Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 38 views

    Laboratory Report 2 Venturimeter I

    Uploaded by

    Reyven Recon
    1. A venturimeter uses Bernoulli's principle to measure fluid flow rate through a pipe. It has a converging section that increases flow velocity and decreases pressure. 2. An experiment was conducted using a venturimeter connected to a manometer to measure pressure differences. Flow rates were measured for three trials with varying inlet pressures. 3. The actual discharge was calculated using the area of the collecting tank and rise in water level over time. The theoretical discharge and coefficient of discharge were also calculated for each trial. The coefficient of discharge ranged from 0.88 to 0.96 across the three trials.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Laboratory Report 2 Venturimeter I

    Uploaded by

    Reyven Recon
    38 views9 pages
    1. A venturimeter uses Bernoulli's principle to measure fluid flow rate through a pipe. It has a converging section that increases flow velocity and decreases pressure. 2. An experiment was conducted using a venturimeter connected to a manometer to measure pressure differences. Flow rates were measured for three trials with varying inlet pressures. 3. The actual discharge was calculated using the area of the collecting tank and rise in water level over time. The theoretical discharge and coefficient of discharge were also calculated for each trial. The coefficient of discharge ranged from 0.88 to 0.96 across the three trials.

    Original Title

    Laboratory Report

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    1. A venturimeter uses Bernoulli's principle to measure fluid flow rate through a pipe. It has a converging section that increases flow velocity and decreases pressure. 2. An experiment was conducted using a venturimeter connected to a manometer to measure pressure differences. Flow rates were measured for three trials with varying inlet pressures. 3. The actual discharge was calculated using the area of the collecting tank and rise in water level over time. The theoretical discharge and coefficient of discharge were also calculated for each trial. The coefficient of discharge ranged from 0.88 to 0.96 across the three trials.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    38 views9 pages

    Laboratory Report 2 Venturimeter I

    Uploaded by

    Reyven Recon
    1. A venturimeter uses Bernoulli's principle to measure fluid flow rate through a pipe. It has a converging section that increases flow velocity and decreases pressure. 2. An experiment was conducted using a venturimeter connected to a manometer to measure pressure differences. Flow rates were measured for three trials with varying inlet pressures. 3. The actual discharge was calculated using the area of the collecting tank and rise in water level over time. The theoretical discharge and coefficient of discharge were also calculated for each trial. The coefficient of discharge ranged from 0.88 to 0.96 across the three trials.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 9

    RECON, Reyven R

    BSME -3111
    Laboratory Report 2
    VENTURIMETER
    I. Introduction
    It is critical to correctly monitor the rate of fluid flow inside a system as a
    whole or in part in many of today's industrial operations. This applies equally to
    process gases and liquids (e.g. carbon dioxide, nitrogen, liquors, etc.) as well as
    compressed air, water, or steam, which are essential to plant functioning. The
    turbine-type flow meter, the rotameter, the orifice meter, and the venture-meter are
    just a few of the meters used to measure fluid flow.
    The phrase "pipe flow rate" is frequently used to describe the rate of flow
    through any closed conduit under pressure. The flow rate of a fluid moving under
    pressure is measured for a variety of reasons, including invoicing for water service
    to homes and businesses, as well as monitoring and process control of a wide
    range of industrial operations that include flowing fluids.
    Venturimeters are flow measuring equipment that employ a converging
    piece of pipe to produce an increase in flow velocity and a corresponding pressure
    decrease, which may be used to calculate the flowrate. Clemens Herschel (1842-
    1930), a hydraulic engineer, invented the venture meter to monitor the flow rate of
    a moving fluid through a pipe. Cast iron, bronze, and steel are used to make venturi
    meters. It consists of a diverging portion with a small conical intake, a throat
    section, and a long discharge cone known as the converging section. The one end
    of a manometer is attached to the point of convergence, while the other end is
    attached to the Venturimeter's throat, allowing the manometer to measure the
    pressure difference. Figure 1.1 below shows an example of a Venturimeter:

    Figure 1.1: A Venturimeter


    The Bernoulli principle defines the operation of a venturimeter. The flow speed is inversely
    proportional to the static pressure, according to Bernoulli's principle. As a result of the difference
    in cross-sectional area between the intake and the throat, pressure drops as velocity rises.
    Because the inlet's cross-sectional area is bigger than the throat's, the flow rate at the throat will
    be higher than at the inlet. As a result of the increased flow rate at the neck, the pressure at this
    location will drop. According to the continuity equation, this occurs. A manometer is connected
    externally to the pressure points to measure the difference in pressure between the intake and
    the throat.

