Basic Maths

BASIC MATHS XI-MMI-1
BASIC MATHS
PREFACE
  Basic mathematics is a tool of Mathematics. A good knowledge and applications of
fundamentals of Mathematics helps in understanding the mathematical phenomena and their
applications.
  The topics covered in this chapter enable us to understand topics related to syllabus of IITJEE
and other competitive exams including 11th and 12th standard.
1.0 NUMBER SYSTEM
 A number system is defined as a system of writing to express numbers.
  It is the mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set by using digits or other
symbols in a consistent manner.
  It provides a unique representation of every number and represents the arithmetic and algebraic
structure of the figures.
  It also allows us to operate arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction and division.
1.1 NATURAL NUMBERS
 The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 ….are called natural numbers, their set is denoted by N. Thus
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 …..}
1.2 WHOLE NUMBERS
 The numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 …. are called whole numbers, their set is denoted by W.
Thus W = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,….}
1.3 INTEGERS
 The numbers …. –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3 …. Are called integers and their set is denoted by I & Z
 Set of positive integers denoted by I and consists of {1, 2, 3 ...}, also known as set of
natural numbers.
 Set of negative integers denoted by I and consist of {…–3, –2, –1}
 Set of non–negative integers is {0, 1, 2, 3…} also known as set of whole numbers
 Set of non–Positive integers is {…–3, –2, –1, 0}
1.4 THE RATIONAL NUMBERS

 The rational numbers are those numbers which can be expressed as a ratio between two
1 1111
integers. For example, the fractions and  are both rational numbers. All the integers
3 8
z
are included in the rational numbers, since any integer z can be written as the ratio .
1
E-mail: support@apnikaksha.net
827
 All decimal which terminates are rational (since 8.27 can be written as ) Decimals which
100
have a repeating pattern after some point are also rationales: for example.
1
0.0833333…. = .
12
 The Irrational Numbers
 An irrational number is a number that cannot be written as a ratio (or fraction). In decimal
form, it never ends or repeats. The ancient Greeks discovered that not all numbers are rational;
there are equations that cannot be solved using ratio of integers.
The first such equation to be studied was 2 = x2 what number times itself equals 2?
 2 is about 1.414, because 1.4142 = 1.999396, which is close to 2. But you’ll never hit exactly
by squaring a fraction (or terminating decimal). The square root of 2 is an irrational number,
meaning its decimal equivalent goes on forever, with no repeating pattern;
2  1.41421356237309...
 Other famous irrational numbers are the golden ratio, a number with great importance of
biology;
1 5
= 1.61803398874989…
2
 (pi), the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.
 = 3.14159265358979…
And e, the most important number in calculus
e = 2. 71828182845904…
 Irrational numbers can be further subdivided into algebraic numbers, which are the solution o f
some polynomial equation (like 2 and the golden ratio). And transcendental numbers,
which are not the solutions of any polynomial  and e are both transcendental.
1.5 THE REAL NUMBERS
 The real numbers is the set of numbers containing all of the rational numbers. The real
numbers are “all the numbers” on the number line. There are infinitely many real numbers just
as there are infinitely many numbers in each of the other sets of numbers. But, it can be proved
that the infinity of the real number is a bigger infinity.
 The “smaller”, or countable infinity of the integers and rationales is sometimes called
N0(aleph–naught), and the uncountable infinity of the reals is called N1 (alef–one).
 There are even “bigger” infinities but you should take a set theory class for that
1.6 THE COMPLEX NUMBERS
 The complex numbers are the set {a + bi | a and b are numbers}, where i is the imaginary unit,
1 .
 The complex numbers include the set of real numbers. The real numbers, in the complex
system, are written in the form a + 0i = a. real number.
 This set is sometimes written as C for short. The set of complex numbers is important because
for any polynomial
p (x) = 0 will be in C,
All Numbers (Complex Numbers)
Real Imaginary
Irrational Rational
Non-Integer Integer
Negative Whole
Zero Natural
2.0 SET THEORY

 Set theory is a branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, which informally are collections
of objects.
  Although any type of object can be collected into a set, set theory is applied most often to
objects that are relevant to mathematics.
  The language of set theory can be used to define nearly all mathematical objects.
2.1 SET
 A set is a collection of well defined objects i.e. the objects follow a given rule or rules.
 If we say that we have a collection of short students in a class, then this collection is not a set
as “short students” is not well defined.
  If, however, we say that we have a collection of students whose height is less then 5 feet, then
it represents a set.
2.3 ELEMENTS OF A SET
 The members of a set are called its elements. A set is usually denoted by capital letters A, B, C
etc, where as the elements of a set are generally denoted by lower case letters a, b, c, d etc.
  If an element x is in set A, we say that x belongs to A and write x  A. If the element x is not
in A then we write x  A.
Examples of sets:
1. The set of vowels in the alphabet of English language.
2. The set of all points on a particular line.
3. The set of all lines in a particular plane.
4. The set of all odd natural numbers.
5. The set of all real numbers.
The elements in a set can be written in any order e.g.
A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, …}, B = {11, 9, 5, 7}, C = {…, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, …}, D = {Amar, Aman,
Ajay}.
 This is called the roster method of representing a set. A set can also be represented by stating
the properties within braces, which are satisfied by the elements of the set e.g.
A = {x: x = 2n + 1, n  1, n  N}, A = {x: 6  x  12, x  N}.
This method of representing a set is called the set builder method.
2.4 SOME SPECIAL SETS
 Finite and infinite sets
A set A is finite if it contains only a finite number of elements; we can find the exact number of
elements in the set. Otherwise, the set is said to be an infinite set; e.g. The set is a finite set,
having five elements.
 The set of letters in the word MISSISSIPI is a finite set containing four letters, although there
are, in all, eleven letters in the word; only distinct elements are considered in a set. Other
examples are:
(1) The set of all odd natural numbers is an infinite set.
(2) The set of all points on a particular straight line is an infinite set.
(3) The following sets are all infinite sets:
N = set of all natural numbers = {1, 2, 3,…)
Z = set of all integers = {…, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, …)
p 
Q = set of all rational numbers =  : p, q  Z, q  0 
q 
R = set of all real numbers = {x : x is a rational and an irrational number}
C = set of all complex numbers = x  iy; x, y  R
 Null set
A set which does not contain any element is called a null set and is denoted by . A null set is
also called an empty set.
 Singleton set
  A set which contains only one element is called a singleton set.
 Equal sets
Two set are said to be equal, if every element of one set is in the other set and vice–versa e.g. ,
A= {p, q, r, s},
B = {r, q, p, s} are equal sets, since the order of the elements is immaterial. Also
A = {x: 10  x  14, x  N} and B = {14, 13, 12, 11, 10} are equal sets. In these cases we
write A = B. But A = {1, 4, 6}, and
B = { 1, 6, 4, 3}are not equal sets as 3  A , and we write A ≠ B.
 Equivalent sets
Two sets A and B are equivalent if the elements of A can be paired with the elements of B, so
that to each element of A there corresponds exactly one element of B e.g. A = {p, q, r}, B =
{5, 6, 8} are equivalent sets.
Note: Equal sets are equivalent, but equivalent sets may not be equal.
 Subsets
  If each element of a set A is also an element of a set B, then A is called a subset of B, and we
write A  B e.g.
A = { a, k, l, o, u}, B = {a, b, c, ….x, y, z}. Here A  B and if A = {2, 4, 6}, B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

