SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Exp no:6

Date:

AIM:
To become familiar with modelling and analysis of power systems under faulted condition and to
compute the fault level ,post-fault voltages and currents for different types of faults,both
symmetric and unsymmetric.

PROGRAM REQUIRED: MATLAB/C++/Python /PSCAD/ Power World Simulator / DigSilent/ ETAP

THEORY:

Symmetrical Fault :

I. Three phase fault:

From the thevenin’s equivalent circuit
Vth
Fault current If=
Z th

Where Vth = Thevenin’s Voltage

Z th = Thevenin’s Impedance

Unsymmetrical Fault :
Single line to ground fault :
Fault current If = Ia = 3Ia1

Ia1 = Ea

Line to line fault: Z1+Z2+Z0

Fault current If = Ia1(a2 – a )

Ea
Ia1 =
Z1+Z2
Double Line to ground fault :

Fault current If = 2 Ia0 +( Ia1+ Ia2) (a2 + a )

Ia0 =  ( Ia1 Ia2)

Fault MVA = 3 * If * Vpu

where, Ia1, Ia2 and Ia0 are positive, negative and zero phase sequence currents

Z1 ,Z2 and Zo are positive, negative and zero phase sequence impedances

PROCEDURE:

1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.

2. Create a new M – file by selecting File -New – M – File
3. Type and save the program.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run.
5.View the results.

EXERCISE:
 The one line diagram of a simple power system is shown in figure. The neutral of each generator
is grounded through a current limiting reactor of 0.25/3 per unit on a 100MVA base. The system
data expressed in per unit on a common 100 MVA base is tabulated below. The generators are
running on no load at their rated voltage and rated frequency with their emfs inphase.
Determine the fault current for the following faults.
(a) A balanced three phase fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Z f = j0.1 perunit.
(b) A single line to ground fault at bus3 through a fault impedance Z f = j0.1 perunit.
(c) A line to line fault at bus3 through a fault impedance Zf = j0.1 perunit.
(d) A double line to ground fault at bus3 through a fault impedance Z f = j0.1 perunit.

Item Base Voltage Rating X

1
X
2
X
0
MVA kV
G1 100 20 0.15 0.15 0.05
G2 100 20 0.15 0.15 0.05
T1 100 20/220 0.10 0.10 0.10
T2 100 20/220 0.10 0.10 0.10
L12 100 220 0.125 0.125 0.30
L13 100 220 0.15 0.15 0.35
L23 100 220 0.25 0.25 0.7125

Verify the result using MATLAB program.

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
Z133 = j*0.22;
Z033 = j*0.35;
Zf = j*0.1;
disp('(b)single line-to-grounf fault at bus 3')
I03 = 1.0/(Z033+3*Zf+Z133+Z133);
I012=[I03;I03;I03]
%sctm;
global sctm
a=cos(2*pi/3)+j*sin(2*pi/3);
sctm = [1 1 1;1 a^2 a;1 a a^2];
labc3 = sctm*I012
disp('(c) Line-to-line fault at bus 3')
I13 = 1.0/(Z133+Z133+Zf);
I012=[0;I13;-I13]
Iabc3 = sctm*I012
disp('(d) Double line-to-ground fault at bus 3')

I13=1/(Z133+Z133*(Z033+3*Zf)/(Z133+Z033+3*Zf));

I23=-(1.0-Z133*I13)/Z133;
I03=-(1.0-Z133*I13)/(Z033+3*Zf);
 I012=[I03;I13;I23]
Iabc3 = sctm*I012

