Numbers Rational Numbers & Integers

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Rational numbers

Rational numbers are represented in p/q form where q is not equal to


zero.
It is also a type of real number.
Any fraction with non-zero denominators is a rational number.
Hence, we can say that ‘0’ is also a rational number, as we can represent
it in many forms such as 0/1, 0/2, 0/3, etc.
But, 1/0, 2/0, 3/0, etc. are not rational, since they give us infinite values.

What is a Rational Number?


A rational number, in Mathematics, can be defined as any number which
can be represented in the form of p/q where q ≠ 0.
where the denominator and numerator are integers and the denominator
is not equal to zero. 

How to identify rational numbers?


To identify if a number is rational or not, check the below conditions.

 It is represented in the form of p/q, where q≠0.


 The ratio p/q can be further simplified and represented in decimal
form.
The set of rational numerals:

1. Include positive, negative numbers, and zero


2. Can be expressed as a fraction

Examples of Rational Numbers: 

p q p/q Rational
10 2 10/2 =5 Rational 
1 1000 1/1000 = 0.001 Rational 
50 10 50/10 = 5 Rational 

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Types of Rational Numbers
A number is rational if we can write it as a fraction, where both
denominator and numerator are integers and denominator is a non-zero
number.
The below diagram helps us to understand more about the number sets.

 Real numbers (R) include all the rational numbers (Q).


 Real numbers include the integers (Z).
 Integers involve natural numbers(N).
 Every whole number is a rational number because every whole
number can be expressed as a fraction.

Positive and Negative Rational Numbers


As we know that the rational number is in the form of p/q, where p and q
are integers. Also, q should be a non-zero integer. The rational number
can be either positive or negative. If the rational number is positive, both
p and q are positive integers. If the rational number takes the form -(p/q),
then either p or q takes the negative value. It means that
-(p/q) = (-p)/q = p/(-q).
Now, let’s discuss some of the examples of positive and negative
rational numbers.

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Positive Rational Numbers Negative Rational Numbers
If both the numerator and If numerator and denominator are
denominator are of the same of opposite signs.
signs.
All are greater than 0 All are less than 0
Example: 12/17, 9/11 and 3/5 are Example: -2/17, 9/-11 and -1/5
positive rational numbers are negative rational numbers

Arithmetic Operations on Rational Numbers


Addition: When we add p/q and s/t, we need to make the denominator
the same. Hence, we get (pt+qs)/qt.
Example: 1/2 + 3/4 = (2+3)/4 = 5/4
Subtraction: Similarly, if we subtract p/q and s/t, then also, we need to
make the denominator same, first, and then do the subtraction.
Example: 1/2 – 3/4 = (2-3)/4 = -1/4
Multiplication: In case of multiplication, while multiplying two rational
numbers, the numerator and denominators of the rational numbers are
multiplied, respectively. If p/q is multiplied by s/t, then we get
(p×s)/(q×t).
Example: 1/2 × 3/4 = (1×3)/(2×4) = 3/8
Division: If p/q is divided by s/t, then it is represented as:
(p/q)÷(s/t) = pt/qs
Example: 1/2 ÷ 3/4 = (1×4)/(2×3) = 4/6 = 2/3

Multiplicative Inverse of Rational Numbers


As the rational number is represented in the form p/q, which is a
fraction, then the multiplicative inverse of the rational number is the
reciprocal of the given fraction.

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For example, 4/7 is a rational number, then the multiplicative inverse of
the rational number 4/7 is 7/4, such that (4/7)x(7/4) = 1

Rational Numbers Properties


Since a rational number is a subset of the real number, the rational
number will obey all the properties of the real number system. Some of
the important properties of the rational numbers are as follows:

 The results are always a rational number if we multiply, add, or


subtract any two rational numbers.
 A rational number remains the same if we divide or multiply both
the numerator and denominator with the same factor.
 If we add zero to a rational number then we will get the same
number itself.
 Rational numbers are closed under addition, subtraction, and
multiplication.

Rational Numbers and Irrational Numbers


There is a difference between rational and Irrational Numbers. A
fraction with non-zero denominators is called a rational number. The
number ½ is a rational number because it is read as integer 1 divided by
the integer 2. All the numbers that are not rational are called irrational.
Check the chart below, to differentiate between rational and irrational.

