Morphological Process in Robert Pinsky'S Poems "Jersey Rain"

MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS IN ROBERT PINSKY’S POEMS “JERSEY
RAIN”
A THESIS
BY
RENIDA PASARIBU
REG.NO : 130705126
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2020
Universitas Sumatera Utara

AUTHOR’S DECLARATIONS
I, RENIDA PASARIBU, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF
THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF
THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED
ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A
THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER
DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT
DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS
THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OR ANOTHER
DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATIONS.
Signed :
Date : January 31th, 2020

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME : RENIDA PASARIBU
TITLE OF THESIS : MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS IN ROBERT

PINSKY’S
POEMS “JERSEY RAIN”
QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT : SASTRA INGGRIS
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY CULTURAL STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW
OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed :
Date : Januari 31 th, 2020
vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Praise and gratitude to Almighty God, because of his grace, the writer
can complete this thesis with the title "morphological process in Robert Pinsky's
Poems 'Jersey Rain'". This thesis is one of the requirements to achieve Bachelor‟s
Degree from Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of
Sumatera Utara.
I would like to thank to Head of University of Sumatera Utara Prof. Dr.

Runtung Sitepu, SH, M.HUM, the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University
of Sumatera Utara, Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S.,the Head of Department of English,
Prof.Tengku Silvana Sinar, M.A.,Ph.D, and the Secretary of Department of English,
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D., who have supported and guided me in
completing this thesis. I also would like to express my sincere gratitude to my
Supervisor, Dr.H. Syahron Lubis, M.A. and my Co-Supervisor Dra. Hj. Rohanie
Ganie, M.Hum who have contributed and given the valuable evaluations, comments,
suggestions, attentions, and supports for accomplishing this thesis. My gratitude also
goes to all lecturers in Department of English who have taught me during my study
with the knowledge in their respective fields.
My very special gratitude is for my beloved parents Jese Budiman Pasaribu

and Rosma Manalu, parents who have fought for writers and educated writers all
along. thank you for every prayer, your upbringing and your struggle so far the writer
can finish this thesis. hopefully can be part of your pride. During the process of
completing this thesis, the writer obtained moral and material assistance and support
from many parties. therefore on this occasion the writers also thank all friends who
are on campus and outside campus who always support the writer to complete this
writing.
Medan, December 14 th, 2020
Renida Pasaribu
Reg. No. 130705126
vii

ABSTRACT
This thesis is entitled "Morphological Process in Robert Pinsky‟s Poems „Jersey

Rain'". This thesis analyzes the types of morphological processes in Robert Pinsky's
Jersey Rain poems and the dominant types used. This study applies a qualitative
descriptive method put forward by O Grady et al (1997) which focuses on seven
types of morphology, namely affixation, reduplication, suppletion, compounding,
internal change, cliticizations, stressed and tone placement. Based on the analysis
conducted, it is found that, from 1046 data, 812 (77.62%) are affixation, 131
(12.52%) are compounding, 48 (4.58%) are suppletions, 39 ( 3.72%) are
cliticizations, 15 (1.43%) are internal changes. There is only one (1) reduplication
(0.95%). While stress & tone placement 0 (0%). Furthermore, affixation (suffix) is
the most dominant type of morphology used in the poem.
Keywords: morphology, morphological process, poem
viii

ABSTRAK
Tesis ini berjudul "Proses Morfologi pada puisi Robert Pinsky Jersey Rain". Tesis
ini menganalisis tipe proses morfologi dalam puisi – puisi Jersey Rain karya Robert
Pinsky dan tipe dominan yang digunakan. Teori ini menerapkan metode deskriptif
kualitatif dengan menggunakan teori yang dikemukakan oleh O Grady et al (1997)
yang berfokus pada tujuh jenis morfologi yaitu afiksasi, reduplikasi, supplesi,
compound, internal change, cliticsasi, stressed and tone placement. Berdasarkan
analisis yang dilakukan, ditemukan bahwa, dari 1046 data, 812 (77,62%) di
antaranya adalah afiksasi, 131 (12,52%) di antaranya adalah compounding, 48
(4,58%) di antaranya adalah suppletion, 39 (3,72%) diantaranya adalah cliticizations,
15 (1,43%) diantaranya adalah i.nternal change. Reduplication berjumlah 1 (0,95%).
Sementara stress & tone placement 0 (0%). Selanjutnya, afiksasi (suffix) adalah
jenis proses morfologi yang paling dominan digunakan dalam puisi itu.
Kata Kunci: morfologi, proses morfologi, puisi
ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION.................................................................................v
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION.............................................................................vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.......................................................................................vii
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................viii
ABSTRAK.................................................................................................................ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS...........................................................................................x
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study.................................................... 1
1.2 Problems of the Study ....................................................... 4
1.3 Objectives of the Study ..................................................... 4
1.4 Scope of the Study ............................................................ 5
1.5 Significance of the Study ................................................... 5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. Morphology ....................................................................... 6
2.1.1. Morpheme ...................................................................... 6
2.2. Morphologigal Process...................................................... 8
2.2.1. Affixation ....................................................................... 9
2.2.2. Reduplication .................................................... ...........10
2.2.3. Compounding................................................................11
2.2.4. Stress and Tone Placement...........................................12
2.2.5. Internal Change.............................................................12
2.2.6. Suppletion......................;;;;;;.........................................13
2.2.7. cliticization....................................................................13
2.3.Related Literature..............................................................13

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1. Research Design .............................................................. 16
3.2. Data and Source of Data ................................................. 16
3.3. Data analysis ................................................................... 17
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1. Morphological Process in Robert Pinsky‟s poems Jersey
Rain................................................................................18
4.2. Classification of Morphological Process in Robert
Pinsky‟s poems Jersey Rain...................................................18
4.2.1. Affixation......................................................................19
4.2.2.Compounding.................................................................55
4.2.3. Reduplication................................................................60
4.2.4. Suppletion.....................................................................60
4.2.5. Cliticization...................................................................62
4.2.6. Internal Change.............................................................63
4.3. The most dominant Morphological Process in Robert
Pinsky‟s poems Jersey Rain............................................64
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. Conclusion.......................................................................66
5.2. Suggestion.......................................................................67
REFFERENCES.......................................................................................................68
APPENDIX
xi

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
Humans are social beings who interact and communicate. In interacting and
communicating humans use language as a means of communication to express
ideas or messages to be conveyed. Bloomfield (1933 : 3) says that language plays
a great part in our life. Blomfield states that Language is so closely related to
human thought that it is unimaginable to study it by such simple and
undiversified ways. Language According to Tamasi (2014 : 3) is defined as an
open, arbitrary, conventional system of sounds used for communication within a
linguistic community In essence, language will never be separated from human
life. Therefore, we as speakers or communicators need to understand the form of
grammar in terms of structure, form and problems of other fields of study
contained in it. This is related to the science of morphology. Morphology is used
by various branches of science. But in this thesis, the morphology in question is
morphological in terms of the linguistic field. Based on the hierarchy of
linguistics, the morphology is differed between the study of phonology and
syntax. Morphology is the second level after phonology.
As we know, Morphology is a linguistic branch that identifies basic units of
language as grammatical units. Morphology comes from Greek, morphe and
logos. Morphe means form and logos means science. So, based on the meaning
of the elements of its formation, the word morphology means the knowledge of
form. Morphology studies the subtleties of word forms and the effects of word

changes on the group and the meaning of the word. Or in other words it can be
said that morphology studies the intricacies of the word form and the function of
the changes in word form, both grammatical and semantic functions. Morphology
also studies the structure and relationships between one morpheme and another in
forming a word. And the word formation process between the morphemes is
called the morphological process. Specifically, which will be discussed in this
study is the morphological process itself. The morphological process as
mentioned above is the process of merging morphemes into words.
Morphological Process is process of addition of formative to root and stems,
semantic role operations, link up with the lexicon (Matthews 1991 : 122). In general
there are eight morphological processes, namely: zero derivation, affixation,
reduplication, compound, changes in vocals, suppletion, reduction or substractions,
and cliticsation. But according to O‟Grady et al (1997 : 117-122) some common
morphological phenomenom are affixation, reduplication, suppletion, compounding,
internal change, cliticsization stressed and tone placement. We can see the entire
morphological process in discourse texts such as newspapers, poems, novels,
magazines, etc. But of all those that are most often used and most often we encounter
are affixation, reduplication and composition. And that also applies to the objects
studied in this study.
In this study, the writer analyzed a literary work namely poetry. This poem is
analyzed based on the morphological process. Poetry is a type of literary work that
still attracts people. Along with the times the globalization of the presence of poetry
still persisted. For example, some people still use old poetry in traditional events. Not

only that, there are still many young people who still love poetry and even make their
own poems to express ideas, ideas and feelings. But this refers to free poetry.
On this occasion the writer was interested in chose to analyze one of the
Robert Pinsky‟s poems books entitled Jersey Rain based on morphological processes.
Robert Pinsky is one of the American contemporary poets. Robert Pinsky has many
capabilities. Not only as American poets, the same time he may be an paperist,
literary critic, and translator. In writing his poetry, Robert Pinsky has his own
distinctive characteristics. Where he prefers the beauty of the poem. Robert Pinsky
accommodated all the ideas to fill his poetry, and his poetry would change somewhat
depending on the particular subjectivity of each reader. Initially Pinsky was inspired
by the flow and tension of jazz. He really likes jazz because for him physical
immediacy, improvisation and also the sense of a lifetime of suffering and study and
thought is behind some single phrase. He said that “Poetry‟s highest purpose is to
provide a unique sensation of coordination between the intelligence, emotions and
the body. It‟s one of the most fundamental pleasures a person can experience.” This
is also what he applied in making his poetry. For him, the musicality of poetry is and
is very important for his work. That is what makes his poetry unique and has its own
characteristics. As an American contemporary poets, Pinsky has written nineteen
books, most of which are collections of his poetry. One of them is Jersey Rain.
Before understanding or analyzing a discourse and the sentences contained in
a text, we need to understand the elements forming the sentence. Words are elements
in forming sentences. While words are formed based on morphemes or merging
morphemes. As we know, poetry has many connotation meanings or figurative
meanings with functions to beautify the poem and get deeper meaning. Various

choices of words are used in forming a poem. With the intention of how the poem
looks beautiful without reducing the purpose or message that the writer wants to
convey.
Likewise with Robert Pinsky's poems “Jersey Rain”. This poem uses many unusual
words, words that we rarely encounter in daily life, such as figurative language. This
poem is also one of modern poems that follows the times. And the words in these
poems have many kinds of morphological processes such as affixation, compounding
and etc. This is what makes the writer interested in analyzing this book. The writer
wants to find out whether it is included in the form of the word based on the
morphological process. The writer will also categorize these words into
morphological processes based on general morphological processes.
1.2.Problem of the Study
Based on the description of the background above, two problems can be
formulated as follows :
1. What type morphological processes were found in Robert Pinsky‟s Poems
Jersey Rain?
2. What was the most dominant morphological process in Robert Pinsky‟s Poems
Jersey Rain?
1.3.Objectives of the Study
The purposes of this study are to disclose the problems illustrated in the
problem statement. The objectives to be achieved in writing this paper were as
follows:
1. To find out the types of morphological process in Robert Pinsky‟s Poems

Jersey Rain
2. To find out the most dominant morphological processes in Robert Pinsky‟s
Poems Jersey Rain.
1.4.Scope of the Study
The scope of the study was limited to morphological process occurring in
Robert‟s Pinsky Poems Jersey Rain. Those processes consist of affixation,
reduplication, compounding, internal change, stressed and tone placement,
cliticization, and suppletion.
1.5.Significance of the Study
This research is expected to be able to provide benefits to all parties, both
theoretical and practical benefits. Theoretically, this research is expected to be able
to provide knowledge about science in the field of linguistics, especially morphology
and morphological process in analyzing language, With the purpose of advancing
linguistics. In practical terms, this research can also be used as a reference material
for future research. Specifically as a reference for morphology research. For the
writers himself, this research can be used as a valuable experience in an effort to
improve the ability of writers and add insight into linguistics, especially one branch
of linguistics, namely morphology.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1. Morphology
Morphology is one of a linguistic branches that identifies basic units of
language as grammatical units. Morphology according to Matthews (1991 :3) is
a term for that branch of linguistics which is concerned with the form of words in
difference uses and construction. Understanding morphology according to
Verhaar, states that morphology is a branch of linguistics that identifies basic
units of language as grammatical units (Verhaar 1984 in Muchtar 2005 : 2).
According to Booij (2005: 4) morphology is a subdicipline of linguistics that
deals with such patterns. Therefore, morphology deals with the internal
constituent structure of words as well. In dictionary it is stated that morphology
is a branch of linguistics about morphemes and their combinations; morphology.
Meanwhile, according to Bauer (in Muchtar 2015:1) morphology as a field of
linguistics is understood as the study of the systematic changes of word form
which is associated with its own meaning.
From the description above, it can be concluded that morphology is one of the
linguistic branches that studies the structure and relationships between one
morpheme and another morpheme to form a word.
2.1.1. Morpheme
The morpheme is the smallest unit of grammar. According to Katamba (1993
: 24) morpheme is the smallest difference in the shape of a word the correlates with

