________
Hydrophyllum capitatum
Waterleaf
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: O-at’-em-bi-ets

Meaning: Not given
920
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Moist, open or wooded sites; montane to sub-alpine;
southern British Columbia, Canada to Colorado
References: 84
______________________________________________________
Iva axillaris Pursh
Povertyweed; Asteraceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Tam-es-ta-gwiv

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found from Washington to Texas, west to the Mississippi

River
Medicinal Use(s): Occasionally used as medicine
References: 85
______________________________________________________
Juncus balticus Deth.
Bog Rush
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Pau-wuv

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Wet sites, often in saline or alkaline areas; plains to sub-
alpine; Alaska to New Mexico
921
Additional Commentary: Not recorded use for the plant in the source
References: 86
______________________________________________________
Juniperus californica
Juniperus uthhensis
White Cedar; Cupressaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Wap

Meaning: “To Burn”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Occurs in California east into Utah
Plants Parts Harvested: Bark
Season Collected: All seasons
Artifacts: Use the bark for kindling purposes
References: 87
______________________________________________________
Juniperus scopulorum
Rocky Mountain Juniper; Cupressaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry, rocky, open sites; foothills to montane ecozones;

Alberta, Canada to Mew Mexico
Season Collected: Shoots and leaves
Food Use(s): Young shoots and leaves used to make a tea
922
References: 88
______________________________________________________
Juniperus scopulorum
Rocky Mountain Juniper; Cupressaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Wapu=pi

Meaning: Unknown
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry, rocky, open sites; foothills to montane eco-zones;

Alberta, Canada to Mew Mexico
Plants Parts Harvested: Berries
Food Use(s): Eaten raw or cooked
Additional Commentary: Berries from different trees were sampled to discover

which tree held the sweetest fruit as they varied in taste. Women rubbed the fruit on a
metate with a mano to separate the seeds from the pulp. The pulp was either eaten fresh
or cooked. The juniper berry pulp also would be dried and later ground on a metate.89
References: 90
______________________________________________________
Krynitzkia sercea Gray.
Unspecified
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Yu’-bi-shad-ump

Meaning: Not given
Medicinal Use(s): Root used as stomach medicine
923
References: 91
______________________________________________________
Lathyrus ornatus Nutt.
Everlasting Pea; Fabaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Sa-gwa’-sa-int

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Distributed from Oklahoma to Kansas and South Dakota,

west to Colorado and Utah; prairies, plains, dry open pinewoods,
References: 92
______________________________________________________
Lepidum internmedium Gray.
Pepper Grass; Brassicaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Sau’-ga-mi-ants

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry, open slopes and disturbed grounds; plains to montane
References: 93
______________________________________________________
Lepidium sativum
Pepper Grass
924
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Wa’-to-ma-siv

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry, open slopes and disturbed grounds; plains to montane
References: 94
______________________________________________________
Linnum lewsii
Western Blue Flax; Linaceae
Wild Blue Flax
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Wui=pi

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry, open, partially shaded sites, plains to montane regions,
Alaska to New Mexico
Artifacts: Use to manufacture cordage and nets
References: 95
______________________________________________________
Lithospermum ruderale Dougl. ex Lehm.
Lithospermum pilosum
Western Gromwell; Boraginaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Tsut-kup
925
Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Warm, dry, open sites, often on rocky ground; plains to
montane; Alberta, Canada to Colorado
Medicinal Use(s): Decoction of roots used as a diuretic.
Additional Commentary: Chamberlin witnessed an elder couple using the medicine.96
References: 97
______________________________________________________
Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance
Carrotleaf Biscuitroot; Apiaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry, open sites from rich to rocky soil; foothill to montane;
Alberta, Canada to Colorado
Medicinal Use(s): Poultice of root pulp applied to wounds and bruises
References: 98
______________________________________________________
Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance
Carrotleaf Biscuitroot; Apiaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute

Meaning: Not given
926
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry, open sites from rich to rocky soil; foothill to montane;
Alberta, Canada to Colorado
Medicinal Use(s): Roots burned in a pan and held beneath the horse's nose for
distemper
References: 99
______________________________________________________
Lonicera utahensis Watson.
Woodbine; Caprifoliaceae
Red Twinberry
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Te-ed-kav

Meaning: “Deer Food”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Distributed from Washington through Utah south into New
Mexico
Additional Commentary: No recorded use for the plant in the source
References: 100
______________________________________________________
Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) Coult.
Peyote; Cactaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Seni