    Figure 1.2: Venturi Effect


    II. Objectives
    The objectives of this experiment are:
    1. To familiarize the student on the operating principle and how Venturimeter
    works.
    2. To determine the coefficient of discharge of given venturimeter.

    III. Materials & Equipment


     Venturimeter via Fluid Mechanic Virtual Lab
    The apparatus consists of a flow bench from where water can flow to the
    venture meter. Inside the flow bench, a tank is connected to one end of a
    lever arm. The end of the lever arm produces from the side of the flow -
    bench so that the amount of weight on this end of the lever arm may be
    adjusted. The lever arm has the propriety to measure the actual mass flow
    rate of water flowing through the measuring devices.
     Differential Manometer
     Collecting Tank
     Piezometer
     Stopwatch
     Measuring Scale
     Calculator

    IV. Procedure
    1. Select the required pipe diameter, then click the next button to proceed on
    to the next step (a pipe with the requisite diameter is chosen, while the
    others are kept closed)

    2. Select the main inlet valve to allow the water to flow through the selected
    diameter pipe.

    3. After opening the main inlet valve, select the pipe inlet valve by clicking it.
    This allow the water to flow through the selected pipe.
    4. Change the knot of manometer from isolate position to air-vent position to
    remove the air inside the pipe.

    5. Then click it again to change it to read position. Here the manometer


    reading is noted down. Then calculate the value of Head Loss.
    6. Then, select tank outlet valve to close it to measure the discharge. Water is
    now allowed to flow through the selected venturemeter and this flow is made
    constant. At this flow rate the difference in pressure between inlet and throat
    is measured.

    7. Lastly, closed the exit valve of the collecting tank and take the time for the
    tank water to rise by 5cm. Observe and calculate the results of the given
    trials.

    V. RESULTS & DISCUSSION


    Experiment to measure the flow of water through a pipe using a
    Venturimeter linked to a manometer to measure the difference in height in the
    manometer reading caused by a change in pressure in the two limbs of the
    manometer. By adjusting the inlet valve, the identical experiment is performed
    three times with varied flow rates. As a result, three distinct readings for the Actual
    discharge, Qact and Theoretical discharge, Qth may be produced by performing this.
    As a result, we have three distinct readings for the discharge co-efficient, Cd
    Calculation results:
    Diameter of the pipe inlet, d1 = 0.4cm
    Diameter of pipe outlet, d2= 2.366cm
    Area of pipe inlet, A1 = 12.568cm2
    Area of pipe outlet, A2 = 4.397cm2
    Area of collecting Tank, A = 6750cm2
    Trial 1:
    Calculation of Actual discharge, QA:
    Where:
    Time taken, t = 16 sec
    Rise, h = 5cm
    𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘,𝐴 ×𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑒,ℎ
    QA = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛, 𝑡
    6750 𝑐𝑚2 ×5𝑐𝑚
    QA = 16 𝑠𝑒𝑐

    QA= 2109.375 cm3/sec

    Calculation of theoretical discharge, Qth:


    Where:
    Head loss, H = 12.6(LL – RL) = 12.6(38.1-28.9)cm = 115.92cm
    Acceleration due to gravity, g = 981cm/sec2
    𝐴 𝐴 (√2𝑔𝐻
    1 2
    Qth = √𝐴12 −𝐴22
    12.568×4.397×√2×981×115.92
    Qth = √12.5682 −4.3972

    Qth = 2238.395315 cm3/sec

    Calculation for Cd value:


    𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 2109.375 cm3/sec
    Cd = =
    𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 2238.395315 cm3/sec

    Cd = 0.94

    Trial 2:
    Calculation of Actual discharge, QA:
    Where:
    Time taken, t = 17.8 sec
    Rise, h = 5cm
    𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘,𝐴 ×𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑒,ℎ
    QA = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛, 𝑡
    6750 𝑐𝑚2 ×5𝑐𝑚
    QA =
    17.8 𝑠𝑒𝑐

    QA= 1896.067416 cm3/sec

    Calculation of theoretical discharge, Qth:


    Where:
    Head loss, H = 12.6(LL – RL) = 12.6(37.1-29.9)cm = 90.72cm
    Acceleration due to gravity, g = 981cm/sec2
    𝐴 𝐴 (√2𝑔𝐻
    1 2
    Qth = √𝐴12 −𝐴22
    12.568×4.397×√2×981×90.72
    Qth = √12.5682 −4.3972