the smallest difference in word or sentence meaning or in grammatical structure.
According to Booij (2005:8), “Morpheme is the morphological building bloks of
word, are difined as the minimal Linguistics units with a grammatical meaning”.
Other linguists like Bloomfield said “ A linguistics form which bears nopartial
phonetic – semantic resemblance to any other form, is a simple form morpheme.
Charles F. Hockett said “ morphemes are the smallest Individually meaningful
elements in the utterances of a language ( Hockett 965 in Muchtar 2015 : 6 ).
Based on the definitions of linguistic above, it can be concluded that morphemes are
elements of language that are the smallest and most important in the process of word
formation, and have meaning in speech of a language. Morpheme can be classified
based on its independence into free morpheme and bound morpheme (Muchtar 2015
: 9).
A. Free Morpheme
A morpheme that can be a word by itself it called free morpheme (O‟Grady et
al 1997: 113). This morpheme can be directly used in narrative. Briefly, free
morpheme can stand alone with a specific meaning. For example: write, sick,
sleep. A free morpheme can be called a word.
B. Bound morpheme
A morpheme that must be attached to another element it said to be bound
morpheme (O‟Grady et al 1997: 113). This morpheme must first join other
morphemes to used in speech. Bound morpheme Cannot stand alone with
meaning. Affix is included in the bound morpheme. For example: unhappy
and unusual. Unhappy is a combination of morphs un- and -happy. Dislike is
a combination of dis- and like. Un- and dis- here functions as one of the

additions, namely the prefix. From the example we can see that morpheme –
un- and dis-, cannot stand without merging from other morphemes such as
morpheme happy and like. So un- and dis- are the bound morpheme.
2.2. Morphological Process
The formation of a word in a language cannot be separated from the existence
of a morphological process. The morphological process is a way of forming words
by adding one morpheme to the other morpheme. Morphological Process is process
of addition of formative to root and stems, semantic role operations, link up with the
lexicon (Matthews 1991 : 122). According to Bauer (2001: 205) a morphological
process is a of create new pertinent form.
In general, the morphological process is the process of forming words by combining
between words which then produces new words by producing new meanings. The
briefly morphological process is a process of word formation from morphemes.
Thus, the morphological process is a word formation process caused by the
merging of one morpheme with the other morpheme so that it becomes a word. The
morphological process described by the linguists can make guidance or reference for
researchers in studying the morphological processes found in Jersey Rain Poems.
Generally there are eight morphological processes, namely : zero derivation,
affixsation, reduplication, compound, changes in vocal, suppletion, reduction or
substraction and cliticsation (Muchtar, 2015 : 14). But in this thesis, writer use the
morphological according to O‟Grady et al. According to O‟Grady et al, there are
some common morphological process, namely : affixation, reduplication,

compounding, internal change, stressed and tone placement, cliticization, suppletion
(O‟Grady et al 1997 : 117-122).
2.2.1. Affixation
Affixation is the morphological process whereby an affix is attached to
a root or stem (Matthews, 1991 : 131). According to O‟Grady et al (1997 : 117)
affixation is addiction of an affix. An affix is a morpheme which only occurs when
attached to some other morpheme or morpheme such as root or stem or base
(Katamba, 1993 : 44). Briefly affixation is a process of converting lexeme into a
complex word. Change is a series of complex and interrelated systems. Katamba
mentions three types of affixes, namely: prefix, suffix and infix (Katamba, 1993 :
44).
A. Prefix
Prefix is an affix that is attached to the front of its base (O‟Grady et al, 1997 :
117). Prefix according to Katamba is an affix attached before a root or stem or base
like re-, un- and –in :
re-make un-kind in-decent
re-read un-tidy in-accurate (Katamba 1993 : 44).
B. Infix
Infix is a types og affix that occurs within a base (O‟Grady et al, 1997 : 117).
According to Katamba (1993 : 44 ) an infix is an affix inserted into the root itself.
Some frequently used infix in English like :

awfully : beawfullyware
blessed : absoblessedlutely
bally : absoballylutely
bleep : fivebleepmile
blooming : absobloominglutely (Muchtar 2015 : 21).
C. Suffix
Suffix is an affix that is attached to the end of its base (O‟Grady, 1997 : 117).
According to Katamba (1993 : 44), a suffix is an affix attached after a root (or stem
or base) like –ly, -er, -ist, -s, -ing and –ed.
Secret -ly sell-er paper-s learn-ed
Friend -ly watch-er pent-s again-ist
2.2.2. Reduplication
Reduplication is a word-formation process in which meaning is expressed by
repeating all or part of a word. Reduplication is restricted to situations where the
repeated part of the word serves some derivational or inflectional purpose (Katamba,
1993 : 180). According to O‟Grady et al there are full reduplication an partial
reduplication. Full reduplication is repetition of entire word meanwhile partial
reduplication copies only part of the word (O‟Grady et al, 1997 : 121)
For examples: okey-dokey hanky-panky

10

bye – bye criss-cross
2.2.3. Compounding
Compounding is a process of word formation through combining two words
which rises to a new word and of course with new meanings. According to Matthews
(1974: 82) compounding is a process by which a compound lexeme is derived from
two or more simpler lexeme. It is a combination from form lexemes to not simply
form. Booij (2005 : 93) said that compounds are combinations of two or more
lexeme. O‟Grady et al (1997 : 27) said that compounding is combination of lexical
categories (noun, adjective, verb or preposition) to create a larger word. In English
we can distinguish several compounds based on their formation process or the
process of combining these morphemes such as:
Compound can be made by combining two nouns: bus stops, fireflies.
Compound can be made by combining an adjective and a noun: full moon,
blackboard.
Compound can be made by combining a verb and a noun: washing machine,
swimmingpool.
Compound nouns can be made by combining a noun and a verb: sunrise, hairstyle.
2.2.4. Stress and Tone Placement
Sometimes, a base can undergo change in the placement of stress or tone to
reflect a change in its category.
For example , impòrt import
11

presènt present
subjèct subject
contèst còntest (O‟Grady et al, 1997 : 120)
2.2.5. Internal Change
Internal change is a process that substitutes one – morphemic segment for
another to mark grammatical contrast, as illustrated in the following pairs of words.
sing (present) sang (past)
sink (present) sank (past)
drive (present) drove (past)
goose (singular) geese (plural)
2.2.6. Suppletion
Suppletion is a morphological process that replace a morpheme by an entirely
different morpheme in order to indicate a grammatical contrast (O‟Grady et al 1997 :
119). In suppletion, there are extreme changes that occur in the word, like the words
go – went and be-am or was ( Muchtar 2015 :15)
2.2.7. Cliticization
12

Clitic is a short morpheme that cannot be given accent or stress attached to
other words or phrase, has indescribable meaning lexically and are not attached to s
particular class of word ( Verhaar in Muchtar, 2015: 33). O‟Grady (1997 : 118) said
that clitics are short unstressed forms that are pronounced together with another
element as if the two were a single unit.
Examples : this‟ll be fine
Student‟s assignment
I‟m leaving now
2.3. Related Literature
In writing this thesis the writer seeked information from some researches
carried out beforehand as a comparison material, both weakness or strengths. The
writer conducted this thesis from the research before. It was written by Novita
Theresia entitled " Morphological Process in F.Scott Fitzgerald‟s Novel “The Great
Gatsby” ". In this thesis, the writer analysed the morphological processes based on
the books Geert Booji (2007) and F.Katamba (1993). Morphological process
included affixation, reduplication, modification, suppletion and compounding. The
subject of this study is Morphological Process in F.Scott Fitzgerald‟s Novel “The
Great Gatsby”. The object of this research is word and word formation used in
F.Scott Fitzgerald‟s Novel “The Great Gatsby”. The writer used the library research
method and descriptive method.
13

The second research wrote by Khairunissa, her paper entitled “The
Morphological analysis found in Tempo Magazine”. In that paper she found out
morphological analysis in that magazine. The morphological process in that paper
included affixation, reduplication, compounding, conversion, and backformation.
The data in that paper was five articles in Tempo Magazine.
Then, thesis by Rudi Dwi Purwanto entitled “ Morphological Process
Analysis in Soccer Column Daily Newspaper”. He used qualitative descriptive
method on his paper . In part of analysis, he just find out the word that had
affixation, compounding and reduplication. Then he classify it according to the same
morphological processes and explained the meaning of that word in that sentences.
Subject of this paper was a little part of newspaper namely column of soccer. So, he
also found a few words which had morphological processes.
The writer also find the other paper namely paper by Yanuar Bhondan. The
titled of that paper was „ A Morphological Study On Affixes in English Song Lyrics
on the Resistance Album Composed by Muse‟. He also used qualitative descriptive
research. In this paper he just focus on affixes of song lyrics. He classify that affixes
into derivational affixes and inflectional affixes. But he explained that affixes
detailed.
Writing this thesis is almost the same as writing that was done before. The
equation is found in the research methods and analysis techniques. The difference is
the subject of research. The subject of the previous researches was Morphological
Process in F.Scott Fitzgerald‟s Novel “The Great Gatsby", “The Morphological
analysis found in Tempo Magazine”, “ Morphological Process Analysis in Soccer
Column Daily Newspaper”, A Morphological Study On Affixes in English Song
14

Lyrics on the Resistance Album Composed by Muse‟. while the research subject in
this paper was Morphological Process in Jersey Rain Poems by Robert Pinsky. The
subject of the previous researches was novel, magazine, newspaper and lyrics of
song and in this paper the subject of research is poems. The morphological processes
in previous research are affixation, reduplication, compounding, suppletion and
modification. Meanwhile morphological processes in this research are affixation,
reduplication, compounding, internal change, suppletion, cliticsization, stressed and
tone placement (according to O‟Grady et al 1997 ).
15

CHAPTER III
METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1. Research Design
In this research design, the writer starts to apply the library research method
in this thesis. As Nazir (2013 : 93) says “studi pustaka adalah teknik
pengumpulan data dengan melakukan penelaahan terhadap berbagai buku,
literature, catatan, dan laporan yang ada hubungannya dengan masalah yang
ingin dipecahkan” ( library research is a technique of collecting data by
conducting a review of various books, literature, notes, and reports that have to
do with the problem that you want to solve). The writer seeks and collects books
and journals related to morphology with the aim of obtaining information relating
to the morphological process. These books and journals are used as references for
writing theses about morphological process in poems.
3.2. Data and Source of Data
In data collection, data is taken from words that experience the morphological
process in Robert Pinsky's Jersey Rain. Sources of data were taken from twenty
six poems in Jersey Rain. In the book there are twenty six poems and writer using
all the poems as sources of data. Jersey Rain is one of a collection of poems by
Robert Pinsky. This book was published on April 16th, 2001. The poems
contained in Jersey Rain are modern poetry.
16

3.3. Data analysis
The writer analyzes the data after collecting the data. In analyzing the data
the writer uses descriptive methods. Tujuan dari penelitian deskriptif ini adalah
untuk membuat deskripsi, gambaran atau lukisan secara sistematis, factual dan
akurat mengenai fakta-fakta, sifat-sifat serta hubungan antar fenomena yang
diselidiki (Nazir 2005: 54).
The writer analyzes the data with several steps:
1. The writer reads the poem of Jersey Rain as a whole
2. The writer marks words that experience a morphological process
3. Separating words that contain morphological processes
4. Grouping these words specifically into types of morphological processes such
as: zero derivation, affixation, compound, reduplication, change in vocal,
reduction or subtraction, cliticsation and suppletion
5. Count all words that contain morphological processes and look for more
dominant ones. The formula for finding the most dominant amount is P =
X 100%
P = percentage of the morphological process
X = number of type morphological process
Y = total morphological process
6. Make conclusions from the results of data analysis
17

CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND FINDING
4.1. Morphological Process in Robert Pinsky’s Jersey Rain
In this chapter, the writer begin to analysis the morphological process in
Robert Pinsky‟s Jersey Rain. The writer collect data from Robert Pinsky‟s poems
„Jersey Rain‟. The writer analysis morphological process focus on O‟Grady theory.
The theory classified morphological process to seven types namely, affixation,
compounding, suppletion, cliticsation, internal change reduplication, and stress &
tone placement. So, after reading those poems the writer found 1046 data of
morphological processes. We can see those data in table 4.1.
4.2. Classification of morphological Process in Robert Pinsky’s Jersey Rain
In collecting data of morphological procesess in Robert Pinsky‟ Jersey Rain
which used the O‟Grady et al theory, the writer found six morphological processes.
According to O‟Grady et al the common morphological process are affixation,
reduplication, compounding, suppletion, cliticsization, internal change and stress &
tone placement. But, in analysed this poems writer found morphological process such
as affixation, reduplication compounding, suppletion, cliticsization, and internal
change. There is no stress and tone placement in these poems.
4.2.1. Affixation
18

As the theory O‟Grady et al said that affixation consists of prefix, infix and
suffix. But, from the table of data above writer find the affixation namely prefix and
suffix. There is no infix in these poems.
4.2.1.1. Prefix
The prefixes found in that Robert Pinsky‟s Poems Jersey Rain were prefix a-,
anti-, dis-, em-, im-/in-, inter-, mid-, mis-, over-, re-, semi-, un-, and up-.
4.2.1.1.1. Prefix a-
Prefix a- have meaning as on, in, towards, in the condition or state. Prefix –a
also forming a predicate adjective or an adverbial element or before and adjective.
1. a + sleep  asleep (data 16)