6},
C = {4, 6}, then
A  B, C  A, C  B. Here Note that N  Z, N  Q, R  C
 Proper subsets
A set A is called a proper subset of B if and only if each element of A is an element of B and
there is at least one element of B which is not in A i.e. A  B and A ≠ B and we write A B
e.g. if A = {a, b, c, d},
B = {a, b, c, …, x, y, z}, then A  B, and if
A = {2, 4, 6,}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, C = {4, 6}, then A  B, C  A, C  B.
Note: The null set  is a subset of every set and every set is a subset of itself.
 Power set
The power set of a set A is the set of all of its subsets, and is denoted by P(a) e.g. if
A = {4, 5, 6} then.
P(a) = {, {4}, {5}, {6}, {4, 5}, {5, 6}, {4, 5, 6}}.
Note: The null set  and set A are always elements of P(a)
Theorem:If a finite set has n elements, then the power set of A has 2 n elements.
Proof: The number of subsets having no element = 1 = n C 0
The number of subsets having exactly one element = n = n C 1
The number of subset having 2 elements = number of groups of 2 elements out of n = n C 2
The number of subset having n element (A itself) = 1 = n C n

Hence, the number of elements in P(a)
= n C 0 + n C1 + n C 2 + … + n C n = 2n .
3.0 OPERATION ON SETS

 The operations on sets, by which sets can be combined to produce new sets, can be best
illustrated through Venn diagram. A set S is called a universal set if every set we consider, is a
subset of S. In Venn diagram, the universal set is shown in the form of a rectangle and the
subsets of the universal set are shown as circles and ellipses. If A is a proper subset of B i.e. ,
we say that A is contained in B.
A
B
AB
 Union of sets
The union of two set A and B is defined as the set of all elements which are either in A or in B
or in both. The union of two sets is written as A  B ; e.g. If A = {30,55,62,}, B = {30, 66, 72},
Then A  B = {30,55, 62, 66, 72}..Also if
A = {x : x  N, 2 < x < 6}, B = { x : x  N, 4 < X < 7}, then
A  B = {x : x  N 2 < x < 7}.
This definition can be extended to the union of more than two set A1, A2, ….An. We define, in
this case, the union as
n
 Ai = A1 A2 A3 …..  An {x : x  Ai for at least one i, 1  i n}.
i 1
Note :A  A = A (i.e. union of sets is idempotent), A  S = S and A  = A. Also A  B = B

 A and
A  (B  C)  (B  C) = (A  B)  C.
AB
 Intersection of sets
The intersection of two sets A and B is defined as the set of those elements which are in both A
and B and is written as
A B = {x : x  A and x  B}; e.g if A = {a, b, c, d, e} and B = {b, d, e}, then A  B = {b, d,
e} and if
A = {x : x  R, 0 < x < 3}, B = {x : x  R, 3 < x < 4}, A  B = .
Note: A  A = A, A  S = A and A  = .
The commutative, associative and distributive laws hold for intersection of two sets i.e.
 A B=B A
 (A  B)  C = A  (B  C)
 A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
 A (B  C) = (A B)  (A  C)
The intersection of n sets A1, A2…..An is written as
n
 Ai = A1 A2 A3…..  An = {x : x  Ai for all i, 1  i  n}.
i 1
 Disjoint sets
Two set A and B are said to be disjoint, if there is no element which is in both A and B, i.e
A  B = ; e.g. A = {a, b, c}, B = {d, e, f} are disjoint.
 Difference of sets
The difference of two set A and B, taken in this order, is defined as the set of all those elements
of A which are not in B and is denoted by A – B i.e A – B = {x : x  A and x  B}.
Similarly set B – A is the set of all those element of B which are not in A i.e. B – A = {x : x 
B, x  A}; e.g. if
A = {a, b, c, d, e} and B = {b, c, d, e, f}, then
A – B = {a} and B – A = {f}.
A – B is also denoted by A\B.
S A-B
B
A
 Complement of set
Complement of a set A is defined as S – A where S is the universal set and is denoted by A c or
A i.e. Ac = S – A or Ac = { x: x  S, x  A}.
c
A
A
Note: ( Ac)c = A, Sc = , A  Ac = , A  Ac = S.
Note: The properties of the complement of sets are known as DeMorgan laws, which are
(i) Ac – Bc = B – A
(ii) (A B)c = Ac Bc
(iii) (A  B)c = Ac Bc
To prove (iii), we have (A  B)c = {x : x  (A  B)}= { x : x  A or x  B}
= {x : x  Ac or x  Bc} = Ac Bc
Note: A – (B  C) = (A – B)  (A – C); A – (B  C) = (A – B)  (A – C).
A
A
A A
A – (B  C) A-C A-C
A-B
(B  C)
B
B
B
B
C C C
C C
A
(A – B)  (A – C)
B
C
Venn diagram for A – (B  C) = (A – B)  (A – C).

