0% found this document useful (0 votes)
981 views502 pages

2012

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1/ 502

Index of Tables

Essays 25 Notifications of October 2010 Proposed US


1 Operation Odyssey Dawn ................................................................14 Foreign Military Sales to Saudi Arabia ($bn)........................... 315
2 Operation Unified Protector ...........................................................14 26 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries,
North America Middle East and North Africa........................................................ 357
3 DoD’s War Budget Authority by Title FY2010.............................43 Latin America and the Caribbean
4 US National Defense Budget Authority FY2008–FY2011......44 27 Latin America Defence Expenditure 2010–2011:
5 Budget Authority for Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Overseas Top 10 and Sub-Regional Breakdown (US$ bn)..................... 364
Contingency Operations FY2001–FY2011 (US$bn).................45 28 Brazilian Defence Expenditure by Function (R$ m).............. 368
6 US National Defense Budget Function and Other 29 Breakdown of Brazilian Defence Budget (2011)
Selected Budgets 1992, 2002–2012..............................................46 (R$ m).................................................................................................... 369
7 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, 30 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries,
North America.......................................................................................69 Latin America and the Caribbean............................................... 408
Europe Sub-Saharan Africa
8 NATO Europe Gross Government Debt and 31 South African Defence Budget by Programme,
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:03 06 August 2012

Real Defence Expenditure 2008–101............................................74 2007–2013........................................................................................... 418


9 French Defence Budget Proposals.................................................78 32 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries,
10 Germany: Future Force Numbers...................................................79 Sub-Saharan Africa........................................................................... 462
11 Expenditure on Operations in Iraq, Afghanistan and Libya.... 84 Country comparisons
12 Recent and Planned UK Defence Personnel, 33 Selected Training Activity 2011.................................................... 464
Equipment and Estate Measures....................................................85 34 International Comparisons of Defence Expenditure
13 Post-Main Gate Major Equipment Projects ................................85 and Military Manpower.................................................................. 467
14 Breakdown of UK Defence Expenditure .....................................86 35 Arms Deliveries to Developing Nations –
15 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Europe.......... 174 Leading Recipients in 2010........................................................... 474
Russia 36 Arms Transfer Agree­ments with Developing Nations –
16 Russia National Defence Expenditure Trends (2000–14).... 189 Leading Recipients in 2010........................................................... 474
17 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Russia........... 204 37 Global Arms Deliveries – Leading Suppliers
in 2010................................................................................................... 474
Asia
18 Asia Defence Expenditure 2010–11: Top 10 and 38 Global Arms Transfer Agreements –
Sub-Regional Breakdown.............................................................. 209 Leading Suppliers in 2010.............................................................. 474
19 China Defence Budget Trends and Estimates (2008–10) ... 215 39 Value of Global Arms Transfer Agreements and
Market Share by Supplier, 2003–10 ........................................... 474
20 Indian Defence Expenditure by Function
(FY2009/10–FY2011/12) ................................................................ 218 40 Value of Global Arms Deliveries and Market Share
by Supplier, 2003–10 ...................................................................... 474
21 Japan Defence-Related Expenditures Breakdown
and Trends (2009–12) ..................................................................... 223 41 Arms Deliveries to Middle East and North Africa,
by Supplier, 2003–10....................................................................... 475
22 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Asia................ 294
Non-State Groups and Affiliates
Middle East and North Africa
23 Middle East and North Africa Defence Expenditure 42 Non-State Groups and Affiliates.................................................. 478
2010–11: Top 10 and Regional Breakdown (US$bn)............ 306 Reference
24 Saudi Arabia Macroeconomic and Budgetary 43 List of Abbreviations for Data Sections .................................... 495
Trends 2001–10 (SR bn).................................................................. 314 44 Index of Country/Territory Abbreviations................................ 498

Index of FIGURES
1 DoD Budget Authority (Constant FY2010 $)...............................45 8 East Asia and Australasia Regional Defence Expenditure
2 US Defence Expenditure (Budget Authority) as % of GDP.....48 as % of GDP............................................................................................ 210
3 NATO Europe Regional Defence Expenditure as % 9 Asia Defence Expenditure 2010–11: Sub-Regional
Breakdown............................................................................................. 211
of GDP.........................................................................................................75
10 Middle East and North Africa Defence Expenditure
4 Non-NATO Europe Regional Defence Expenditure 2010–11: Sub-Regional Breakdown............................................. 306
as % of GDP...............................................................................................75
11 Middle East and North Africa Regional Defence
5 United Kingdom Defence Budget Trends Expenditure as % of GDP.................................................................. 307
(FY2008/09–FY2014/15)......................................................................84
12 Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Defence
6 Estimated Russian Defence Expenditure as % of GDP.......... 190 Expenditure as % of GDP.................................................................. 363
7 South and Central Asia Regional Defence Expenditure 13 Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Defence Expenditure
as % of GDP............................................................................................ 210 as % of GDP......................................................................................... 419

Index of Maps
1 The War in Libya....................................................................................15 4 Côte d’Ivoire........................................................................................ 412
2 Afghanistan............................................................................................29 5 Arctic...........................................................................Inside back cover
3 Japan’s Earthquake, Tsunami and Nuclear Accident............ 221
The Military Balance 2012
Editor’s Foreword

The Military Balance 2012 is a comprehensive and inde- to back, and participate in, military operations. Both
pendent assessment of the military capabilities and the UAE and Qatar deployed combat aircraft, and in
defence economics of 171 territories. It is also a reference Qatar’s case special forces, on operations in Libya, and
work on developments in global military and security other Arab nations deployed military forces to support
affairs. humanitarian missions. However, at least as of the end
One year ago, defence analysts may have assumed a of November 2011 there was little appetite to repeat it
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:04 06 August 2012