2. a + gain  again (data 17)
3. a + cross  across (data 42)
4. a + head  ahead (data 210)
5. a + way  away (data 215)
6. a + bout  about (data 256)
7. a + float  afloat (data 579)
8. a + part  apart (data 1012)
4.2.1.1.2. Prefix anti-
Prefix anti- opposed to someone or something, used in many nouns and
adjectives.
1. anti + semitism  antisemitsm (data 260)
4.2.1.1.3. Prefix dis-
19

Prefix dis- used with some nouns, verb, and adjective for giving a word the
opposite meaning.
1. dis + like  dislike (data 261)

2. dis + places  displaces (data 511)
3. dis + mantled  dismantled (data 642)
4.2.1.1.4.Prefix em-
Prefix em- is a form of en- that is used before b,m, and p. Then, prefix en- or
em- use to form verbs that mean to put into or onto something, to cause to be
something and mean to provide with something.
1. em + braced  embraced (data 9)
4.2.1.1.5. Prefix in-/im-
1. in + offensive  inoffensive (data 393)

2. in + tolerable  intolerable (data 1031)
3. in + difference  indifference (data 1032)
4. in + competent  incompetent (data 1033)
5. in + dissoluble  indissoluble (data 1041)
6. in + effectual  ineffectual (data 341)
The prefix im- is a form of in that is used before b,m, and p.
7. im + mobile  immobile (data 521)

8. im + patients  impatients (data 684)
9. im + perceptible  imperceptible (data 965)
10.im + mortal  immortal (data 1010)
11.im + pertinent  impertinent (data 1020)
4.2.1.1.6. Prefix inter-
Prefix inter- means between. Used with someone nouns, verbs, or adjectives.
20

1. inter + locked  interlocked (data 906)
4.2.1.1.7. Prefix mid-
The prefix mid- used with many nouns. That prefix means the middle of a
period of time or something.
1. mid + fifties  midfifties (data 152)

2. mid + night  midnight (data 791)
3. mid + wife  midwife (data 810)
4.2.1.1.8. Prefix mis-
The prefix mis, means wrong.
1. mis + placed  misplaced (data 136)
4.2.1.1.9. Prefix over-
1. over + sized  Oversized (data 711)
4.2.1.1.10. Prefix re-
1. re + turn  return (data 569)

2. re + collects  recollects (data 862)
3. re + born  reborn (data 865)
4. re + collection  recollection (data 995)
5. re + called  recalled (data 1005)
4.2.1.1.11. Pefix semi-
Prefix semi- means half, partly, or not fully.
1. semi + conductor  semiconductor (data 488)
4.2.1.1.12. Prefix un
21

The prefix un- means not,reverse, action, deprive of, release from.
1. un + born  unborn (data 61)

2. un + companioned  uncompanioned (data 132)
3. un + afflicted  unafflicted (data 188)
4. un + relenting  unrelenting (data 265)
5. un + like  unlike (data 313)
6. un + readable  unreadable (data 397)
7. un + known  unknown (data 409)
8. un + seen  unseen (data 460)
9. un + thinkably  unthinkably (data 476)
10. un + helmeted  unhelmeted (data 532)
11. un + historical  unhistorical (data 547)
12. un + drawn  undrawn (data 587)
13. un + raveled  unraveled (data 689)
14. un + worthy  unworthy (data 620)
15. un + likely  unlikely (data 688)
16. un + mastered  unmastered (data 753)
17. un + constant  unconstant (data 817)
18. un + lidded  unlidded (data 831)
29. un + promising  unpromising (data 833)
20. un + stitched  unstitched (data 844)
21. un + seeing  unseeing (data 914)
22. un + shattered  unshattered (data 922)
23. un + perfecting  unperfecting (data 930)
4.2.1.1.13. Prefix up-
The prefix up- means in or going towards a position that is higher.
1. up + surge  upsurge (data 255)
4.2.1.2. Suffix
22

The suffixes found in that Robert Pinsky‟s poems were suffix -able, -age, -al,
-an, -ance/-ence, -ant, -ary/-ery, -ed,- en, -er/-or,- es/-s, -est, -ful, -ic/-ical, -ing, -
ion/-tion, -ity, -ive, -less,- ly, -ment, -ness, -ous, -th,- y.
4.2.1.2.1. Suffix –able
Suffix –able means „can be‟.
1. irritate + able  irritable (data 218)
2. miser + able  miserable (data 416)
3. respect + able  respectable (data 708)
Word „irritable‟ is combining irritate and suffix able, in this case we drop
final „e‟ in irritate because suffix begins with a vowel. One of the suffixes rule.
4.2.1.2.2. Suffix –age
Suffix –age means action or process of something.
1. cleave + age  cleavage (data 88)
2. marry + age  marriage (data 280)
Drop the final „e‟ in cleave because suffix age begins with a vowel.
4.2.1.2.3. Suffix –al/-ial
When the word has consonant before the „y‟, y will change to letter „i‟ then
add suffix.
1. Memory (i) + al  memorial (data 194) (y change to letter

i)
2. electric + al  electrical (data 358)
3. survive + al  survival (data 628) (drop the final e)
23

4. apparition + al  apparitional (data 686)
5. hysteric + al  hysterical (data 787)
6. industry (i)+ al  industrial (data 832) (y change to letter
i)
7. province + ial  provincial (data 860) (drop the final e)
8. betray + al  betrayal (data 879)
9. revive + al  revival (data 902) (drop the final e)
10. classic + al  classical (data 1004)
11. medicine + al  medicinal (data 1013) (drop the final e)
12. logic + al  logical (data 1019)
13. pedagogic + al  pedagogical (data 175)
14. theoretic + al  theoretical (data 827)
4.2.1.2.4. Suffix –an/-ian
Suffix –an used with names of places to make nouns and adjectives meaning
relating to a particular place or to someone who comes from a particular place.
1. Italy + an  Italian (data 205) (y change to letter i)

2. Egypt+ ian  Egyptian (data 988)
3. Africa+ an  African (data 991) (drop the final a because
suffix begin with vowel a)
4.2.1.2.5. Suffix –ance/-ence
Suffix –ance/-ence means action or process, quality or state, and amount or
degree. Many word which end with „ent‟, in this case we drop the final „t‟ and add
the suffix. It was –ance or ence anymore but just added „ce‟.
1. present + ence  presence (data 92)
24

2. silent+ ence  silence (data 117)
3. absent + ence  absence (data 120)
4. intelligent + ence  intelligence (data 172)
5. evident + ence  evidence (data 196)
6. reliant + ance  reliance (data 263)
7. different + ence  difference (data 311)
8. acquiescent + ence  acquiescence (data 696)
9. dependent + ence  dependence (data 720)
10. excellent + ence  excellence (data 947)
11. eloquent + ence  eloquence (data 948)
12. eminent + ence  eminence (data 999)
4.2.1.2.6. Suffix –ant
Suffix –ant forming adjective and nouns from verb.
1. claim + ant  claimant (data 114)
2. triumph + ant  triumphant (data 514)
3. interpenetrate + ant  interpenetrant (data 612)
4.2.1.2.7. Suffix –ary/ery
1. legend + ary  legendary (data 58)

2. moment + ary  momentary (data 165)
3. slave + ery  slavery (data 894) (drop the final e)
4.2.1.2.8.Suffix –ed
Suffix –ed forming the past tense verbs, adjectives. There so many base word
which is end with vowel e. in this case we drop the vowel „e‟ the added the suffix –
ed.
25

1. dine + ed  dined (data 4)
2. listen + ed  listened (data 5)
3. wait + ed  waited (data 8)
4. oppose + ed  opposed (data 10)
5. court + ed  courted (data 15)
6. pretend + ed  pretended (data 18)
7. crowd + ed  crowded (data 20)
8. point + ed  pointed (data 28)
9. immerse + ed  immersed (data 44)
10. desire + ed  desired (data 49)
11. chain + ed  chained (data 53)
12. engrave + ed  engraved (data 55)
13. hallow + ed  hallowed (data 57)
14. pierce + ed  pierced (data 59)
15. reek + ed  reeked (data 66)
16. drown + ed  drowned (data 70)
17. swallow + ed  swallowed (data 78)
18. plant + ed  planted (data 83)
19. elect + ed  elected (data 116)
20. starve +ed  starved (data 122)
21. want + ed  wanted (data 128)
22. helmet + ed  helmeted (data 129)
23. abduct + ed  abducted (data 131)
24. fatigue + ed  fatigued (data 139)
25. mix + ed  mixed (data 143)
26. free + ed  freed (data 145)
27. demonstrate + ed  demonstrated (data 147)
28. crave + ed  craved (data 151)
29. disappoint + ed  disappointed (data 154)
30. call + ed  called (data 155)
31. watch + ed  watched (data 159)
26

32. extend + ed  extended (data 161)
33. die + ed  died (data 163)
34. deplete + ed  depleted (data 164)
35. beard + ed  bearded (data 173)
36. learn + ed  learned (data 177)
37. couch + ed  couched (data 178)
38. need + ed  needed (data 180)
39. show + ed  showed (data 181)
40. haunt + ed  haunted (data 182)
41. use + ed  used (data 202)
42. color + ed  colored (data 212)
43. skew + ed  skewed (data 214)
44. seem + ed  seemed (data 223)
45. name + ed  named (data 231)
46. bruise + ed  bruised (data 233)
47. kill + ed  killed (data 234)
48. surprise + ed  surprised (data 235)
49. link + ed  linked (data 237)
50. sway + ed  swayed (data 238)
51. walk + ed  walked (data 240)
52. realize +ed  realized (data 245)
53. attract + ed  attracted (data 247)
54. wound + ed  wounded (data 248)
55. talent + ed  talented (data 269)
56. explain + ed  explained (data 276)
57. live + ed  lived (data 281)
58. succeed + ed  succeeded (data 283)
59. root + ed  rooted (data 297)
60. lock + ed  locked (data 306)
61. amuse + ed  amused (data 335)
62. admire + ed  admired (data 337)
27

63. consider + ed  considered (data 338)
64. reflect + ed  reflected (data 339)
65. intend + ed  intended (data 340)
66. master + ed  mastered (data 342)
67. exterminate + ed  exterminated (data 348)
68. obliviate + ed  obliviated (data 349)
69. frame + ed  framed (data 351)
70. plaster + ed  plastered (data 352)
71. thread + ed  threaded (data 355)
72. omit + ed  omitted (data 365)
73. beguile + ed  begiled (data 376)
74. turn + ed  turned (data 385)
75. publish + ed  published (data 403)
76. refute + ed  refuted (data 405)
77. round + ed  rounded (data 413)
78. touch + ed  touched (data 415)
79. stratify(i) + ed  stratified (data 418)
80. house + ed  housed (data 420)
81. allow + ed  allowed (data 423)
82. recognize + ed  recognized (data 429)
83. ask + ed  asked (data 430)
84. lug + ed  lugged (data 435)
85. scold + ed  scolded (data 439)
86. cover + ed  covered (data 443)
87. carpet + ed  carpeted (data 444)
88. fear + ed  feared (data 447)
89. deliver + ed  delivered (data 454)
90. create + ed  created (data 462)
91. obscure + ed  obscured (data 473)
92. tack + ed  tacked (data 483)
93. invent + ed  invented (data 484)
28

94. heat + ed  heated (data 490)
95. polish + ed  polished (data 503)
96. conceive + ed  conceived (data 509)
97. lift + ed  lifted (data 516)
98. cross + ed  crossed (data 5190
99. save + ed  saved (data 5220
100. release + ed  released (data 524)
101. raise + ed  raised (data 535)
102. surround + ed  surrounded (data 543)
103. label + ed  labeled (data 545)
104. massacre + ed  massacred (data 563)
105. wing + ed  winged (data 566)
106. grieve + ed  grieved (data 580)
107. ravel + ed  raveled (data 588)
108. curtain + ed  curtained (data 605)
109. echo + ed  echoed (data 606)
110. refresh + ed  refreshed (data 6150
111. weather + ed  weathered (data 616)
112. burn + ed  burned (data 618)
113. summer + ed  summered (data 622)
114. endow + ed  endowed (data 625)
115. abolish + ed  abolished (data 632)
116. will + ed  willed (data 633)
117. destroy + ed  destroyed (data 636)
118. paint + ed  painted (data 639)
119. spurn + ed  spurned (data 656)
120. scramble + ed  scrambled (data 671)
121. park + ed  parked (data 679)
122. dapple + ed  dappled (data 685)
123. ordain + ed  ordained (data 693)
124. snuggle + ed  snuggled (data 698)
29

125. scorn + ed  scorned (data 699)
126. amaze + ed  amazed (data 707)
127. bob + ed  bobbed (data 7130
128. design + ed  designed (data 719)
129. budge + ed  budged (data 721)
130. pronounce + ed  pronounced (data 732)
131. crack + ed  cracked (data 733)
132. obey + ed  obeyed (data 734)
133. swab + ed  swabbed (data 735)
134. block + ed  blocked (data 736)
135. fill + ed  filled (data 738)
136. dwindle + ed  dwindled (data 741)
137. hire + ed  hired (data 745)
138. finish + ed  finished (data 7460
139. mistreat + ed  mistreated (data 751)
140. bong + ed  bonged (data 756)
141. sue + ed  sued (data 762)
142. nurse + ed  nursed (data 765)
143. despoil + ed  despoiled (data 768)
144. chase + ed  chased (data 771)
145. pour + ed  poured (data 774)
146. recover + ed  recovered (data 785)
147. cur + ed  cured (data 786)
148. distort + ed  distorted (data 790)
149. preserve + ed  preserved (data 796)
150. threaten + ed  threatened (data 801)
151. maim + ed  maimed (data 803)
152. look + ed  looked (data 811)
153. greet + ed  greeted data 813)
154. terrify + ed  terrified (data 814)
155. drop + ed  dropped (data 815)
30

