GDT

ASME Y14.5M:
1994

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW
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 OBJECTIVES
1. Identify the basic symbols, terminologies
and rules of GDT applications in drawing
based on ASME Y14.5M standards

2. Interpret the basic concepts and principles

of GDT symbols and terminologies

3. Apply the basic concepts and principles of

GDT in designing, manufacturing and quality
control system

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 WHAT IS GDT?

• Most powerful tools available that can improve

quality, reduce cost and shorten delivery time

• Standard accordance with ASME Y14.5M:1994

or ISO 1101

• System of symbols which defined part shapes,

form, orientation, runout, and location

• Methods of dimensioning and tolerancing with

respect to the actual function or relationship of
mating part features
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 WHY GDT?
• Improve communications, control,
and productivity in manufacturing
• Provide design insurance that the
product will have appropriate fit and
functional
• Improve Quality
• Reduce cost
• Shorten delivery time
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 ADVANTAGES
• Provide “bonus” or additional tolerances

• Ensure functional and interchangeability

• Provide uniformity and consistency in

drawing interpretation

• Define complete specification of design

requirements by mean of symbols

• Economical and effective production

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 WHEN GDT TO BE USED?

• Part features are critical to function

or interchangeability

• Functional gaging techiniques are

desirable

• Datum references are desirable to

ensure consistency between design
and manufacturing
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 COORDINATE SYSTEM

• 2 dimensional tolerancing system

where a part feature is located or
defined by means of rectangular
dimension with given tolerances

• simply high and low limits

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PART DIMENSIONED BY COORDINATE SYSTEM
Clearance = 0.375 – 0.361
= 0.014

Limit for fit = 0.014 / 2

= +/- 0.007

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SQUARE TOLERANCE ZONE

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 DISADVATANGES

• not oriented to specified datum

• do not control errors of form and orientation

• do not have origin or any orientation or

location relative to datums

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 DISADVATANGES

• often confuse on where to start the

measurements

• fixed-size tolerance zones

• square or rectangular tolerance zones

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POSSIBLE FEATURE LOCATIONS

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ANALYSIS FOR SQUARE TOLERANCE ZONE

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 ANALYSIS

• To eliminate any interference using coordinate

tolerancing, the 0.007 sq. tolerance zone must
be reduced to 0.005 sq. tolerance zone.

• This reduction is accomplished by inscribing a

circle or diameter within the area of 0.007 zone
that won’t allow interference to occur.

• The 0.005 sq. tolerance zone is 36 percent

smaller than the 0.007 diameter zone
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Continue….

• When the important function of the holes is assembly, the

hole location is most critical when the hole is at its
minimum limit of size.

• If the actual size of hole is larger than its minimum size

limits, its location tolerance can be correspond larger
without affecting the part function.

• Since square and fixed-size tolerance zones do not allow

to increase the tolerance zone size with the increase of hole
size, it can cause functional part to be rejected.

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 GDT SYSTEM (POSITIONING SYSTEM)

• 3 dimensional tolerancing system with

cylindrical tolerance zone where a part feature is
located or defined by means of basic dimension
• provides more tolerances
• controls the form errors and orientation such as
perpendicularity
• datum is well-defined

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PART DIMENSIONED BY POSITION SYSTEM

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3 POSITION EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT POSITIONS

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 SUMMARY
DRAWING COORDINATE GDT
CONCEPT
Condition: Condition:
Tolerance Zone - square tolerance zone - cylindrical tolerance zone

Results Results:
- less tolerance available - 57% more tolerance
- high cost - low cost

Condition: Condition:
Flexibility - fixed tolerance zone -additional tolerance is allowed if MMC is
applicable

Results Results:
- functional part rejected - functional part accepted
- high cost - low cost

Condition: Condition:
Ease`of - often confused where to start for - datum system allow easy
Inspection measurement communication in setting up for inspection

Results Results:
- inspector may get different results - consistence results as functional gage is
- good part rejected allowed
- bad part accepted 19
- eliminate disputes over part acceptance
 DEFINITION, SYMBOLS AND TERMS

Common Symbols:
Used with geometric tolerancing
and other related dimensional
requirements on engineering
drawings.

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 DIMENSION ORIGIN
It is a means of indicating that a toleranced dimension between
two features originate from one of the feature

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RADIUS AND CONTROLLED RADIUS

Two types of radii tolerances:

a. radius with symbol R
b. controlled with symbol CR

The CR is used when it is necessary to place

further restrictions on the shape of the radius,
as in high stress applications.

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RADIUS
SYMBOL R

CONTROL RADIUS
SYMBOL CR

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 FEATURE DEFINITION
A feature is a general term applied to a physical portion of
part such as surface, pin, slot, hole, etc.

Two types of features:

a. Feature without size
- Such as a plane surface

b. Feature of size (FOS)

- A cylindrical or sphere surface or a set of two
opposed elements or opposed parallel surfaces,
each of which is associated with a size dimension

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EXAMPLE

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 GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS
SYMBOLS
There are 14 geometric characteristic symbols. The
characteristics are grouped together into 5 categories.