number of issues would dominate the defence debate in in Syria, where the Assad regime continues to force-
2011, including the continuing shift in the relative balance fully resist demonstrators’ demands. The intervention
of military power to Asia; China’s rise, and its growing in Bahrain in March 2011 highlighted a different side
strategic reach; deepening budget woes in Western econ- to this military activity, at least in Gulf Cooperation
omies and the effect of this on defence planning; the ten- Council (GCC) states, with a willingness to use the
year anniversary of 9/11; and a decision on a future US GCC’s Peninsula Shield force to maintain internal secu-
presence in Iraq. The year was instead dominated by the rity, based on the GCC charter’s section on military
Arab Awakening. cooperation. However, smaller Gulf states are wary
The strategic landscape in the Middle East and North that the invocation of the charter to deploy into Bahrain
Africa is being reshaped, with new questions and uncer- could serve as a precedent for Saudi intervention in their
tainties affecting long-held assumptions about regional own affairs. Sharpening focus on Iran also drives GCC
power balances, military capabilities and deterrence. The military developments: though the US maintains key
actions of some states’ armed forces have led analysts to regional defence forces and facilities, and plays a central
conclude that they function primarily as internal secu- coordinating role in elements of regional defence coop-
rity forces. Indeed, during the past year, many Arab eration, GCC states have lately indicated a greater desire
militaries have at times behaved as an extension of to improve intra-GCC co­ordinative mechanisms.
ruling regimes and at times as independent institutional The US withdrawal from Iraq in December 2011
players focused on securing and maintaining their own increases the salience of such developments. The US
positions. In some cases, what had seemed on paper retains key bases and substantial forces in the region, but
to comprise extensive and modern combat forces were the failure to agree terms with Iraq meant the end of a
in fact revealed to consist of relatively small cores of sustained US military presence that began with regime
favoured and well-equipped troops designed to bolster change in 2003. Washington will of course retain a signif-
regimes. icant defence-related presence through the large US
This strategic flux is felt acutely in Israel. Turmoil Embassy, and military contracts signed with Iraq.
in Israel’s immediate neighbourhood sharpens an But for the US, the aftermath of the Iraq and
established focus for the country’s defence planners, Afghanistan wars – combined with the impact of the
for years concerned about Iran’s developing nuclear financial crisis on budgets and perceptions of allied
and ballistic-missile programmes. Within the region, unwillingness to help shoulder the burden – may have
Yemen’s apparent slide into greater instability concerns implications for the nature and extent of US involve-
not only Yemenis and their immediate neighbours, but ment in future crises. This does not necessarily point to
also those nations whose shipping and cargo transit the retrenchment, but Washington may give more careful
vital sea lanes south of the country, already subject to thought to whether intervention in crises is necessarily
the unwanted attentions of Somali-based pirates. As for in the US interest; to the nature and duration of any mili-
the Gulf states, the Arab Awakening has diverted atten- tary response; and to the type of forces the US should
tion from the main threat they also perceive to stability: develop and maintain. That said, not every military
Tehran’s ambitions and its nuclear and ballistic-missile emergency will be of Washington’s choosing, so main-
programmes. taining flexible forces capable of acting in a wide range
But the Arab Awakening has also seen unprec- of contingencies will also preoccupy the Pentagon. The
edented willingness by several Arab governments US nonetheless remains the only NATO member capable
6 The Military Balance 2012

of sustaining large-scale air–sea operations, and the only sure in most NATO and EU states has created a window
one able to project ground forces larger than a handful of opportunity that should, in theory, propel govern-
of brigades in out-of-area operations. While US forces ments towards closer defence cooperation. But the areas
will reduce in size, the adaptability demonstrated in the of potential cooperation hitherto identified have for the
years since 9/11, and particularly since the 2003 inva- most part involved education, training, logistics support
sion of Iraq, means the smaller force will still be highly and maintenance, rather than deployable front-line capa-
capable. However, as former US Secretary of Defense bilities. Such cooperation can save money while creating
Robert Gates said in May 2011, ‘a smaller military, no the same or improved capability, but it will need to be
matter how superb, will be able to go to fewer places and complemented by a coherent long-term approach that
be able to do fewer things’. anchors pooling and sharing in national defence plan-
The US continues to contribute the majority of forces ning and focuses on capabilities relevant for likely tasks.
to the ongoing NATO mission in Afghanistan, where While it might be tempting to feed into pooling and
a transition of full security leadership to the Afghan sharing initiatives projects that otherwise would have
authorities by 2015 is planned. The Afghan National been deleted, this could simply lead to obsolete capabili-
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:04 06 August 2012

Army and Police continue to expand, and many inter- ties being uploaded onto the European level.
national armed forces and security establishments are In the short term, until significant cost savings can
supporting efforts to build the capacity of these forces, be made via interstate cooperation or greater industrial
as well as to develop institutions within the Afghan coordination or competition, countries have resorted
government. The pledge by many Western govern- to cutting personnel and equipment programmes. For
ments to withdraw combat forces by 2015 makes more European governments, the decision to cut military
pressing the widespread assumption of independent capabilities has generally been driven by economic
planning, mission execution and sustainment by Afghan considerations. There has been some reassessment of
security forces; it also increases the pressure on Kabul, national priorities, but little multilateral consultation
and its international supporters, to remedy the institu- over the scale of capability cuts. Real-terms reductions in
tional weakness in governance that has so bedevilled the defence spending have, between 2008–10, occurred in at
NATO campaign. least 16 European NATO member states and, in a signifi-
This continuing US commitment demonstrates, as cant proportion these, real-terms declines exceeded 10%.
did the Libya deployment, the enduring military capa- NATO still maintains its aspiration for member states to
bility retained by the US. Washington’s decision to with- spend at least 2% of their GDP on defence: a figure met
draw for the most part from a direct combat role in an in 2010 by five states: the US, the UK, France, Turkey and
operation in Europe’s backyard showed that, even when Greece.
it is ‘leading from behind’, the US remains the indispen- As noted in last year’s Military Balance, there is a signif-
sible member of NATO. While the Alliance was able to icant and continuing shift in relative military strength
manage its Libyan operation without drawing down away from the West and towards Asia, where rapid
forces in Afghanistan, things might have changed had economic growth and continuing strategic uncertainty
the campaign lasted longer than it did. The operation also have meant both demand for and availability of substan-
highlighted the importance of the enabling capabilities, tially increased resources for defence. Across the region,
such as logistics support and ISR, that the US continued to defence spending increased by a relatively substantial
supply after it withdrew from combat operations. Libya 3.15% in real terms over the last year, despite rising infla-
also revealed significant shortcomings on the part of US tion. China, Japan, India, South Korea and Australia
Alliance partners, notably shortages in will and some key accounted for more than 80% of the total regional spend.
capabilities and military specialisations. Despite Gates’s China, the region’s top spender, increased its share of
chiding over the burden the US had to shoulder in Libya, regional expenditure to above 30%, while Japan and
there is little chance this situation will improve, particu- India saw their shares of the regional total fall below 20%
larly in light of Europe’s economic difficulties and their and 10% respectively. Many key procurement contracts
impact on defence ambitions and resourcing. Indeed, the should soon be awarded. India, Japan and South Korea
desire that European states should take on more of the are all in the process of buying new fighters. India
defence burden for the continent is perhaps as much a continues plans to boost its maritime capabilities with
reflection of Washington’s recognition of defence budget submarine acquisitions and its domestic aircraft-carrier
cuts to come, and the rising importance of Asia, as of US programme (as well as one ex-Russian carrier). Australia
weariness over carrying so much of the load for so long. has also seen maritime-capability enhancements, and
Some European governments continue to explore the acquisition of F/A-18 E/F Super Hornets pending
ways to pool and share capabilities. Defence-budget pres- the arrival of the F-35. After a period of relative stagna-
Editor’s Foreword 7

tion, Indonesia’s defence capacities received a boost in budgets now mean that forces have to consider which
November 2011 with the announcement of acquisition of of the lessons learned from and equipment procured for
24 F-16 C/Ds from the US. these conflicts are retained. Recent military operations
In China, sustained growth has enabled large have, for many Western forces, reinforced the benefits of
increases in defence spending over the past decade; offi- flexibility; access to a full spectrum of capabilities; ‘joint’
cial expenditure in 2011 was more than two-and-a-half military operations; having access to enough ‘boots on
times the 2001 level. The defence budget grew by an the ground’ if needed; and the enduring utility of intel-
average of approximately 10.9% per year in real terms ligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, logistical and
over the period, slightly faster than the economy as a support capacities and good doctrine, leadership and
whole. China has been translating these increases into training. They have also highlighted the rising impor-
capability enhancements but, despite the PLA’s aspira- tance of force protection. Many Western nations no
tions, there remain weaknesses in the country’s military longer retain full-spectrum capabilities, and are likely
capabilities. The technological advances demonstrated to shrink forces further, while others may soon have to
by the J-20 and Varyag carrier are more modest than some face such choices. But the relative unpopularity of the
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:04 06 August 2012