156. smelt + ed  smelted (data 821)
157. extrude + ed  extruded (data 822)
158. weld + ed  welded (data 823)
159. fraction + ed  fractioned (data 825)
160. measure + ed  measured (data 826)
161. fit + ed  fitted (data 829)
162. beam + ed  beamed (data 846)
163. buffet + ed  buffeted (data 851)
164. prescribe + ed  prescribed (data 888)
165. award + ed  awarded (data 891)
166. focus + ed  focused (data 893)
167. crown + ed  crowned (data 900)
168. brace + ed  braced (data 908)
169. flourish + ed  flourished (data 909)
170. barb + ed  barbed (data 911)
171. hearken + ed  hearkened (data 918)
172. quill + ed  quilled (data 920)
173. ripple + ed  rippled (data 923)
174. imagine + ed  imagined (data 929)
175. corrupt + ed  corrupted (data 936)
176. cull + ed  culled (data 937)
177. achieve + ed  achieved (data 938)
178. crest + ed  crested (data 940)
179. join + ed  joined (data 942)
180. plume + ed  plumed (data 951)
181. feather + ed  feathered (data 952)
182. express + ed  expressed (data 958)
183. snake + ed  snaked (data 966)
184. nail + ed  nailed (data 969)
185. exalt + ed  exalted (data 973)
186. press + ed  pressed (data 977)
31

187. stun + ed  stunned (data 979)
188. catalogue + ed  catalogued (data 983)
189. suspend + ed  suspended (data 984)
190. gather + ed  gathered (data 987)
191. sculpt + ed  sculpted (data 990)
192. pray + ed  prayed (data 1016)
193. assign + ed  assigned (data 1028)
194. arrow + ed  arrowed (data 1045)
195. please + ed  pleased (data 383)
196. corner + ed  cornered (data 797)
4.2.1.2.9. Suffix en
Suffix en has meaning as made of.
1. gold + en  golden (data 582)

2. earth+ en  earthen (data 872)
3. wood + en  wooden (data 978)
4.2.1.2.10. Suffix –er/or
Adding suffix –er/or can changes the final of the base word. Such as drop the
final „e‟, change letter „y‟ in the final word to letter „i‟, and change the final „e‟ to
letter „i‟ on the base word.
1. love + er  lover (data 14) (drop the vowel e)

2. carry (i) + er  carrier (data 33) (change letter y to e)
3. save (i)+ or  savior (data 50) (change letter e to i)
4. sentence + er  sentencer (data 51) (drop the vowel e)
5. walk + er  walker (data 71)
6. laugh + er  laughter (data 79)
7. gesture + er  gesturer (data 108) (drop the vowel e)
32

8. indict + er  indicter (data 113)
9. old + er  older (data 158)
10. provide + er  provider (data 450)
11. make + er  maker (data 506)
12. linger + er  lingerer (data 508)
13. thunder + er  thunderer (data 542)
14. long + er  longer (data 550)
15. guide + er  guider (data 557)
16. invent + or  inventor (data 568)
17. tinkle + er  tinkler (data 729)
18. dominate + or  dominator (data 730)
19. tune + er  tuner (data 731)
20. build + er  builder (data 763)
21. visit + or  visitor (data 795)
22. stink + er  stinker (data 834)
23. crawl + er  crawler (data 934)
24. tempt + er  tempter (data 935)
25. strange + er  stranger (data 941)
26. collect + or  collector (data 1001)
27. replenish + er  replenisher (data 1042)
28. destroy + er  destroyer (data 1044)
29. execution + er  executioner (data 1046)
4.2.1.2.11. Suffix –es/- s
Suffix –es/s for noun mean “ more than one” and for verb it means simple
present. Suffix –es use when final of the base word (verb) are s, o, ch, sh, x and z.
We also use suffix –es when the final of the base word (verb) is „y‟, and „y‟ will
change to „i‟ when we add the suffix –es. But the noun which final of the base word
33

are „o‟ and „y‟ we add the suffix –s. and also when we use suffix –es/-s to the base
word which is final with „f‟ or „fe‟, it will change into „v‟ and then add suffix.
1. eye + s  eyes (data 3)
2. ear + s  ears (data 6)

3. mean + s  means (data 11)
4. it + s  its (data 23)
5. arm + s  arms (data 25)
6. flanks + s  flanks (data 26)
7. keep + s  keeps (data 34)
8. passenger + s  passengers (data 36)
9. time + s  times (data 37)
10. reef + s  reefs (data 43)
11. token + s  tokens (data 54)
12. quill + s  quills (data 60)
13. make + s  makes (data 67)
14. say + s  says (data 69)
15. hero + es  heroes (data 77)
16. wince + s  winces (data 86)
17. word +s  words (data 87)
18. friend + s  friends (data 91)
19. proverb + s  proverbs (data 97)
20. ritual + s  rituals (data 110)
21. shadow + s  shadows (data 123)
22. ash + s  ashes (data 125)
23. other +s  others (data 126)
24. meaning +s  meanings (data 130)
25. male + s  males (data 134)
26. slip + s  slips (data 141)
27. joke + s  jokes (data 144)
28. slave + s  slaves (data 146)
34

29. mourner + s  mourners (data 157)
30. city + es  cities (data 167)
31. centaur + s  centaurs (data 170)
32. creature +s  creatures (data 171)
33. lie + s  lies (data 179)
34. name + s  names (data 192)
35. recurrence + s  recurrences (data 193)
36. soul + s  souls (data 195)
37. kid + s  kids (data 206)
38. dollar + s  dollars (data 207)
39. fouls + s  fouls (data 219)
40. player + s  players (data 229)
41. officer + s  officers (data 230)
42. feature + s  features (data 243)
43. year + s  years (data 244)
44. poet + s  poets (data 249)
45. politic + s  politics (data 258)
46. poem + s  poems (data 262)
47. car + s  cars (data 293)
48. dog + s  dogs (data 295)
49. remember +s  remembers (data 300)
50. mirror + s  mirrors (data 309)
51. register +s  registers (data 310)
52. drug + s  drugs (data 321)
53. movie + s  movies (data 323)
54. book + s  books (data 325)
55. language + s  languages (data 326)
56. neighbor + s  neighbors (data 327)
57. category + es  categories (data 346)
58. laborer + s  laborers (data 350)
59. wall + s  walls (data 354)
35

60. hand + s  hands (data 356)
61. wire + s  wires (data 359)
62. system + s  systems (data 360)
63. duct + s  ducts (data 361)
64. pipe + s  pipes (data 362)
65. refer + s  refers (data 368)
66. winter + s  winters (data 369)
67. do + es  does (data 371)
68. babe + s  babes (data 373)
69. print + s  prints (data 378)
70. put + s  puts (data 379)
71. omit + s  omits (data 380)
72. lust + s  lusts (data 382)
73. rise + s  rises (data 384)
74. remind + s  reminds (data 387)
75. delay + s  delays (data 388)
76. dream + s  dreams (data 389)
77. scroll + s  scrolls (data 394)
78. capital + s  capitals (data 395)
79. line + s  lines (data 396)
80. argument + s  arguments (data 404)
81. million + s  millions (data 410)
82. leave + s  leaves (data 411)
83. live + s  lives (data 412)
84. family + s  families (data 4210
85. building + s  buildings (data 422)
86. brother + s  brothers (data 424)
87. worker + s  workers (data 428)
88. step + s  steps (data 436)
89. turn + s  turns (data 437)
90. head + s  heads (data 441)
36

91. house + s  houses (data 452)
92. splinter + s  splinters (data 456)
93. ancestor + s  ancestors (data 458)
94. multitude + s  multitudes (data 461)
95. ten + s  tens (data 464)
96. thousand + s  thousands (data 465)
97. king + s  kings (data 466)
98. savage + s  savages (data 467)
99. sage + s  sages (data 468)
100. warrior + s  warriors (data 469)
101.rapist + s  rapists (data 470)
102. victim + s  victims (data 471)
103. perpetrator + s  perpetrators (data 472)
104. creator + s  creators (data 474)
105. machine + s  machines (data 475)
106. cause + s  causes (data 478)
107. corridor + s  corridors (data 487)
108. juncture + s  junctures (data 489)
109. polymer + s  polymers (data 491)
110. smell + s  smells (data 492)
111. cycle + s  cycles (data 494)
112. leg + s  legs (data 495)
113. belly + es  bellies (data 496)
114. character + s  characters (data 497)
115. foregoer + s  foregoers (data 498)
116. salt + s  salts (data 504)
117. enfold + s  enfolds (data 510)
118. flame + s  flames (data 513)
119. emigrants + s  emigrants (data 5180
120. come + s  comes (data 523)
121. appoint + s  appoints (data 525)
37

122. rite + s  rites (data 526)
123. flourish + es  flourishes (data 533)
124.grip + s  grips (data 536)
125.spiral + s  spirals (data 537)
126.mote + s  motes (data 551)
127.therapist + s  therapists (data 552)
128. altruist + s  altruists (data 553)
129. artist + s  artists (data 554)
130. cup + s  cups (data 558)
131. granule + s  granules (data 559)
132. wisp + s  wisps (data 560)
133. custom + s  customs (data 562)
134. nation + s  nations (data 564)
135.procession + s  processions (data 567)
136.molecule + s  molecules (data 570)
137. particle + s  particles (data 571)
138. vibration + s  vibrations (data 572)
139. string + s  strings (data 573)
140.mallet + s  mallets (data 574)
141.cleaver + s  cleavers (data 575)
142. bird + s  birds (data 576)
143.symbol + s  symbols (data 577)
144. rock + s  rocks (data 578)
145.lover + s  lovers (data 583)
146.lack + s  lacks (data 591)
147. echoes + s  echoes (data 592)
148.bee + s  bees (data 593)
149. want + s  wants (data 597)
150. part + s  parts (data 598)
151. clash + es  clashes (data 599)
152.celebration + s  celebrations (data 600)
38

153. valve + s  valves (data 614)
154. paper + s  papers (data 619)
155. president + s  presidents (data 621)
156. gambler + s  gamblers (data 624)
157.survive + s  survives (data 627)
158.work + s  works (data 6310
159.flow + s  flows (data 635)
160. scene + s  scenes (data 640)
161. park + s  parks (data 641)
162.belle + s  belles (data 644)
163.bluff + s  bluffs (data 6450
164. parasol + s  parasols (data 6460
165.sahs + es  sashes (data 647)
166. field + s  fields (data 648)
167.suck + s  sucks (data 649)
168. bog + s  bogs (data 650)
169. petal + s  petals (data 652)
170. purse + s  purses (data 653)
171. stamen + s  stamens (data 654)
172.avenue + s  avenues (data 665)
173.egg + s  eggs (data 672)
174. stroll + S  strolls (data 676)
175. bed + s  beds (data 682)
176.wonder + s  wonders (data 691)
177. shade +  shades (data 692)
178.phosphor + s  phosphors (data 694)
179. door + s  doors (data 700)
180. ankle + s  ankles (data 705)
181. miracle + s  miracles (data 706)
182. ham + s  hams (data 712)
183. thigh + s  thighs (data 716)
39

184.reptile + s  reptiles (data 717)
185. bear + s  bears (data 718)
186. gut + s  guts (data 722)
187.riser + s  risers (data 725)
188.tread + s  treads (data 726)
189. chair + s  chairs (data 740)
190. electrode + s  electrodes (data 770)
191. maker + s  makers (data 775)
192.bring + s  brings (data 781)
193.lip + s  lips (data 782)
194.rule + s  rules (data 783)
195. rue + s  rues (data 784)
196. variation + s  variations (data 798)
197. wound + s  wounds (data 800)
298. push + es  pushes (data 804)
299. blade + s  blades (data 805)
200. tickle + s  tickles (data 819)
201.gout + s  gouts (data 824)
202. rib + s  ribs (data 828)
203. travel + s  travels (data 839)
204. call + s  calls (data 845)
205.regard + s  regards (data 848)
206. griever + s  grieves (data 849)
207. companion + s  companions (data 850)
208. wander + s  wanders (data 855)
209. place + s  places (data 856)
210.art + s  arts (data 857)
211. evil + s  evils (data 858)
212.treasure + s  treasures (data 859)
213.embroider + s  embroiders (data 861)
214. summon + s  summons (data 863)
40

215. manner + s  manners (data 864)
216. die + s  dies (data 866)
217. picnic + s  picnics (data 868)
218. round + s  rounds (data 869)
219. cheese + s  cheeses (data 870)
220.meat + s  meats (data 871)
221. jar + s  jars (data 873)
222. terrace + s  terraces (data 877)
223. take + s  takes (data 882)
224. drama + s  dramas (data 883)
225. gesture + s  gestures (data 886)
226. resemble + s  resembles (data 892)
227. husband + s  husbands (data 897)
228. father + s  fathers (data 898)
229. horn + s  horns (data 901)
230. shield + s  shields (data 907)
231. spear + s  spears (data 910)
232.island + s  islands (data 925)
233. branch + es  branches (data 927)
234. margin + s  margins (data 939)
235. crow + s  crows (data 943)
236. flower + s  flowers(data 949)
237.water + s  waters (data 950)
238. sharpen + s  sharpens (data 954)
239. mow + s  mows (data 955)
240.squeeze + s  squeezes (data 957
241. olive + s  olives (data 959)
242. hold + s  holds (data 961)
243. drip + s  drips (data 962)
244. change + s  changes (data 964)
245. box + es  boxes (data 967)
41