Sen-gaw
Meaning: “Prickly Fruit”
Not given
927
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found in dry sandy soils along the Rio Grande watershed in
Texas and Mexico and in scattered locations as far south as Hidalgo, Mexico
Spiritual/Religious Use(s): Used as a religious sacrament
References: 101
______________________________________________________
Malvastrum munroanum Gray.
False Mallow
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Sa-gwun-na-ga-ats

Meaning: Not given
References: 102
______________________________________________________
Matricaria discoidea DC.
Disc Mayweed; Asteraceae
May Apple
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: (Ma)-mu’-a-na-nump

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Disturbed ground, often on roadsides; plains to montane;

928
Medicinal Use(s): Used as a medicine
References: 103
______________________________________________________
Nuphar polysepalum
Wokas;
Yellow Pond Lily
Tribal Nation: Ute

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Shallow, quite water in ponds and streams; plains to sub-
alpine; Alaska to Colorado
Additional Commentary: Not recorded use for the plant,
References: 104
______________________________________________________
Orogem linearifolia
Indian Potato
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Pin’-ka-pai-ats

Nuu-pucu=ti
Meaning: Not given
Plants Parts Harvested: Ripens in early July
Food Use(s): Dug with a digging stick. The root is washed, boiled, and
dried in the sun. After drying, the roots are then ground on a metate and stored for
929
winter. In preparing a meal, the ground potatoes are either boiled or combined with
venison.
References: 105
______________________________________________________
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Indian Ricegrass
Tribal Nation: Ute

Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry open sites on the plains and foothills. Found from
Alberta to Colorado
Season Collected: Late spring to early summer
Food Use(s): The ricegrass is parched to remove the scales. It is then

winnowed. The seeds are ground into a meal for cakes or made into a mush
Additional Commentary: Large quantities of ricegrass were gathered for a two-week

period in late spring to early summer. The amount that could be gathered was limited by
the restricted period (two weeks) of seeding.106
References: 107
______________________________________________________
Pachystima myrsinites Raf.
Paxistima myrsinites
False Box; Celastraceae
Mountain Boxwood
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Te-e-kav

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Moist forests to well-drained, open sites; foothills to sub-

alpine; southern British Columbia, Canada to New Mexico
930
Additional Commentary: No recorded use for the plant.
References: 108
______________________________________________________
Pentstemon glaber Pursh.
Bearded Tongue; Scrophulariaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Mu-tcem-bi-a

Meaning: Not given
References: 109
______________________________________________________
Perideridida gairdneri
Yampa;
Wild Carrot
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Yaa=pi

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry to moist, open or wooded areas; plains to montane;

931
Food Use(s): Roots were dug with a digging stick, baked in an earthen
oven, then dried. After, the dried yampa was ground on a metate and stored in buckskin
bags for winter. The roots sometimes were boiled in clay pots.
References: 110
______________________________________________________
Phacelia menziesii Torr.
No Common Name; Hydrophyllaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: ? (Ma)-mu’-tem-bi-a

Meaning: Not given
References: 111
______________________________________________________
Phlox gracilis ssp. gracilis
Gilia gracilis Hook.
Slender Phlox; Polemoniaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Yo-gum-si-ta-gwiv

Meaning: “Coyote Medicine”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry, open to partly shaded sites; plains to montane; Alaska
to New Mexico
Medicinal Use(s): Poultice of plant applied to sore legs
932
References: 112
______________________________________________________
Phlox longifolia Nutt.
Sweet William
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: (Mo)-mu’-kwi-ets

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry, open to partly shaded sites; plains to montane; Alaska
to New Mexico
Additional Commentary: No recorded use for the plant in the source
References: 113
______________________________________________________
Pinus edulis
Pinus monophylla
Pinon
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Ti-va

Na?a-tipa=ci
Nutu-tipa=ci
Meaning: Not given
“Pine Nut”
“Pinyon”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: In dry regions from Utah south
Plants Parts Harvested: Nuts
Food Use(s): Nuts are gathered, cracked and either eaten raw.
933
References: 114
______________________________________________________
Pinus edulis
Pinus monophylla
Pinon
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Ti-va

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: In dry regions from Utah south
Plants Parts Harvested: Nuts
Food Use(s): Nuts are gathered roasted and stored. The nutmeat is made
into cakes or into a gruel
Additional Commentary: Sometimes pinon nutmeat is mixed with sunflower seeds.