4.0 APPLICATION
 Let A be a finite site. The number of elements in A is denoted by n(A). Let A and B be two
finite sets. If A and B are two disjoint sets, then n (A  B) = n(A) + n(B).
If A and B are not disjoint, then
(i) n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B)
(ii) n(A  B) = n( A– B) + n(B – A) + n(A  B)
(iii) n(A) = n(A – B) + n( A  B)
(iv) n(B) = n(B – A) + n(A  B)
S A-B A B
S
B-A
B
A B
Illustration-1
Rewrite the following sets by the set builder method:
1 1 1 1 
(i) {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} (ii)  , , , 
 9 25 49 81 
Solution: (i) The general term, here, is 2n + 1. For n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, we get the elements of the set.
Hence, we write the given set as
{x: x = 2n + 1, n  N + {0} 0  n  4}.
1
(ii) The general term is . For n = 1, 2, 3, 4
( 2n  1) 2
 1 
Hence, we write the given set as  x : x  2
, n  N , n  4 .
 (2n  1) 
Illustration-2
Find the union of the sets A = {5, 7, 9}, B = {9, 13, 15} and C = {13, 15, 17}. Also show that
(A  B) C = A  ( B  C).
Solution: We have A  B = {5, 7, 9}  {9, 13, 15} = {5, 7, 9, 13, 15) and
B  C = {9, 13, 15}  {13, 15, 17} = {9, 13, 15, 17}
 (A  B)  C = {5, 7, 9, 13, 15}  {13, 15, 17} = {5, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17} and
A  (B  C ) = {5, 7, 9}  {9, 13, 15, 17} = {5, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17}
= (A  B)  C.
Illustration-3
Find the intersection of the sets
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {2, 4, 5}, C = {2, 6} and show that (A  B)  C = A  (B  C).
Solution: We have A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}  {2, 4, 5} and
B  C = {2, 4, 5}  {2, 6} = {2}
 (A  B)  C = {2, 4, 5}  {2, 6} = {2} and
A  (B  C) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}  {2} = {2}.
Illustration-4
For the set S = {10, 11, 12, 13, …. , 17, 18}, A = {11, 13, 15}, B = {12, 14, 16}, show that
Bc – Ac = A – B = A  Bc .
Solution: We have Ac = S – A = {10, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18}, and
Bc = {10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18} so that Bc – Ac = {11, 13, 15}.
Also A – B = {11, 13, 15} = Bc – Ac .
Moreover, A  Bc = {11, 13, 15} {10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18} = {11, 13, 15}
= A – B = B c – Ac
Illustration-5
In a certain examination, the candidates can offer papers in English or Hindi or both the subjects.
The number of candidates who appeared in the examination is 1000 of whom 650 appeared in
English and 200 both in English and Hindi. Find the number of candidates who offered paper in
(i) Hindi (ii) English only, (iii) Hindi only.
Solution: Let A = The set of candidates who offered paper in English
And B = The set of candidates who offered paper in Hindi. Hence
n(A  B) 1000, n (a) = 650, n (A  B) = 200 and from
n(A  B) = n (a) + n (b) – n (A  B), we have
1000 = 650 + n (b) – 200  n (b) = 550.
Also the number of candidates who offered paper in English only
= n(A – B) = n {candidates  A, and candidates  B}
 n(A – B) = n (a) – n (A  B) = 650 – 200 = 450
Similarly, the set of candidates who offered paper in Hindi only B – A
 n(B – A) = n(b) – n(A  B) = 550 – 200 = 350
5.0 INTERVALS
 The set of numbers between any real numbers is called interval. The following are the types of
interval.
5.1 CLOSED INTERVAL
 x [a, b]  {x: a ≤ x ≤ b}
  a b
5.2 OPEN INTERVAL
 x(a, b) or]a, b[  {x : a < x < b}
a b
5.3 SEMI–OPEN OR SEMI–CLOSED INTERVAL
 x[a, b[or[a, b) = {x: a ≤ x < b}.
a b
 x]a, b] or (a, b] = {x : a < x ≤ b}
a b
Note:
 A set of all real numbers can be expressed as (–∞, ∞)
 x(–∞, a) (b, ∞) xR – [a, b]
 x(–∞, a]  [b, ∞) xR – (a, b)
6.0 SOME FACTS ABOUT INEQUALITIES

 The following are some very useful points to remember:
a. a ≤ b  either a < b or a = b
b. a < b and b < c  a < c
c. a < b  – a > – b, i.e., the inequality sign reverse if both sides are multiplied by a
negative number
d. a < b and c < d  a + c < b + d and a – d < b – c
e. a < b  ka < kb if k > 0 and ka > kb if k < 0
f. 0 < a < b  ar < br if r > 0 and ar > br if r < 0
1
g. a  ≥ 2 for a > 0 and equality holds for a = 1
a
1
h. a  ≤ –2 for a < 0 and equality holds for a = –1
a
1 1
i. If x > 2  0 < 
x 2
1 1
j. If x < –3    0
3 x
k. If x < 2, then we must consider – < x < 0 or 0 < x < 2
6.1 SQUARING AN INEQUALITY
 If a < b, then a2 < b2 does not follow always:
Consider the following illustrations:
2 < 3  4 < 9, but –4 < 3  16 > 9
Also if x > 2  x2> 4, but for x < 2  x2 ≥ 0
If 2 < x < 4  4 < x2 < 16
If – 2 < x < 4  0 ≤ x2 < 16
If – 5 < x < 4  0 ≤ x2 < 25
6.2 THE METHOD OF INTERVALS (WAVY CURVE METHOD)
 The Method of interval (or way curve method) is used for solving inequalities of the form
(x  a1 ) n1 (x  a 2 ) n 2 ...(x  a k )n K
f (x)  m
> 0 (< 0, ≤ 0, or ≥ 0) where n1, n2, …,nK, m1, m2, …..
(x  b1 ) m1 (x  b 2 ) m2 ...(  b p ) p
mp are natural numbers and the numbers a1, a2, … , ak ; b1, b2, …. bp are real numbers such that
ai  bj,
where i = 1, 2, 3, …., K and j = 1, 2, 3, …., p.
It consist of the following steps:
 All zeros1 of the function f(x) contained on the left hand side of the inequality should be
marked on the number line with inked (black) circles.
 All points of discontinuities2 of the function f(x) contained on the left hand side of the
inequality should be marked on the number line with un–inked (white) circles
 Check the value of f(x) for any real number greater than the right most marked number on
the number line.
 From right to left, beginning above the number line (in case the value of f(x) is positive in
step (iii), otherwise, from below the number line), a wavy curve should be drawn to pass
through all the marked points so that when it passes through a simple point 3, the curve
intersects the number line, and, when passing through a double point4, the curve remains
located on one side of the number line.
 The appropriate intervals are chosen in accordance with the sign of inequality (the function
f(x) is positive whenever the curve is situated above the number line, it is negative if the
curve is found below the number line). Their union represents the solution of the given
inequality.
C1 C2 C3 Cm+n-2 Cm+n-1 Cm+n

......
REMARK
 Points of discontinuity will never be included in the answer.
 If you are asked to find the intervals where f(x) is non–negative or non–positive then
make the intervals closed corresponding to the roots of the numerator and let it remain
open corresponding to the roots of the denominator.
1. The point for which f(x) vanishes (becomes zero) are called function zeros e.g.
x = ai .
2. The points x = bj are the point of the discontinuity of the function f(x).
3. If the exponent of a factor is odd then the point is called a simple point.
4. If the exponent of a factor is even then the point is called a double point.
Illustration-6
2 2
Solve : (x – x – 6) (x + 6x) ≥ 0
Solution: x(x – 3) (x + 2) (x + 6) ≥ 0
Consider E = x(x – 3)(x + 2)(x + 6), E = 0  x = 0, 3, –2, –6 (all are simple points)
–6 –2 03
For x ≥ 3, E = x (x  3) ( x  2) ( x  6 )
  
ve  ve  ve  ve
= positive
–6 –2 0 3
Hence for x(x – 3) (x + 2) (x + 6) ≥ 0
x (–, –6]  [–2, 0]  [3, )
Illustration-7
( x  1) 3 ( x  2 ) 4 ( x  3 ) 5 ( x  6 )
Let f(x) = . Solve the following inequality
x 2 ( x  7 )3
(i) f(x) > 0 (ii) f(x) ≥ 0 (iii) f(x) < 0 (iv) f(x) ≤ 0
Solution: We mark on the number line zeros of the function: 1, –2, 3 and –6 (with black circles) and the
points of discontinuity 0 and 7 (with white circles), isolate the double points: –2 and 0 and
draw the way curve:
0
–6 1 3 7
–2
From graph, we get
(i) x (–, –6)  (1, 3)  (7, )
(ii) x (–, –6]  {–2} [1, 3]  (7, )
(iii) x(–6, –2)  (–2, 0)  (0, 1)  (3, 7)
(iv) x[–6, 0)  (0, 1]  [3, 7)
Illustration-8
2
Solve  3.
x
2
Solution:  3.
x
2
 30 (we cannot cross multiply with x, as x can be negative or positive)
x
2  3x 3x  2 ( x  2 / 3)
 0  0  0
x x x
( x  2 / 3)
Sign scheme of is as follows:
x
+ – +
0 2/3
 x(–, 0)  (2/3, ).
Illustration-9
2
Solve (x – 1) (x + 4) < 0.
Solution:
– + +
–4 1
Sign of expression does not change at x = 1 as (x – 1)

