Runway

Brief Introduction
Airside pavements are the surface materials

that are laid down on the airside area that are
meant to withstand the weight of the aircraft
Pavement
Provides a stabilised and strengthened airport

environment to accommodate the full fleet of
aviation aircraft
It is a structure consisting of one or more
layers of processed or unprocessed materials
placed on a prepared sub-grade.
Pavement performance are influenced by:
Load Factor
Environment Factors
Structural Design Factors
Construction Factors
Maintenance Factors
Μετάφραση
Load Factor
Based on the heaviest aircraft served in Chicago
O'hare International Airport, the Boeing 747 series,
the aircraft's gross weight is approximately 447,696
kg. During landing, majority of the force is acting
upon the main landing gears. Distribution of load on
the main leading gears should be adequate to
withstand the contact pressure against the rough
surface of the runways. Thus, it is crucial that the
runway pavement is able to withstand the total load
of the aircraft.
Environmental Factors
Based on the the geographical location of Chicago

O'hare International Airport, the airport is prone to
extreme weather conditions such as snow and heat.
These extreme ambient temperatures can cause
excessive expansion (rigid) of the runways.
Precipitation can weaken the pavement, allowing
water to freeze and expand between the openings.
Conversely, inadequate openings can cause
expansion of runways when water is evaporated.
Impact from aircraft's jet blast can create heat which
aids in the expansion.
Structural Design Factors
Pavement bearing strength is determined using

California Bearing Ratio (CBR) to find out on the
pavement classification number on each runway. As
such, there are 2 types of pavement types, rigid and
flexible, for the classification. Cement-concrete
pavement (rigid) are used for some movement
areas but it can crack upon intense impact. Asphalt
pavement (flexible) are usually used to cater for
even the heaviest aircraft
Since O'hare International Airport has high traffic

volume, the Aircraft Classification Number should
not exceed 10% for flexible pavement and 5% for
rigid pavement above the reported Pavement
Classification Number in order to avoid damaging
the pavement.
Construction Factors
Under every runway, there are several layers for the

construction. The layers include the sub-grade, sub-
base, bearing course and surface.
Maintenance Factors
To measure the evenness of the pavement, a more

effective and efficient method is by means of a
trailer puller by a car and an accelerometer located
on the trailer which reacts to the surface
unevenness.
If resurfacing of pavement is required (due to
pavement lips, cracks , holes, spallings, rubber
deposits), here are the steps:
Identify the area that needs to be repaired

Mill the identified area
Removal of foreign object debris
Transportation of milled-off debris
Apply and spray prime and tack coat
Transportation of asphalt mix
Compact with a roller on the newly
laid asphalt mix to ensure a consistent layer
Painting of markings
Chicago O'Hare International

Airport Pavement
Roadway Pavement
A two lane roadway is provided to serve the Cargo

Area. It extends from Mannheim Road through the
Cargo Area to the Terminal Area Apron. A branch
road is also connected to the main entrance
roadway.
Between the two new joint airline Cargo Buildings

will be a paved area for trucks to park while
unloading cargo at both Cargo Buildings.
Each of these areas will be 90 feet wide to

permit easy manoeuvrability of large tractor-
trailer units into an unloading position.
These areas will be depressed approximately
4” – 0” below the floor level of the cargo
buildings to facilitate truck loading and
unloading.
Area will be drained to a sump and water
pumped to flow into the general drainage
system by gravity.
Pavement will be 3” of bituminous
concrete on 10” of compacted
water bind macadam and 6” granular sub-
base.
Taxiway Pavement
Taxiway Pavement
Bituminous concrete
25' Wide shoulders stabilized with bituminous
concrete on both sides of taxiways to be used
jets
Shoulders are constructed on the
westernmost section of the parallel taxiway to
Runway 9C/27C and on all the existing portion
of the outer circular taxiways.
Total thickness to be designed to support
12,000 pound single wheel loads.
Apron Pavement
Apron pavement
Portland Cement Concrete on a granular

sub-base
Concrete shall be 15” thick designed to
support single wheel loads of 100,00 lbs. in
all areas accessible to aircraft.
Apron areas within 50 feet of the concourses
in open spaces under the concourse where
aircraft loads will not be imposed shall be 8”
thick.
An exception to this occurs at certain gate
positions on concourse F where Delta and
American plan to nose-in the aircraft. At these
locations strips of 15” concrete shall extend to
the concourse building.
At the periphery of the apron, there will be a