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Rationals can be either positive, negative or zero. While specifying a
negative rational number, the negative sign is either in front or with the
numerator of the number, which is the standard mathematical notation.
For example, we denote negative of 5/2 as -5/2.
An irrational number cannot be written as a simple fraction but can be
represented with a decimal. It has endless non-repeating digits after the
decimal point. Some of the common irrational numbers are:
Pi (π) = 3.142857…
Euler’s Number (e) = 2.7182818284590452…….
√2 = 1.414213…

How to Find the Rational Numbers between Two Rational Numbers?


There are “n” numbers of rational numbers between two rational
numbers. The rational numbers between two rational numbers can be
found easily using two different methods. Now, let us have a look at the
two different methods.
Method 1: 
Find out the equivalent fraction for the given rational numbers and find
out the rational numbers in between them. Those numbers should be the
required rational numbers.

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Method 2: 
Find out the mean value for the two given rational numbers. The mean
value should be the required rational number. In order to find more
rational numbers, repeat the same process with the old and the newly
obtained rational numbers.

Solved Examples
Example 1:
Identify each of the following as irrational or rational: ¾ , 90/12007, 12
and √5.
Solution:
Since a rational number is the one that can be expressed as a ratio. This
indicates that it can be expressed as a fraction wherein both denominator
and numerator are whole numbers.

 ¾ is a rational number as it can be expressed as a fraction. 3/4 =


0.75
 Fraction 90/12007 is rational.
 12, also be written as 12/1. Again a rational number.
 Value of  √5 = 2.2360679775…….. It is a non-terminating value
and hence cannot be written as a fraction. It is an irrational
number.

Example 2:  
Identify whether mixed fraction, 11/2 is a rational number.
Solution: 
The Simplest form of 11/2 is 3/2
Numerator = 3, which is an integer
Denominator = 2, is an integer and not equal to zero.
So, yes, 3/2 is a rational number.
Example 3:
Determine whether the given numbers are rational or irrational.

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(a) 1.75 (b) 0.01   (c) 0.5  (d) 0.09   (d) √3
Solution:
The given numbers are in decimal format. To find whether the given
number is decimal or not, we have to convert it into the fraction form
(i.e., p/q)
If the denominator of the fraction is not equal to zero, then the number is
rational, or else, it is irrational.

Decimal Number Fraction Rational Number

1.75  7/4 yes


0.01 1/100 yes
0.5 1/2 yes
0.09 1/11 yes
√3 ? No 
To solve more problems on Rational Numbers register with BYJU’S –
The Learning App which provides detailed and step-by-step solutions to
all Maths-related concepts. Also, take free tests to score well in your
exams.

Frequently Asked Questions on Rational Numbers

How to identify the rational numbers?


If a number is expressed in the form of p/q then it is a rational number.
Here p and q are integers, and q is not equal to 0. A rational number
should have a numerator and denominator. Examples: 10/2, 30/3, 100/5.

What is the difference between rational and irrational numbers?


A rational number is a number that is expressed as the ratio of two
integers, where the denominator should not be equal to zero, whereas an
irrational number cannot be expressed in the form of fractions. Rational
numbers are terminating decimals but irrational numbers are non-
terminating. Example of the rational number is 10/2, and for an irrational

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number is a famous mathematical value Pi(π) which is equal
to 3.141592653589…….

Is 0 a rational number?
Yes, 0 is a rational number because it is an integer, that can be written in
any form such as 0/1, 0/2, where b is a non-zero integer. It can be
written in the form: p/q = 0/1. Hence, we conclude that 0 is a rational
number.

Is 7 a rational number?
7 is a rational number because it can be written in the form of ratio such
as 7/1.

Is 9 a rational number?
9 is a rational number because it can be written in the form of ratio such
as 9/1.

How to get a rational number between 3 and 4?


Rational number between 3 and 4 = 1/2 (3+4)
= 7/2

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Properties of Rational Numbers
To know the properties of rational numbers, we will consider here the
general properties such as associative, commutative, distributive and
closure properties, which are also defined for integers. Rational
numbers are the numbers which can be represented in the form of p/q,
where q is not equal to 0. Basically, the rational numbers are the
fractions which can be represented in the number line. Let us go through
all the properties here.

What are the properties of rational numbers?