    Qth = 1980.200303 cm3/sec

    Calculation for Cd value:


    𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 1896.067416 cm3/sec
    Cd = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 1980.200303 cm3/sec

    Cd = 0.96

    Trial 3:
    Calculation of Actual discharge, QA:
    Where:
    Time taken, t = 13.3 sec
    Rise, h = 5cm
    𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘,𝐴 ×𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑒,ℎ
    QA = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛, 𝑡

    6750 𝑐𝑚2 ×5𝑐𝑚


    QA = 13.3 𝑠𝑒𝑐

    QA= 2537.593985 cm3/sec

    Calculation of theoretical discharge, Qth:


    Where:
    Head loss, H = 12.6(LL – RL) = 12.6(41.1-25.9)cm = 191.52cm
    Acceleration due to gravity, g = 981cm/sec2
    𝐴 𝐴 (√2𝑔𝐻
    1 2
    Qth = √𝐴12 −𝐴22
    12.568×4.397×√2×981×191.52
    Qth = √12.5682 −4.3972

    Qth = 2877.164337 cm3/sec

    Calculation for Cd value:


    𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 2537.593985 cm3/sec
    Cd = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 2877.164337 cm3/sec
    Cd = 0.88
    Table for the Result of Actual and Theoretical Discharge and Coefficient of
    discharge:

    Trial no. Rise, h Time taken, t Actual Discharge


    (cm) (sec) (cm3/sec)
    1 5 16 2109.375
    2 5 17.8 1896.067416
    3 5 13.3 2537.593985
    Table 1: Results of Actual Discharge

    Trial no. Head loss, H Theoretical Discharge


    (cm) (cm3/sec)
    1 115.92 2238.395315
    2 90.72 1980.200303
    3 191.52 2877.164337
    Table 2: Results of Actual Discharge

    Trial no. Actual Discharge Theoretical Discharge Co-efficient Of


    (cm3/sec) (cm3/sec) Discharge, Cd.
    1 2109.375 2238.395315 0.94
    2 1896.067416 1980.200303 0.96
    3 2537.593985 2877.164337 0.88
    Table 2: Results for Co-efficient of Discharge Cd

    The relationship between actual discharge, QA, and theoretical discharge, Qth, is
    seen in the tables above. The table for actual discharge and theoretical discharge is
    expected to produce a straight line, indicating that the two variables are directly
    proportional to one another. The direct proportional relationship between Qa and Qt
    implies very low pressure, energy, turbulence, and friction losses. Furthermore, this
    indicates that the value of Cd approaches 1, which in this experiment is denoted with an
    average of roughly 0.93. The Cd value can never approach 1, as this would suggest a
    perfect situation with no losses. Plus, the Cd value should never exceed 1, since this will
    result in an excess of energy at the end of the experiment compared to the beginning.
    Furthermore, as seen in the tables above, the value of Cd increases as the initial flow
    rate increases, indicating that the value of Cd is more accurate with greater flow rates.
    The flow of liquid becomes uniform and less turbulent at high flow rates, with no eddies
    forming, reducing energy losses. As a result, the value of Cd is larger at higher flow rates
    than at lower flow rates.
    The actual flow rate, Qa differs from the theoretical flow rate, Qth because Qa may be
    calculated using a variety of formulas, including dividing the fluid volume by the time
    required. Theoretical discharge Qth, on the other hand, is calculated using a formula that
    combines a manometric reading with the liquid's head losses. In addition, due to friction
    losses in actual flow operations, Qt will have a greater flow rate than Qa.
    VI. Conclusion
    In conclusion, the experiment went off without a hitch. The results show that
    increasing the flow rate causes the differential head in the two limbs of the manometer
    to rise, which prove and demonstrate the Venturi effect. Furthermore, the average Cd
    value obtained is 0.93, indicating a very low error percentage error of (0.5%).
    VII. Recommendation
    This is an activity that is best learned by experiencing first hand. Students can learn
    this knowledge and information more readily and efficiently if they interact physically with
    the materials, observe them, and work in a laboratory setting. In terms of the virtual lab,
    it guides for users / students regarding the instruments theoretical definition and
    application what to do and how to use the venturimeter; it also has given formula on how
    to solve the needed data. However, it may lack some explanation, which is also an
    important component of students' learning. Overall, I believe that even with this setup, we
    will be able to learn how to use venturimeter and calculate the discharge.

    You might also like