alarmist hypotheses of China’s military development Iraq and Afghanistan wars could also make it harder for
have suggested. The Varyag is ageing, China does not yet Western governments to use their declining equipments.
have the capability to operate fixed-wing combat aircraft The US and other Western nations will look to main-
from a carrier and, while its maritime exercises may tain a qualitative and quantitative edge over states such
have become more wide ranging and sustained in recent as China through continued investment in research
years, it has no experience of integrated carrier battle and development, as well as stress on the quality and
group operations. Moreover, while China’s defence reliability of equipment, leadership and training and
industry has made strides in recent years, Beijing still a focus on maximising value from military partner-
relies on external defence technology to fill capability ships and cooperation agreements. Further advantages
gaps. The parallel development of anti-satellite capaci- may be sought in areas such as advanced-technology
ties, anti-ship ballistic missiles and cyber-war capabili- munitions (for instance reduced-lethality, directed-
ties, however, concerns defence planners perhaps as energy and high-speed weapons); unmanned systems;
much as Beijing’s drive to boost its conventional capa- enhanced integration of C4ISR capacities; and informa-
bility. tion and cyber capabilities. But the gaps are narrowing.
The killing of al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden Non-Western states, often with diverse recent military
in a May 2011 US military raid has led to reflections experiences and defence priorities, may look to the
on how war and military capability have changed West for lessons, and perhaps pointers to useful capa-
since 9/11. Certainly in the West, many armed forces, bilities, organisations and tactics, but they may be less
particularly land forces, have changed substantially in constrained financially. In many of these states, moves
outlook, training and equipment from how they began to recapitalise forces, capabilities and precise equipment
the decade. In some cases these changes were driven and weapon variants – and how and in what contingen-
by the requirements of counter-terrorism or counter- cies these forces and capabilities will be employed – will
insurgency operations; the imperatives of shrinking be driven by local defence priorities.
The Military Balance 2012
Preface

The Military Balance is updated each year to provide The Chart of Conflict inserted loose into The Military
an accurate assessment of global military forces and Balance is updated to show data on recent and current
defence economics. This year, 171 countries are covered. armed conflicts up to 1 November 2011.
Each edition contributes to the provision of a unique
compilation of data and information, enabling the reader Using The Military Balance
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:08 13 March 2012

to discern long-term trends through a study of previous


editions dating back to 1959. The data in the current In order to interpret the data in the country entries
edition are accurate according to IISS assessments as at correctly, it is essential to read the Explanatory Notes
November 2011. Inclusion of a territory, country or state beginning on page 485. The large quantity of data in
in The Military Balance does not imply legal recognition The Military Balance has been compressed into a portable
or indicate support for any government. volume by the extensive employment of abbreviations.
An essential tool is therefore the index of abbreviations
General arrangement and for data sections, which starts on page 495. A general
contents index is this year included at the back of the book.

The Editor’s Foreword contains a general comment on Attribution and acknowledgements


defence matters and a summary of the book.
The Military Balance comprises the regional trends, The International Institute for Strategic Studies owes no
military capabilities and defence-economics data for allegiance to any government, group of governments, or
countries grouped by region. Land data has been reor- any political or other organisation. Its assessments are its
ganised, and this year includes combat support and own, based on the material available to it from a wide
combat service support. Three essays at the start of the variety of sources. The cooperation of governments of
book analyse notable defence issues, followed by a set of all listed countries has been sought and, in many cases,
colour graphics detailing comparative defence statistics. received. However, some data in The Military Balance are
Regional policy and economic analysis is complemented estimates.
by in-depth essays on the top ten defence budgeting Care is taken to ensure that these data are as accu-
nations in 2011. Throughout, readers will find a range rate and free from bias as possible. The Institute owes
of tables on defence and defence economic issues as well a considerable debt to a number of its own members,
as maps showing selected deployments in Afghanistan; consultants and all those who help compile and check
conflict in Côte d’Ivoire, the military response to Japan’s material. The Director-General and Chief Executive
earthquake, tsunami and nuclear disaster; and Arctic and staff of the Institute assume full responsibility
security issues. for the data and judgements in this book. Comments
This year, the IISS has included short summaries of and suggestions on the data and textual material
defence capability for a range of states. These are intended contained within the book, as well as on the style and
to inform interpretation of the organisational and inven- presentation of data, are welcomed and should be
tory analysis contained within each country entry. This communicated to the Editor of The Military Balance
is in line with the Institute’s recognition, noted in recent at: IISS, 13–15 Arundel Street, London WC2R 3DX,
editions of this book, that military capability comprises UK, e-mail: milbal@iiss.org. Copyright on all informa-
more than the study of equipment inventories. In future tion in The Military Balance belongs strictly to the IISS.
print and online editions, the IISS will develop more Application to reproduce limited amounts of data
qualitative analyses such as these. The online product may be made to the publisher: Taylor & Francis, 4 Park
will also enable the IISS to provide tables and charts that, Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN, UK,
for reasons of space, cannot be included in the annual e-mail: permissionrequest@tandf.co.uk. Unauthorised
printed volumes, as well as giving subscribers flexibility use of Military Balance data will be subject to legal
in accessing IISS data and textual analysis. action.
Chapter One
Arab militaries and the Arab Awakening
The upheavals that have shaken the Arab world since the effect of further reported army defections in late
December 2010 have to a large extent been shaped by 2011, and attacks by the ‘Free Syrian Army’, remains
the behaviour of the security services in each country. to be seen). In Egypt however, the Mubarak strategy
As of December 2011, no clear pattern had emerged, of placating the military by allowing it to run its own
and differences in the employment, cohesion, perfor- businesses did not ensure its loyalty.
mance and effectiveness of military and internal Tensions between the regular military, internal
security forces were notable throughout the region. security forces, paramilitaries and militias also
These differences can be explained by factors such as played a role. In Tunisia, the army, often sidelined
varying levels of pay and benefits; sectarian, political by the regime of former President Zine el-Abidene
and tribal loyalties; internal organisation; differen- Ben Ali, fought the loyalist Republican Guard in the
tiation between, and selective deployment of, units; days following Ben Ali’s departure. In Egypt, rivalry
professionalism and politicisation of the senior ranks; between the military and the Interior Ministry was on
Downloaded by [ ] at 01:28 09 March 2012