The word rational has evolved from the word ratio. In general, rational
numbers are those numbers that can be expressed in the form of p/q, in
which both p and q are integers and q≠0. The properties of rational
numbers are:

 Closure Property
 Commutative Property
 Associative Property
 Distributive Property
 Identity Property
 Inverse Property

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Closure property
For two rational numbers say x and y the results of addition, subtraction
and multiplication operations give a rational number. We can say that
rational numbers are closed under addition, subtraction and
multiplication. For example:

 (7/6)+(2/5) = 47/30
 (5/6) – (1/3) = 1/2
 (2/5). (3/7) = 6/35
Do you know why division is not under closure property?
The division is not under closure property because division by zero is
not defined. We can also say that except ‘0’ all numbers are closed
under division.

Commutative Property
For rational numbers, addition and multiplication are commutative.
Commutative law of addition: a+b = b+a
Commutative law of multiplication: a×b = b×a
For example:

Subtraction is not commutative property i.e. a-b ≠ b-a. This can be


understood clearly with the following example:

 
Whereas
 

The division is also not commutative i.e. a/b ≠ b/a, since,

 
Whereas,

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Associative Property
Rational numbers follow the associative property for addition and
multiplication.
Suppose x, y and z are rational, then for addition: x+(y+z)=(x+y)+z
For multiplication: x(yz)=(xy)z.
Example: 1/2 + (1/4 + 2/3) = (1/2 + 1/4) + 2/3
⇒ 17/12 = 17/12
And in case of multiplication;
1/2 x (1/4 x 2/3) = (1/2 x 1/4) x 2/3
⇒ 2/24 = 2/24
⇒1/12 = 1/12

Distributive Property
The distributive property states, if a, b and c are three rational numbers,
then;
a x (b+c) = (a x b) + (a x c)
Example: 1/2 x (1/2 + 1/4) = (1/2 x 1/2) + (1/2 x 1/4)
LHS = 1/2 x (1/2 + 1/4) = 3/8
RHS = (1/2 x 1/2) + (1/2 x 1/4) = 3/8
Hence, proved

Identity and Inverse Properties of Rational Numbers


Identity Property: 0 is an additive identity and 1 is a multiplicative
identity for rational numbers.
Examples:

 1/2 + 0 = 1/2    [Additive Identity]


 1/2 x 1 = 1/2   [Multiplicative Identity]

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Inverse Property: For a rational number x/y, the additive inverse is -x/y
and y/x is the multiplicative inverse.
Examples:
The additive inverse of 1/3 is -1/3. Hence, 1/3 + (-1/3) = 0
The multiplicative inverse of 1/3 is 3. Hence, 1/3 x 3 = 1

Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs

What are the important properties of rational numbers?


The major properties are: Commutative, Associative, Distributive and
Closure property.

When two rational numbers are added then it is equal to?


Two rational numbers when added gives a rational number. For
example, 2/3 + 1/2 = 7/6.

What is the distributive property of rational numbers?


The distributive property states, if a, b and c are three rational numbers,
then;
a x (b+c) = (a x b) + (a x c)

The commutative property of rational number is applicable to addition


and multiplication only. True or false?
True. The commutative property of rational numbers is applicable for
addition and multiplication only and not for subtraction and division.

The multiplication of two rational numbers gives?


The multiplication or product of two rational numbers produces a
rational number.

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Integers
In Maths, integers are the numbers which can be positive, negative or
zero, but cannot be a fraction. These numbers are used to perform
various arithmetic operations, like addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division. The examples of integers are, 1, 2, 5,8, -9, -12, etc. The
symbol of integers is “Z“.
In terms of sets, the set of integers includes zero, set of whole numbers,
set of natural numbers (also called counting numbers) and their additive
inverses (-1,-2,-3,-4,-5,..). Integers are the subset of real numbers. 
Example of integers: -100,-12,-1, 0, 2, 1000, 989 etc…
As a set, it can be represented as follows:
Z= {……-8,-7,-6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,……}

Table of contents:

 Definition
 Symbol
 Rules
 Properties
 Types
 Applications
 Example
 Video Lesson
 FAQs

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What are Integers?
We have different types of numbers in Mathematics, such as;

 Real Numbers
 Natural Numbers
 Whole Numbers
 Rational numbers
 Irrational numbers
 Even and Odd Numbers, etc.

What are Integers in Maths?


The word integer originated from the Latin word “Integer” which means
whole. It is a special set of whole numbers comprised of zero, positive
numbers and negative numbers and denoted by the letter Z.
Examples of Integers: – 1, 6, 15.
Fractions, decimals, and percents are out of this basket.
Examples: -2.4, 3/4, 90.6.
Symbol
The integers are represented by symbol ‘Z’. 
Z = {…-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,..}

Rules of Integers
Rules defined for integers are:

 Sum of two positive integers is an integer


 Sum of two negative integers is an integer
 Product of two positive integers is an integer
 Product of two negative integers is an integer
 Sum of an integer and its inverse is equal to zero
 Product of an integer and its reciprocal is equal to 1
Now, let us discuss the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
of signed integer numbers with examples.
Addition of Signed Integer Numbers

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While adding the two integers with the same sign, add the absolute
values, and write down the sum with the sign provided with the
numbers.
For example,
(+4) + (+7) = +11
(-6) + (-4) = -10
While adding two integers with different signs, subtract the absolute
values, and write down the difference with the sign of the number which
has the largest absolute value.
For example,
(-4) + (+2) = -2
(+6) + (-4) = +2.
Subtraction of Signed Integer Numbers
While subtracting two integers, change the sign of the second number
which is being subtracted, and follow the rules of addition.
For example,
(-7) – (+4) = (-7) + (-4) = -11
(+8) – (+3) = (+8) + (-3) = +5
Multiplication and Division of Signed Integer Numbers 
While multiplying and dividing two integer numbers, the rule is simple.
If both the integers have the same sign, then the result is positive.
If the integers have different signs, then the result is negative.
For example,
(+2) x (+3) = +6
(+3) x (-4) = – 12
Similarly
(+6) ÷ (+2) = +3
(-16) ÷ (+4) = -4

Properties of Integers
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The major Properties of Integers are:

1. Closure Property
2. Associative Property
3. Commutative Property
4. Distributive Property
5. Additive Inverse Property
6. Multiplicative Inverse Property
7. Identity Property

Closure Property
According to the closure property of integers, when two integers are
added or multiplied together, it results in an integer only. If a and b are
integers, then:

 a + b = integer
 a x b = integer

 Examples: 
2 + 5 = 7 (is an integer)
2 x 5 = 10 (is an integer)

Commutative Property
According to the commutative property of integers, if a and b are two
integers, then:

 a+b=b+a
 axb=bxa
Examples:
3 + 8 = 8 + 3 = 11
3 x 8 = 8 x 3 = 24
But for subtraction and division, commutative property does not obey.

Associative Property
As per the associative property , if a, b and c are integers, then:

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 a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c
 ax(bxc) = (axb)xc
Examples:
2+(3+4) = (2+3)+4 = 9
2x(3×4) = (2×3)x4 = 24
This property is applicable for addition and multiplication operations
only.

Distributive property
According to the distributive property of integers, if a, b and c are
integers, then:
a x (b + c) = a x b + a x c
Example: Prove that: 3 x (5 + 1) = 3 x 5 + 3 x 1
LHS = 3 x (5 + 1) = 3 x 6 = 18
RHS = 3 x 5 + 3 x 1 = 15 + 3 = 18
Since, LHS = RHS
Hence, proved.

Additive Inverse Property


If a is an integer, then as per additive inverse property of integers, 
a + (-a) = 0
Hence, -a is the additive inverse of integer a.

Multiplicative inverse Property


If a is an integer, then as per multiplicative inverse property of integers, 
a x (1/a) = 1
Hence, 1/a is the multiplicative inverse of integer a.

Identity Property of Integers


The identity elements of integers are:
a+0 = a

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ax1=a
Example: -100,-12,-1, 0, 2, 1000, 989 etc…
As a set, it can be represented as follows:
Z= {……-8,-7,-6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,……}
For more properties, click here.

Types of Integers
Integers come in three types:

 Zero (0)
 Positive Integers (Natural numbers)
 Negative Integers (Additive inverse of Natural Numbers)

Zero
Zero is neither a positive nor a negative integer. It is a neutral number
i.e. zero has no sign (+ or -).

Positive Integers
The positive integers are the natural numbers or also called counting
numbers. These integers are also sometimes denoted by Z+. The positive
integers lie on the right side of 0 on a number line.

Z+ → 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,….

Negative Integers
The negative integers are the negative of natural numbers. They are
denoted by Z–. The negative integers lie on the left side of 0 on a
number line.

Z– → -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, -13, -14, -15, -16, -17,

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-18, -19, -20, -21, -22, -23, -24, -25, -26, -27, -28, -29, -30,…..

Applications
Integers are not just numbers on paper; they have many real-life
applications. The effect of positive and negative numbers in the real
world is different. They are mainly used to symbolize two contradicting
situations.
For example, when the temperature is above zero, positive numbers are
used to denote temperature, whereas negative numbers indicate the
temperature below zero. They help one to compare and measure two
things like how big or small or more or fewer things are and hence can
quantify things.
Some real-life situations where integers come into play are player’s
scores in golf, football and hockey tournaments, the rating of movies or
songs, in banks credits and debits are represented as positive and
negative amounts respectively.

Solved Example
Question 1: Plot the following integers on the number line:
-121, -97, -82, -67, -43, -10, 0, 10, 36, 55, 64, 77, 110, 126, 147.
Answer:

In the above number line, each number has been plotted with a red dot.
Q.2: Solve the following:

 5+3=?

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 5 + (-3) = ?
 (-5) + (-3) = ?
 (-5) x (-3) = ?
Solution:

 5+3=8
 5 + (-3) = 5 – 3 = 2
 (-5) + (-3) = -5 – 3 = -8
 (-5) x (-3) = 15
Q.3: Solve the following:

 (+5) × (+10)
 (12) × (5)
 (- 5) × (7)
 5 × (-4)
Solution:

 (+5) × (+10) = +50


 (12) × (5) = 60
 (- 5) × (7) = -35
 5 × (-4) = -20
Q.4: Solve the following:

 (-9) ÷ (-3)
 (-18) ÷ (3)
 (4000) ÷ (- 100)
Solution:

 (-9) ÷ (-3) = 3
 (-18) ÷ (3) = -6
 (4000) ÷ (- 100) = -40

Practise Questions

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1. Sum of two positive integers is a positive integer. True or False?
2. What is the sum of first five positive integers?
3. What is the product of first five positive odd integers?
4. Plot the integers from -10 to +10 on the number line.

Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs

What are integers?


Integers are the combination of zero, natural numbers and their additive
inverse. It can be represented in a number line excluding the fractional
part. It is denoted by Z.

What is an integer formula?


An integer is a set of positive and negative numbers along with zero and
does not have any formula.

What are the examples of integers?


The examples of integers are 3, -5, 0, 99, -45, etc.

Can integers be negative?


Additive inverse of natural numbers are negative integers, such as -1,-2,-
3,-4,-5, and so on

What are the types of integers?


Integers are of three types:
Zero, Positive integers and Negative integers

Numbers

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We use numbers in our day to day life. They are often called numerals.
Without numbers, we cannot do counting of things, date, time, money,
etc. Sometimes these numbers are used for measurement and sometimes
they are used for labelling. The properties of numbers make them
capable of performing arithmetic operations on them.  These numbers
are expressed in numeric forms and also in words. For example, 2 is
written as two in words, 25 is written as twenty-five in words, etc.
Students can practice writing the numbers from 1 to 100 in words to
learn more.
There are different types of numbers in Maths, which we learn. They are
natural and whole numbers, odd and even numbers, rational
and irrational numbers, etc. We will discuss all the types here in this
article. Apart from these, the numbers are used in various applications
such as forming number series, maths tables, etc.
Table of contents:

 Definition
 Types
 Chart
 Numbers in Words
 Series
 Special Numbers
 Properties
 Examples
 FAQs

Numbers Definition
A number is an arithmetic value used for representing the quantity and
used in making calculations. A written symbol like “3” which represents
a number is known as numerals. A number system is a writing system
for denoting numbers using digits or symbols in a logical manner. The
numeral system:

 Represents a useful set of numbers


 Reflects the arithmetic and algebraic structure of a number

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 Provides standard representation
We use the digits from 0 to 9 to form all other numbers. 

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

With the help of these digits, we can create infinite numbers.


For example, 12, 3456, 1298, etc
Counting Numbers:
We use numbers to count different things or objects such as 1, 2, 3, 4,
etc. Humans have been using numbers to count things from the past
thousands of years. For example, there are 7 cows in the field. The
counting numbers start from 1 and it goes till infinity.
The Number Zero:
The concept of the number “Zero (0)” place an important role in
Mathematics and it is used as a placeholder in the place value number
system. The number 0, acts as an additive identity for the real numbers,
and other algebraic structures. We use the number “0” to show nothing.
For example, there were 3 apples, now there is none. To represent
nothing, we can use zero.

Types of Numbers
The numbers can be classified  into sets known as the number system.
The different types of numbers in maths are:

 Natural Numbers: Natural numbers are known as counting


numbers that contain the positive integers from 1 to infinity. The
set of natural numbers is denoted as “N” and it includes N = {1, 2,
3, 4, 5, ……….}
 Whole Numbers: Whole numbers are known as non-negative
integers and it does not include any fractional or decimal part. It is
denoted as “W” and the set of whole numbers includes W = {0,1,
2, 3, 4, 5, ……….}
 Integers: Integers are the set of all whole numbers but it includes a
negative set of natural numbers also. “Z” represents integers and
the set of integers are Z = { -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3}

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 Real Numbers: All the positive and negative integers, fractional
and decimal numbers without imaginary numbers are called real
numbers. It is represented by the symbol “R”.
 Rational Numbers: Any number that can be written as a ratio of
one number over another number is written as rational numbers.
This means that any number that can be written in the form of p/q.
The symbol “Q” represents the rational number.
 Irrational Numbers: The number that cannot be expressed as the
ratio of one over another is known as irrational numbers and it is
represented by the symbol ”P”.
 Complex Numbers: The number that can be written in the form of
a+bi where “a and b” are the real number and “i” is an imaginary
number is known as complex numbers “C”.
 Imaginary Numbers: The imaginary numbers are the complex
numbers that can be written in the form of the product of a real
number and the imaginary unit “i”
Apart from the above, there exist other numbers namely even and odd
numbers, prime numbers and composite numbers. These can be defined
as given below:
Even Numbers: The numbers which are exactly divisible by 2, are
called even numbers. These can be positive or negative integers such as
-42, -36, -12, 2, 4, 8 and so on.
Odd Numbers: The numbers which are not exactly divisible by 2, are
called odd numbers. These can be both positive and negative integers
such as -3, -15, 7, 9, 17, 25 and so on.
Prime Numbers: Prime numbers are the numbers that have two factors
only. (i.e.,) 1 and the number itself. In other words, the number which is
divided by 1 and the number itself is called prime numbers. For
example, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, etc.
Composite Numbers: A composite number is a number that has more
than two factors. For example, 4 is a composite number, as the number 4
is divisible by 1, 2, and 4. Other examples of composite numbers are 6,
8, 9, 10, and so on.
Note: The number “1” is neither prime nor composite.

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Numbers Chart
Below is the chart for the classification of numbers:

Numbers in Words
The list of numbers in words from 1 to 100 is given below:

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Number Series
In mathematics, the number series consists of a series of numbers in
which the next term is obtained by adding or subtracting the constant

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term to the previous term. For example, consider the series 1, 3, 5, 7, 9,
… In this series, the next term is obtained by adding the constant term
“2” to the previous term. There are different types of number series
namely,

 Perfect Square series


 Two-stage type series
 The odd man out series
 Perfect cube series
 Geometric series
 Mixed series

Special Numbers
Cardinal Numbers: Cardinal number defines how many of something
are there in a list, such as one, five, ten, etc.
Ordinal Numbers: Ordinal numbers explain the position of something
in a list, such as first, second, third, fourth, and so on.
Nominal Numbers: Nominal number is used only as a name. It does not
denote an actual value or the position of something.
Pi (π): Pi is a special number, which is approximately equal to 3.14159.
Pi (π) is defined as the ratio of the circumference of the circle divided by
the diameter of the circle.
(i.e.,) Circumference/ Diameter = π = 3.14159.
Euler’s Number (e): Euler’s number is one of the important numbers in
Maths, and it is approximately equal to 2.7182818. It is an irrational
number and it is the base of the natural logarithm.
Golden Ratio (φ): A golden ratio is a special number and it is
approximately equal to 1.618. It is an irrational number and the digits do
not follow any pattern.