246.thing + s  things (data 275)
4.2.1.2.12. Suffix –est

Suffix –est has meaning as the most.
1. quick + est  quickest (data 187)

2. dense + est  densest (data 986)
4.2.1.2.13. Suffix –ful
Suffix –ful means ful of.
1. grace + ful  graceful (data 221)

2. dread + ful  dreadful (data 963)
3. woe + ful  woeful (data 1018)
4.2.1.2.14. Suffix –ic/ical
Suffix –ic/ical means having characteristics of.
1. hero + ic  heroic (data 153)

2. myth + ical  mythical (data 689)
3. angel + ic  angelic (data 728)
4. magnet + ic  magnetic (data 778)
5. euphoria + ic  euphoric (data 780)
4.2.1.2.15. Suffix -ing
Suffix –ing has meaning as action or process, present participle.
1. breath + ing  breathing (data 24)
2. pulsi + ing  pulsing (data 27)

3. dive + ing  diving (data 31)
42

4. live + ing  living (data 32)
5. trust + ing  trusting (data 35)
6. plung + ing  plunging (data 41)
7. mean + ing  meaning (data 48)
8. guard + ing  guarding (data 56)
9. yearn + ing  yearning (data 62)
10. untrust + ing  untrusting (data 63)
11. waver + ing  wavering (data 65)
12. point + ing  pointing (data 82)
13. crown + ing  crowning (data 85)
14. stirr + ing  stirring (data 89)
15. pass + ing  passing (data 93)
16. delight + ing  delighting (data 99)
17. sooth + ing  soothing (data 100)
18. play + ing  playing (data 102)
19. dye + ing  dying (data 103)
20. thumb + ing  thumbing (data 104)
21. court + ing  courting (data 107)
22. greet + ing  greeting (data 111)
23. part + ing  parting (data 112)
24. invite + ing  inviting (data 138)
25. brood + ing  brooding (data 140)
26. tremble + ing  trembling (data 160)
27. taunt + ing  taunting (data 162)
28. burn + ing  burning (data 166)
29. irradiate + ing  irradiating (data 185)
30. reassure + ing  reassuring (data 191)
31. flap + ing  flapping (data 199)
32. pay + ing  paying (data 208)
33. look + ing  looking (data 216))
34. swing + ing  swinging (data 217)
43

35. sway + ing  swaying (data 222)
36. have = ing  having (data 224)
37. be + ing  being (data 225)
38. take + ing  taking (data 236)
39. try + ing  trying (data 241)
40. sign + ing  signing (data 251)
41. get + ing  getting (data 253)
42. refuse + ing  refusing (data 272)
43. divorce + ing  divorcing (data 299)
44. teach + ing  teaching (data 301)
45. produce + ing  producing (data 318)
46. say + ing  saying (data 330)
47. work + ing  working (data 345)
48. count + ing  counting (data 347)
49. snake + ing  snaking (data 357)
50. see + ing  seeing (data 364)
51. do + ing  doing (data 372)
52. love + Ing  loving (data 381)
53. churn + ing  churning (data 386)
54. wake + ing  waking (data 390)
55. steal + ing  stealing (data 408)
56. build + ing  building (data 419)
57. drink + ing  drinking (data 426)
58. help + ing  helping (data 433)
59. heat + ing  heating (data 434)
60. reach + ing  reaching (data 463)
61. cross + ing  crossing (data 481)
62. warm + ing  warming (data 486)
63. taste + ing  tasting (data 501)
64. strive + ing  striving (data 502)
65. sing + ing  singing (data 512)
44

66.harrow + ing  harrowing (data 515)
67.dance + ing  dancing (data 517)
68. brandish + ing  brandishing (data 529)
69. light + ing  lightning (data 534)
70. extend + ing  extending (data 538)
71.balance + ing  balancing (data 539)
72.gaze + ing  gazing (data 540)
73. turn + ing  turning (data 561)
74.rise + ing  rising (data 581)
75.flow + ing  flowing (data 584)
76. change + ing  changing (data 585)
77. teem + ing  teeming (data 601)
78. seem + ing  seeming (data 602)
79. end + ing  ending (data 607)
80. shout + ing  shouting (data 608)
81. sound + ing  sounding (data 609)
82. echo + ing  echoing (data 613)
83.long + ing  longing (data 634)
84.rail + ing  railing (data 659)
85. girdle + ing  girdling (data 660)
86. watch + ing  watching (data 673)
87. speak + ing  speaking (data 701)
88. endure + ing  enduring (data 704)
89. tender + ing  tendering (data 715)
90. splinter + ing  splintering (data 727)
91. cower + ing  cowering (data 742)
92. move + ing  moving (data 743)
93. antique + ing  antiquing (data 747)
94.throb + ing  throbbing (data 750)
95.accord + ing  according (data 757)
96.carry + ing  carrying (data 760)
45

97.innaugurate + ing  inaugurating (data 761)
98. gleam + ing  gleaming (data 767)
99. whisper + ing  whispering (data 772)
100.rear + ing  roaring (data 776)
101. trash + ing  trashing (data 777)
102. cleave + ing  cleaving (data 779)
103. hope + ing  hoping (data 789)
104. be + ing  being (data 793)
105. wound + ing  wounding (data 806)
106. open + ing  opening (data 812)
107. grow + ing  growing (data 818)
108. enjoy + ing  enjoying (data 820)
109.rust + ing  rusting (data 830)
110.know + in  knowing (data 842)
111. stich +ing  stitching (data 843)
112. differ + ing  differing (data 847)
113. shift + ing  shifting (data 854)
114. feast + ing  feasting (data 874)
115. witness + ing  witnessing (data 878)
116. retreat + ing  retreating (data 885)
117. chant + ing  chanting (data 904)
118. goug + ing  gouging (data 912)
119. thrust + ing  thrusting (data 915)
120. keep + ing  keeping (data 916)
121. grin + ing  grinning (data 931)
122. conduct + ing  conducting (data 946)
123.floor + ing  flooring (data 970)
124. murmur + ing  murmuring (data 974)
125.float + ing  floating (data 992)
126. boil + ing  boiling (data 1037)
127. descend + ing  descending (data 1046)
46

4.2.1.2.16. Suffix –ion/tion
Suffix –ion/tion means act, process. When a word ends in „ate‟, we drop the
final „e‟ then add the suffix –ion. And the other rules when the base form ending with
vowel „e‟, we drop drop the final „e‟ and change to vowel „a‟.
1. populate + ion  population (data 45)

2. destine(a) + tion  destination (data 47)
3. formula + tion  formulation (data 84)
4. distract + ion  distraction (data 101)
5. medicate + ion  medication (data 106)
6. imagine (a) + tion  imagination (data 118)
7. graduate + ion  graduation (data 268)
8. confuse + ion  confusion (data 304)
9. digress + ion  digression (data 332)
10. communicate + ion  communication (data 546)
11. interpenetrate + ion  interpenetration (data 590)
12. collaborate + ion  collaboration (data 595)
13. destruct + ion  destruction (data 630)
14. aspirate + ion  aspiration (data 657)
15. concuss + ion  concussion (data 766)
16. oppress + ion  oppression (data 895)
17. perfect + ion  perfection (data 928)
18. except + ion  exception (data 953)
19. collect + ion  collection (data 981)
20. preserve (a) + tion  preservation (data 982)
21. possess + ion  possession (data 1003)
22. benedict + ion  benediction (data 1039)
23. distinct + ion  distinction (data 1040)
4.2.1.2.17. Suffix –ity
47

Suffix –ity has meaning as quality of. When a word ends in a silent letter „e‟
drop the final „e‟ if the suffix we are using begins ith a vowel. It one of rules suffix.
1. antique + ity  antiquity (data 168)

2. commune+ ity  community (data 204)
3. electric + ity  electricity (data 294)
4. conventional + ity  conventionality (data 1022)
4.2.1.2.18. Suffix -ive
1. progress + ive  progressive (data 549)

2. curate + ive  curative (data 662)
3. percuss + ive  percussive (data 835)
4.2.1.2.19. Suffix -less
1. tire + less  tireless (data 40)

2. humor + less  humorless (data 137)
3. law + less  lawless (data 174)
4. sleep + less  sleepless (data 201)
5. mercy (i) + less merciless (data 548)
6. power + less  powerless (data 853)
7. parent + less  parentless (data 926)
8. regard + less  regardless (data 1038)
4.2.1.2.20. Suffix -ly
1. resolute + ly  resolutely (data 30)

2. near + ly  nearly data 135)
3. evident + ly  evidently (data 183)
4. happy (i) + ly  happily (data 184)
5. odd + ly  oddly (data 319)
6. wistful + ly  wistfully (data 322)
48

7. woman + ly  womanly (data 374)
8. complete + ly  completely (data 406)
9. extravagant + ly  extravagantly (data 431)
10. precise + ly  precisely (data 448)
11. sure + ly  surely (data 451)
12. court + ly  courtly (data 596)
13. most + ly  mostly (data 638)
14. thirsty + ly  thirstily (data 651)
15. endless + ly  endlessly (data 755)
16. supposed + ly  supposedly (data 799)
17. brief + ly  briefly (data 852)
18. cynical + ly  cynically (data 932)
19. apparent + ly  apparently (data 1011)
20. sufficient + ly  sufficiently (data 1017)
21. world + ly  worldly (data 1027)
22. earth + ly  earthly (data 1034)
4.2.1.2.21. Suffix –ment
1. detach + ment  detachment (data 13)

2. amuse + ment  amusement (data 370)
3. settle + ment  settlement (data 764)
4. contain+ ment  containment (data 794)
5. attach + ment  attachment (data 1023)
4.2.1.2.22. Suffix –ness
1. black + ness  blackness (data 39)

2. lonely (i)+ ness  loneliness (data 127)
3. dark + ness  darkness (data 305)
49

4. reckless+ ness  recklessness (data 314)
5. awkward+ ness  awkwardness (data 320)
6. hard + ness  hardness (data 336)
7. kind + ness  kindness (data 343)
8. brisk + ness  briskness (data 629)
9. quick + ness  quickness (data 702)
10. deaf + ness  deafness (data 788)
11. ripe + ness  ripeness (data 808)
12. fresh + ness  freshness (data 921)
13. still + ness  stillness (data 976)
14. sweat + ness  sweetness (data 1007)
15. steadfast+ ness  steadfastness (data 1025)
16. weary (i) + ness  weariness (data 1030)
4.2.1.2.23. Suffix –ous
Suffix –ous has general sense „possessing, full of‟
1. vapor + ous  vaporous (data 308)

2. mirac(u)le+ ous  miraculous (data 663)
3. religion+ ous  religious (data 880)
4. prosper+ ous  prosperous (data 1000)
4.2.1.2.24. Suffix -th
Suffix –th also used to form the ordinal numeral when the final term of the
spelled number is not “first”, “second” or “third”.
1. sixteen + th  sixteenth (data 367)

2. eight + th  eighth (data 392)
3. twenty + th  twentieth (data 555)
50

4.2.1.2.25. Suffix –y
Suffix –y  characterized by
1. fuzz +y  fuzzy (data 105)

2. milk +y  milky (data 213)
3. sweat + y  sweaty (data 333)
4. panic(k) + y  panicky (data 334)
5. drowse + y  drowsy (data 344)
6. gaud +y  gaudy (data 655)
7. breeze + y  breezy (data 687)
8. home +y  homey (data 695)
9. grass +y  grassy (data 876)
10. full +y  fully (data 887)
11. discover + y  discovery (data 1009)
12. subtle + y  subtly (data 1014)
13. stage + y  stagey (data 1021)
4.2.2. Compounding
1. nothing (data 12) no (adv) + thing (n)

2. starship (data 21) star (n) + ship (n)
3. submarine (data 22) sub (n) + marine (n)
4. toward (data 46) to(prep) + ward (n)
5. sometimes (data 76) some (adv) + times (n)
6. rocketplumed (data 80) rocket (n) + plumed (v)
7. ocean floor (data 90) ocean (n) + floor (n)
8. headstone (data 95) head (n) + (stone)
9. craftsman (data 98) craft (n) + man (n)
10. airport (data 109) air (n) + port (n)
11. spiderweb (data 115) spider (n) + web (n)
12. wormwood (data 124) worm (n) + wood (n)
13. somehow (data 142) some (adv) + how (adv)
14. noblemen (data 150) noble (n) + men (n)
51