and use of foreign mercenaries. display during and after the February 2011 protests:
the army did not back the police in earlier days and
Military behaviour: between repression and did not coordinate with them once the police left the
self-preservation street. In Syria, raids by the shabbiha (armed regime
During the past year, the military forces of Arab thugs) against protesters often motivated army defec-
states have at times behaved as an organic extension tions. Indeed, the fact that regimes that invested
of ruling regimes, and at times as independent insti- heavily in internal security and coup-proofing could
tutional players bent on securing and maintaining succumb so quickly to popular, often peaceful upris-
their own standing and privileges. This behaviour ings suggests that this emphasis was as much a reason
is a consequence of particular national situations: in for their own demise as a guarantee of survival.
Tunisia and Egypt, where there were no rulers’ rela- A review of the behaviour of the Arab mili-
tives in senior army and police positions, the regular taries shows that they often reflected the evolutions,
military distanced itself from the regime to decisive complexities and tensions within their own soci-
effect. In Libya, Syria, Yemen and Bahrain, where eties rather than necessarily following the wishes
the security services remained cohesive or fought and interests of their political leaders. In Tunisia,
back, relatives of the rulers were entrusted with key the military facilitated regime collapse and volun-
command responsibilities. In these cases, depend- tarily stepped aside during the transition. In Egypt,
able elite and generally well-resourced units carried an ambivalent yet pivotal army command eased the
much of the repressive burden: the Republican transition from Mubarak – only to adopt a heavy-
Guard in Yemen, led by Brigadier-General Ahmed handed, albeit uncertain, approach to the transition,
Saleh, son of President Ali Abdullah Saleh; the ethnic- when it became concerned to protect its institutional
Alawite-dominated 4th Armoured Division in Syria power and privileges.
commanded by Brigadier-General Maher al-Assad, In Libya, the regular military rapidly split, with
brother of the president, Bashar; the 32nd ‘Khamis’ significant numbers immediately joining, and
Brigade in Libya, named after Muammar Gadhafi’s organising, the rebellion against Gadhafi. In Syria,
youngest son; the Bahrain Defence Forces and the military remained largely cohesive, although
internal security forces headed by senior members of growing numbers of mostly low-rank defectors
the ruling Al-Khalifa family. In broader terms, tech- joined protesters in clashes against loyal elite units.
niques to exert control over the military have had In Yemen, while some senior military commanders
variable effect. In Syria, the policy of appointing an and their troops defected to the opposition, the
Alawite officer as deputy to any Sunni commander, Saleh regime maintained the allegiance of elite units
and vice versa, has so far succeeded in preventing under the command of family members. In Bahrain,
dissent among the senior ranks of the army (although the military demonstrated its absolute loyalty to the
10 The Military Balance 2012

Al-Khalifa royal family – a function of the exclusion of has sharpened; and its military superiority over a
Shi’ites from its ranks and the recruitment of foreign changing Syria is in danger of becoming irrelevant.
Sunni mercenaries – and took an active part in the This evolving picture could prompt Israeli defence
crackdown. In Algeria, where the military remains planners to adapt their military posture. Conflict with
the backbone of the regime of Abdelaziz Bouteflika Egypt, though unlikely, requires renewed focus on
and a major economic player, events have not yet Israel’s southern flank. At the very least, it will require
required its deployment nor tested its cohesion. contingency planning and greater mobilisation of
This complex picture will not deter Arab govern- forces to contain possible threats from the Sinai and
ments, among others, from deriving lessons from the possible knock-on effects in Hamas-controlled Gaza.
events of the past year. Governments may conclude The reported eastward flow of weapons from former
that investment in security services does help to Libyan stocks will further alarm Israel.
ensure survival, and may question whether their Further north, Israel had grown accustomed to a
security apparatuses should be reformed to increase conventionally weak and minority-ruled Syria that
accountability, or whether money would be better could be deterred and was unwilling and unable
spent on improving social and economic conditions to escalate directly and conventionally. Should the
in a bid to placate rather than coerce the population. Assad regime lose control of large parts of the country
In fact, those engaged in a fight for survival, like the or crumble, Israel would have to deal with new,
Assad regime, will be likely to reward and rely on probably unpleasant realities. A new Syrian govern-
Downloaded by [ ] at 01:28 09 March 2012

their most loyal units, ratcheting up the coercive pres- ment may not be aligned with Iran and Hizbullah
sure applied to demonstrators. but would be unlikely to relinquish its claims on the
Other governments that faced or fear renewed occupied Golan Heights or quickly shed animosity
unrest may well invest more in their security forces. toward Israel. State collapse, fragmentation or civil
This will likely be the case in the Gulf, Algeria, war would complicate Israel’s military options. The
Jordan and Morocco, where tightening internal secu- new reality in its neighbourhood will have caused
rity could accompany timid efforts at political liber- Israel’s planners to consider their options regarding
alisation. Wealthy countries will also try to ensure manning, deployments and capabilities: at this stage
support through recruitment into the armed forces Israel will certainly be looking to hedge, militarily,
and enhanced conditions of service, a course taken by against an increasingly unsettled future. Meanwhile,
Qatar when it raised military salaries in September Israel continues to express concern over Iran’s nuclear
2011, and earlier by Saudi Arabia, which announced and ballistic-missile programmes.
bonuses and promotions for military personnel in Should the Assad regime in Syria fall, Iran could
March 2011, as well as the creation of 60,000 internal be prompted to invest further in conventional and
security positions. But transitioning states like Egypt, asymmetric capabilities as a means of exerting influ-
Libya and Tunisia – depending on the room for ence. A Syrian collapse would also pose difficulties
manoeuvre accorded the new generation of politi- in supplying Hizbullah with arms and ammunition
cians – may want to reform and limit the role of the should it again engage in conflict with Israel. It is
armed forces in political life, moves which could face possible that Iran would speed up delivery of both
some resistance. as a form of contingency planning. There are already
reports that weaponry pre-positioned in Syria since
A new regional military balance 2006 has been transferred to Lebanon because of secu-
The strategic landscape in the Middle East is rity concerns.
changing fast, with new questions and uncertain- Israel’s position could be eased because its
ties affecting long-held assumptions about regional neighbours are unlikely to pursue expensive mili-
power balances, military capabilities and deterrence. tary procurements: they lack the resources, have
This is most acute for Israel. The Arab Awakening varying levels of access to new hardware and have
has exacerbated its isolation in the region. The stra- more pressing priorities. Egypt’s military receives
tegic partnership with Turkey is in tatters; its cold $1.3 billion annually in US military assistance. In
peace with Egypt is brittle; peace with Jordan is recent years Cairo started to modernise its land and
dependent on a fragile Hashemite monarchy; the air inventories, especially with Western, notably
death of the Israeli–Palestinian peace process could American, hardware. The Egyptian military has
lead to renewed conflict; the threat from Hizbullah little incentive to endanger its ability to continue this
Arab militaries and the Arab Awakening 11

process, or to endanger support and maintenance what missions they flew. Special-forces training and
agreements, by turning to other suppliers. But it is support was another possible contribution, and in
not inconceivable in some capability areas: Turkey September the Jordanians pledged to deploy a field
and Egypt have been reported as discussing possible hospital. However, at the time of writing the Libya
sales of Turkish UAVs. The scarce resources at Syria’s intervention seemed to be an exception, and there
disposal will probably be used to ensure regime was little appetite in Arab capitals to repeat it in Syria
survival, by rewarding allies and loyal units. or Yemen. In these cases, the strategic risks, military
For the Gulf states, the Arab Awakening has conditions, political complexities and sectarian over-
strengthened Iranian reach and influence by ousting tones outweigh any political advantages of a direct
Mubarak and by diverting attention from the main military intervention.
threat they perceive to regional stability: Tehran’s The Gulf states’ intervention in March 2011 to
ambitions and its nuclear programme. This threat shore up the faltering monarchy in Bahrain contrasted
perception is unlikely to lead to any reduction in arms with the Libyan case. The deployment of the Gulf
procurements, which in recent years have included Cooperation Council (GCC) Peninsula Shield Force
deals on fast jets, helicopters, precision-guided muni- (see p. 307) was based upon clause two of the GCC
tions and missile-defence systems, among other charter’s section on military cooperation, which states
things. One obstacle to these deals could be enhanced that any threat to a GCC state is a threat to all member
Western public and parliamentary scrutiny of arms states: as-yet-unsubstantiated allegations of Iranian
Downloaded by [ ] at 01:28 09 March 2012