OUTPUT:
MANUAL CALCULATIONS:
P a g e | 52
 EXP 7

1. An isolated power station has the following parameters

Turbine time constant T =0.5sec

Governor time constant g = 0.2sec

Generator inertia constant H = 5sec
Governor speed regulation = R per unit
The load varies by 0.8 percent for a 1 percent change in frequency , i.e,D = 0.8
(a) UsetheRouth–HurwitzarraytofindtherangeofRforcontrolsystemstability.
(b) Use MATLAB to obtain the root locus plot.
(c) The governor speed regulation is set to R = 0.05 per unit.The turbine rated output is 250MW
at nominal frequency of 60Hz. A sudden load change of 50MW( PL = 0.2 per unit)occurs.
(i) Find the steady state frequency deviation in Hz.
(ii) Use MATLAB to obtain the time domain performance specifications and the frequency
deviation step response.
OUTPUT:
MANUAL CALCULATIONS:
 TRANSIENT AND SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY
ANALYSIS – SINGLE MACHINE INFINITE BUS
SYSTEM
Exp No:9
Date:

AIM:
To become familiar with various aspects of the transient and small signal stability analysis
of Single-Machine-Infinite Bus (SMIB) system

PROGRAM REQUIRED: MATLAB/C++/Python /PSCAD/ Power World Simulator/Dig Silent/ ETAP

THEORY:

Stability: Stability problem is concerned with the behavior of power system when it is subjected to
disturbance and is classified into small signal stability problems if the disturbances are small and
transient stability problem when the disturbances are large.

Transient stability: When a power system is under steady state ,the load plus transmission loss
equals to the generation in the system. The generating units run at synchronous speed and system
frequency, voltage, current and power flows are steady. When a large disturbance such as three phase
fault, loss of load, loss of generation, etc., occurs the power balance is upset and the generating units
rotors experience either acceleration or deceleration. The system may come back to a steady state
condition, maintaining synchronism or it may break into subsystems or one or more machines may
pull out of synchronism. In the former case the system is said to be stable and in the later case it is
said to be unstable.

Small signal stability: When a power system is under steady state, normal operating condition, the
system may be subjected to small disturbances such as variation in load and generation, change in
field voltage, change in mechanical toque etc., The nature of system response to small disturbance
depends on the operating conditions, the transmission system strength, types of controllers etc.
Instability that may result from small disturbance may be of two forms,
(i) Steady increase in rotor angle due to lack of synchronizing torque.
(ii) Rotor oscillations of increasing magnitude due to lack of sufficient damping torque.
FORMULA:
Reactive power Qe = sin(cos-1(p.f))

*
S
Stator Current It =
*
Et
Pe - jQe
=

Et*

Voltage behind transient condition

E1 = Et+ dt
 Voltage of infinite bus
EB = Et - j( X3 + Xtr )It

X1 X2
where, X3=
X1 + X2

Angular separation between E1 and EB

o =  E1 -  EB

Prefault Operation:
X1 X2
X = j X 1+ jX +
d tr
X1 + X2

E1 x EB
PowerPe= sino
X

Pe * X
o =sin-1
E1 *EB

During Fault Condition:

Pe = PEii = 0

Find out X from the equivalent circuit during fault condition

Post fault Condition:

Find out X from the equivalent circuit during post fault condition

E1 x EB
PowerPe= sino
X

max =  - o

Pm
Pe =
sinmax

Critical Clearing Angle:

Pm(max - o ) + P3maxcosmax - P2maxcoso
Coscr =
P3max -
Critical Clearing Time:

2H (cr- o)
tcr =

 foPm Sec

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File -New – M – File
3. Type and save the program.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools –Run
5. View the results.

EXERCISE:
1. A 60Hz synchronous generator having inertia constant H = 5 MJ/MVA and a direct axis
transient reactance X 1d= 0.3 per unit is connected to an infinite bus through a purely reactive
circuit as shown in figure. Reactances are marked on the diagram on a common system base.
The generator is delivering real power P e = 0.8 per unit and Q = 0.074per unit to the infinite
bus at a voltage of V = 1per unit.

a) A temporary three-phase fault occurs at the sending end of the line at point F. When
the fault is cleared, both lines are intact. Determine the critical clearing angle and the
critical fault clearing time.
.
b) Verify the result using MATLAB program.

PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
Pm = 0.8; E = 1.17; V = 1.0;
X1 = 0.65; X2 = 1.8; X3 = 0.8;
eacfault(Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3)
function eacfault(Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3)
if exist('Pm')~=1
Pm = input('Generator output power in p.u. Pm = '); else, end
if exist('E')~=1
E = input('Generator e.m.f. in p.u. E = '); else, end
if exist('V')~=1
V = input('Infinite bus-bar voltage in p.u. V = '); else, end
if exist('X1')~=1
X1 = input('Reactance before Fault in p.u. X1 = '); else, end
if exist('X2')~=1
X2 = input('Reactance during Fault in p.u. X2 = '); else, end
if exist('X3')~=1
X3 = input('Reactance after Fault in p.u. X3 = '); else, end
Pe1max = E*V/X1; Pe2max=E*V/X2; Pe3max=E*V/X3;
delta = 0:.01:pi;
Pe1 = Pe1max*sin(delta); Pe2 = Pe2max*sin(delta); Pe3 = Pe3max*sin(delta);
d0 =asin(Pm/Pe1max); dmax = pi-asin(Pm/Pe3max);
cosdc = (Pm*(dmax-d0)+Pe3max*cos(dmax)-Pe2max*cos(d0))/(Pe3max-Pe2max);
if abs(cosdc) > 1
fprintf('No critical clearing angle could be found.\n')
fprintf('system can remain stable during this disturbance.\n\n')
return
else, end
dc=acos(cosdc);
if dc > dmax
fprintf('No critical clearing angle could be found.\n')
fprintf('System can remain stable during this disturbance.\n\n')
return
else, end
104
Pmx=[0 pi-d0]*180/pi; Pmy=[Pm Pm];
x0=[d0 d0]*180/pi; y0=[0 Pm]; xc=[dc dc]*180/pi; yc=[0 Pe3max*sin(dc)];
xm=[dmax dmax]*180/pi; ym=[0 Pe3max*sin(dmax)];
d0=d0*180/pi; dmax=dmax*180/pi; dc=dc*180/pi;
x=(d0:.1:dc);
y=Pe2max*sin(x*pi/180);
y1=Pe2max*sin(d0*pi/180);
y2=Pe2max*sin(dc*pi/180);
x=[d0 x dc];
y=[Pm y Pm];
xx=dc:.1:dmax;
h=Pe3max*sin(xx*pi/180);
xx=[dc xx dmax];
hh=[Pm h Pm];
delta=delta*180/pi;
if X2 == inf
fprintf('\nFor this case tc can be found from analytical formula. \n')
H=input('To find tc enter Inertia Constant H, (or 0 to skip) H = ');
if H ~= 0
d0r=d0*pi/180; dcr=dc*pi/180;
tc = sqrt(2*H*(dcr-d0r)/(pi*60*Pm));
else, end
else, end
%clc
fprintf('\nInitial power angle = %7.3f \n', d0)
 fprintf('Maximum angle swing = %7.3f \n', dmax)
fprintf('Critical clearing angle = %7.3f \n\n', dc)
if X2==inf & H~=0
fprintf('Critical clearing time = %7.3f sec. \n\n', tc)
else, end
h = figure; figure(h);
fill(x,y,'m')
hold;
fill(xx,hh,'c')
plot(delta, Pe1,'-', delta, Pe2,'r-', delta, Pe3,'g-', Pmx, Pmy,'b-', x0,y0, xc,yc, xm,ym), grid
title('Application of equal area criterion to a critically cleared system')
xlabel('Power angle, degree'), ylabel(' Power, per unit')
text(5, 1.07*Pm, 'Pm')
text(50, 1.05*Pe1max,['Critical clearing angle = ',num2str(dc)])
axis([0 180 0 1.1*Pe1max])
hold off;
end

OUTPUT:
P a g e | 76
MANUAL CALCULATION: