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    A Guide To PH Measurement: - The Theory and Practice of Laboratory PH Applications

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    Harwinder Singh
    This document provides an introduction to pH measurement, including: - pH values indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution, with higher pH meaning lower H+ concentration. pH is measured using a pH electrode and reference electrode system. - Applications of pH measurement include quality control and regulation of chemical and biological processes. Proper pH control is important for manufacturing, costs, safety, and more. - Troubleshooting guides and electrode storage techniques are discussed to ensure accurate pH readings. Principles of potentiometric titration and factors that influence pH values like temperature are also covered.

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    A Guide To PH Measurement: - The Theory and Practice of Laboratory PH Applications

    Uploaded by

    Harwinder Singh
    43 views5 pages
    This document provides an introduction to pH measurement, including: - pH values indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution, with higher pH meaning lower H+ concentration. pH is measured using a pH electrode and reference electrode system. - Applications of pH measurement include quality control and regulation of chemical and biological processes. Proper pH control is important for manufacturing, costs, safety, and more. - Troubleshooting guides and electrode storage techniques are discussed to ensure accurate pH readings. Principles of potentiometric titration and factors that influence pH values like temperature are also covered.

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    This document provides an introduction to pH measurement, including: - pH values indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution, with higher pH meaning lower H+ concentration. pH is measured using a pH electrode and reference electrode system. - Applications of pH measurement include quality control and regulation of chemical and biological processes. Proper pH control is important for manufacturing, costs, safety, and more. - Troubleshooting guides and electrode storage techniques are discussed to ensure accurate pH readings. Principles of potentiometric titration and factors that influence pH values like temperature are also covered.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    43 views5 pages

    A Guide To PH Measurement: - The Theory and Practice of Laboratory PH Applications

    Uploaded by

    Harwinder Singh
    This document provides an introduction to pH measurement, including: - pH values indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution, with higher pH meaning lower H+ concentration. pH is measured using a pH electrode and reference electrode system. - Applications of pH measurement include quality control and regulation of chemical and biological processes. Proper pH control is important for manufacturing, costs, safety, and more. - Troubleshooting guides and electrode storage techniques are discussed to ensure accurate pH readings. Principles of potentiometric titration and factors that influence pH values like temperature are also covered.

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    A GUIDE TO pH

    MEASUREMENT
    - the theory and practice of laboratory pH applications

    1
    INTRODUCTION

    This guide to pH measurement has been produced to accompany the latest development in
    laboratory pH technology.

    As well as an insight into the theoretical aspects of pH measurement, sections covering


    applications and electrode troubleshooting have been included to make this a comprehensive
    review of the subject.
    CONTENTS

    Page

    Section 1 pH measurement: Basic theory and practice 4


    ●why are pH values measured? 4
    ●how are pH values measured? 5
    ●pH measuring system 8
    ●temperature compensation 10

    Section 2 Laboratory measurements 13


    ●applications of pH measurement 15

    Section 3 pH electrode systems 21


    ●troubleshooting guide 21
    ●electrode storage 26

    Section 4 Principles of electrochemistry 27


    ●the theory of potentiometric titrations (Nernst Equation) 27
    ●potential of the pH measuring system 29
    ●correlation of concentration and activity 34
    ●buffer solutions 36
    ●calibration 40
    ●relationship between pH value and temperature 40
    ●phenomena in the case of special measuring solutions 44
    ●glossary of terms relating to pH 47
    SECTION 1 pH Measurement: Basic theory and practice

    Why are pH values measured?

    The qualitative determination of the pH value of foodstuffs is probably the oldest analysis
    method in the world. All foodstuffs are tested with the taste organs. Thereby some are noticed
    to be acidic and some to be alkaline. With modern pH electrodes these taste sensations
    can be measured in exact figures (see fig. 1).

    acid neutral alkaline

    pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 pH 14

    distilled water (7.0)


    milk (6.6)
    coffee (5.0)
    beer (4.4)
    orange juice (3.7)
    fruit vinegar (3.2)
    cola beverages (2.8)

    Fig. 1: pH values of various foodstuffs

    Whether something is perceived as acidic or alkaline depends on the hydrogen ion


    (H+) concentration in the solution.

    The pH value is defined, by the Sorenson Equation, as the negative logarithm of the H+
    concentration in a given solution (see table 1).
    In other words, at a high concentration, e.g. 1 mol/L = 10 0, pH = 0 (ACIDIC)
    at a low concentration, e.g. 10-14 mol/L, pH = 14 (ALKALINE)

    Hence, different substances are objectively compared with each other, where pH 0 is
    extremely acidic, pH 14 extremely alkaline, and pH 7 neutral.

    In the last few years the measuring of pH has gained in importance. In the control and
    regulation of chemical and biological processes, it has become indispensable to monitor
    the pH values.
    Thanks to accurate pH control it is possible to:

    ● manufacture a product with defined attributes


    ● produce a product at low cost
    ● prevent damage to the environment, materials and humans
    ● satisfy legal regulations
    ● gain further knowledge in research

    range pH H+ concentration (mol/L) OH- concentration (mol/L)

    0 1 0,00000000000001
    1 0,1 0,0000000000001
    2 0,01 0,000000000001
    acid 3 0,001 0,00000000001
    4 0,0001 0,0000000001
    5 0,00001 0,000000001
    6 0,000001 0,00000001
    neutral 7 0,0000001 0,0000001
    8 0,00000001 0,000001
    9 0,000000001 0,00001
    10 0,0000000001 0,0001
    alkaline 11 0,00000000001 0,001
    12 0,000000000001 0,01
    13 0,0000000000001 0,1
    14 0,00000000000001 1

    Table 1: pH scale

    How are pH values measured?

    In order to measure a pH value, a measuring electrode (pH electrode) and a reference


    electrode are needed. In many cases, a combination electrode, housing both measuring and
    reference elements, is used.

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