Factor has even power.
Hence, solution of (1) is x  (–, –4).
Illustration-10
Find x such that 3x2 – 7x + 6 < 0
Solution: D = 49 – 72 < 0
As D < 0, 3x2 – 7x + 6 will always be positive. Hence x .
7.0 MODULUS
 A modulus function is a function which gives the absolute value of a number or variable. It is
also termed as an absolute value function. The outcome of this function is always positive, no
matter what input has been given to the function. It is represented as y = |x|.
  Definition :
 x, if x  0
f (x) = f (x)  
  x, if x  0
 If x is positive then the output of the function f(x) will be x only. But if x is negative, then the
output of x will be the magnitude of x.
7.1 GRAPH OF MODULUS FUNCTION
7.2 PROPERTIES OF MODULUS FUNCTION

 |x| = a  points on the real number line whose distance from orgin is a
 x =  a.
-a 0 a
 |x|  a  x2  a2
-a 0 a
 Points on the real number line whose distance from the origin is a or less than a
 -a  x  a; (a  0).
 |x|  a  x2  a2
 Points on the real number line whose distance from origin is a or greater than a
-a 0 a
 x  – a or x  a; (a  0)
 a  |x|  b  a2  x2  b2
 x  [–b, –a]  [a, b].
-b -a 0 a b
 |x + y| = |x| + |y|  x and y have the same sign or at least one of x and y is zero or xy  0.
  |x – y| = |x| - |y|  x  0, y  0 and |x|  |y| or x  0, y  0 and |x|  |y|.
 |x  y|  |x|+ |y|,
 |x  y|  ||x| - |y||.
Illustration-11
Solve for x, |x – 1| – |x – 2| = 10
Solution: Here the critical points are 1 and 2.
Let us check for the value less than 1, between 1 and 2, and greater than 2.
Case 1: For x<1
–(x – 1) – { – (x – 2)} = 10
Or – x + 1 + x – 2 = 10
Or –1 = 10 (which is not possible)
Case 2: x  [1, 2)
(x – 1) – {–(x – 2)} = 10
or x – 1 + x – 2 = 10
or x = 13/2
In this case x  [1, 2), so 6.5 is not a solution.
Case 3: x≥2
(x – 1) – (x – 2) = 10
 1 = 10 (which is not possible)
So this equation has no solution.
Illustration-12
1
Solve | 3 x  2 | .
2
1
Solution: | 3x  2 | .
2
1 1
   3x  2 
2 2
3 5
  3x 
2 2
1 5
 x
2 6
 x  [1 / 2, 5 / 6 ].
Illustration-13
Solve ||x – 1| – 5| 2.
Solution: Solve ||x – 1|– 5|  2
 | x  1 | 5  2or | x  1 | 5  2
 | x  1 |  3or | x  1 |  7
 – 3  x – 1  3 or x – 1  – 7 or x – 1  7
 – 2  x  4 or x  – 6 or x  8
 x  (, 6 ]  [2, 4]  [8, ).
Illustration-14
If |x2 – 5x + 6| + |x2 – 8x + 12| = 0. Find x.
Solution: Every modulus is a non-negative number and if two non-negative numbers add up to get zero
then individual numbers itself equal to zero simultaneously.
x2 – 5x + 6 = 0 for x = 2 or 3
x2 – 8x + 12 = 0 for x = 2 or 6
Both the equations are zero at x = 2
So, x = 2 is the only solution for this equation.
Illustration-15
| x  3|x
Solve  1.
x2
| x  3 | x
Solution: We have  1.
x2
Clearly, L. H. S. of this in equation is meaningful for x  – 2.
| x  3 | x
Given  1.
x2
| x  3 | x
 10
x2
| x  3 | x  x  2
 0
x2
| x  3 | 2
 0
x2
If |x + 3| – 2 = 0  x + 3 =  2  x = – 5, – 1.
| x  3 | 2
Hence, the sign scheme of the expression is as follows:
x2
From the above sign scheme, x  (–5, –2)  (–1, ).
8.0 LOGARITHM
 Logarithms are widely used in computations in mathematics as well as in science. It helps to
solve complex problems involving exponents of variables, easily. Logarithms and exponents
are closely related. Repeated addition of the same number (or quantity) evolves multiplication
and the repeated multiplication of the same factor evolves exponentiation. The inverse of these
operations leads to extracting roots and taking logarithms.
  e.g. 29 = 512, 93 = 729
i.e. ninth power of 2 is 512 and third power of 9 is 729. In general, for a positive real number a
and rational number m, we have am = b, where b is a real number. We can state that the mth
power of base a is b. We can also say that the logarithm of b to the base a is m.
 If a > 0 and  1, then logarithm of a positive number m is defined as the index x of that power
of ‘a’ which equals m
i.e. loga m = x iff ax = m
 a loga m  m . ….(1)
  The function defined by f (x) = loga x, a > 0, a  1 is called logarithmic function. Its domain is
(0, ) and range is R.
 When base is ‘e’ then the logarithmic function is called natural logarithmic function and when
base is 10, then it is called common logarithmic function.
8.1 GRAPH OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
y = logax, a > 1
 When 0 < x < 1, x = ay.
y
That is, we have to choose those values of y for which 0 <
ay < 1.
Since a > 1, y  0  y  (, 0).
(1, 0)
 When x = 1, x = ay.
O x
We have to choose that value of y for which x becomes 1 
y = 0.
 When x > 1, x = ay.
Graph of logax, a > 1
We have to choose those values of y for which x > 1.
Since a > 1, 0 < y < .
y = logax, 0 < a < 1, x = ay y
 When 0 < x < 1,

we have to choose those values of y for which 0 < ay < 1.
Since 0 < a < 1, y > 0. (1, 0)
O x
 When x > 1,
we have to choose those values of y for which ay > 1.
Since a < 1, y < 0.
Graph of logax, 0<a<1
8.2 PROPERTIES
For any a; a > 0; a  1 and any x; y > 0
 a loga b  b
 log a 1  0
 log a a  1
 log a (x.y)  log a x  log a y
x
 log a  log a x  log a y
y
1
 log a   log a x
x
 log a x p  p log a x
1
 log a k x  log a x, for k  0
k
 log a x  log a c x c
log b x
 log a x  - change of base formula
log b a
1
 log a x 
log x a
 a logb c  clogb a
Illustration-16
log a x
Prove that  1  log a b , for permissible values of letters involved in the result.
log ab x
Solution: LHS = loga x . logx ab

= loga x (logx a + logx b)
= loga x . logx a + loga x . logx b = 1 + loga b = RHS.
Illustration-17
Find the value of x for which log (x + 3) + log (x – 3) = log 27.
Solution: The given equation
log (x + 3) + log (x – 3) = log 27
 log (x + 3)(x – 3) = log 27
 log (x2 – 9) = log 27
 x2 – 9 = 27  x2 = 36  x = 6. (x cannot be –6 as x > 3)
Illustration-18
The expression logp log p p p p ........... p p
____________
n radical sign
where p  2, p N ; n  N when simplified is.

