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    E M II: Synchronous Machine

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    Akashman Shakya
    1) The equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator accounts for the voltage drop in the stator winding due to armature reaction, resistance, and reactance. This is represented by a voltage source EA in series with an impedance consisting of resistance RA and synchronous reactance XS. 2) Tests are performed on the generator to determine its open circuit characteristic relating field current to internal EMF, short circuit characteristic relating field current to armature current, and synchronous reactance. 3) The voltage regulation of a generator is defined as the percentage change in terminal voltage from no-load to full-load when speed and excitation are held constant. It depends on the power factor of the load.

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    E M II: Synchronous Machine

    Uploaded by

    Akashman Shakya
    71 views12 pages
    1) The equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator accounts for the voltage drop in the stator winding due to armature reaction, resistance, and reactance. This is represented by a voltage source EA in series with an impedance consisting of resistance RA and synchronous reactance XS. 2) Tests are performed on the generator to determine its open circuit characteristic relating field current to internal EMF, short circuit characteristic relating field current to armature current, and synchronous reactance. 3) The voltage regulation of a generator is defined as the percentage change in terminal voltage from no-load to full-load when speed and excitation are held constant. It depends on the power factor of the load.

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    Synchronous machine lecture 3

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    1) The equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator accounts for the voltage drop in the stator winding due to armature reaction, resistance, and reactance. This is represented by a voltage source EA in series with an impedance consisting of resistance RA and synchronous reactance XS. 2) Tests are performed on the generator to determine its open circuit characteristic relating field current to internal EMF, short circuit characteristic relating field current to armature current, and synchronous reactance. 3) The voltage regulation of a generator is defined as the percentage change in terminal voltage from no-load to full-load when speed and excitation are held constant. It depends on the power factor of the load.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    71 views12 pages

    E M II: Synchronous Machine

    Uploaded by

    Akashman Shakya
    1) The equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator accounts for the voltage drop in the stator winding due to armature reaction, resistance, and reactance. This is represented by a voltage source EA in series with an impedance consisting of resistance RA and synchronous reactance XS. 2) Tests are performed on the generator to determine its open circuit characteristic relating field current to internal EMF, short circuit characteristic relating field current to armature current, and synchronous reactance. 3) The voltage regulation of a generator is defined as the percentage change in terminal voltage from no-load to full-load when speed and excitation are held constant. It depends on the power factor of the load.

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    ELECTRICAL MACHINE II

    Synchronous Machine

    Prepared By:
    Er. Prabin Gautam
    Baisakh, 2078
    EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
     The internally generated voltage in a single phase of a synchronous machine EA is
    not usually the voltage appearing at its terminals. It equals to the terminal voltage if
    there is no armature current in the machine (i.e. in case of no load condition).
    Let, EA = emf generated per phase in the stator winding
    EØ = terminal voltage across the load per phase
    At no-load operation, the terminal voltage (EØ) will be equal to the emf induced(EA).

    Er. Prabin Gautam


    But at loaded condition the terminal voltage (EØ) will be less than emf induced (EA)
    due to the following three reason:-
    a) Voltage drop due to armature winding resistance (RA)
    b) Voltage drop due to leakage reactance of armature winding (XL)
    c) Armature reaction
    When the rotor of a synchronous generator is spinning, a voltage EA is induced in its
    stator.
    If load is connected, a current starts flowing creating a magnetic field in machine’s
    stator. This stator magnetic field Bs affects ( adds or subtracts depending on nature of
    load) to the rotor (main) magnetic field Bm and, therefore the phase voltage.
    2
    The load current IA will create magnetic field Bs and thus armature reaction voltage
    Estat (due to Bs) will be produced.
    Then actual emf in armature of a phase is:
    Eϕ = EA + Estat
    Since the net magnetic flux will be,
    Bnet = Bm + Bs
    Rotor or main field Stator field

    Since the armature reaction voltage lags the current (i.e. flux due to
    the same current) by 900, it can be modeled by,

    Er. Prabin Gautam


    Estat = −𝑗 𝐼A XL IA
    +
    The phase voltage is then, EA − Eϕ
    Eϕ = EA −𝑗 𝐼A XL
    However, in addition to armature reactance effect, the stator coil has a self-
    inductance LA (XA is corresponding reactance) and stator has resistance RA.
    The phase voltage is thus,
    Eϕ = EA −𝑗 𝐼A XL − 𝑗 𝐼A 𝑋𝐴 − 𝐼A 𝑅
    Often, armature reactance and self reactance are combined into the
    synchronous reactance of the machine: XS = XL+ XA
    Therefore, the phase voltage is, 3

    Eϕ = EA −𝑗 𝐼A XS − 𝐼A 𝑅
    The equivalent circuit of
    three phase synchronous
    generator is as shown:
    Since- balanced load-
    the three phases of a

    Er. Prabin Gautam


    synchronous generator
    are identical except for
    phase angles, per-phase
    equivalent circuits are
    often used