15. painkillers (data 186) pain (adj) +killers (n)
16. inside (data 197) in (prep) +side (n)
17. deerskin (data 198) deer (n) +skin (n)
18. basketball (data 203) basket (n) +ball (n)
19. ballplayer (data 211) ball (n) + player (n)
20. himself (data 220) him (pron) + self (n)
21. football (data 228) foot (n) + ball (n)
22. sideways (data 239) side (n) + ways (n)
23. handsome (data 242) hand (n) + some (and)
24. afternoon (data 250) after (adv) + noon (n)
25. afterward (data 252) after (adv) + ward (n)
26. rightwing (data 257) right (adj) + wing (n)
27. redbaiting (data 259) red (adj) + baiting (v)
28. subway (data 267) sub (n) + ways (n)
29. stereotypes (data 273) stereo (n) + types (n)
30. communicationsmajor (data 274) Communication (n) + major (n)
31. somewhere (data 278) some (adv) + where (adv)
32. half sister (data 282) half (n) + sister (n)
33. businessman (data 284) business (n) + man (n)
34. outside (data 285) out (adv) + side (n)
35. motorcycle (data 288) motor (n) + cycle (n)
36. grandfather (data 289) grand (adj) + father (n)
37. everything (data 291) every (adv) + thing (n)
38. mailman (data 292) mail (n) + man (n)
39. forever (data 307) for ((prep) + ever (adv)
40. gentlemen (data 312) gentle (adj) + men (n)
41. scholarship (data 317) scholar (n) + ship (n)
42. facepaint (data 324) face (n) + paint (v)
43. something (data 328) some (adv) + thing (n)
44. bedroom (data 353) bed (n) + room (n)
45. girlfriend (data 363) girl (n) + friend (n)
46. selfdestroyers (data 391) self (n) + destroyers (n)
47. printouts (data 398) print (v) + outs (adv)
52

48. themselves (data 414) them (pron) + selves (n)
49. neighborhood (data 417) neighbor (n) + hood (n)
50. housepainters (data 427) house (n) + painters (n)
51. hardware (data 438) hard (adj) + ware (n)
52. friendship (data 440) friend (n) + ship (n)
53. everywhere (data 445) every (adv) + where (adv)
54. iceman (data 453) ice (n) + man (n)
55. icebox (data 455) ice (n) + box (n)
56. truckbed (data 457) truck (n) + bed (n)
57. greatgrandparents (data 459) great (adj) + grandpareants (n)
58. fishtail (data 477) fish (n) + tail (n)
59. railroad (data 480) rail (n) + road (n)
60. storefront (data 482) store (n) + front (adj)
61. itself (data 485) it (n) + self (n)
62. worrysweat (data 493) worry (adj) + sweat (n)
63. clawtines (data 499) claw (n) + tines (n)
64. clawhead (data 505) claw (n) + head (n)
65. handsaw (data 507) hand (n) + saw (v)
66. outlast (data 527) out (adv) + last (adj)
67. counterpart (data 528) counter (n) + part (n)
68. lightningburst (data 530) lightning (n) + burst (v)
69. phonebook (data 531) phone (n) + book (n)
70. nowhere (data 541) now (adv) + where (adv)
71. wingshod (data 556) wing (n) + shod (v)
72. fishscale (data 603) fish (n) + scale (n)
73. sawtooth (data 604) saw (v) + tooth (n)
74. latchtongue (data 610) latch (n) + tongue (n)
75. strikeplate (data 611) strike (v) + plate (n)
76. caretakers (data 617) care (adj) + takers (n)
77. hometown (data 623) home (n) + town (n)
78. firehouses (data 626) fire (n) + houses (n)
79. boardwalk (data 637) board (n) + walk (v)
80. ironwork (data 658 iron (n) + work (v)
53

81. wellhead (data 661) well (adj) + head (n)
82. childhood (data 664) child (n) + hood (n)
83. eyesores (data 666) eye (n) + sore (n)
84. showplace (data 667) show (v) + place (n)
85. racetrack (data 668) race (n) + track (n)
86. heartbreak (data 669) heart (n) + break (n)
87. breakfast (data 670) break (n) + fast (adj)
88. throughbreds (data 674) through (prep) + breds (v)
89. broadway (data 675) broad (adj) + way (n)
90. goldembroided(data 677) gold (adj) + embroided (v)
91. someone (data 678) some (adv) + one (adj)
92. oldsmobile (data 680) olds (adj) + mobile (n)
93. curbside (data 683) curb (n) + side (n)
94. fountainhead (data 690) fountain (n) + head (n)
95. roominghouse(data 709) rooming (v) + house (n)
96. boleankled (data 710) bole (n) + ankled (n)
97. crazypaved (data 714) crazy (adj) + paved (adv)
98. hardwood (data 723) hard (adj) + wood (n)
99. hellpocked (data 724) hell (n) + pocked (v)
100. doorway (data 737) door (n) + way (n)
101. living room (data 739) living (adj) + room (n)
102. livestock (data 752) live (v) + stock (n)
103. diecut (data 769) die (v) + cut (v)
104. anyone (data 802) any (adv) + one (adj)
105. scoopedout (data 836) scooped (v) + out (adv)
106. homeward (data 840) home (n) + ward (n)
107. outward (data 841) out (adv) + ward (n)
108. springtime (data 867) spring (n) + time (n)
109. chorusmaster (data 884) chorus (n) + master (n)
110. highschool (data 889) high (adj) + school (n)
111. scapegoat (data 899) scape (n) + goat (n)
112. ballgame (data 903) ball (n) + game (n)
113. countrymen (data 905) country (n) + men (n)
54

114. congresswoman(data 917) congress (n) + woman (n)
115. newborn (data 924) new (adj) + born (v)
116. bignose (data 933) big (adj) + nose (n)
117. sunflower (data 956) sun (n) + flower (n)
118. subfloor (data 971) sub (n) + floor (n)
119. underwater (data 975) under (adj) + water (n)
120. whatever (data 989) what (pron) + ever (adv)
121. sandstone (data 993) sand (n) + stone (n)
122. flywhisk (data 994) fly (v) + whisk (v)
123. bathroom (data 996) bath (v) + room (n)
124. everyone (data 998) every (adv) + one (adj)
125. woodblock (data 1002) wood (n) + block (v)
126. cherryblossom(data 1006) cherry (n) + blossom (adj)
127. honeybee (data 1008) honey (n) + bee (n)
128. hardship (data 1026) hard (adj) + ship (n)
129. chainmail (data 1029) chain (n) + mail (n)
130. everything (data 1035) every (adv) + thing (n)
131. roadbank (data 1036) road (n) + bank (n)
4.2.3. Reduplication
In collecting the data, the writer just find one reduplication in these poems.
1. zig – zag (data 544). Ablaut reduplication. This is where we change one of
the vowel but we keep the consonant.
4.2.4. Suppletion
1. had (data 1) have  had

2. made (data 2) make  made
3. thought (data 7) think  thought
4. was (data 19) am/be  was
5. gone (data 38) go  gone
55

6. would (data 52) will  would
7. sworn (data 74) swear  sworn
8. spoke (data 75) speak  spoke
9. chose (data 96) chose  choose
10. lost (data 119) lose  lost
11. those (data 121) that  those
12. did (data 133) do  did
13. were (data 149) are/be  were
14. saw (data 156) see  saw
15. taught (data 169) teach  taught
16. bound (data 176) bind  bound
17. told (data 190) tell  told
18. been (data 200) be  been
19. might (data 209) may  might
20. known (data 227) know  known
21. could (data 246) can  could
22. shot (data 266) shoot  shot
23. left (data 270) leave  left
24. took (data 290) take  took
25. felt (data 298) feel  felt
26. heard (data 303) hear  heard
27. best (data 375) good  best
28. seen (data 400) see  seen
29. found (data 401) find  found
30. taken (data 402) take  taken
31. caught (data 407) catch  caught
32. drunken (data 425) drink  drunken
33. worse (data 449) bad  worse
34. bought (data 500) buy  bought
35. led (data 565) lead  led
36. drawn (data 586) draw  drawn
56

37. sold (data 643) sell  sold
38. stood (data 748) stand  stood
39. done (data 749) do  done
40. mistaken (data 754) mistake mistaken
41. molten (data 773) melt  molten
42. better (data 792) good  better
43. forgotten (data 919) forgot  forgotten
44. flew (data 944) fly  flew
45. fed (data 945) feed  fed
46. laid (data 968) lay  laid
47. worn (data 985) wear  worn
48. these (data 189) this  these
4.2.5. Cliticization
1. diver's (data 29 diver's

2. Crusoe's (data 64 Crusoe's
3. I'll (data 68 I'll
4. beggar's (data 81 beggar's
5. Arthur's (data 94 Arthur's
6. Nature's (data 148 Nature's
7. Harry's (data 232 Harry's
8. didn't (data 254 didn't
9. wife's (data 277 wife's
10. mother's (data 279 mother's
11. man's (data 287 man's
12. Nana's (data 296 Nana's
13. Fitzgerald's (data 315 Fitzgerald's
14. Gross's (data 316 Gross's
15. Army's (data 329 Army's
16. don't (data 331) don't
17. Gascoigne's (data 366) Gascoigne's
18. still'd (data 377) still'd
57

19. I'd (data 399) I'd
20. Finn's (data 432) Finn's
21. you'll (data 442) you'll
22. wasn't (data 446) wasn't
23. Yetta's (data 479) Yetta's
24. Entropy's (data 520) Entropy's
25. Cupid's (data 594) Cupid's
26. Father's (data 681) Father's
27. what'd (data 758) what'd
28. sister's (data 759) sister's
29. who'll (data 807) who'll
30. hadn't (data 809) hadn't
31. earth's (data 816) earth's
32. tortoise's (data 837) tortoise's
33. rabbit's (data 838) rabbit's
34. stadium's (data 875) stadium's
35. God's (data 881) God's
36. creature's (data 913) creature's
37. potter's (data 960) potter's
38. shepherdess's (data 997) shepherdess's
39. Knight's (data 1015) Knight's
4.2.6. Internal Change
1. fell (data 72) fall (present) fell (past)

2. became (data 73) become (present) became (past)
3. got (data 226) get (present) got (past)
4. came (data 264) come (present) came (past)
5. knew (data 271) know (present) knew (past)
6. gave (data 286) give (present) gave (past)
7. teeth (data 302) tooth (singular) teeth (plural)
8. sat (data 697) sit (present) sat (past)
58

9. strung (data 703) string (present) strung (past)
10. drunk (data 744) drink (present) drunk (participle)
11. men (data 890) man (singular) men (plural)
12. women (data 896) woman (singular) women (plural)
13. drew (data 972) draw (present) drew (past)
14. hung (data 980) hang (present) hung (past)
15. strove (data 1024) strive (present) strove (past)
4.3. The most dominant morphological process in Robert Pinsky’s Jersey Rain
In collecting the data morphological process in Robert Pinsky‟s Jersey Rain,
writer find 1046 data. The data consist of affixation, reduplication, compounding,
suppletion, cliticization, and internal change. There is no stress and tone placement
found in these poems. The total of each morphological process as in the table below :
Table 4.2. table of data amount
Morphological process Total

1. Affixation 812
2. Reduplication 1
3. Compounding 131
4. Suppletion 48
5. Cliticization 39
6. Internal Change 15
7. Stress and Tone Placement 0
Then the writer compare the morphological processes in percent. The affixation is
about 77,62 %, reduplication 0,95%, compounding about 12,52%, suppletion about
4,58%, clticisazition 3,72%, internal change 1,43%, meanwhile stress and tone
placement is 0%. The order of the most dominant to the least namely :
59

1. Affixation  812  77,62%
2. Compounding  131  12,52%
3. Suppletion  48  4,58%
4. Cliticizations  39  3,72%
5. Internal Change 15  1,43%
6. Reduplication  1  0,95%
7. Stress & Tone Placement 0  0%
60

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1.Conclusion
Based on the result of morphological process analysis In Robert
Pinsky‟s Jersey Rain, it can be concluded as follows :
1. There are six morphological processes in Robert Pinsky‟s Jersey Rain
according to the theory used. That morphological processes consist of
affixation, reduplication, compounding, suppletion, cliticization and
internal change. The affixation in those poems just consist of prefix and
suffix. There are thirteen prefix namely : a-, anti-, dis-, em-, im-/in-,
inter-, mid-, mis-, over-, re-, semi-, un-, and up-. Suffix in those poems
are twenty-five namely : able, -age, -al, -an, -ance/-ence, -ant, -ary/-ery, -
ed, -en, -er/-or, -es/-s, -est, -ful, -ic/-ical, -ing, -ion/-tion, -ity, -ive, -less, -
ly, -ment, -ness, -ous, -th, -y.
2. Based of the analysis the 1046 data were found. Affixation consisted of
812 data (77,62%), Compounding consisted of 131 data (12,52%) ,
Suppletion consisted of 48 data (4,58%), Cliticizations consisted of 39
data (3,72%) Internal Change consisted of 15 data (1,43%) Reduplication
consisted of 1 data (0,95%).
3. The most dominant morphological process in Robert Pinsky‟s Jersey Rain
is affixation . There were 812 affixation which consisted of 60 prefixes
and 752 suffixes.
61

5.2. Suggestion
It is suggested that everyone need to understand deeply about
morphological process because it relates to the other subjects.
Then, the writer also analysis those poems according to O‟Grady et al book.
It just some common morphological process according to them. Based on the
conclusion of research above, writer just found 1046 data which consisted of
812 affixation, 131 compounding, 48 suppletion, 39 cliticizations, 15 internal
change, and only 1 reduplication. So, the writer suggests that the next writer
should find more types of morphological procesess. The other theory also
give the other types of morphological processes.
62

References
Andrew, S. 1991. Morphological Theory. Cambridge : Cambridge University
Bauer, L. 2001. Morphological Productivity. Cambridge : Cambridge University

Press
Bauer, L. 1983. English Word Formation. Cambridge : Cambridge University
Bloomfield, L. 1958. Language. London. George allen and Unwin Ltd.
Booji, G. 2005. The Grammar of words. New York : Oxford University Press
Katamba, F. 1994. Modern Linguistics Morphology. London : Macmillan Press

Ltd
Katamba, F. 2003. Morphology. London: Macmillan Press Ltd
Lubis, K. March 2015. The Morphological Analysis Found in Tempo

Magazine. Retrieved from http://repository.usu.ac.id ( February 2019)
Matthews, P.h. 1991. Morphology Second Edition.New York. : Cambrige

University Press.
Montgomery, R. L. 1962. Language and Ideas. Alberta : Little brown and

company.
Muchtar, M. 2015. Morphology . Medan : USU press.
Nazir, M. 2005. Metode Penelitian. Bogor : Ghalia Indonesia
O‟Grady et al. 1997. Contemporary Linguistic : An Introduction third edition.