The crop is important but bumper crops only occur every few years.
References: 115
______________________________________________________
Populus angustifolia James.
Cottonwood
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Sho-av

Meaning: “Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Moist to wet sites, often on river and lakeshores; foothills
to sub-alpine; Alaska to Colorado
Additional Commentary: Specific use of the plant not recorded in the source
934
References: 116
______________________________________________________
Potentilla anserine L.
Argentina anserina
Five Finger; Rosaceae
Silverweed
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Qte’-an-giv

Meaning: “Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Moist, open sites, usually near water; plains to montane;
Yukon, Canada to New Mexico
References: 117
______________________________________________________
Prunus americana
Wild Plum
Tribal Nation: Ute

Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry to moist; open sites; plains to montane; southern

Food Use(s): Eaten raw
References: 118
935
______________________________________________________
Prunus americana
Wild Plum
Tribal Nation: Ute

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry to moist; open sites; plains to montane; southern

Food Use(s): Sun dried for winter use
References: 119
______________________________________________________
Prunus virginiana
Chokecherry
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Titatina=pi

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry to moist sites, plains to montane regions. Found from
the southern Northwest territory, Canada to New Mexico
Season Collected: Ripens and gathered in July
Food Use(s): Collected and somewhat dried; then mashed and made into
cakes, which are dried
Additional Commentary: Quantities are stored for winter use.
References: 120
936
______________________________________________________
Pteris aquiline L.
Bracken Fern; Dennstaedtiaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Kai-ban-kim-bis

Habitat/Ecological Zone: Moorland and rough ground
Additional Commentary: Specific use of the plant not recorded in the source. See
also Asidium filix-mas Schwartz.
References: 121
______________________________________________________
Pteridium acquilinum
Braken; Dennstaedtiaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute

Habitat/Ecological Zone: Moist to moderately dry, open, or shaded sites; foothills to

montane; British Columbia, Canada to New Mexico
References: 122
______________________________________________________
Querus undalata var.
937
Rock Mountain Oak; Fagaceae
Scrub Oak
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Kwi’-uv

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found in western Utah and northwestern Arizona, and

central Colorado
References: 123
______________________________________________________
Ranunculus aquatilis L. var.
Buttercup; Ranunculaceae
White Water Buttercup
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Pai’-a-pu-ets

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found along ponds, lake margins, and streams
References: 124
______________________________________________________
Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh.
Buttercup
Tribal Nation: Ute
938
Indigenous Name: Pau-us-a-nau-ga ant
Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Grows on the banks of streams and ponds in plains,

foothills, and montane zones; Yukon, Canada to New Mexico
References: 125
______________________________________________________
Rhus trilobata var. trilobata
Rhus aromatica
Skunkbush Sumac; Anacardiaceae
Sumac;
Squaw Berry
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Mo-tam-bi-ats

Wisi
Meaning: Not given
Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Upland prairies, borders and openings in woods, country

roads, and railroads
Food Use(s): If the berries were consumed immediately, they were

ground on a metate. Most of the harvest was sun-dried and stored for winter use when
they were ground on a metate, along with a small amount of water.
Additional Commentary: The same term, Wisi, was used for Yucca baccata, whose
fruits were eaten fresh. The seeds although edible, were discarded. On occasion the pulp
of Yucaa baccata was boiled before being eaten.126
References: 127
939
______________________________________________________
Ribes aureum Pursh
Golden Currant; Grossulariaceae
Buffalo Currant;
Missouri Currant
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Po-gomp’-iv

Kwatina=pi
Meaning: “Berry”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Well drained soils, near streams, on plains to foothills from
Season Collected: Ripen at the end of June or early July
Food Use(s): Berries used for food
Additional Commentary: Some are collected and eaten raw. Other berries are
mashed, formed into small cakes, sun-dried, and stored for winter use. The cakes would
be boiled with deer fat.128
References: 129
______________________________________________________
Ribes lacustre
Black Gooseberry; Grossulariaceae
Bristly Black Currant
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Sapatuu=pi

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Moist, open or wooded sites; foothills to alpine; from the
Yukon to Colorado and Utah
940
Food Use(s): Eaten fresh, although they were sour in taste.
Additional Commentary: Some gooseberries were dried four to five days and stored
for winter use. There is also a Mountain Gooseberry (Ribes montigenum) that is found
from southern British Columbia to New Mexico.130
References: 131
______________________________________________________
Rosa woodsii var. woodsii
Rosa fendleri Crepin.
Rose; Woodssaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: An-ga-si-un-giv

Cii=pi
Muwici=pi
Meaning: “Red Stem”
“Rose Hips”
“Large Rose Hips”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Prairies, ravine, and stream banks; Grows in a wide range
of habitats; plains to sub-alpine zones; Northwest territory, Canada to Colorado and Utah
Plants Parts Harvested: Rose Hips
Food Use(s): Rose hips used for food. The seed is removed and the fruit
boiled until soft.
Additional Commentary: Found and gathered in the mountains.132
References: 133
______________________________________________________
Rubus strigosus
Rubus iseaus
Red Raspberry; Rosaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
941
Indigenous Name: Naka-watu=pi
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Moist to dry, open or wooded sites; foothills to montane;