Properties of Numbers
The properties of numbers are basically stated for real numbers. The
common properties are:

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Commutative Property: If  a and b are two real numbers, then
according to commutative property;
a+b = b+a
a.b = b.a
Example: 2+3 = 3+2
and 2 × 3 = 3 × 2
Associative Property: If a, b and c are three real numbers,
then according to associative property;
(a+b)+c = a+(b+c)
(a.b).c = a.(b.c)
Example: (1+2)+3 = 1+(2+3)
(1.2).3 = 1.(2.3)
Distributive Property: If a, b and c are three real numbers,
then according to distributive property;
a × (b + c) = a×b + a×c
Example: 2 × (3 + 4) = 2×3 + 2×4
2 × 7 = 6 + 8
14 = 14
Closure Property: If a number is added to another number, then the
result will be a number only, such as;
a+b = c; where a, b and c are three real numbers.
Example: 1+2 = 3
Identity Property: If we add zero to a number or multiply by 1, the
number will remain unchanged.
a+0=a
a.1 =a
Example: 5+0 = 5 and 5 x 1 = 5
Additive Inverse: If a number is added to its own negative number, then
the result is zero.

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a+(-a) = 0
Example: 3+(-3) = 3-3 = 0
Multiplicative Inverse: If a number apart from 0, is multiplied to its
own reciprocal then the result is 1.
a x (1/a) = 1
Example: 23 x (1/23) = 1
Zero Product Property: If a.b = 0, then;
either a = 0 or b = 0.
Example: 7 x 0 = 0 or 0 x 6 = 6
Reflexive Property: This property reflects the number itself.
a=a
Example: 9 = 9
The properties which are explained above can vary based on the
different types of numbers. To learn the properties of different types of
numbers, please check the link given below:

Solved Problems
Example 1: 
Prove the associative property of addition and multiplication.
Solution:
We know that the associative property of addition and multiplication
are:
(a+b)+c = a+(b+c)
(a.b).c = a.(b.c)
Now, assume that a = 2, b= 4 and c = 5
Proving associative property of addition:
Now, substitute the values in the property
(2+4)+5 = 2+(4+5)

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6+5 = 2+9
11 = 11
L.H.S = R.H.S
Hence, (a+b)+c = a+(b+c) is proved.
Proving associative property of multiplication:
(2.4).5 = 2.(4.5)
(8).5 = 2.(20)
40 = 40
L.H.S = R.H.S
Hence, (a.b).c = a.(b.c) is proved.
Example 2: 
Solve the given algebraic expression 4.(3+2) using the distributive
property
Solution:
Given expression: We know that the distributive property is a × (b + c) =
(a×b) + (a×c)
Now, take a= 4, b= 3 and c= 2
Now, substituting values, we get
4.(3+2) =  (a×b) + (a×c)
= (4×3) + (4×2)
= 12+8
= 20
Hence, 4.(3+2) is 20.
Alternate method:
The expression can be solved using BODMAS Rule also
Apply, BODMAS rule in the given expression:4.(3+2) 
According to this rule, we have the simplify the value inside the brackets
first, so we get

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4.(3+2) = 4. 5
Now, multiply the values
4.(3+2) = 20.

What are the different properties of numbers?


The different properties of numbers are:

Associative property
Commutative property
Distributive property
Closure property
Identity Property
Inverse property
Reflexive property
Zero product property

Write down the properties for real numbers


The properties of the real number are:
The real numbers obey associative and commutative property
It obeys distributive property under addition and multiplication
The additive identity of real numbers is 0 and the multiplicative identity
is 1.

What is the difference between rational and irrational numbers?


The rational number is defined as the ratio of two numbers, and it is
expressed in the form p/q, where q is not equal to 0. But the irrational
number cannot be expressed as the ratio of two numbers.

Write down the associative property of numbers.


The associative property of addition is (a+b)+c = a+(b+c)
The associative property of multiplication is (a.b).c = a.(b.c)

What are the additive and multiplicative inverse of numbers?


If “x” is a number, the additive inverse of x is -x. The additive inverse
property is given as x+ (-x) = 0

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If “y” is a number, the multiplicative inverse of y is 1/y. The
multiplicative inverse property is given by y. (1/y) = 1.
To know more about numbers and number systems in mathematics,
register with BYJU’S – The Learning App to learn with ease.

Types of Numbers
In Mathematics, a number is an arithmetic value which is used to
represent the quantity of an object. We are using numbers in our day-to-
day life, such as counting money, time, things, and so on. We have
different types of numbers in the number system. In this article, we are
going to discuss the types of numbers in Maths, properties and
examples.