deals with the Gulf states. Criticism of security and interference were used as justification. In all likeli-
defence sales to Bahrain has already surfaced in the hood, it was meant to not only end a month of largely
US and the UK after Bahrain’s military participated peaceful protests that rattled the monarchy but also to
in the island state’s crackdown. Another contentious pre-empt any political settlement that would include
issue will be the already controversial Western, in significant concessions to the opposition.
particular American, assistance to elite Yemeni forces, The GCC forces – more than 1,000 Saudi troops
ostensibly for counter-terrorism activities. These from the National Guard and 500 UAE policemen –
units, commanded by Saleh’s relatives, have taken maintained a low profile. They faced protesters in the
part in operations against protesters. first days after their deployment but were involved
in few clashes. Their main mission was to protect key
Interventions abroad: the exception infrastructure and installations, freeing Bahraini mili-
The Arab Awakening has also seen unprecedented tary, National Guard and police units to conduct a
willingness by several Arab governments to back wide-ranging and tough crackdown.
and participate in military interventions. Early Many among Bahrain’s Shia majority consider the
Gulf support for the Libya intervention served to Peninsula Shield troops an occupying force and an
provide essential and symbolic political cover for the instrument of Saudi control. For the Sunni minority,
NATO-led operation. However, the limited power- they guarantee regime survival, its monarchical char-
projection capabilities of Qatar and the United Arab acter and Bahrain’s Gulf identity. Although only
Emirates (UAE) meant that their direct military Saudi troops remain in Bahrain, the length and nature
contribution was limited and critically dependent on of the Peninsula Shield deployment remains uncer-
Western logistical support: Qatar provided six Mirage tain. Among options considered is the establishment
2000 aircraft plus C-17 rotations: the UAE deployed of Peninsula Shield bases in each of the six GCC states.
six F-16s and six Mirage 2000s. Conversely, the Bahrain intervention may militate
However, Qatar’s deployment of special forces to against the ideal of greater GCC military integration:
train Libyan rebels may have been key to improving although a provision of the GCC charter was invoked,
the rebels’ capabilities. Combined with the lesser smaller Gulf states are wary that this could serve as a
toxicity of being Arab Muslim nations, the ability of precedent for Saudi intervention in their affairs.
the UAE and Qatar to disburse money, deliver weap-
onry, train rebels and provide special-forces assistance An opening for security-sector reform?
without public scrutiny and accountability proved a Among the many grievances that fuelled the Arab
useful adjunct to the NATO air campaign in ensuring Awakening, pervasive state repression and inces-
the fall of Gadhafi. Jordan played a discreet role: it sant police brutality ranked near the top. The initial
too provided fast jets, although it remains unclear spark was the self-immolation of 26-year-old fruit
12 The Military Balance 2012

vendor Mohamed Bouazizi in Tunisia after a dispute ities and find ways to satisfy popular demands while
with local authorities about a permit for his business. maintaining their influence.
In Egypt, a key Facebook group behind the January
revolution was named ‘We are all Khaled Said’, after The war in Libya
a young man beaten to death by police. Security-
sector reform (SSR), which would include political, In February 2011 internal protest in Libya disinte-
cultural, doctrinal and organisational changes, will be grated into civil war. By mid-March Gadhafi’s forces
necessary to sustain efforts at political liberalisation. had cleared rebels from much of western Libya and
This is a demand of Egypt’s revolutionaries, as were close to recapturing Benghazi, the first city to
evidenced by the storming and subsequent dissolu- rise up. Though some rebel strongholds remained
tion of the State Security Investigations Service, an in the Jebel Nafusa mountains south of Tripoli and
internal-security and counter-terrorism force criti- Misrata to the west, the rebels had little prospect of
cised for its methods. The Interior Ministry was simi- holding out and Gadhafi had signalled his intent to
larly sacked and its head sentenced to jail after the exact retribution. The passing of UN Security Council
revolution. Resolution (UNSCR) 1973, and the subsequent mili-
Yet it remains uncertain whether popular demands tary operations by NATO and non-NATO states,
will lead to significant change. The Supreme Council provided crucial support to rebel forces.
for the Armed Forces (SCAF), Egypt’s de facto ruling NATO forces maintained this military mission
Downloaded by [ ] at 01:28 09 March 2012

body, has agreed to limited reforms under pres- for seven months, and the Alliance ended Operation
sure from the street. But with the military seem- Unified Protector on 31 October, following the fall
ingly unwilling to shoulder the task of maintaining of Sirte, and the death of Gadhafi on 20 October.
fragile internal order for much longer, expediency However, the operation exposed gaps in both NATO
may well prevail over long-term requirements to capability and will, with criticism from senior US
reform the security system. The SCAF has another officials over atrophying capability and continuing
reason to resist wholesale reform: its hold on power falls in funding. Indeed, that the war lasted so long
and steering of the transition is primarily motivated was in some ways a consequence of these resource
by the desire to shape the new political order; to constraints. So while the war might lead to short-term
preserve institutional power and autonomy; and to satisfaction in many European capitals, it highlights a
limit any governmental and parliamentary oversight number of cold realities that European NATO states
of its mission, budget, internal functions or extensive will have to consider.
business interests.
In Bahrain, the Independent Commission of Course of the war
Inquiry established to investigate events including UNSCR 1973, passed on 17 March, authorised ‘all
actions by protesters and security forces during necessary means’ to protect civilians and established
February and March 2011, documented a range of a no-fly zone. It forbade any ‘occupation force’.
abuses by security forces and described the routine Enforcement began on the afternoon of 19 March
use of excess force by these agencies. Its recommen- with French air-strikes on a regime column nearing
dations included the revocation of arrest powers from Benghazi, joined that night by UK and US attacks
the country’s National Security Apparatus and the on Libyan air defences, which were rapidly neutral-
establishment of training programmes for Bahrain’s ised. A maritime force also deployed to enforce an
police. While some low-level officers have been arms embargo. Two weeks later, military command
dismissed pending investigation into their actions, passed from USAFRICOM to NATO. President
the question remains whether the upper echelons of Barack Obama withdrew US forces from direct
the Bahraini security apparatus – many of whom are combat on 4 April, although the US continued to
members of the royal family – will be held account- play a major supporting role, providing suppres-
able, whether the practice of recruiting foreign Sunnis sion of air defences and ISR coverage, and 80% of
will end, and whether the ranks of the security forces NATO air-to-air refuelling. Six months of cumula-
will be opened to Bahraini Shi’ites. Across the Arab tive attrition of regime targets by NATO-led attacks
world, political leaders will find themselves locked followed. The international Libya Contact Group and
in awkward, uncomfortable relations with military NATO’s command structure provided political and
leaders, as both groups struggle to adjust to new real- military frameworks that bound together NATO and
Arab militaries and the Arab Awakening 13