Alaska to New Mexico
Food Use(s): Eaten raw or made into cakes for later consumption
References: 134
______________________________________________________
Salix amygdaloides Anderss.
Salix lasiandria Benth.
Salix cordata Muhl.
Peachleaf Willow; Salicaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: K’sa-nav

K’sa-ka-nav
Meaning: “Ashen or Greyish Willow”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Upland sites in prairies and sparse wooded areas, especially
in sandy soils
Plants Parts Harvested: Fiber
Artifacts: Used in basketry.
References: 135
______________________________________________________
Salix eriocephala Michx
Missouri River Willow; Salicaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
942
K’sa-ka-nav
Artifacts: Used in basketry
References: 136
______________________________________________________
Salix flavescens Nutt.
Willow; Salicaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Ta-ma-nump-in-av

Ta-ma-nump-in-nav
Meaning: Not given
Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found from Washington to New Mexico
Additional Commentary: No stated use for the plant in the source
References: 137
______________________________________________________
Salix interior Rowlee
Salicac Sandbar; Willoweae
Tribal Nation: Ute

K’sa-ka-nav
943
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found from Montana to Colorado
References: 138
______________________________________________________
Salix longifolia Muhl.
Willow; Salicaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Ka-nav’

Meaning: Not given
Additional Commentary: No stated use for the plant in the source
References: 139
______________________________________________________
Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr.
Pacific Willow; Salicaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute

K’sa-ka-nav
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found from Washington to New Mexico
944
References:140
______________________________________________________
Sambucus racemosa.
Black Elderberry; Caprifoliceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Unknown

Meaning: Unknown
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Moist sites, foothills to sub-alpine; Alberta, Canada to New

Mexico
Food Use(s): Eaten raw or dried for storage
Additional Commentary: This species include two varieties distinguished by fruit

coloration. Variety melanocarpa (previously known as Sambucus melanocarpa) has
purplish-black fruit and variety leucocarpa (previously known as Sambucus leucocarpa)
has red fruit.
References: 141
______________________________________________________
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla
Scirpus validus Vahl.
Softstem Bulrush; Cyperaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: T’-su-saip

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Widely distributed across the United States
Plants Parts Harvested: Lower, tender portions of the plant
945
Food Use(s): Lower, tender portions of the plant are used for food
References: 142
______________________________________________________
Senecio sp.
Groundsel; Asteraceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Ko-ats-em-si-ta-gwiv

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry open often rocky sites; plains to alpine; British
Columbia, Canada to Colorado
Medicinal Use(s): Used as medicine for undetermined purposes
Additional Commentary: Also referred to in the early literature as “squaw weed” as it

was used among some tribes for women’s ailments.143
References: 144
______________________________________________________
Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt
Silver Buffaloberry; Elaeagnaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: An-gut-a-gwin

Nika=pi
Meaning: Not given
Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Stream banks, hillsides, and ravines in rocky, sandy, or clay
946
Food Use(s): Berries formally used as food.
Additional Commentary: Women in a berry basket gather the berries. The berries are
placed in water so the leaves would rise to the top and the berries sink to the bottom. The
berries were then dried in the sun and stored in sacks for winter use.145
References: 146
______________________________________________________
Shepherdia canadensis
Canada Buffaloberry; Elaeagnacaea
Soapberry
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Ta-ma-nump

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Open woods and stream banks; foothills to sub-alpine

region; Found from Alaska to New Mexico
Food Use(s): Whipped into froth and used as a dessert
Additional Commentary: Buffaloberry contains a bitter substance (saponin) that

makes a foamy substance when beaten like egg-whites. If too much saponin is consumed
it can cause diarrhea, vomiting and stomach cramps.147
References: 148
______________________________________________________
Sisymbrium canescens Nutt.
Hedge Mustard
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Po-e’-tcem-en

Meaning: Not given
947
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found across western North America
Medicinal Use(s): Used as medicine
References: 149
______________________________________________________
Smilacina amplexicaulis Nutt.
False Solomon’s Seal; Liliaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Yo-gwo’-ta-ma-nump

Meaning: “Coyote Berry”
Additional Commentary: No recorded use in the source
References: 150
______________________________________________________
Solanum jamesii
Wild Potato; Solanaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found from Utah to Texas
948
Additional Commentary: No specific use recorded in the source
References: 151
______________________________________________________
Solanum tuberosum
Potato; Solanaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Tsin

Meaning: “Potato”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Cultivar
Additional Commentary: Cultivated plant, but the name is transferred from a native
plant
References: 152
______________________________________________________
Sophora secundiflora
Mescal Bean
Tribal Nation: Ute

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found in Mexico north into western Texas and southern
New Mexico.
Plants Parts Harvested: Beans
Additional Commentary: The Weeminuche occasionally used mescal
References: 153
949
______________________________________________________
Streptanthus cordatus Nutt.
Heartleaf Twistflower; Brassicaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: O-nun-ga-ats

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Across western North America
Additional Commentary: No recorded use for the plant in source
References:154
______________________________________________________
Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers
Common Dandelion; Asteraceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: (Mo)-mun-ti-ad-qsup

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Disturbed, cultivated, and waste ground; introduced species

from Europe; Alaska to New Mexico
Food Use(s): Leaves are formerly used as food
References: 155
______________________________________________________
Tellima parviflora Hook.
Ragged Starflower; Saxifragaceae
950
Small-flowered Prairie-star;
Small-flowered Fringecups
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: An-gai-ya-ga-ti-nump

Meaning: Not given
Additional Commentary: No recorded use in source
References: 156
______________________________________________________
Trifolium (General term)
Clover
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Mo’-pi-ants

Mu’-pi-ants
Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Wide spread across the west
References: 157
______________________________________________________
Trifolium pratense L.
Red Clover; Fabaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
951
Indigenous Name: ?sa-gwa-in-di-up
Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Disturbed, cultivated, and waste ground; plains to montane;

British Columbia, Canada to New Mexico; an introduced species from Europe
Additional Commentary: No recorded use in the source. Introduced species into the
region
References: 158
______________________________________________________
Triglochin maritimum L.
Arrow Grass; Juncaginaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Pa’-sau-wa-dint

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Standing water, often brackish or on wet open ground;

plains to montane; Alaska to New Mexico
References: 159
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Black Berry”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Puwu=pi

Meaning: Not given
952
Plants Parts Harvested: Berry
Food Use(s): Large berry that is gathered, mashed, dried and stored for
winter use.
References: 160
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Blackberry”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Pakia

Meaning: Not given
References: 161
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Blue Berry”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Punukwu=pi

Meaning: Not given
Food Use(s): Used as a food resource
953
Additional Commentary: A bitter tasting fruit. The fruit grows on a bush that
resembles a willow.
References: 162
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Blueberry”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Patu=pi

Meaning: Not given
References: 163
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Wintergreen”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Maku

Meaning: Not given
Food Use(s): Berries are eaten fresh
References:164
______________________________________________________
954
Unidentified
“Edible Root”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Kwiu

Meaning: Not given
Season Collected: Gathered in spring
Food Use(s): Root is baked overnight in an earthen oven.
Additional Commentary: The root is yellowish in color and is possibly identified as

biscuit root.
References: 165
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Wild Garlic”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Wisi-sikwu

Meaning: Not given
Plants Parts Harvested: Bulb
Additional Commentary: The same Ute term, according to Smith, is applied to wild
onions.166
References: 167
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
955
“Edible Root”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Kwiu=pi

Meaning: Not given
Season Collected: Gathered in the spring
Food Use(s): The root is baked overnight in an earthen oven.
References: 168
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Edible Root”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Kwuk=wai

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Grows near the White River in Colorado
Season Collected: Harvested in July
Food Use(s): Root was cleaned, boiled, and eaten. It was not stored for
winter use
References: 169
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Edible Root”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Tuupiki
956
Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found near the White River in Colorado and near the
Colorado-Wyoming border
Season Collected: Not specified
Food Use(s): The root is boiled or baked in hot ashes
References: 170
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Herb”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: ?asunwa-ni=pi

Meaning: Not given
Plants Parts Harvested: Herb
Medicinal Use(s): Pounded, boiled, and the mixture is drunk for flu
References: 171
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Leaves”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Napana-ni=pi

Meaning: Not given
957
Medicinal Use(s): Pounded, mixed with water and applied to a sore finger
References: 172
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Leaves”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Pipata=ci

Meaning: Not given
Medicinal Use(s): Pounded in water and used for sores
References: 173
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Leaves”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Akwasusi=pi

Meaning: Not given
Medicinal Use(s): Pounded and steeped in water. The tea is drunk for sore
throats, coughs, and toothaches
958
References: 174
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Leaves”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Sama-cowi=ci

Meaning: Not given
Medicinal Use(s): An infusion is made and it is drunk for stomach aches
References: 175
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Greens”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Kwusa=ti

Meaning: Not given
Food Use(s): Boiled and eaten
References: 176
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
959
“Greens”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Ka?a=ti

Meaning: Not given
Food Use(s): Boiled and eaten
References: 177
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Seeds”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Paka=pi