Five major categories of geometric characteristics:

a. Form
b. Orientation
c. Runout
d. Location
e. Profile

They are grouped based on relative to their use such as:

• individual feature
• related feature
• individual or related feature 26
 GEOMETRIC
CHARACTERISTICS
SYMBOLS

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 FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS

Parts are composed of

features. Geometric
characteristics
are applied to the
features to control
their variation
such as form errors,
orientation errors
or location errors

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 GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE ZONES

a. It can be 2D or 3D tolerance zone

b. Where the diameter symbol  is specified, the

tolerence zone is a circular or cylinder shape

c. Where no symbol  is specified, the tolerence zone is

between two parallel lines or planes

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GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE ZONES

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 FEATURE CONTROL FRAME

A feature control frame consists of a box

containing the geometric symbol, tolerance
value, modifier, and datum references.

It states the requirements or instructions for

the features to which it attached.

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FEATURE CONTROL FRAME

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PLACEMENT OF FEATURE CONTROL FRAME

• If it is attached or directed to a surface, it controls

that surface

• If it is attached or associated with a feature of size,

then it controls the axis or centreplane

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PLACEMENT OF FEATURE CONTROL FRAME

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 BASIC DIMENSION
A numerical value used to describe the
theoretically exact size, orientation, location of a
feature

Can be also used to describe the datum target

It is the basic dimension from which permissible

variation are established by tolerances in the
feature control frame (to locate tolerance zone)

Does not has tolerance and specified inside the

box
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When GD&T is used, the geometric
tolerances apply to the features -
not the dimensions. Therefore when
BASIC dimensions are used with
geometric tolerances, several
different dimensioning schemes
may be used without changing the
meaning of the drawing. The first
drawing shows baseline
dimensioning. The other two
illustrate chain dimensioning. Since
the position tolerance is related to
datums A, B and C, all three
drawings have the same meaning
even though the dimensioning is
different. This would not be true if
the dimensions locating the holes
were toleranced rather than BASIC.
Because the meaning of these
drawings is the same, the designer
should consider the needs of those
who will read the print when placing
dimensions 36
EXAMPLE

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 MATERIAL CONDITION CONCEPTS-MODIFIER

One of the fundamental concept in GDT is the used of “modifier”:

• Ability to used/apply material condition at feature of size with
respect to the functional relationship and applications

The used of modifier :

1. Permits greater possible tolerance or bonus
2. Ensures interchangeability and functional
3. Functional gage is allowed
4. Avoid/eliminate good parts to be rejected

The material condition concepts can be used when referring to a

feature of size 3 types of modifier
1. Maximum material condition – MMC
2. Least material condition – LMC
3. Regardless of feature size - RFS

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 MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION – (MMC)
Is the condition of size for which a feature of size contains the maximum
amount of material within stated limits of size

The use of MMC principle permits additional tolerances as part feature

sizes depart from the MMC size

 6.0  0.2  6.0  0.2

Hole size at MMC =  5.8 Shaft size at MMC =  6.2

Represent min limit Represent max limit

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 LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION - (LMC)
Is the condition of size for which a feature of size contains the least
amount of material within the stated limits of size

The use of LMC principle permits additional tolerances as part feature

sizes depart from the LMC size

 6.3  0.2  6.3  0.2

Hole size at LMC =  6.5 Shaft size at LMC =  6.1

Represent max limit Represent min limit

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REGARDLESS OF FEATURE SIZE– (RFS)

It indicates that the stated geometric tolerance value is

required no matter what size the feature is ( but must
within its size tolerance )

This modifier permits no additional tolerance or bonus

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 Bonus Tolerances
- Additional tolerance for a geometric control
- Come from the feature of size (FOS) tolerance
- If tolerances are modified with MMC or LMC modifiers, a bonus
tolerance is allowed when the actual size of a feature departs from
the size of MMC or LMC

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Applicability of Material Condition –
Modifiers

• The application of modifier symbols

within the feature control frame is
limited to the features that have size
and datum that have size such as hole,
slot, pin, shaft, etc.

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Applicability of Material Condition – Modifiers

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APPLICATION OF MMC, LMC & RFS

•The selection of modifiers are determined by the

function of the part

•Part should design for functioning

Effect of MMC - Figure A

Position tolerance of the hole plus the size tolerance of the
clearance hole will have effect on the clearance (shift).

MMC is used for clearance applications and when function

of FOS is assembly
Example: Bolt or Screw Assembly

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 Continue…..

Effect of LMC – Figure B

Position tolerance of the hole plus the size tolerance of the hole
will effect on the location of the pilot pin. LMC is used for location
applications that are not press fit rather are loose and to insure a
minimum distance of a part or wall thickness
Example: Jig and Fixture

Effect of RFS – Figure C

It is designed to accept the interference fit between hole and pin.
Position tolerance of the hole will have an effect on the location of
the pressed pin, but size tolerance of the hole will have no effect
on the location of pin. RFS is used for press fits and to insure
symmetrical relationships
Example: Bearing Assembly
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APPLICATION OF
MMC, LMC & RFS

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 VIRTUAL CONDITIONS
DEFINITION
A constant boundary generated by collective effects of size feature’s
specified by MMC or LMC, and the geometric tolerance for controlled
feature {such as errors of roundness, straightness, perpendicularity, etc.}

# Virtual condition size is important for determine the gage size if the MMC
is applicable

virtual condition

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 VIRTUAL CONDITION AT MMC
Is the extreme boundary of the feature which represents the
“ worse case “ for clearance or fit possibility relative to mating
part
For Pin
Virtual condition, VC = MMC + GEOM. TOL

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For Hole
Virtual condition, VC = MMC – GEOM. TOL

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INTERNAL FEATURE SUCH AS
HOLE OR SLOT

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EXTERNAL FEATURE SUCH AS
BOSS OR TAB

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