participating non-NATO nations, including Sweden, reflecting UK and French views that the regime was
Jordan, Qatar and the UAE, the latter two nations such a threat to Libyan civilians that it had to be
providing considerable discreet political and military directly attacked. By 20 August, the military, internal
support to the rebels. security and repressive capabilities of the regime had
The campaign initially concentrated on the threat been sufficiently eroded by coalition attacks that it
to rebel enclaves. In the west, a combination of tough was outmatched by both rebel military forces and the
defence and NATO air-strikes defeated regime efforts confidence of anti-Gadhafi citizens of Tripoli. The city
to capture Misrata. The rebels had access to supplies fell to a synchronised operation that combined preci-
brought by sea from eastern Libya, and the failure of sion strikes by NATO, advances and an amphibious
regime attempts to close this access by mine-laying landing by rebel units, activation of sleeper cells,
proved costly. Rebel positions in the Jebel Nafusa public calls for an uprising by anti-government
came close to falling, causing such concern to France imams and external disruption of Libyan state broad-
that it covertly air-dropped weapons and supplies in casting. This was followed by political and military
late May. efforts by the rebels and NTC to stabilise Tripoli,
Political divergence manifested itself in varying prevent retribution and re-start essential services.
degrees of military commitment to the operation. All these efforts were guided, like the NATO mili-
Jordan, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Turkey tary effort, by a desire to avoid the perceived failures
limited themselves to supporting roles and flying of the Afghanistan and Iraq interventions. Gadhafi’s
Downloaded by [ ] at 01:28 09 March 2012

combat air patrols. After the US withdrawal from death at the end of October marked the end of organ-
combat missions, ground attack was left to Belgian, ised resistance.
Canadian, Danish, French, Norwegian, Qatari, UAE
and UK forces. From April, half the combat power Explaining the outcome
and much of the non-US support, such as intelligence In February and early March, Gadhafi’s security
gathering, was provided by the UK and France. forces were incapable of quickly overwhelming the
Many NATO members, notably Poland and Germany rebels, principally because the regime lacked suffi-
(whose foreign minister publicly criticised NATO’s cient loyal and competent troops. After 19 March,
actions), deployed no forces in harm’s way. Gadhafi’s forces rapidly adapted by concealing
From late June, attacks on regime targets tanks, armoured vehicles, artillery and rockets in
increased, benefiting from improved intelligence and urban areas. And they equally rapidly fielded large
surveillance from defectors and the Benghazi-based numbers of armed 4×4 vehicles or ‘technicals’. These
National Transitional Council (NTC). The attacks were agile, manoeuvrable and easy to hide, but as
sought to achieve a coercive effect on the regime lead- they were also the principal rebel weapons platform,
ership to persuade it to comply with UNSCR 1973. it was difficult for NATO to distinguish regime and
But while rebels in the east pushed regime forces rebel columns.
back from the edge of Benghazi, they were unable Gadhafi never articulated a strategy. It may be that
to dislodge government defences at Brega, exposing he was hoping for a ceasefire, followed by a period of
their limited military effectiveness. In the west, rebels negotiation, or he may have hoped that time would
pushed back regime troops encircling Misrata and lead the coalition to fracture. However, the regime
expanded their position in the Jebel Nafusa. The inflicted no NATO casualties. NATO air-strikes
rebels and their supporters used this time to supply neutralised Gadhafi’s air force and air defences and,
arms, improve rebel military and governance capa- in time, neutralised naval and coastal-defence forces,
bility and to improve coordination with NATO. eliminating the regime’s ability to challenge the rebel
Meanwhile, the UK led an international effort to help sea line of communication from Benghazi to Misrata.
the NTC develop a plan for Libyan-led post-conflict No attacks were mounted on NATO ships outside
stabilisation and reconstruction, seeking to avoid the range of coastal artillery, NATO air bases, HQs
the problems experienced after previous conflicts, or command and control networks. There were no
notably Iraq. special forces or state-sponsored terrorist attacks in
Lessons learnt in combat, as well as external coalition states. This forfeited opportunities to inflict
supplies, training and advice, increased the effec- casualties and militarily disrupt NATO forces where
tiveness of the rebel forces. By July NATO adopted they were most vulnerable, or to raise the military
a more aggressive interpretation of UNSCR 1973, and political costs of the operation.
14 The Military Balance 2012

Table 1 Operation Odyssey Dawn (19 March – 30 March) (indicative)


Naval Assets
Submarines (6) France: 1 SSN; Spain: 1 SSK; UK: 1 SSN with SLCM; US: 3 SSGN with SLCM
Principal Surface Canada: 1 FFGHM; France: 1 CVN, 3 DDGHM, 1 FFGHM; Italy: 1 CVS, 2 DDGHM, 1 FFGHM, 2 LPD; Spain: 1
Combatants and DDGHM; UK: 2 FFGHM; US: 2 DDGHM, 1 LCC, 1 LHD, 1 LPD
Principal Amphibious
Ships (20)
Other Ships (10) France: 1 AORH; Italy: 1 FSM, 2 PSOH, 1 PCO, 1 AORH; UK: 1 MCMV; US: 2 AFSH, 1 AO
Air Assets
Combat aircraft (181) Belgium: 8 Ftr; Canada: 7 FGA, 2 ASW; Denmark: 6 Ftr; France: 4 Ftr, 26 FGA; Italy: ε6 Ftr, ε12 FGA; Norway: 6
Ftr; Qatar: 6 FGA; Spain: 4 FGA; UK: 20 FGA; US: 6 Bbr, 56 FGA, 8 Atk, 4 ASW
Support aircraft/UAVs Canada: 2 Tkr; France: 6 Tkr, 4 AEW&C; Greece: 1 AEW&C; NATO: ε5 AEW&C; Spain: 1 Tkr; UK: 1 ELINT, 2 ISR, 2
(92) AEW&C, 9 Tkr; US: 7 EW, 2 ELINT, 1 ISR, 4 AEW&C, 3 Tkr/Tpt, ε40 Tkr, ε2 ISR UAV

Table 2 Operation Unified Protector (31 March – 31 October) (indicative)


Naval Assets
Submarines (4) France: 1 SSN; Spain: 1 SSK; Turkey: 1 SSK; UK: 1 SSN with SLCM
Principal Surface Bulgaria: 1 FFGM; Canada: 1 FFGHM; France: 1 CVN, 2 DDGHM, 1 FFGHM, 1 LHD; Greece: 1 FFGHM; Italy: 1
Combatants and CVS, 1 FFGHM; Romania: 1 DDH; Spain: 1 DDGHM; Turkey: 4 FFGHM; UK: 1 DDGHM, 1 LPH; US: 1 FFH
Principal Amphibious
Ships (19)
Downloaded by [ ] at 01:28 09 March 2012

Other ships (10) Belgium: 1 MCMV; France: 1 FSG, 1 AORH; Italy: 1 PSOH, 1 AORH; Netherlands: MCMV; Turkey: 1 AORH; UK: 1
AORH, 1 AFSH, 1 MCMV
Air Assets*
Combat aircraft/UAVs Belgium: 6 Ftr; Canada: 7 FGA, 2 ASW; Denmark: 6 Ftr; France: 4 Ftr, 40 FGA; Italy: 8 Ftr, 20 FGA; Jordan: 6 Ftr;
(182) Netherlands: 6 Ftr; Norway: 6 Ftr; Qatar: 6 FGA; Spain: 4 FGA; Sweden: 8 FGA; Turkey: 8 FGA; UAE: 12 FGA;
UK: 22 FGA; US: 6 FGA, 1 ASW, ε6 Cbt/ISR UAV
Support aircraft/UAVs Canada: 2 Tkr; France: 3 ISR, 4 AEW&C, 7 Tkr; Greece: 1 AEW&C; Italy: 2 Tkr; NATO: 3 AEW&C; Netherlands:
(70) 1 Tkr; Spain: 1 MP, 1 Tkr; Sweden: 1 Tkr; Turkey: 1 Tkr; UK: 1 ISR, 2 AEW&C, 2 Tkr; US: 7 EW, 3 ELINT, 2 ISR, 2
AEW&C, 22 Tkr, 2 ISR UAV
Combat helicopters (17) France: ε2 Atk hel, ε10 MRH hel; UK: 5 Atk hel
*Transport and Search and Rescue aircraft and helicopters are not included