Meaning: Not given
Season Collected: Ripens in fall
References: 178
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Seeds”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Wa?i

Meaning: Not given
960
Food Use(s): Used for food
Additional Commentary: Grass of this plant used in earthen ovens
References: 179
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Seeds”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Wa?i=pi

Meaning: No given
Season Collected: Ripens at the time the constellation Seven Sisters appear in
the sky
Food Use(s): The seed is parched, winnowed and ground before eaten.
Additional Commentary: The seed grows in shell similar to domestic wheat.
References: 180
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Seeds”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Pasu=pi

Meaning: Not given
961
Plants Parts Harvested: Whole plant gathered when seed is ripe
Season Collected: Ripens in the fall
Food Use(s): Used as food
Additional Commentary: Seeds beaten off on to a piece of buckskin
References: 181
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Seeds”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Kwawa

Meaning: Not given
Plants Parts Harvested: Vine and seed
Season Collected: Ripens in May
Food Use(s): Seeds dried, parched, and ground before eaten
Additional Commentary: The plant is a vine that grows close to the ground. Women
gather the vines and place them in a container filled with water. The vines are rubbed
with their hands so that the leaves float to the top and the seeds, the size of beads, fall to
the bottom.
References: 182
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Seeds”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Kwu=pi

Meaning: Not given
962
Plants Parts Harvested: Whole plant
Season Collected: Ripens in July
Food Use(s): Seeds are dried and ground on a metate before eaten
Additional Commentary: Whole plant is gathered and then rubbed between a

woman’s hands until the seeds fall out.
References: 183
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Seeds”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Waka=ci

Meaning: Not given
Food Use(s): Seeds were ground on a metate before eaten
Additional Commentary: The seeds are encased in a long, thin stem. Seedbeaters
were used to beat out the seeds.
References: 184
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Seeds”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Muatu

Meaning: Not given
963
Season Collected: Gathered in September
Food Use(s): The seed is parched, winnowed, and ground before eaten
References: 185
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Cactus”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Mana=pi

Meaning: Not given
Artifacts: Spines used to tattoo
References: 186
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Cactus”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: ?iyi=ti maa=pi

Meaning: Not given
964
Additional Commentary: No recorded specific use for the plant, although it is listed
as useful.
References: 187
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Elder Wood”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Kunu-ku=pi

Meaning: Not given
Artifacts: Used in making pipe stems
References: 188
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Grass”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Pau-waa=pi

Meaning: Not given
Additional Commentary: Smith lists the species as useful, but provides not specific
function.189
References: 190
965
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Green Bush”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: ?ipitama-ni=pi

Meaning: Not given
Artifacts: Used in the earth oven
References: 191
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Leaves”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Kana-musu=tikwi=pi

Meaning: Not given
Artifacts: Tied in a little bag and worn around the neck of a person as
perfume.
References: 192
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Plant”
966
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Tisa?u=pi

Meaning: Not given
Artifacts: Used to make coiled baskets
Additional Commentary: The plant grows like a willow and has small red berries
References: 193
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Plant”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Pa?a=pi

Meaning: Not given
Artifacts: The large plant leaves are used to line bark baskets in
which aspen sap is collected.
References: 194
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Plant”
Tribal Nation: Ute
967
Indigenous Name: ?uka-si=ti
Meaning: Not given
Artifacts: Used to make pottery temper.
Additional Commentary: Smith states that the plant may be Indian Paint Brush.
References: 195
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Tobacco”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Sapatu=ti

Meaning: Not given
Additional Commentary: Smith does not provide a specific use.
References: 196
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Tree”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Sika-ni=pi

Meaning: Not given
968
Plants Parts Harvested: Bark
Artifacts: Bark used for cordage
References: 197
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Weeds”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Kanusutuki

Meaning: Not given
Artifacts: Used for perfume.
References: 198
______________________________________________________
Unidentified
“Weeds”
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Kwuyu

Meaning: Not given
Artifacts: Used for perfume.
969
References: 199
______________________________________________________
Valerianella congesta
No Common Name; Valerianaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: An-go-i-ents

Meaning: Not given
References:200
______________________________________________________
Veronica aggerata
Speedwell;
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Pu’-i-ants

Meaning: Not given
References: 201
______________________________________________________
970
Vicia americana Muhl.
Wild Vetch; Fabaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Ka-na-te’-ants

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Moist, open or partly shaded sites; plains to montane;

southern Northwest Territory, Canada to New Mexico
Additional Commentary: No recorded use in the source. Pu-i-pi-um-av refers to the

blue flower on the plant
References: 202
______________________________________________________
Viola beckwithii
Wild Pansy; Violaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Ka-bam-si-ta-gwiv