    4
    A synchronous generator can be Y- or ∆- connected as:

    Er. Prabin Gautam


    The terminal voltage (line) will be,
    VT = 3 𝐸∅ for Y-connected VT = 𝐸∅ for ∆-connected
    5
    ALTERNATOR WITH LOAD AND ITS PHASOR DIAGRAM
     Alternator has three sets of winding on which emfs are induced. Usually these three
    winding are star connected and the neutral is earthed.
    When the generator is loaded as shown in fig, current will flow through the stator
    winding and some voltage drop will take place in the stator winding. Therefore the
    terminal voltage across the load will not be equal to the emf induced in the stator
    winding.
     The drop in voltage due to armature reaction

    Er. Prabin Gautam


    may be accounted for by assuming the
    presence of a fictitious reactance XA in the
    armature winding. The value of XA is such
    that IXA represents the voltage drop due to
    armature reaction.
    The leakage reactance XL and the armature reactance XA may be combined to give
    synchronous reactance XS.
    Hence, XS = XL+ XA
    Therefore, total voltage drop in an alternator with load = IRA+j IXS
    = I(RA+jXS) = IZs Where, ZS = synchronous impedance
    This means, 6

    V = EA − IZs ⇒ E = V + IZs (as previous)


    Now based on the equation, phasor diagram for different pf loading condition
    can be drawn as:-

    Er. Prabin Gautam


    Lagging pf Unity pf Leading pf

    7
    MEASURING PARAMETERS OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR MODEL

    The three quantities must be determined in order to


    describe the generator model.
    i. The relationship between field current and flux (and
    therefore between the field current IF and internal
    generated voltage EA)

    Er. Prabin Gautam


    ii. Synchronous Reactance, XS
    iii. Armature Resistance, RA
    Open circuit Test
    Generator is rotated at the rated speed
     All the terminals are disconnected from loads
     Field current is set to zero first.
     The current is increased in steps and the phase voltage
    (which is equal to the internal generated voltage EA since8
    armature current is zero) is measured.
    Since the unsaturated core of the
    machine has a reluctance thousands
    times lower than the reluctance of the
    air gap, the resulting flux increases
    linearly first. When the saturation is
    reached, the core reluctance greatly
    increases causing the flux to increase

    Er. Prabin Gautam


    much slower with the increase of the
    mmf.
    Short circuit Test
    Here:
    • The generator is rotated at the rated speed, with the field current is set to
    zero first, and the terminals are short circuited through ammeters.
    • Next, the field current is increased in steps and the armature current IA is
    increased.
    It is the equivalent generator’s circuit and phasor diagram during SC

    9
    Plot of armature current vs the field current is short circuit
    characteristic) of the generator.
    Short circuit characteristics is
    a straight line since, for the short-
    circuited terminals, the magnitude
    of the armature current is,
    𝐸𝐴
    𝐼𝐴 =
    2 +𝑋 2

    Er. Prabin Gautam


    𝑅𝐴 𝑆

    An approximate method to determine


    the synchronous reactance XS at a given field current:
    1. Get the internal generated voltage EA from the OCC at that
    field current.
    2. Get the short circuit current IA,SC at that field current from
    the SCC.
    3. Find XS from:
    𝐸𝐴
    XS ≈
    𝐼𝐴,𝑆𝐶
    since the internal impedance of machine is,
    10
    𝐸𝐴
    ZS = 𝑅𝐴2 + 𝑋𝑆2 = ≈ XS since XS ≫ 𝑅𝐴
    𝐼𝐴,𝑆𝐶
    A drawback of this method is that the internal generated voltage EA is
    measured during the OC, where the machine can be saturated for
    large field currents, while the armature current is measured in SCC,
    where core is unsaturated. Therefore, this approach is accurate for
    unsaturated cores only.
    The approximate value of synchronous
    reactance varies with the degree of

    Er. Prabin Gautam


    saturation of the OCC. Therefore, value
    of the synchronous reactance for a given
    problem should be estimated at the
    approximate load of the machine.

    The winding’s resistance can be approximated by applying a DC


    voltage to a stationary machine’s winding and measuring the current.
    However, AC resistance is slightly larger than DC resistance due to
    skin effect. For this a factor generally taken is to be 1.667 ( 66.7% of
    skin effect of dc resistance for skin effect).
    11
    Effective armature resistance = Rdc × 1.667
    𝐸
    where, Rdc= 2×𝐼𝑑𝑐
    𝑑𝑐
    VOLTAGE REGULATION
     When the load on generator changes from no-load to full load assuming
    that generator running at constant speed and constant excitation, the
    terminal voltage across the load will change due to voltage drop in internal
    resistance and reactance of stator winding. The magnitude and nature of
    this voltage drop depends upon power factor of load as shown in above

    Er. Prabin Gautam


    phasor diagram. As the effect of armature reaction could be cross
    magnetizing, demagnetizing and magnetizing according to resistive,
    inductive and capacitive loads respectively, the terminal voltage may
    increase or decrease with increase in load.
     The voltage regulation of synchronous generator
    is defined as the percentage rise in terminal voltage
    as load is reduced from full load to no- load, the
    speed and excitation being constant.
    Voltage regulation = No load voltage− Full Load Voltage
    𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
    𝐸−𝑉
    % V.R. = × 100% 12
    𝑉

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