Boston : Bedford
63

Pinsky, R . 2000. Jersey Rain. United States : Douglas & Mclntyre Ltd.
Plag, I. 2003. Word Formation in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Purwanto, D.R. May 2015. Analysis morphology. Retrived from

http://eprints.ums.ac.id ( March 2019)
Setiawan,Y.B. August 2014. A Morphological Study On Affixes In English

Song Lyrics On The Resistance Album Composed By Muse.
Retrieved from http://eprints.ums.ac.id ( March 2019)
Tamasi, S and Antieau, L. 2014. Language and Linguistic Diversity in the US.
New York : Routledge
Theresia, N. July 2015. Morphological Process in F.Scott Fitzgerald’s

Novel “The Great Gatsby”. Retrieved from
http://repository.usu.ac.id ( February 2019)
Wiersma, W. 1991. Research Methods In Education : An Introduction. Boston :

Allyn and Bacon
64

Appendix
Table 4.1. – Table of Data
Morphological Process
Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
1 Poem 1 had      
2 made      
3 eyes s      
4 dined ed      
5 listened ed      
6 ears s      
Samurai Song
7 thought      
8 waited ed      
9 embraced em      
10 opposed ed      
11 means s      
12 nothing      
13 detachment ment      
14 lover er      
15 courted ed      
16 Poem 2 asleep a      
17 again a      
18 pretended ed      
19 was      
20 crowded ed      
21 starship      
22 submarine      
23 its s      
Vessel
24 breathing ing      
25 arms s      
26 flanks s      
27 pulsing ing      
28 pointed ed      
29 diver's      
30 resolutely ly      
31 diving ing      
65

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
32 living ing      
33 carrier er      
34 keeps s      
35 trusting ing      
36 passengers s      
37 times s      
38 gone      
39 blackness ness      
40 tireless less      
41 plunging ing      
42 across a      
43 reefs s      
44 immersed ed      
45 population tion      
46 toward      
47 destination tion      
48 Poem 3 meaning ing      
49 desired ed      
50 savior or      
O
51 sentencer er      
d
52 e would      
53 chained ed      
54 tokens s      
55 engraved ed      
56 t guarding ing      
o
57 hallowed ed      
58 legendary ary      
59 pierced ed      
60 quills s      
61 unborn un      
62 yearning ing      
63 untrusting ing      
64 m Crusoe's      
65 e wavering ing      
66 a reeked ed      
67 n makes s      
66

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
68 i I'll      
69 n says s      
g
70 drowned ed      
71 walker er      
72 fell      
73 became      
74 sworn      
75 spoke      
76 sometimes      
77 heroes es      
78 swallowed ed      
79 laughter er      
80 rocketplumed      
81 beggar's      
82 pointing ing      
83 planted ed      
84 formulation tion      
85 crowning ing      
86 winces s      
87 words s      
88 cleavage age      
89 stirring ing      
90 ocean floor      
91 friends s      
92 presence ence      
93 passing ing      
94 Arthur's      
95 headstone      
96 chose      
97 proverbs s      
98 craftsman      
99 delighting ing      
100 soothing ing      
101 distraction ion      
102 playing ing      
103 dying ing      
67

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
104 thumbing ing      
105 fuzzy y      
106 medication ion      
107 courting ing      
108 gesturer er      
109 airport      
110 rituals s      
111 greeting ing      
112 parting ing      
113 indicter er      
114 claimant ant      
115 spiderweb      
116 elected ed      
117 silence ence      
118 imagination tion      
119 lost      
120 absence ence      
121 those      
122 starved ed      
123 shadows s      
124 wormwood      
125 ashes es      
126 Poem 4 others s      
127 loneliness ness      
128 wanted ed      
129 helmeted ed      
130 meanings s      
131 abducted ed      
uncompanion
132 ed un      
133 Autum did      
134 Quartet males s      
135 nearly ly      
136 misplaced mis      
137 humorless less      
138 inviting ing      
139 fatigued ed      
68

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
140 brooding ing      
141 slips s      
142 somehow      
143 mixed ed      
144 jokes s      
145 freed ed      
146 slaves s      
147 demonstrated ed      
148 Nature's      
149 were      
150 noblemen      
151 craved ed      
152 midfifties mid      
153 heroic ic      
154 disappointed ed      
155 called ed      
156 saw      
157 mourners s      
158 older er      
159 watched ed      
160 trembling ing      
161 extended ed      
162 taunting ing      
163 died ed      
164 depleted ed      
165 momentary ary      
166 burning ing      
167 cities es      
168 antiquity ity      
169 taught      
170 centaurs s      
171 creatures s      
172 inteligence ence      
173 bearded ed      
174 lawless less      
175 pedagogical al      
69

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
176 bound      
177 learned ed      
178 couched ed      
179 lies s      
180 needed ed      
181 showed ed      
182 haunted ed      
183 Poem 5 evidently ly      
184 happily ly      
185 irradiating ing      
ABC
186 painkillers      
187 quickest est      
188 unafflicted un      
189 Poem 6 these      
190 told      
191 reassuring ing      
192 names s      
193 recurrences s      
194 memorial al      
195 souls s      
196 evidence ence      
197 inside      
198 deerskin      
199 flapping ing      
200 been      
201 sleepless less      
202 used ed      
203 An basketball      
204 Alphabe community ity      
205 t of My Italian an      
Dead
206 kids s      
207 dollars s      
208 paying ing      
209 might      
210 ahead a      
211 ballplayer      
70

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
212 colored ed      
213 milky y      
214 skewed ed      
215 away a      
216 looking ing      
217 swinging ing      
218 irritable able      
219 fouls s      
220 himself      
221 graceful ful      
222 swaying ing      
223 seemed ed      
224 having ing      
225 being ing      
226 got      
227 known      
228 football      
229 players s      
230 officers s      
231 named ed      
232 Harry's      
233 bruised ed      
234 killed ed      
235 surprised ed      
236 taking ing      
237 linked ed      
238 swayed ed      
239 sideways      
240 walked ed      
241 trying ing      
242 handsome      
243 features s      
244 years s      
245 realized ed      
246 could      
247 attracted ed      
71

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
248 wounded ed      
249 poets s      
250 afternoon      
251 signing ing      
252 afterward      
253 getting ing      
254 didn't      
255 upsurge up      
256 about a      
257 rightwing      
258 politics s      
259 redbaiting      
260 antisemitism anti      
261 dislike dis      
262 poems s      
263 reliance ance      
264 came      
265 unrelenting un      
266 shot      
267 subway      
268 graduation ion      
269 talented ed      
270 left      
271 knew      
272 refusing ing      
273 stereotypes      
communicatio
274 nsmajor      
275 things s      
276 explained ed      
277 wife's      
278 somewhere      
279 mother's      
280 marriage age      
281 lived ed      
282 half sister      
72

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
283 succeeded ed      
284 businessman      
285 outside      
286 gave      
287 man's      
288 motorcycle      
289 grandfather      
290 took      
291 eveything      
292 mailman      
293 cars s      
294 electricity ity      
295 dogs s      
296 Nana's      
297 rooted ed      
298 felt      
299 divorcing ing      
300 remembers s      
301 teaching ing      
302 teeth      
303 heard      
304 confusion ion      
305 darkness ness      
306 locked ed      
307 forever      
308 vaporous ous      
309 mirrors s      
310 registers s      
311 difference ence      
312 gentlemen      
313 unlike un      
314 recklessness ness      
315 Fitzgerald's      
316 Gross's      
317 sholarship      
318 producing ing      
73

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
319 oddly ly      
320 awkwardness ness      
321 drugs s      
322 wistfully ly      
323 movies s      
324 facepaint      
325 books s      
326 languages s      
327 neighbors s      
328 something      
329 Army's      
330 saying ing      
331 don't      
332 digression ion      
333 sweaty y      
334 panicky y      
335 amused ed      
336 hardness ness      
337 admired ed      
338 considered ed      
339 reflected ed      
340 intended ed      
341 ineffectual in      
342 mastered ed      
343 kindness ness      
344 drowsy y      
345 working ing      
346 categories es      
347 counting ing      
348 exterminated ed      
349 obliviated ed      
350 laborers s      
351 framed ed      
352 plastered ed      
353 bedroom      
354 walls s      
74

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
355 threaded ed      
356 hands s      
357 snaking ing      
358 electrical al      
359 wires s      
360 systems s      
361 ducts s      
362 pipes s      
363 girlfriend      
364 seeing ing      
365 omitted ed      
366 Gascoigne's      
367 sixteenth th      
368 refers s      
369 winters s      
370 amusement ment      
371 does es      
372 doing ing      
373 babes s      
374 womanly ly      
375 best      
376 beguiled ed      
377 still'd      
378 prints s      
379 puts s      
380 omits s      
381 loving ing      
382 lusts s      
383 pleased es      
384 rises s      
385 turned ed      
386 churning ing      
387 reminds s      
388 delays s      
389 dreams s      
390 waking ing      
75

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
391 selfdestroyers      
392 eighth th      
393 inoffensive in      
394 scrolls s      
395 capitals s      
396 lines s      
397 unreadable un      
398 printouts      
399 I'd      
400 seen      
401 found      
402 taken      
403 published ed      
404 arguments s      
405 refuted ed      
406 completely ly      
407 caught      
408 stealing ing      
409 unknown un      
410 millions s      
411 leaves s      
412 lives s      
413 rounded ed      
414 themselves      
415 touched ed      
416 miserable able      
417 neighborhood      
418 stratified ed      
419 building ing      
420 housed ed      
421 families es      
422 buildings s      
423 allowed ed      
424 brothers s      
425 drunken      
426 drinking ing      
76

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
427 housepainters      
428 workers s      
429 recognized ed      
430 asked ed      
431 extravagantly ly      
432 Finn's      
433 helping ing      
434 heating ing      
435 lugged ed      
436 steps s      
437 turns s      
438 hardware      
439 scolded ed      
440 friendship      
441 heads s      
442 you'll      
443 covered ed      
444 carpeted ed      
445 everywhere      
446 wasn't      
447 feared ed      
448 precisely ly      
449 worse      
450 provider er      
451 surely ly      
452 houses s      
453 iceman      
454 delivered ed      
455 icebox      
456 splinters s      
457 truckbed      
458 ancestors s      
greatgrandpar
459 ents      
460 unseen un      
461 multitudes s      
462 created ed      
77

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
463 reaching ing      
464 tens s      
465 thousands s      
466 kings s      
467 savages s      
468 sages s      
469 warriors s      
470 rapists s      
471 victims s      
472 perpetrators s      
473 obscured ed      
474 creators s      
475 machines s      
476 unthinkably un      
477 fishtail      
478 causes s      
479 Yetta's      
480 railroad      
481 crossing ing      
482 storefront      
483 tacked ed      
484 invented ed      
485 Poem 7 itself      
486 warming ing      
487 corridors s      
semiconducto
488 r semi      
489 junctures s      
The Haunted Ruin
490 heated ed      
491 polymers s      
492 smells s      
493 worrysweat      
494 cycles s      
495 legs s      
496 bellies es      
497 characters s      
498 foregoers s      
78

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
499 clawtines      
500 bought      
501 tasting ing      
502 striving ing      
503 polished ed      
504 salts s      
505 clawhead      
506 maker er      
507 handsaw      
508 lingerer er      
509 Poem 8 conceived ed      
510 enfolds s      
511 displaces dis      
512 singing ing      
513 flames s      
514 triumphant ant      
515 harrowing ing      
516 lifted ed      
517 dancing ing      
     
To the Pheonix
518 emigrants s
519 crossed ed      
520 Entropy's      
521 immobile im      
522 saved ed      
523 comes s      
524 released ed      
525 appoints s      
526 rites s      
527 outlast      
528 counterpart      
529 brandishing ing      
530 lightningburst      
531 Poem 9 phonebook      
Phoneboo
Nineteenf
532 unhelmeted un      
k Cover
Hermes
of the
orties
     