Meaning: “Horse medicine”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found in dry grasslands
Medicinal Use(s): Not given used as medicine
References: 203
______________________________________________________
Viola canina L.
Viola sylvestris Regel.
Violet; Violaceae
Heath Dog Violet;
971
Heath Violet
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Sau’-o-ma-ants

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found in dry grasslands
Additional Commentary: No use recorded in the source
References: 204
______________________________________________________
Viola cucullata Ait.
Marsh Blue Violet; Violaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Sau-ed-in-do-ets

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Meadows
Medicinal Use(s): Roots are used as medicine
Additional Commentary: The Ute also used Viola beckwithii as medicine.205
References: 206
______________________________________________________
Yucca glauca
Narrow-Leaved Yucca; Liliaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
972
Indigenous Name: Wisi
Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry, open sites, plains to foothills; southern Alberta to New
Mexico
Plants Parts Harvested: Fruit and blossoms
Food Use(s): Used as food
References: 207
______________________________________________________
Yucca glauca
Narrow-Leaved Yucca; Liliaceae
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Pisa-wisi

Meaning: Not given
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Dry, open sites, plains to foothills; southern Alberta to New
Mexico
Artifacts: Used as soap
Additional Commentary: Also referred to as soap weed.
References: 208
______________________________________________________
Zigadenus nuttallii (Gray) S. Wats
Nuttall's Death Camas; Liliaceae
Poison Sego
Tribal Nation: Ute
Indigenous Name: Ta-ba’-si-gwiv
973
Meaning: “Sun Sego”
Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found on rocky hillsides, usually in limestone soils.
Medicinal Use(s): Not given Bulbs are considered poisonous.
References:209
______________________________________________________
974
1
. The indigenous names are spelt phonetically as they appear in the source. It is
recommended that the original texts be referenced for spelling accuracy and the
taxonomic system that was applied to the plants.
2
. Ralph V. Chamberlin, “Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians,” American
Anthropologist 11(1909):32; Virgil J. Vogel, American Indian Medicine. Norman:
University of Oklahoma Press, 1982), 201.
3
. Chamberlin, “Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians,” 32.
4
. Chamberlin, “Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians,” 32; Linda Kershaw, Andy
MacKinnon, and Jim Pojar, Plants of the Rocky Mountains. (Edmonton: Lone Pine
Publishing, 1998), 234.
5
6
Chamberlin, “Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians,” 36; Kershaw, MacKinnon, and
Pojar, Plants of the Rocky Mountains, 220.
7
. Donald Callaway, Joel Janetski, and Omer C. Stewart, “Ute,” In. Handbook of North
American Indians, Great Basin. Volume 11. Warren L. D’Azevedo, volume editor.
(Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1986), 338; Chamberlin, “Some Plant
Names of the Ute Indians,” 32; Ann M. Smith, Ethnography of the Northern Utes. Papers
in Anthropology, No. 17. (Albuquerque: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1974), 271.
8
. Callaway, Janetski, and Stewart“, Ute,” 338; Chamberlin, “Some Plant Names of the
Ute Indians,” 32.
9
. Callaway, Janetski, Stewart, “Ute,” 338.
10
. Callaway, Janetski, Stewart, “Ute,” 338.
11
. Smith, Ethnography of the Northern Utes, 270.
12
13
. Callaway, Janetski, and Stewart, “Ute,” 338; Chamberlin, “Some Plant Names of the
Ute Indians,” 32; Kershaw, MacKinnon, and Pojar, Plants of the Rocky Mountains, 66.
14
. Chamberlin, “Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians,” 32; Kershaw, MacKinnon, and
15
16
17
18
. Chamberlin, “Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians,” 32; Kelly Kindscher, Medicinal
Wild Plants of the Prairie: An Ethnobotanical Guide. (Lawrence: University Press of
Kansas, 1992), 46-52.
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
975
27
. Edith Van Allen Murphey, Indian Uses of Native Plants. Originally published in 1959.
(Glenwood: Meyerbooks, 1990), 15.
28
Ute Indians,” 33; Murphey, Indian Uses of Native Plants, 15; Smith, Ethnography of the
Northern Utes, 271.
29
. Callaway, Janetski, and Stewart, “Ute,” 338.
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
. Callaway, Janetski, and Stewart, “Ute,” 338; Kershaw, Andy MacKinnon, and Jim
40
41
42
43
. Chamberlin, “Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians,” 33; Kershaw, Andy MacKinnon,
and Jim Pojar, Plants of the Rocky Mountains, 201.
44
. Murphey, Indian Uses of Native Plants, 59.
45
. Chamberlin, “Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians,” 33; Murphey, Indian Uses of
Native Plants, 56.
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
and Jim Pojar, Plants of the Rocky Mountains, Kershaw, Andy MacKinnon, and Jim
53
54
55
56
57
58
976
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
. Callaway, Janetski, and Stewart, “Ute,” 338; Kershaw, MacKinnon, and Pojar, Plants
of the Rocky Mountains, 148; Smith, Ethnography of the Northern Utes, 270.
71
72
73
74
. Kershaw, Andy MacKinnon, and Jim Pojar, Plants of the Rocky Mountains, 189;
Murphey, Indian Uses of Native Plants, 56.
75
76
77
78
79
. Chamberlin, “Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians,” 34; Vogel, American Indian
Medicine, 313.
80
81
. Chamberlin, “Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians,” 35
82
83
of the Rocky Mountains, 237.
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
977
95
96
97
Medicine, 210.
98
99
100
101
. Marvin K. Opler, “Fact and Fancy in Ute Peyotism,” American Anthropologist. 44(1,
1942):151-159; Omer C. Stewart, “The Southern Ute Peyote Cult,” American
Anthropologist. 43(2, 1941):303-308; Omer C. Stewart, Peyote Religion: A History.
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987).
102
103
104
105
Ute Indians,” 35, Smith, Ethnography of the Northern Utes, 271.
106
. Kershaw, MacKinnon, and Pojar, Plants of the Rocky Mountains, 296.
107
108
109
110
. Callaway, Janetski, and Stewart, “Ute,” 338; Smith, Ethnography of the Northern
Utes, 271.
111
112
113
114
. Callaway, Janetski, and Stewart, “Ute,” 338; Chamberlin, , “Some Plant Names of the
Ute Indians,” 35 Smith, Ethnography of the Northern Utes, 270.
115
Ute Indians,” 35.
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
978
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
. Vogel, American Indian Medicine, 375.
144
Medicine, 375.
145
146
Ute Indians,” 36.
147
148
149
Medicine, 342.
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
979
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
Medicine, 387.
204
205
. Vogel, American Indian Medicine, 387.
206
Medicine, 387.
207
208
209
980