Types of Numbers in Maths


According to the properties and how they are represented in the number
line, the numbers are classified into different types. Each classification
of number is provided herewith description, properties, and examples to
understand it in a better way. The different types of numbers are as
follows:

Natural Numbers
Natural numbers are also called “counting numbers” which contains the
set of positive integers from 1 to infinity. The set of natural numbers is
represented by the letter “N”. The natural number set is defined by:
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N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……….}
Examples: 35, 59, 110, etc.
Properties of Natural Numbers:

 Addition of natural numbers is closed, associative, and


commutative.
 Natural Number multiplication is closed, associative, and
commutative.
 The identity element of a natural number under addition is zero.
 The identity element of a natural number under Multiplication is
one.

Whole Numbers
Whole numbers are also known as natural numbers with zero. The set
consists of non-negative integers where it does not contain any decimal
or fractional part. The whole number set is represented by the letter
“W”. The natural number set is defined by:
W = {0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……….}
Examples: 67, 0, 49, 52, etc.
Properties of Whole Numbers:

 Whole numbers are closed under addition and multiplication.


 Zero is the additive identity element of the whole numbers.
 1 is the multiplicative identity element.
 It obeys the commutative and associative property of addition and
multiplication.
 It satisfies the distributive property of multiplication over addition
and vice versa.

Integers

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Integers are defined as the set of all whole numbers with a negative set
of natural numbers. The integer set is represented by the symbol “Z”.
The set of integers is defined as:
Z =  {-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
Examples: -52, 0, -1, 16, 82, etc.
Properties of Integers:

 Integers are closed under addition, subtraction, and multiplication.


 The commutative property is satisfied for addition and
multiplication of integers.
 It obeys the associative property of addition and multiplication.
 It obeys the distributive property for addition and multiplication.
 Additive identity of integers is 0.
 Multiplicative identity of integers is 1.

Real Numbers
Any number such as positive integers, negative integers, fractional
numbers or decimal numbers without imaginary numbers are called the
real numbers. It is represented by the letter “R”.
Examples: ¾, 0.333, √2, 0, -10, 20, etc.
Properties of Real Numbers:

 Real Numbers are commutative, associate, and distributive under


addition and multiplication.
 Real numbers obey the inverse property.
 Additive and multiplicative identity elements of real numbers are 0
and 1, respectively.

Rational Numbers
Any number that can be written in the form of p/q, i.e., a ratio of one
number over another number is known as rational numbers. A rational
number can be represented by the letter “Q”.
Examples: 7/1, 10/2, 1/1, 0/1, etc.
Properties of Rational Numbers:
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 Rational numbers are closed under addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division.
 It satisfies commutative and associative property under addition
and multiplication.
 It obeys distributive property for addition and subtraction.

Irrational Numbers
The number that cannot be expressed in the form of p/q. It means a
number that cannot be written as the ratio of one over another is known
as irrational numbers. It is represented by the letter ”P”.
Examples: √2, π, Euler’s constant, etc
Properties of Irrational Numbers:

 Irrational numbers do not satisfy the closure property.


 It obeys commutative and associative property under addition and
multiplication.
 Irrational Numbers are distributive under addition and subtraction.

Complex Numbers
A number that is in the form of a+bi is called complex numbers, where
“a and b” should be a real number and “i” is an imaginary number.
Examples: 4 + 4i, -2 + 3i, 1 +√2i, etc
Properties of Complex Numbers:
The following properties hold for the complex numbers:

 Associative property of addition and multiplication.


 Commutative property of addition and multiplication.
 Distributive property of multiplication over addition.

Imaginary Numbers
The imaginary numbers are categorized under complex numbers. It is
the product of real numbers with the imaginary unit “i”. The imaginary
part of the complex numbers is defined by Im (Z).
Examples: √2, i2, 3i, etc.

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Properties of Imaginary Numbers:
Imaginary Numbers has an interesting property. It cycles through 4
different values each time when it is under multiplication operation.

 1×i=i
 i × i = -1
 -1 × i = -i
 -i × i = 1
So, we can write the imaginary numbers as:

 i = √1
 i2 = -1
 i3 = -i
 i4 = +1
 i4n = 1
 i4n-1= -i

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