25 foot wide strip of stabilized shoulder
consisting of 3” of bituminous concrete on a
granular sub-base.
A blast fence will be provided to protect the
service roadways at the first two aircraft
parking positions at concourse “D”.
Aircraft parking gates within the concourse
aprons are closed for limited duration to allow
for the replacement of the failed slabs.
Runway Pavement
Runways Surface Surface Pavement
Treatment Classification
Number
(PCN)
04L/22R Asphalt, Saw-cut, 108/R/C/W/U

Bituminous Plastic
Concrete Grooved
Runway Asphalt, Saw-cut or 108/R/C/W/U

04R/22L Bituminous Plastic
Concrete Grooved
Runway Porland Saw-cut or 91/R/B/W/T
09L/27R Cement Plastic
Concrete Grooved

Concrete, Grooved
Porland
Cement
Concrete
Runway Porland Saw-cut or 96/R/C/W/T
10C/28C Cement Plastic
Concrete Grooved
Runway Asphalt, Saw-cut or 120/R/B/W/T

10L/28R Bituminous Plastic
Concrete, Grooved
Porland
Cement
Concrete
Runway Porland Saw-cut or 104/R/B/W/U
10R/28L Cement Plastic
Concrete Grooved

14L/32R Bituminous Plastic
Concrete Grooved
Concrete, Grooved
Porland
Cement
Concrete
Potential Bottlenecks
Issue 1:
Chicago is vulnerable to extreme weather
conditions such as thick fog, swirling snow, and
driving rain. Water is undesirable for runway
operations as safety of aircraft is compromised.
Slippery runway can decrease frictional forces
which can result in skidding. The contacted area
between the runway pavement surface and the
aircraft's tires should provide a minimum level of
service in order to allow aircraft to come to a
controlled stop during poor weather conditions. This
level of service revolves around the critical tire and
ground contact area which comprises of the overall
pavement surface condition and its skid resistance
as well as the the ability of aircraft's tire to "grip". In
addition, due to safety conditions, the runway may
be temporary close in order for de-icing to take
place.
In addition, these extreme ambient temperatures

can cause excessive expansion (rigid) of the
runways. Precipitation can weaken the pavement,
allowing water to freeze and expand between the
openings. Conversely, inadequate openings can
cause expansion of runways when water is
evaporated. Impact from aircraft's jet blast can
create heat which aids in the expansion.
Issue 2:
Pavement unevenness can influence ride capability.
The pavement will gradually deteriorate overtime
since commissioning. Factors affecting the
deterioration includes the impact of aircraft
operations, settlement of sub-grade and the
breakdown of pavement by water expansion and
contraction. Adverse deviation from the ideal level
will endanger aircraft safety, especially during take-
off and landing.
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Runway

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Brief Introduction

Airside pavements are the surface materials

Provides a stabilised and strengthened airport

Pavement performance are influenced by:

Based on the the geographical location of Chicago

Structural Design Factors

Pavement bearing strength is determined using

Since O'hare International Airport has high traffic

Under every runway, there are several layers for the

To measure the evenness of the pavement, a more

Identify the area that needs to be repaired

Chicago O'Hare International

A two lane roadway is provided to serve the Cargo

Between the two new joint airline Cargo Buildings

Each of these areas will be 90 feet wide to

Portland Cement Concrete on a granular

At the periphery of the apron, there will be a

04L/22R Asphalt, Saw-cut, 108/R/C/W/U

Runway Asphalt, Saw-cut or 108/R/C/W/U

Runway Asphalt, Saw-cut or 108/R/C/W/U

Runway Asphalt, Saw-cut or 120/R/B/W/T

Runway Asphalt, Saw-cut or 108/R/C/W/U

In addition, these extreme ambient temperatures

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