The rebels lives. Certainly, without the intervention rebels in


The rebels began the war with a low standard of Benghazi and eastern Libya would have been rapidly
military effectiveness. This stemmed from a combi- defeated, followed by rebels further west. Large-scale
nation of inexperience – many rebels were formerly retribution by Gadhafi’s forces was thus averted.
civilians – as well as the result of Gadhafi’s starving Both USAFRICOM and NATO moved quickly to
the rump Libyan Army of resources. He had priori- establish command-and-control frameworks, which
tised loyal units and this led to poor levels of training allowed the US to move from a leading to supporting
and maintenance in the mainstream military. As the role on 4 April. This support – including airborne
war progressed, rebels in western Libya modestly refuelling, intelligence collection, combat search and
increased their effectiveness, for example through rescue, and resupply of precision weapons – was
the use of improvised anti-tank obstacles in Misrata nonetheless vital.
– probably the result of learning from combat as well UNSCR 1973 set a political and military frame-
as advice, training, mentoring and supplies from work that bound together NATO and participating
outside, such as those forces from Qatar. An example non-NATO nations. In theory, it was impartial and
is the ‘Tripoli Brigade’, reportedly trained by forces implied that the coalition would have been required
from the Gulf. Along with the attrition of regime to attack rebel forces posing a threat to civilians.
forces by NATO attacks, these factors eventually Indeed, NATO said that: ‘Our targets are those
meant that combined NATO and rebel combat power forces and installations which present a threat to the
outstripped the regime’s ability to defend itself. civilian population. … So far, the opposition forces
have shown every indication that they are committed
Coalition strategy to the protection of civilians and respect for human
NATO claims that its operation to implement UNSCR rights. We expect this commitment to continue.
1973 reduced regime attacks on civilians, thus saving Our targets are those forces and installations which
Downloaded by [ ] at 01:28 09 March 2012

Libya’s revolution Clashes on 20 Feb lead 1. Rebels take control of Benghazi and other
5. Rebels hold 26 Feb–11 Mar to heavy crackdown Air defence infrastructure, eastern cities by 20 Feb. Benghazi is briefly
C2, Scud missiles Sicily threatened by Gadhafi’s eastern push on 18
4. Rebels hold 24 Feb–14 Mar Zuwarah March, leading to establishment of no-fly zone
4 Rebels claim the city on 23 Dernah
5 Zlitan
Air defences Zawiya Tripoli Feb. Loyalist forces ordered
3 Martuba Tobruk
and C2 Zintan to blockade city on 4 Mar 1
Operation Odyssey Dawn Gharyan Misrata Benghazi
Yafren Territory gained by
19–30 March: Nalut Mizdah Sirte Manoeuvre Forces anti-Gadhafi forces
sorties = c. 2,125 Bin Jawaad Manoeuvre Forces
by 1 April
combat sorties = c. 1,050 8 Ras Lanuf 2 2. Held by the rebels from 22 Feb until
7 Disputed cities
Map 1 The War in Libya

6 Ajdabiyah Gadhafi’s forces retake it on 18 Mar


C2 MALTA
Brega Tanker terminal
Rebels take control of Western
towns in late Feb. Gadhafi’s Ammunition Ammunition dump and Major oil refinery
8. Capture on 6 –10 Rebels retake Ajdabiyah on 26 Mar.
forces launch sporadic and storage Manoeuvre Forces,
March marks western- Brief rebel advance to Bin Jawaad Selected air strikes
largely unsuccessful counter- Galeb warplanes, C2
and Mi-35 helicopters most Benghazi rebel 7. Rebels hold 6. Rebels hold countered by Gadhafi’s forces; stale- during first ten days
attacks in following months 5 –12 March 2 –15 March mate ensues, centred on Ajdabiyah of operations
advance until August

Siege of Misrata: 4 Mar–15 May Loyalist ships initially blockaded Stalemate: May–July 2011 Sicily
the port until the start of the Homs Mediterranean Sea Dernah
Nato strikes 19 Mar–May 2: approx no-fly zone. After aid ships began Zuwarah
43 tanks, 18 artillery pieces, 16 other Zlitan
delivering aid supplies and Zawiya Tripoli
vehicles, 8 C2 and 4 bunkers attacked removing wounded, loyalist Benghazi
Zintan Misrata
forces began shelling port Gharyan
M I S R ATA
Refugee camps Yafren
Nalut Sirte
Tripoli Street
H Hospital 25 April Port Mizdah
17 April Ras Lanuf Ajdabiyah
Rebels push
Gadhafi 30 March MALTA Brega
Airport Nato blockade: In late April,
forces back loyalists focused their assault on
Al-Qaryat
12 March Air strike Fighting
the port and laid naval and land
Rebels blocked access for tanks and mines in the area, cutting off rebel
Dahra
Territory held by anti-Gadhafi forces
gradually cleared loyalist snipers. supplies. On 12 May NATO ships
Main loyalist base at the city hospital 11 May engaged loyalist fast patrol boats Hun Waddan Territory held by pro-Gadhafi forces

© IISS
The capture of Tripoli Hundreds of rebels from Endgame: August-October 2011
Misrata landed by boat in 19 March–23 October:
Loyalist military leaders with Sorties = 28,000+
eastern Tripoli on 21 August 22 Aug: Zuwarah c.20–24 Aug: Tripoli Mediterranean Sea
veiled sympathies dispersed
Strike sorties = 10,500+
their forces as rebels moved
from the west into Tripoli 20 Aug: Zawiya 20 Aug: Zlitan
TRIPOLI
Sea port Misrata Benghazi
Military port Zintan
22 Aug: 14 Aug: Tawarga
22 Aug: 14 Aug: Gharyan
TV station Martyr’s Sq. Yafren
22 22 Aug: Airport captured
22 Aug Nalut
Au but loyalists continue to Nafusa 17 Oct: 27 Aug:
g
launch attacks nearby Bani Walid Bin Jawaad
23 Aug: Bab al-Azizia mountains Mizda
20 Oct: Sirte Ajdabiyah
20 Aug: Ben Nabi Mosque – Centre of NATO strikes hit 21
Arab militaries and the Arab Awakening

uprising within Tripoli, speakers used missile launchers, 19


to broadcast uprising signal. Resident vehicles and 17 buildings
Sources: NATO, Pentagon, Institute for the Study of War,
set up barricades throughout the city University during the battle New York Times, BBC, Reuters, Guardian, Al Jazeera 22 Sept: Sabha 20 Aug: Brega
15

