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    Experiment-2 For 21-08-2021

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    Also, the stress and strain of the materials were graphically shown to have good correlations between theory and experiment. The results show

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    Experiment-2 For 21-08-2021

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    dummy008
    54 views4 pages
    Also, the stress and strain of the materials were graphically shown to have good correlations between theory and experiment. The results show

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    Experiment-2 for 21-08-2021

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    Also, the stress and strain of the materials were graphically shown to have good correlations between theory and experiment. The results show

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    54 views4 pages

    Experiment-2 For 21-08-2021

    Uploaded by

    dummy008
    Also, the stress and strain of the materials were graphically shown to have good correlations between theory and experiment. The results show

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 4

    Radiation from a hot filament – Stefan’s Law

    Aim:Verification of Stefan’s law

    Apparatus:Low voltage bulb, Variable power supply, Cobra3 basic unit, Connection box,
    Resistor (100 Ω), Digital multimeter, Thermopile, Measuring scale and connecting wires.

    Fig. 1: Circuit diagrams for measuring the resistance of the filament (when the bulb
    is not glowing) and determining filament temperature (when the filament starts glowing).

    1
    Theory:

    If the energy flux density L of a black body, e.g., energy emitted per unit area and unit time at
    temperature T and wavelength λ within the interval dλ, is designated by dL(T ,  ) / d  , which can
    be integrated over all wavelength range to yield the flux density L(T, λ):

    2 5 k 5 4
    L(T ,  )  T
    15 c 2 h3

    where, c = velocity of light (3.00 x 108 m/s), h = Planck’s constant (6.62 x 10-34 J·s) andk =
    Boltzmann’s constant (1.381 x 10-23 J·K-1). This is called Stefan-Boltzmann law and can be
    written as
    L(T ,  )   T 4
    withσ= 5.67 x 10-8 W·m-2·K-4

    The proportionality L~T4 is also valid for a ‘grey’ body, the surface of which shows a
    wavelength-independent absorption-coefficient of less than one.

    To prove the validity of Stefan-Boltzmann’s law, we measure the radiation emitted by the
    filament of an incandescent lamp which represents a ‘grey’ body fairly well. For a fixed distance
    between filament and thermopile, the energy fluxΦ which hits the thermopile is proportional to
    L(T).
    Φ ~ L(T)
    Because of the proportionality between Φand the thermoelectric e.m.f.,VTC of thethermopile, we
    can also write:
    VTC ~ T4
    if the thermopile is at a temperature of zero degrees Kelvin.Since the thermopile is at room
    temperature, TR also radiates due to the T4 law so that we can write:

    VTC ~ (T4- TR4)


    Under the present circumstances, we can neglect TR4 against T4so that we get a straight line with
    slope “4” when representing the function VTC= f(T) double logarithmically.

    logVTC= 4 logT +constant


    The absolute temperature T = t + 273 of the filament is calculated from the measured resistances
    R(t) of the tungsten filament (t = temperature in centigrade). For the tungsten filament resistance,
    we have the following temperature dependence:

    𝑅(𝑡) = 𝑅𝑜 (1 + 𝛼 𝑡 + 𝛽 𝑡 2 )
    where, R0 = resistance at 0 oC, R(t ) = resistance at temperature t, α = 4.82 x 10-3 K-1 andβ = 6.67
    x 10-7 K-2.

    2
    The resistance R0 at 0°C can be found by using the relation:
     R(t R ) 
    R0   2 
    (5)
     1    tR    tR 

    Solving R(t) with respect to t and using the relation T = t + 273 gives:
    1  2  R(t )    4 𝑅(𝑡)
    T = 273+    4   1    = 273 + 2 [√1 + 2 ( 𝑅 − 1) − 1](6)
    2   R0   0

    R(t) and R0 are found by applying Ohm’s law, e. g. by voltage and current measurements across
    the filament.

    Procedure:

    Part 1: Measurement of the resistance of the filament at room temperature.

    1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.1.

    2. Voltage and current should be measured using digital multimeters.

    3. Switch ON the DC source. Adjust the voltage (V) to 0.1 V and measure the
    corresponding current (I). Records these values in the tabular column.

    4. Calculate the resistance of the filament (V/I) and use it as Ro. Note: The current can be
    measured for few different voltages (measured in steps of 0.1 V) and an average R O can
    be calculated. This measurement should be done at room temperature (i.e. under cold
    condition) of the filament. Larger current can heat up the coil and therefore modifying the
    actual ROat room temperature.

    Part 2. Measurement of the resistance at different currents

    5. Use the same circuit in Fig.1. Connect the lamp to a DC power supply together with an
    ammeter and voltmeter to record filament current and voltage respectively.

    6. Place a radiation sensor as shown in the Fig.2 and connect the radiation sensor
    (Thermopile) to a digital multimeter that should be set on a 100 or 200-millivolt DC
    range.

    7. For filament voltages of between 1V and ~ 15 V, in steps of about 0.2 V, record the
    filament voltage (V), current (I) and the sensor millivoltmeter reading (VTC).

    8. Calculate the resistance of the filament RT (=V/I) for the various readings taken in step 7.
    Now calculate the temperature using the formula (6).

    9. Draw a graph between log (VTC) and log(T) and measure the slope.

    3
    Tables:

    Table1. Measurement of resistance (RT) at 50 mA and 100 mA.

    Current Voltage Resistance


    S. No.
    I (A) (V) R(T) (Ω)

    Table 2. Measurement of energy flux and temperature as a function of current (Imax= 2 A and
    Vmax = 15 V)

    Energy
    Current Voltage Resistance Temperature
    S. No. flux log(T)
    I (A) (V) R(T) (Ω) log (VTC) T (K)
    VTC(mV)

    Example:

    Precautions:

    1. Handle the thermopile only with the given rod.

    2. Never touch the thermopile detector by hand.

    3. Do not apply current more than 2.0 A through the filament.

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