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UNIT III

Overview
In this unit, you will learn about the different types of communication that you are
being engaged with almost every day of your life. Additionally, lessons in this unit will help
you become a better communicator as you will develop a sense of awareness on different
communication contexts and the appropriate ways to approach them.

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this unit, I will be able to:

1. Identifies the various types of speech context
2. Exhibits appropriate verbal and non-verbal behavior in a given speech context
3. Distinguishes types of speech style
4. Identifies social situations in which each speech style is appropriate to use
5. Observes the appropriate language forms in using a particular speech style
6. Responds appropriately and effectively to a speech act
7. Engages in a communicative situation using acceptable, polite and meaningful
communicative strategies

Lesson Proper

Types of Speech Context

1. Intrapersonal- It refers to the communication with one’s self.

Example: You spent the night thinking and analyzing why a student from the other
class talked to you on the way home and you decided it probably meant nothing.

2. Interpersonal- This refers to communication between and among people and

establishes personal relationship between and among them.
Examples: You offered feedback on the speech performance of your classmate.
You provided comfort to a friend who was feeling down.

3. Public- This type refers to communication that requires you to deliver or send the
message before or in front of a group.
Examples: You deliver a graduation speech to your batch.
You participate in a declaration, oratorical, or debate contest watched by a number
of people.

4. Mass communication- This refers to communication that takes place through television,
radio, newspapers, magazines, books, internet, and other types of media.
Example: You are a student journalist articulating you stand on current issues
through the school’s newspaper.

Types of Speech Styles

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According to Martin Joos (1976:156), speech style means the form of language that

the speaker uses which characterized by the degree of formality. He identified the styles in
five classes such as frozen style, formal style, consultative style, casual style, and intimate
style.

1. Frozen Style- It is the most formal communicative style that is usually used during
respectful events and ceremonies. Frozen speech is used generally in a very formal setting,
does not require any feedback from the audience, and is the most formal communicative
style for respectful situations.
Examples: national pledge, anthem, school creeds, marriage ceremonies,
speech for a state ceremony

2. Formal Style- Formal speeches are straightforward speeches. In this speech style, the
speaker avoids using slang terminologies, what the speaker says is something that has been
prepared beforehand, its complex sentence and noun phrases are well structured, logically
sequenced and strongly coherent.
Examples: meetings, speeches, school lessons, court, a corporate meeting, at a
swearing in ceremony, in an interview or in a classroom

3. Consultative Style- This is used in semi-formal communication. It is basically unplanned

speech since the speaker uses the participation and feedback of the listener. The speaker
will supply background information, while again, the listener participates continuously
Examples: regular conversation at schools, companies, group discussion,
teacher-student, doctor-patient, expert-apprentice

4. Casual Style- This is an informal communication between groups and peers. Casual style
is used in conversation between friends and insiders who have something to share and have
shared background information but don’t have close relations.
Examples: casual conversations with friends, family members, chats, phone calls and
messages

5. Intimate Style- For very close relationships like couples, family, and best friends. It is
also used for self-addressed questions or self-talk, etc. Intimate speech is used in
conversation between people who are very close and know each other quite well because
they have the maximum of shared background information.
Examples: Couple talking about their future plans, family sharing ideas, very close
friends sharing secrets, etc.

Types of Speech Act

In linguistics, a speech act is an utterance defined in terms of a speaker's intention

and the effect it has on a listener. Essentially, it is the action that the speaker hopes to
provoke in his or her audience. Speech acts might be requests, warnings, promises,
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apologies, greetings, or any number of declarations. As you might imagine, speech acts are
an important part of communication.

To determine which way a speech act is to be interpreted, one must first determine
the type of act being performed. 

1. Locutionary acts are, according to Susana Nuccetelli and Gary Seay's "Philosophy of

Language: The Central Topics," "the mere act of producing some linguistic sounds or marks
with a certain meaning and reference." So this is merely an umbrella term, as illocutionary
and perlocutionary acts can occur simultaneously when locution of a statement happens.

2. Illocutionary acts, then, carry a directive for the audience. It might be a promise, an
order, an apology, or an expression of thanks—or merely an answer to a question, to inform
the other person in the conversation. These express a certain attitude and carry with their
statements a certain illocutionary force, which can be broken into families. 

3. Perlocutionary acts, on the other hand, bring about a consequence to the audience. They
have an effect on the hearer, in feelings, thoughts, or actions, for example, changing
someone's mind.

Example: A bartender utters the words, “The bar will be closed in five minutes, “ The
locutionary act of saying that the bar will be closed in five minutes , where what is said is
reported by indirect quotation. The illocutionary act in saying this, the bartender is
informing the patrons of the bar’s imminent closing and perhaps also the act of urging them
to order a last drink. The bartender intends to be performing the perlocutionary acts of
causing the patrons to believe that the bar is about to close and of getting them to order one
last drink.