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Chapter 12

The ethnological and ethnohistorical literature review documented approximately

8.2 Ethnobotanical Resources

Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook.

Tribal Nation: Ute

Indigenous Name: Sa-gwam-si-gwiv

Habitat/Ecological Zone: Sandy prairies, dunes, and stream valleys

Plants Parts Harvested: Roots and flowers

Season Collected: Not given

Tribal Nation: Ute

Indigenous Name: Pa-wai-‘uv:pa

Habitat/Ecological Zone: Sandy prairies, dunes, and stream valleys

Plants Parts Harvested: Roots and flowers

Season Collected: Not given

Additional Commentary: No stated use for the plant

Tribal Nation: Ute

Indigenous Name: I-am’-si-ta-gwiv

Habitat/Ecological Zone: Prairies, meadows, open woods, especially areas of mild

Plants Parts Harvested: Plant

Season Collected: Not given

Medicinal Use(s): Poultice of plant applied externally to bruises.

Tribal Nation: Ute

Indigenous Name: I-am’-si-ta-gwiv

Habitat/Ecological Zone: Prairies, meadows, open woods, especially areas of mild

Plants Parts Harvested: Plant

Season Collected: Not given

Medicinal Use(s): Administered as a panacea. An infusion of the plant taken

Tribal Nation: Ute

Indigenous Name: An’-ka-pi-sa-wats

Plants Parts Harvested: Leaves

Season Collected: Not given

Food Use(s): Leaves are formerly used as food

Tribal Nation: Ute

Indigenous Name: Kun-ka

Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found in foothills, woodlands, and forest openings. Allium

Plants Parts Harvested: Bulbs and leaves

Season Collected: Spring

Food Use(s): Bulbs and leaves used for food

Tribal Nation: Ute

Indigenous Name: Kun-ka

Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found across western North America from Oregon to

Plants Parts Harvested: Bulbs and leaves

Season Collected: Not given

Food Use(s): Bulbs and leaves used for food.

Tribal Nation: Ute

Indigenous Name: Not given

Habitat/Ecological Zone: Found from Alaska to Texas

Plants Parts Harvested: Plant

Season Collected: Autumn

Tribal Nation: Ute

Indigenous Name: To-ump’

Plants Parts Harvested: Fruit

Season Collected: Ripen in the fall

Additional Commentary: According to Smith’s consultants, serviceberries were a

Tribal Nation: Ute

Indigenous Name: To-ump’

Plants Parts Harvested: Fruit

Season Collected: Not given

Tribal Nation: Ute