(a) independent of p (b) independent of p and of n
(c) depend on both p & n (d) positive
1
n n
Solution: log p log p PP  log p log p p p
 log p p  n  n log p p  n
Illustration-19
Find the solution set for log 1 / 3 ( x 2  x  1 )  1  0 is
Solution: log 1/ 3 ( x 2  x  1)  1
1
1
 x2  x  1   
3
 x2 + x + 1 < 3
 x2 + x – 2 < 0
 (x – 1) (x + 2) < 0
 x  (–2, 1)
Illustration-20
 4
log 2 log 1  x 2  
 1  5
Find the values of x, satisfying   5 1
2
 4
log 2 log 1  x 2  
1  5
Solution:   5 1
2
 2 4
x  
1log 2 log1/ 5 
2 5
1
1
  4 
log 2 log1/ 5  x 2    1
2   5 
1
  4 
 log1/ 5  x 2     1
  5 
 4
 log 1/ 5  x 2    1
 5
4 4
For log defined, x 2  0  x2 
5 5
2
x2   ...(1)
5
1
4  1 4 1
and x 2    , x2   1
5 5 5 5
x 2  1  –1  x  1 …(2)
2 2
(1) & ( 2)  1  x   ,  x1
5 5
EXERCISE-1
MCQs with One Correct Answer Type
1. The value of x, satisfying the inequality log0.3(x2 + 8) > log0.39x, lies in
(a) 1<x<8 (b) 8 < x < 13 (c) x>8 (d) none these
 1 
2. If a = log1/2 0.125 and b = log3   then
 24  17 
(a) a > 0, b > 0 (b) a < 0, b < 0 (c) a > 0, b < 0 (d) a<0,b>0
3. The number log27 is
(a) rational number (b) irrational number (c) a prime number (d) an integer
4log9  x 1
4. The value of x, satisfying 3  22log2 x  3 , is
(a) x=0 (b) x=1 (c) x=2 (d) x=3
1 1
5. The value of  is
log 3  log 4 
(a) 2 (b) less than 2 (c) more than 2 (d) none of these
6. The value of |logba + logab| where a and b are positive numbers is always
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) =2 (d) none of these
log a n  log b n
7. If a > 0, c > 0, b = ac , a  1, c  1, ac  1 and n > 0, then the value of is equal to
log b n  log c n
log a n log n a
(a) (b) (c) logca (d) none of these
log c n log n c
16 25 81
8. The value of 7 log  5 log  3log is
15 24 80
(a) log2 (b) log 3 (c) 0 (d) none of these
9. Values of x satisfying the equation
log  2x 3  6x 2  23x  21  4  log  3x  7   4x 2  12x  9  are
1 1
(a) 1,  1 (b) 2,  (c) 1,  (d) 2,  1
3 4 4 3
10. Value of x, satisfying the equation
x
6 loga x. log10 a.loga 5 log10  10 
a 3  9log100 x  log 4 2 is
5
(a) 50 (b) 100 (c) 150 (d) 200
11. Let A be the sets of the letters in the word “RAIGARH” and B be the sets of the letters in the word
“PRATAPGARH” then n(A  B) represents
(a) 7 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 3
12. If D = {x : x is divisible by 2 and 3 and 0 < x < 20} and B = {x : x is a multiple of 6 and 0 < x < 25}
then A  B = ?
(a)  (b) {2, 3} (c) {6, 12} (d) {6, 12, 18}
13. Which of the following Venn diagram represents (A – B)?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
14. For all the sets A and B, A – (A  B) is equal to

(a) A – (A  B) (b) B – (A  B) (c) A–B (d) B–A
15. Let A = {x : x is a prime number less than 10} and B = {x : x  N and 0 < x – 2  4} then A – B is
(a) {2, 3, 5) (b) {3, 4} (c) {3, 4, 5} (d) {2, 7}
1 1 1 1
16.    .......  is equal to
log 2 n log 3 n log 4 n log 43 n
log n 1
(a) (b) (c) log43! n (d) none of these
log (43!) log 43!n
17. If log0.3(x  1) < log0.09(x  1), then x will lie in the interval
(a) (2, ) (b) (1, 2) (c) (2, 1) (d) none of these
log a  log b a 
18. The value of is
log b  log a b 
(a) logab (b) logba (c)  logab (d) none of these
19. The values of x, satisfying the equation for  a > 0
2log x a  log ax a  3log a 2 x a  0 are
(a) a2, a1 (b) a1/2, a1 (c) a3, a1 (d) a4/3, a1/2
20. The value of x, satisfying the equation

log10 98  x 3  x 2  12x  36  2 is 
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
21. If 4log9 3  9log2 4  10log x 83 , then x is equal to
(a) 2 (b) 10 (c 9 (d) none of these
1 1 1
22. If x > 1, y > 1, z > 1 are in G.P, then , , are in
1  ln x 1  ln y 1  ln z
(a) A.P (b) G.P (c) H.P (d) none of these
23.   
log 3 log 2 log 3 81 is equal to
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) none of these

ln x ln y ln z
24. For   , xyz is equal to
bc ca a b
(a) 1 (b) abc (c) 0 (d) none of these
25. For x > 1, the minimum value of 2 log10x  logx(0.01) is
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) ½ (d) ¼
1/3 1/5
26. If y1 = (0.01) and y2 = (0.001) , then
(a) y1 > y2 (b) y1 < y2 (c) y1 = y2 (d) none of these
27. The value of logba logcb logac is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) logaabc (d) 10
log  x  1
28. The value of x in  2 is
log x
5 1 5 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 2
2 2
 log x a  log a y  log y z 
29. x is equal to
(a) x (b) y (c) z (d) none of these
30. The value of x in log101250 + log1080 = x is
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 1
x2  1
31 The largest negative integer which satisfies  0 is
 x  2 x  3
(a) –4 (b) –3 (c) –1 (d) –2
32. The greatest negative integer satisfying x2 – 4x –77 < 0 and x2 > 4 is
(a) –5 (b) –6 (c) –3 (d) none of these
2 2lnk
33. If the product of the roots of the equation x – 3kx + 2e – 1 = 0 is 7, then for real roots the value of
k is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
2
34. If |x | + |x| –2 = 0, then the value of x is equal to
(a) 2 (b) –2 (c) 1 (d) None of these
x+2 x
35. The solution set of log1/2(2 – 4 )  –2 is
(a) (–, 2 – 13 ) (b) (–, 2 + 13 ) (c) (–, 2) (d) none of these

36. The number of non empty subsets of a set consisting of 6 elements is
15 – 4x
37. 2
 4, solve for x.
x – x – 12
 63 
(a)  (b)  – , – 
 2 
 – 63   63 
(c) (4, ∞) (d)  – ,    –3,   (4, )
 2   2 
38. | x 2  x  1|  | x 2  x  2 | , solve for x.