In conclusion, locutionary act is the production of meaningful utterances and

expressions (“go away!”, “come here”, “who are you?”, etc) which leads to illocutionary act,
the intention of producing meaningful expression (promise, offering, etc), which causes the
performance of perlocutionary act, which is the effect of the locutionary and illocutionary
act (behavior, feeling, belief, etc).

Locutionary force—referential value (meaning of code)

Illocutionary force—performative function (implication of speaker)
Perlocutionary force—perceived effect (inference by addressee)

Types of Communicative Strategy

1. Nomination 
Nomination in communicative strategies is defined as presenting a relevant topic
clearly and truthfully. This strategy is normally used at the beginning of the interaction to
set the purpose of the conversation. It is useful to help set the tone of the conversation and
make sure of the relevance of the information that will be gained from the conversation. It is
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a strategy that can also be applied any time during the course of an interaction as a way of
continuing the communication.
Examples:
"Do you have anything to say?"
"Have you heard the news about the prettiest girl in school?"
"Now, it’s your turn to ask questions."
"Does that make sense to you?"

2. Restriction
Restriction is used in communicative strategies by constraining the response or
reaction within a defined set of categories. This is useful when narrowing down a
respondent's response to an expected set of answers or by preventing the conversation
from going off topic especially when the topic of the conversation is broad and the
respondent can have a response that is not relevant to the conversation.
Examples:
In your class, you might be asked by your teacher to brainstorm on peer pressure.
When you were asked to deliver a speech in a specific language. 

3. Turn-Taking
There are times when people are given unequal opportunities to speak. Turn taking
is a strategy used to establish and sustain a productive conversation. Turn taking is
recognising when and how to speak when it is one's turn. This requires each speaker to wait
for the other to complete their turn saying their piece or when their allotted time has been
completed. This strategy can be used to avoid talking over one another, causing conflicts
and for each person to have equal opportunity to speak. Turn-taking Communicative
Strategy uses either an informal approach (just jump in and start talking) or a formal
approach (permission to speak is requested).
Example:
Can we all listen to the one who talks in front of us? 
"Excuse me? I think we should speak one at a time, so we can clearly understand
what we want to say about the topic."
"Go on with your ideas. I'll let you finish first before I say something."

4. Topic Control
Topic control is defined in communicative strategy as keeping the conversation or
interaction going by inquiring or asking questions and expecting a response from the other
party. This is similar to nomination however; this can be used to steer the conversation
back to the relevant topics in the conversation.
Example:
"One of the essential lessons I gained from the discussion is the importance of sports
and wellness to a healthy lifestyle."

5. Topic Shifting
Topic shifting is defined in communicative strategies as introducing a new topic
followed by the continuation of that topic. This act is sometimes used when a respondent is
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no longer willing to continue with the topic of the conversation or want to avoid answering
a question directly.
Examples:
"By the way, there's a new shop opening at the mall"
“In addition to what you said about the beautiful girl is that she is also smart."

6. Repair
Repair is defined in communicative strategies as overcoming communication
breakdown to send more comprehensible messages. This strategy is often used by a
recipient of a message to make sense of conversations or statements delivered by someone
who cannot speak a language fluently.
Examples:
"Excuse me, but there are 5 Functions of Communication not 4."
"I'm sorry, the word should be pronounced as pretty not priti."

7. Termination
Termination is defined in communicative strategies as using verbal and nonverbal
signals to end the interaction. This strategy can be used to politely end a conversation as
well as express strong negative feelings when ending a conversation. Sometimes the
termination is quick and short. Sometimes it is prolonged by clarification, further questions,
or the continuation of the topic already discussed, but the point of the language and body
movement is to end the communication.
Examples:
"Best regards to your parents! See you around!
“It was nice meeting you. Bye!"
"That is all for today class, goodbye!"
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References

https://oralcom.wordpress.com/2016/10/14/types-of-speech-context/

https://oralcom.wordpress.com/2016/10/14/types-of-speech-styles/

https://elcomblus.com/speech-styles-definition-types-and-examples/

https://philnews.ph/2019/08/21/what-are-the-five-types-of-speech-style-or-
communicative-style/#:~:text=A%20speech%20style%2C%20according
%20to,consultative%2C%20casual%2C%20and%20intimate.

https://oralcom.wordpress.com/2016/10/14/speech-acts/

http://culturalstudiesnow.blogspot.com/2018/01/locutionary-illocutionary.html

https://www.thoughtco.com/speech-act-linguistics-1692119

https://www.academia.edu/34107770/Types_of_Communicative_Strategy?auto=download

 https://prezi.com/f1e1acwst7mt/types-of-communicative-strategies/
 https://www.slideshare.net/englishIT/communication-strategies-70782108