A
533 flourishes es
534 lightning ing      
79

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
535 raised ed      
536 grips s      
537 spirals s      
538 extending ing      
539 balancing ing      
540 gazing ing      
541 nowhere      
542 thunderer er      
543 surrounded ed      
544 zigzag      
545 labeled ed      
communicatio
546 n ion      
547 unhistorical un      
548 merciless less      
549 Poem 10 progressive ive      
550 longer er      
551 motes s      
552 therapists s      
553 altruists s      
554 artists s      
555 twentieth th      
556 wingshod      
557 guider er      
558 cups s      
The Cycles
559 granules s      
560 wisps s      
561 turning ing      
562 customs s      
563 massacred ed      
564 nations s      
565 led      
566 winged ed      
567 processions s      
568 inventor or      
569 return re      
570 molecules s      
80

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
571 particles s      
572 vibrations s      
573 strings s      
574 mallets s      
575 cleavers s      
576 birds s      
577 symbols s      
578 rocks s      
579 afloat a      
580 grieved ed      
581 rising ing      
582 golden en      
583 Poem 11 lovers s      
584 flowing ing      
585 changing ing      
586 drawn      
587 undrawn un      
588 raveled ed      
589 unraveled un      
interpenetratio
590 n ion      
591 lacks s      
592 echoes s      
593 bees s      
Porch Steps
594 Cupid's      
595 collaboration ion      
596 courtly ly      
597 wants s      
598 parts s      
599 clashes es      
600 celebrations s      
601 teeming ing      
602 seeming ing      
603 fishscale      
604 sawtooth      
605 curtained ed      
606 echoed ed      
81

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
607 ending ing      
608 shouting ing      
609 sounding ing      
610 latchtongue      
611 strikeplate      
612 interpenetrant ant      
613 echoing ing      
614 valves s      
615 refreshed ed      
616 weathered ed      
617 caretakers      
618 Poem 12 burned ed      
619 papers s      
620 unworthy un      
621 presidents s      
622 summered ed      
623 hometown      
624 gamblers s      
625 endowed ed      
626 firehouses      
627 survives s      
628 survival al      
The Superb Lily
629 briskness ness      

630 destruction ion      
631 works s      
632 abolished ed      
633 willed ed      
634 longing ing      
635 flows s      
636 destroyed ed      
637 boardwalk      
638 mostly ly      
639 painted ed      
640 scenes s      
641 parks s      
642 dismantled dis      
82

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
643 sold      
644 belles s      
645 bluffs s      
646 parasols s      
647 sashes es      
648 fields s      
649 sucks s      
650 bogs s      
651 thirstily ly      
652 petals s      
653 purses s      
654 stamens s      
655 gaudy y      
656 spurned ed      
657 aspiration ion      
658 Poem 13 ironwork      
659 railing ing      
660 girdling ing      
661 wellhead      
662 curative ive      
663 miraculous ous      
664 childhood      
     
Summer in Saratoga springs
665 avenues s
666 eyesores      
667 showplace      
668 racetrack      
669 heartbreak      
670 breakfast      
671 scrambled ed      
672 eggs s      
673 watching ing      
674 throughbreds      
675 broadway      
676 strolls s      
goldembroide
677 d      
678 someone      
83

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
679 parked ed      
680 oldsmobile      
681 Father's      
682 beds s      
683 curbside      
684 impatients im      
685 dappled ed      
686 apparitional al      
687 breezy y      
688 unlikely un      
689 mythical ical      
690 fountainhead      
691 Poem 14 wonders s      
692 shades s      
693 ordained ed      
694 phosphors s      
695 homey y      
696 acquiescence ence      
To Television
697 sat      
698 snuggled ed      
699 scorned ed      
700 doors s      
701 speaking ing      
702 quickness ness      
703 strung      
704 enduring ing      
705 ankles s      
706 Poem 15 miracles s      
707 amazed ed      
708 respectable able      
The Green Piano
709 roominghouse      
710 boleankled      
711 oversized over      
712 hams s      
713 bobbed ed      
714 crazypaved      
84

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
715 tendering ing      
716 thighs s      
717 reptiles s      
718 bears s      
719 designed ed      
720 dependence ence      
721 budged ed      
722 guts s      
723 hardwood      
724 hellpocked      
725 risers s      
726 treads s      
727 splintering ing      
728 angelic ic      
729 tinkler er      
730 dominator or      
731 tuner er      
732 pronounced ed      
733 cracked ed      
734 obeyed ed      
735 swabbed ed      
736 blocked ed      
737 doorway      
738 filled ed      
739 living room      
740 chairs s      
741 dwindled ed      
742 cowering ing      
743 moving ing      
744 drunk      
745 hired ed      
746 finished ed      
747 antiquing ing      
748 stood      
749 done      
750 throbbing ing      
85

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
751 mistreated ed      
752 livestock      
753 unmastered un      
754 mistaken      
755 endlessly ly      
756 bonged ed      
757 according ing      
758 what'd      
759 sister's      
760 carrying ing      
761 inaugurating ing      
762 sued ed      
763 builder er      
764 settlement ment      
765 nursed ed      
766 concussion ion      
767 gleaming ing      
768 despoiled ed      
769 Poem 16 diecut      
770 electrodes s      
771 chased ed      
772 whispering ing      
773 molten      
Machines
774 poured ed      
775 makers s      
776 roaring ing      
777 trashing ing      
778 magnetic ic      
779 cleaving ing      
780 euphoric ic      
781 Poem 17 brings s      
782 lips s      
     
Victrola
783 rules s
784 rues s      
785 recovered ed      
786 cured ed      
86

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
787 hysterical al      
788 deafness ness      
789 hoping ing      
790 distorted ed      
791 midnight mid      
792 better      
793 Poem 18 being ing      
794 containment ment      
     
Song
795 visitor or
796 preserved ed      
797 cornered s      
798 Poem 19 variations s      
799 supposedly ly      
800 wounds s      
801 threatened ed      
802 anyone      
803 maimed ed      
804 pushes es      
805 blades s      
806 wounding ing      
807 who'll      
Steel Drum Variations
808 ripeness ness      

809 hadn't      
810 midwife mid      
811 looked ed      
812 opening ing      
813 greeted ed      
814 terrified ed      
815 dropped ed      
816 earth's      
817 unconstant un      
818 growing ing      
819 tickles s      
820 enjoying ing      
821 smelted ed      
822 extruded ed      
87

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
823 welded ed      
824 gouts s      
825 fractioned ed      
826 measured ed      
827 theoretical al      
828 ribs s      
829 fitted ed      
830 rusting ing      
831 unlidded un      
832 industrial al      
833 unpromising un      
834 stinker er      
835 percussive ive      
836 scoopedout      
837 tortoise's      
838 rabbit's      
839 Poem 20 travels s      
840 homeward      
841 outward      
842 knowing ing      
843 stitching ing      
844 unstitched un      
845 calls s      
846 beamed ed      
847 differing ing      
848 regards s      
The
849 Hall grieves s      
850 companions s      
851 buffeted ed      
852 briefly ly      
853 powerless less      
854 shifting ing      
855 wanders s      
856 places s      
857 arts s      
858 evils s      
88

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
859 treasures s      
860 provincial al      
861 embroiders s      
862 recollects re      
863 summons s      
864 manners s      
865 Poem 21 reborn re      
866 dies s      
867 springtime      
868 picnics s      
869 rounds s      
870 cheeses es      
871 meats s      
872 earthen en      
873 jars s      
874 feasting ing      
875 stadium's      
876 grassy y      
877 terraces s      
878 witnessing ing      
879 betrayal al      
880 T religious ous      
881 h God's      
882 e takes s      
883 dramas s      
884 chorusmaster      
T
885 retreating ing      
r
886 a gestures s      
887 g fully y      
888 i prescribed ed      
889 c highschool      
890 men      
891 awarded ed      
C
892 h resembles s      
893 o focused ed      
894 r slavery ery      
89

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
895 u
oppression ion      
896 s
women      
897 husbands s      
898 fathers s      
899 scapegoat      
900 crowned ed      
901 horns s      
902 revival al      
903 ballgame      
904 chanting ing      
905 countrymen      
906 interlocked inter      
907 shields s      
908 braced ed      
909 flourished ed      
910 spears s      
911 barbed ed      
912 gouging ing      
913 creature's      
914 unseeing un      
915 thrusting ing      
916 keeping ing      
congresswom
917 Poem 22 an      
918 hearkened ed      
In Memory of Congresswoman Barbara
919 forgotten      
920 quilled ed      
921 freshness ness      
922 unshattered un      
923 rippled ed      
Jordan
924 newborn      
925 islands s      
926 parentless less      
927 branches es      
928 perfection ion      
929 imagined ed      
930 unperfecting un      
90

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
931 grinning ing      
932 cynically ly      
933 bignose      
934 crawler er      
935 tempter er      
936 corrupted ed      
937 culled ed      
938 achieved ed      
939 margins s      
940 crested ed      
941 stranger er      
942 joined ed      
943 crows s      
944 flew      
945 fed      
946 conducting ing      
947 excellence ence      
948 eloquence ence      
949 flowers s      
950 waters s      
951 plumed ed      
952 feathered ed      
953 exception ion      
954 Poem 23 sharpens s      
955 mows s      
956 sunflower      
957 squeezes s      
958 expressed ed      
Biography
959 olives s      
960 potter's      
961 holds s      
962 drips s      
963 dreadful ful      
964 changes s      
965 Poem 24 imperceptible im      
mu
um
orc
the
     
est
At
se
er
966 snaked ed
91

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
967 boxes es      
968 laid      
969 nailed ed      
970 flooring ing      
971 subfloor      
972 drew      
973 exalted ed      
974 murmuring ing      
975 underwater      
976 stillness ness      
977 pressed ed      
978 wooden en      
979 stunned ed      
980 hung      
981 collection ion      
982 preservation ion      
983 catalogued ed      
984 suspended ed      
985 worn      
986 densest est      
987 gathered ed      
988 Egyptian an      
989 whatever      
990 sculpted ed      
991 African an      
992 floating ing      
993 sandstone      
994 flywhisk      
995 recollection re      
996 bathroom      
997 shepherdess's      
998 everyone      
999 eminence ence      
1000 prosperous ous      
1001 collector or      
1002 woodblock      
92

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
1003 possession ion      
1004 classical al      
1005 recalled re      
cherryblosso
1006 m      
1007 sweetness ness      
1008 honeybee      
1009 discovery y      
1010 immortal im      
1011 apparently ly      
1012 apart a      
1013 medicinal al      
1014 subtly y      
1015 Poem 25 Knight's      
1016 prayed ed      
1017 sufficiently ly      
1018 woeful ful      
1019 logical al      
1020 impertinent im      
1021 stagey y      
Conventionali
The Knight's Prayer
1022 ty ity      
1023 attachment ment      
1024 strove      
1025 steadfastness ness      
1026 hardship      
1027 worldly ly      
1028 assigned ed      
1029 chainmail      
1030 weariness ness      
1031 intolerable in      
1032 indifference in      
1033 incompetent in      
1034 Poem 26 earthly ly      
1035 everything      
Jersey
Rain
1036 roadbank      
1037 boiling ing      
93

Compounding
Stress & Tone

Reduplication
Affixation
Poems
Cliticsation
No
Suppletion
Placement
Data
data
Internal
Change
Suffix
Prefix
Infix
1038 regardless less      
1039 benediction ion      
1040 distinction ion      
1041 indissoluble in      
1042 replenisher er      
1043 descending ing      
1044 destroyer er      
1045 arrowed ed      
1046 executioner er      
94

Morphological Process in Robert Pinsky'S Poems "Jersey Rain"

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MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS IN ROBERT PINSKY’S POEMS “JERSEY

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

Universitas Sumatera Utara

I, RENIDA PASARIBU, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF

THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF

THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED

ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A

THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER

DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT

DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS

THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OR ANOTHER

DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATIONS.

Date : January 31th, 2020

Universitas Sumatera Utara

NAME : RENIDA PASARIBU

TITLE OF THESIS : MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS IN ROBERT

POEMS “JERSEY RAIN”

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : SASTRA INGGRIS

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR

REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY CULTURAL STUDIES,

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT

USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW

OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Date : Januari 31 th, 2020

Universitas Sumatera Utara

I would like to thank to Head of University of Sumatera Utara Prof. Dr.

My very special gratitude is for my beloved parents Jese Budiman Pasaribu

Medan, December 14 th, 2020

Reg. No. 130705126

Universitas Sumatera Utara

This thesis is entitled "Morphological Process in Robert Pinsky‟s Poems „Jersey

Keywords: morphology, morphological process, poem

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Kata Kunci: morfologi, proses morfologi, puisi

Universitas Sumatera Utara

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Universitas Sumatera Utara

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

Universitas Sumatera Utara

1.1. Background of the Study

communicating humans use language as a means of communication to express

ideas or messages to be conveyed. Bloomfield (1933 : 3) says that language plays

human thought that it is unimaginable to study it by such simple and

undiversified ways. Language According to Tamasi (2014 : 3) is defined as an

open, arbitrary, conventional system of sounds used for communication within a

linguistic community In essence, language will never be separated from human

life. Therefore, we as speakers or communicators need to understand the form of

grammar in terms of structure, form and problems of other fields of study

contained in it. This is related to the science of morphology. Morphology is used

by various branches of science. But in this thesis, the morphology in question is

morphological in terms of the linguistic field. Based on the hierarchy of

linguistics, the morphology is differed between the study of phonology and

syntax. Morphology is the second level after phonology.

As we know, Morphology is a linguistic branch that identifies basic units of

language as grammatical units. Morphology comes from Greek, morphe and