(a)  (b) {1, 3} (c) {1, 2} (d) none of these
39. If X is a finite set, let P((X) denote the set of all subsets of X and n(X) denote the number of elements
in X. If for two finite sets A and B, n[P(A)] = n[P(B)] + 15, find n(A) and n(B).
(a) 4, 0 (b) 0, 4 (c) 1, 3 (d) none of these
(2x  3)
40. (x 2  3x) (2x  3) – 16 0
(x 2  3x)
 –3 
(a) [–4, – 3)   , 0   [1, ) (b) 
2 
(c)  –3 2 ,   (d) None of these
EXERCISE-2
MCQ with One or More Correct Answer(s) Type

1. Which of the following is / are true?
(a) If |x + y| = |x| + |y|, then points (x, y) line 1st or 3rd quadrant or any of the x-axis or y-axis.
(b) If |x + y| < |x| + |y|, then points (x, y) lie in 2nd or 4th quadrant.
(c) If |x – y| = |x| + |y|, then points (x, y) lie in 2nd or 4th quadrant.
(d) none of these
2. Which of the following when simplified, vanishes?
1 2 3
(a) + –
log 3 2 log9 4 log 27 8
2 9
(b) log2   + log4  
3 4
(c) – log8 log4 log216
(d) log10 cot 1° + log10cot 2° + log10 cot 3° + ……+ log10 cot 89°
1  2 log3 2
3. The number N = 2
+ log62 2 when simplified reduces to-
(1  log3 2)
(a) a prime number (b) an irrational number

(c) a real which is less then log3 (d) a real which is greater than log76
4. Which of the following numbers are positive?
2 / 3
1 2
(a) log log 2   (b) log 2   (c) log10log109 (d) log10sin 125³
3
 2 3
5. Which of the following are correct?
(a) log319. log1/73. log41/7 > 2 (b) log5(1/23) lies between –2 and –1
2 log3 7
1 
(c) if m = 4log4 7 and n =   then n =m4 (d) log 5
sin   . log 
5 =3
9 5 sin
5
6. The solution set of

x 1 ( x  1) 2
+|x+1|= is
x |x|
(a) {x | x  0} (b) {x | x > 0} {–1}

(c) {–1, 1} (d) {x | x  1 or x  – 1}
7. The equation || x – 1 | + a | = 4 can have real solutions for x if a belongs to the interval
(a) (–, 4) (b) (–, –4) (c) (4, +) (d) [–4, 4]
3x  1
8. If f(x) = and S = {x| f(x) >0} then S contains –
3x  2 x 2  x
3
1  1 
(a) (–, –2) (b)  ,5 (c) (–, –1) (d) (0, ) –  
3  3
9. The in-equation (logx2)(log2x2) (log24x) > 1
(a) has a meaning for all x (b) has a meaning if x > 2

 1
(c) is satisfied in  2  2 ,  (d) is satisfied in (1, 2 2
)
 2
10. Which of the following numbers are positive?

2/ 3
1  2
(a) log log 2   (b) log 2   (c) log10log109 (d) log10sin 125³
3
 2  3
11. If x1 and x2 are the solution of the equation
2
3 log3 x  log x
x 3 = 100 3 10 then
(a) x 1x 2 = 1 (b) x 1. x 2 = x 1 + x 2 (c) log x 2 . x1 = –1 (d) log (x1. x2) = 0
12. The solutions of the equation

2
 log x 2
| x  1 |(log x ) = |x –1|3, where base of logarithm is 10 are-
1
(a) x=2 (b) x= (c) x = 1000 (d) x = 100
10
3
13. log| sin x | (x2 – 8x + 23) > -
log 2 | sin x |
3 3  
(a) 3 < x < , < x < , <x<5 (b) 3 < x < , < x < , <x<5
2 2 2 2
5 5  
(c) 3<x< , <x< , <x<5 (d) None of these
2 2 2 2
14. If x1–log5 x = 0.04, then x is

1 1
(a) (b) 5 (c) 25 (d)
5 25
15. If p, q  N satisfy the equation x x

 ( x ) x , then p and q are
(a) relatively prime

(b) twin prime
(c) coprime
(d) if logqp is defined, then logpq is not and vice-versa
1
16. If  log 0.1 x  2 , then the value of x may be
2
1 1 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
100 10 1000 10
17. Which of the following when simplified reduces to unity?
1 1
(a) log10 25 log8 5

 49 log 6 7
(b) log1/2 (log3cos30° – log3sin30°)
(5 3  50) (5 – 24)
(c) (d) log1/2cos45°
75 – 5 2
18. If log45 = x and log56 = y then
(a) log46 = xy (b) log64 = xy
1 1
(c) log 3 2  (d) log 2 3 
2xy – 1 2xy – 1
19. Select the correct statement
1
(a) log 3 19.log1/7 log 4    2
7
(b) The equation log1/3(x + 8) = – 2 has one real solution
1
(c) let N = log 2 15.log1/ 6 2.log 3   . The greatest integer which is less than or equal to N is 3.
6
(d) The equation log4x + log4(x + 2) = log4(3x) has no prime solution
1  2log 3 2
20. The number N   log 26 2 when simplified reduces to:
(1  log 3 2) 2
(a) a prime number (b) an irrational number
(c) a real number less than log23 (d) a real which is greater than log76
EXERCISE-3
Matrix-Match Type
1. A = {x: x  N, G.C.D. (x, 36) = 1, x < 36}. B = {y: y  N, G.C.D. (y, 40) = 1, y < 40}; (G. C. D.
stands for greatest common divisors)
Column – I Column – II
(a) n(A  B) (p) 10
(b) C= {x : x  A  B, x is prime}, n(C) = (q) 9
(c) n(A  B) (r) 21
(d) n(A – B) × (B – A)) (s) 11
2. Match the column for values of x which satisfy the equation in Column 1
log10 ( x  3) 1 (p) 5
(a) 2

log10 ( x  21) 2
(b) xlog x + 4 = 32, wherebase of logarithm is 2 (q) 100
(c) 5logx – 3log x– 1 = 3log x + 1 –5log x –1 where the base of (r) 2

logarithm is 10
(s) 1/32
(d) 91+log x – 31+logx – 210 = 0; where base of log is 3
3.
x 1/x
(a) If 3 and 7 are two distinct prime number  x  R (p) 4
then number of x so that 3x + 71/x = 10 is/are
(b) If N be the number of solution and S be the sum of all (q) 2

2
roots of the equation |x – x – 6| = x + 2, then N + S
equals
 2 log6 3 1  (r) 1
(c) The value of 4   (log6 2)2   is
 log2 6 (log3 6)2 
(d) The number of values (s) 7

log27 ( x 3) log 5
of x satisfying 3 3
= 50 is/are
4.
(a) If x1 and x2 satisfy the equation (x  1)log10 (x  1)  100(x  1) , (p) irrational

then the value of (x1 + 1) (x2 + 1) + 5 is
(b) The product of all values of x which make the following (q) rational
statement true
(log3x) (log59) – logx25 + log32 = log354, is (r) prime
(c) If logba = –3, logbc = 4 and if the value of x satisfying the (s) composite
equation a3x = cx–1 is expressed in the form p/q, where p and q
are relatively prime, then q is
(t) twin prime
Linked Comprehension Type Questions

Comprehension-1
In a certain city of 15000 families, 3.5% of families who read A but not B look into advertisements, 25% of
the families who read B but not A look into advertisements and 50% of the families, who read both A and
B look into advertisements. It is known that 8000 families read A, 4000 read B and 1000 read both A and
B.
1. The number of families who look into advertisements
(a) 1295 (b) 1395 (c) 1495 (d) 1500
2. The number of families who read none of the newspaper
(a) 3000 (b) 4000 (c) 6000 (d) No family
3. The number of families who read at most one of the newspaper
(a) 11000 (b) 12000 (c) 13000 (d) 14000
Comprehension-2

24  2x  x  2 
Let f(x) = log  25 x 2   
   14 
 16 
 
On the basis of above information, answer the following:

1. The values of x for which the
25  x 2
f ( x ) × log sec 2 (8.5) >0
16
(a) (–3, 3) (b) (–1 – 11 , 3)

(c) (–3, – 1 + 11 ) (d) (–5 – 11 , –1 + 11 )
 25  x  2 
2. If    (0, 1) then values of x for which f(x) > 1 will be
 16 
(a) (3, 4) (b) (–5, –3)
(c) (3, 5) (d) (–6, –3)  (3, 4)
 25  x 2 
3. If   > 1 then values of x for which f(x) > 1 will be-

 16 
(a) (–3, 0) (b) (–3, 1) (c) (–3, 2) (d) (–3, 3)

Comprehension-3
In comparison of two numbers, logarithm of smaller number is smaller, if base of the logarithm is greater
than one. Logarithm of smaller number is larger, if base of logarithm is in between zero and one. For
example log24 is smaller than log28 and log1/24 is larger than log1/2 8.
On the basis of the above information, answer the following questions:
1. Identify the correct order:
(a) log26 < log38 < log36 < log46 (b) log26 > log38 > log36 > log46
(c) log3 8 > log26 > log36 > log46 (d) log38 > log46 > log36 > log26
2. log1/2040 is
(a) greater than one (b) smaller than one
(c) greater than zero and smaller than one (d) None of these
3. log1/4 (x –1) < log1/4(3–x) is satisfied when
(a) x is greater than one (b) x is greater than two and smaller than 3
(c) x is smaller than three (d) insufficient information
Comprehension-4
a, b, x are positive integers and a ≠ 1, b ≠1
(i) a logb x  x logb a (ii) a loga x  x
log a x 1
(iii) log b x  (iv) log a k b  log a b
log a b k
1. If 3x log5 2  2log5 x  64 , then value of x is
(a) 25 (b) 625 (c) 64 (d) 6
log10 (x – 3) 1
2. If  then x =
log10 (x 2 – 2) 2
4
3. The number of real solutions of log2x = 4 is
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
Numerical Type
1. A = { x : x satisfies x3 – 11x2 + 39x – 45 = 0}
B = {x : 5x – 6, 3x + 1, x – 1 are lengths of sides of a }, then n(A  B) is ________.
2. Set of values of x satisfying the inequality
( x  3) 2 (2x  5)(x  7)
 0 is [a, b)  (b, c] then 2a + b + c is equal to
( x 2  x  1) (3x  6) 2
3. find number of solutions of |x2 – 4x + 3| = |x2 + 4x + 7|
4. Set A has 3 elements and set B has 6 elements. Find the minimum number of elements in A  B .
5. If A = [(x, y) : x2 + y2 = 25] and B = [(x, y) : x2 + 9y2 = 144], find the number of points in
A  B.
6. If A is the null set, then the number of elements in the power set P  P(A)  , is
3 x 2 10 x  3
7. number of solutions of ) x  3 = 1, is
x1
x
8. If xn > xn–1 >...> x2 > x1 > 1 then the value of log x1 log x 2 log x 3 ...log x n x n n 1 is equal to
(2x – 2)
9. The greatest integer satisfying (x 2 – 2x) (2x – 2) – 9  0 , is
(x 2 – 2x)
10. The number of solutionof the equation log3x 10 – 6 log 2x 10  11 log x 10 – 6  0 is
EXERCISE-4
Previous Years JEE Mains Questions
1. Let (x0, y0) be the solution of the following equations
(2x)ln2 = (3y)ln3, 3ln x = 2ln y Then x0 is
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 6
6 3 2
2. Number of solutions of log4(x – 1) = log2(x – 3) is
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 0
1 1 1 
log 2.5   2  3  ... to  
3 3 
3. The value of (0.16) 3
is equal to __________.
EXERCISE-5
Previous Years JEE Advance Questions
MCQs with One Correct Answer Type
1. The least value of the expression 2 log10x – logx(0.01), for x > 1, is
(a) 10 (b) 2 (c) –0.01 (d) 4
2
2. The number of real solutons of the equation |x| – 3|x| + 2 = 0 is
(a) 4 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 2
12 9 4
3. The largest interval for which x – x + x – x + 1 > 0
(a) –4 < x  0 (b) 0<x<1 (c) –100 < x < 100 (d) –∞ < x < ∞
4. If x satisfies |x – 1| + |x – 2| + |x – 3| ≥ 6, then
(a) x  0 or x  4 (b) x  – 2 or x ≥ 4 (c) x  0 or x ≥ 4 (d) None of these
5. If ln(a + c), ln (a – c), ln(a – 2b + c) are in A.P., then
(a) a, b, c are in A.P. (b) a2, b2, c2 are in A.P.
(c) a, b, c are in G.P. (d) a, b, c are in H.P.
2
6. The set of all real numbers x for which x – |x + 2| + x > 0 is
(a) (–∞, –2) (b) (– , – 2)  ( 2, )
(c) (–∞, –1)  (1, ∞) (d) ( 2, )

7. Let (x0, y0) be the solution of the following equations:
(2x)ln 2 = (3y)ln 3;
3ln x = 2ln y
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 6
6 3 2
MCQ with One or More Correct Answer(s) Type
3 5
 log 2 x 2  log 2 x –
8. The equation x 4 4
 2 has
(a) at least one real solution (b) exactly three solutions

(c) exactly one irrational solution (d) complex roots
9. If 3x = 4x – 1, then x =
2 log 3 2 2 1 2 log 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 log 3 2 – 1 2 – log 2 3 1 – log 4 3 2 log 2 3 – 1
Integer Answer Type

10. The value of
 1 1 1 1 
6  log 3/ 2  4– 4– 4– ...  is
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 

Fill in the Blanks Type

11. The solution of the equation log 7 ( x  5  x )  0 is ________.
12. The sum of all real roots of the equation |x – 2|2 + |x – 2| – 2 = 0 is _________.
True/False Type
13. For 0 < a < x, the minimum value of the function logax + logx a is 2.
Matching Column Type
14. Match the statements/expressions in Column – I with the statements/expressions in Column – II
x 2  2x  4 (p) 0
(a) The minimum value of is
x2
(b) Let A and B be 3 × 3 matrices of real number, where A is symmetric, B is (q) 1

skew symmetric, and (A + B) (A – B) = (A – B) (A + B). If (AB)t = (–1)k AB,
where (AB)t is the transpose of the matrix AB, then the possible values of k are
(r) 2
1  (s) 3
(c) If   cos  , then the possible values of     –  are
 2
15. Match the statements/expressions given in Column I with the values given in Column II
(a) The number of solutions of the equation xesin x – cos x = 0 in the interval (p) 1
 
 0, 
 2
(b) Value(s) of k for which the planes kx + 4y + z = 0, 4x + ky + 2z = 0 and (q) 2

2x + 2y + z = 0 intersect in a straight line
(c) Value(s) of k for which |x – 1| + |x – 2| + |x + 1| + |x + 2| = 4k has integer (r) 3
soluton(s)
(d) If y = y + 1 and y(0) = 1, then value(s) of y(loge 2) (s) 4
(t) 5
ANSWER KEY
Exercise-1
MCQs with One Correct Answer
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c)
6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (d)
16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (b)
26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (d) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (c)
36. (a) 37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (a) 40. (a)
Exercise-2
One or More Correct Question
1. [a, b, c] 2. [abcd] 3. [c, d] 4. [a, b] 5. [a,b,c]
6. [b] 7. [a,b,d] 8. [a,b,c,d] 9. [b,c,d] 10. [a]
11. [a,c,d] 12. [a,b,c] 13. [a] 14. [a, c] 15. [a,c,d]
16. [a,b,d] 17. [a,b,c] 18. [a, c] 19. [b,d] 20. [c,d]
Exercise-3
Linked Comprehension Type Questions
Comprehension-1
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d)
Comprehension-2
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b)
Comprehension-3
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b)
Comprehension-4
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b)
Matrix-Match Type Questions

1. (a) (q) (b) (s) (c) (p) (d) (r)
2. (a) (p) (b) (r, s) (c) (q) (d) (p)
3. (a) (r) (b) (s) (c) (p) (d) (r)
4. (a) (q, s) (b) (p) (c) (q, r)
Integer Type Questions

1. (2) 2. (0) 3. (1) 4. (6)
5. (4) 6. (2) 7. (3) 8. (1)
9. (3) 10. (3)
Exercise-4
Previous Years JEE Mains Questions
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (4)
Exercise-5
Previous Years JEE Advance Questions
Single Correct Type Questions
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (d)
6. (b) 7. (c)
Multiple Correct Answers Type
8. (a,b,c) 9. (a,b,c)
Integer Answer Type
10. (4)
Fill in the Blanks Type
11. null set 12. (4)
True/False Type
13. True
Matching Column Type
14. (a) r (b) q, s (c) p, q, r, s
15. (a) p (b) t (c) q, r, s, t (d) r

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BASIC MATHS XI-MMI-1

1.4 THE RATIONAL NUMBERS

All Numbers (Complex Numbers)

2.0 SET THEORY

A = { a, k, l, o, u}, B = {a, b, c, ….x, y, z}. Here A  B and if A = {2, 4, 6}, B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

The number of subsets having exactly one element = n = n C 1

The number of subset having 2 elements = number of groups of 2 elements out of n = n C 2

The number of subset having n element (A itself) = 1 = n C n

3.0 OPERATION ON SETS

Note :A  A = A (i.e. union of sets is idempotent), A  S = S and A  = A. Also A  B = B

Venn diagram for A – (B  C) = (A – B)  (A – C).

{x: x = 2n + 1, n  N + {0} 0  n  4}.

6.0 SOME FACTS ABOUT INEQUALITIES

C1 C2 C3 Cm+n-2 Cm+n-1 Cm+n

Sign of expression does not change at x = 1 as (x – 1)

7.2 PROPERTIES OF MODULUS FUNCTION

Both the equations are zero at x = 2

So, x = 2 is the only solution for this equation.

From the above sign scheme, x  (–5, –2)  (–1, ).

 When 0 < x < 1,

Solution: LHS = loga x . logx ab

where p  2, p N ; n  N when simplified is.

14. For all the sets A and B, A – (A  B) is equal to

(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) none of these

(a) (–, 2 – 13 ) (b) (–, 2 + 13 ) (c) (–, 2) (d) none of these

38. | x 2  x  1|  | x 2  x  2 | , solve for x.

(c)  –3 2 ,   (d) None of these

MCQ with One or More Correct Answer(s) Type

(a) a prime number (b) an irrational number

6. The solution set of

(a) {x | x  0} (b) {x | x > 0} {–1}

9. The in-equation (logx2)(log2x2) (log24x) > 1

(a) has a meaning for all x (b) has a meaning if x > 2

10. Which of the following numbers are positive?

12. The solutions of the equation

14. If x1–log5 x = 0.04, then x is

15. If p, q  N satisfy the equation x x

(a) relatively prime

(a) log10 25 log8 5

(b) xlog x + 4 = 32, wherebase of logarithm is 2 (q) 100

(c) 5logx – 3log x– 1 = 3log x + 1 –5log x –1 where the base of (r) 2

(b) If N be the number of solution and S be the sum of all (q) 2

(d) The number of values (s) 7

(a) If x1 and x2 satisfy the equation (x  1)log10 (x  1)  100(x  1) , (p) irrational

Linked Comprehension Type Questions

On the basis of above information, answer the following:

(a) (–3, 3) (b) (–1 – 11 , 3)

(a) (–3, 0) (b) (–3, 1) (c) (–3, 2) (d) (–3, 3)

10. The number of solutionof the equation log3x 10 – 6 log 2x 10  11 log x 10 – 6  0 is

(c) (–∞, –1)  (1, ∞) (d) ( 2, )

(a) at least one real solution (b) exactly three solutions

Integer Answer Type

Fill in the Blanks Type

(b) Let A and B be 3 × 3 matrices of real number, where A is symmetric, B is (q) 1

(b) Value(s) of k for which the planes kx + 4y + z = 0, 4x + ky + 2z = 0 and (q) 2

(d) If y = y + 1 and y(0) = 1, then value(s) of y(loge 2) (s) 4

Matrix-Match Type Questions

Integer Type Questions

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