© IISS
16 The Military Balance 2012

present a threat to the civilian population.’ This warships to attack regime targets was limited by the
careful language indicates the degree to which NATO absence of precision shells for naval guns.
had to ‘finesse’ the diverging views of member states: Although attack helicopters have less endurance
some felt the very nature of the Gadhafi regime meant than fast jets and are more vulnerable to ground
all government forces posed a threat to Libyan civil- fire, their integral surveillance systems, missiles and
ians, while others favoured a narrower interpretation cannon meant that from the outset NATO planners
of the mandate. sought to integrate them into the air campaign, to
As in Afghanistan, NATO successfully integrated complicate the calculations of the regime and to
military contributions from non-NATO states. The release jets to attack targets deeper inland. US Marine
Alliance’s ISR operation grew, from a background Corps attack helicopters could have been deployed
of little understanding of Libya, to produce greatly from amphibious vessels early in the campaign, but
improved situational awareness and targeting data. the US scaling back of combat missions closed this
Airborne ELINT platforms such the US Rivet Joint and option. Halfway through the campaign, an impro-
UK Nimrod R1 proved invaluable, as did the RAF’s vised French and British capability was developed,
Sentinel ground-surveillance radar; this was comple- flying from amphibious assault ships.
mented by information provided by defectors. Once This is just one example of how the campaign plan
potential targets were identified, the combination was under-resourced. In June 2011, then-US Defense
of accurate target data, tight rules of engagement, Secretary Robert Gates stated that the NATO air oper-
Downloaded by [ ] at 01:28 09 March 2012

careful targeting under tight political control, and ations centre in Italy managing the campaign had
precision munitions meant that NATO caused rela- been designed to run 300 sorties a day, but was strug-
tively few civilian casualties; the total remains uncer- gling to manage 150, about one-third the number
tain. flown over the much smaller Serbia/Kosovo theatre in
1999. US targeting specialists were, he said, provided
Initial assessments to augment capacity to run the campaign, a ‘“just in
The NATO campaign was constrained by the terms time” infusion of personnel that may not always be
of the UN mandate and complicated by a lack of full available in future contingencies’.
support within the Alliance. The chief participants NATO airpower had to be divided between
clearly aimed to engineer Gadhafi’s downfall, but protecting the rebel enclaves and attacking regime
were unable to direct NATO to do this. One lesson infrastructure. Operations in Iraq have shown that,
of the war is therefore that political intent – not just without ground troops, the threat of bombardment
the stated political aim – and military means should of urban areas can be countered by the persistent
be aligned from the outset. Failure to achieve this presence of armed aircraft. But there were significant
increases the risks involved. periods of time when regime forces threatening rebel
Recent operations have seen increasing use of territory were not themselves threatened by NATO
precision-guided bombs and missiles, as well as the airpower. For much of the campaign, NATO was only
fitting of guidance systems to land-based artillery, able to suppress a relatively small proportion of the
rockets and mortars. And efforts to minimise civilian attacks on Misrata and the Jebel Nafusa. This meant
casualties and collateral damage have resulted in that the war lasted longer than it would have done,
greater use of smaller warheads. Libya confirmed this had NATO’s campaign plan been fully resourced.
trend. It appears that NATO air and missile attacks This is important because civil wars have their
exclusively used precision weapons. The RAF dual- own dynamics. As they proceed, both sides become
mode Brimstone anti-armour missiles were especially more hostile to each other, war crimes mount, radi-
useful; with their low explosive yield these were calisation increases, organised crime proliferates
successfully used to engage targets in urban areas and damage to civil infrastructure accumulates. As
that could not be targeted by bombs. demonstrated in the Balkans, these factors all make
The role of NATO’s naval force was under- post-conflict stabilisation, reconstruction and recon-
reported. As well as enforcing a maritime embargo, ciliation more difficult. Some NATO officials claim
warships gathered considerable intelligence and that these risks will have been offset by the work of
provided radar surveillance. There were some the international community and NTC in planning
exchanges of fire between NATO vessels and Libyan for post-war stabilisation. Whether this is actually the
guns and rocket launchers, but the potential of NATO case remains to be seen.
Arab militaries and the Arab Awakening 17

Coordination culties that bedevilled subsequent stabilisation. While


The effectiveness of NATO air attacks was reduced it will take time to discern the full implications of the
by limited air/land cooperation between NATO war on long-term Libyan stability, it is clear that this
and rebel forces. As the campaign progressed, there intervention, executing an impartial mandate, not
was evidence of rebel forces passing information to only changed the political and military dynamic, but
NATO. As Tripoli fell, NATO admitted that it was in practice could not be executed impartially. This
receiving information from ‘allied forces in Libya’. reinforces the trend from UN and NATO interven-
These were probably small teams of intelligence tions in the internal conflicts in Bosnia and Kosovo.
personnel, special forces and air controllers oper- Advocates of liberal interventionism and the
ating under national rather than NATO command, ‘Responsibility to Protect’ have already claimed that
acting in coordination with NATO. The Chief of the strength of their cause has been reinforced by
Staff of Qatar’s military was reported in late October the Libyan intervention. However, the war was in
as saying that Qatari armed forces had organised many ways most favourable to NATO. The Alliance
training ‘and contact operations’, liaising between has extensive command-and-control networks and
the rebels and NATO forces. This is probably why experience integrating multinational forces. Regime
rebel tactics and NATO strikes appeared increasingly propaganda was ham-fisted and there was no cred-
synchronised as the campaign went on. Indeed, mili- ible Libyan conventional threat to NATO infrastruc-
tary advisers and trainers appear to have improved ture and homelands. A Libyan WMD capability
Downloaded by [ ] at 01:28 09 March 2012

rebel forces’ effectiveness and coordination. The could have deterred some countries from military
seizure of Tripoli, which included NATO precision action and posed significant challenges to NATO, as
attacks, rebel advances, operations to disrupt Libyan well complicating planning and diverting intelligence
state broadcasting and mass text messaging of city and attack capability from other tasks. The country’s
residents, appeared orchestrated. coastline allowed sea power to be brought to bear
and, as Libya is close to Europe, NATO’s limited stra-
Military-strategic implications tegic lift capability was not tested. Fighting did not
France and the UK exercised considerable political spill over into neighbouring states, and the flight of
and military leadership of the NATO operation and nearly one million people from Libya has not (so far)
their military credibility with NATO and the US has destabilised the region.
increased. London and Paris will claim that the war The most important lessons of the Libyan war may
reinforces the requirement for closer bilateral military be those drawn by authoritarian regimes and states
partnership and has provided practice in this. And and non-state actors that require a military capability
the role played by the UAE and Qatar has increased to deter or fight the US, or other forces similarly trained
their influence with the US and NATO. and equipped. Their military and security planners
In Washington the war has probably increased may deduce that they need to improve their internal-
Congressional and government disillusion with security capabilities (such as well equipped, highly
NATO and many of its European members. In his trained, politically loyal elite forces) to halt protests
June speech, Gates asserted that NATO lacked enough before they develop. They will seek to prevent the
modern capability, said that too many NATO coun- Security Council passing similarly broad resolutions
tries opted out of war, and questioned US willing- and to undermine the formation of any coalitions
ness to shoulder future burdens for NATO. Obama’s against them. They might also see value in striking
decision to ‘lead from behind’ increases the potential enemy infrastructure and employing ‘anti-access’
burden for NATO as a whole, particularly members systems. Finally, they could consider Gadhafi foolish
such as the UK and France that aspire to expedi- to have voluntarily surrendered his WMD capability.
tionary warfighting capabilities and military influ- There will be no shortage of advocacy of particular
ence. This will exacerbate existing military tensions capabilities by interest groups in NATO states, where
within the Alliance. militaries and defence industries will be seeking to
further their own causes, but the military lessons of
Implications for future interventions the Libyan conflict identified in coalition forces’ capi-
The Afghanistan and Iraq interventions succeeded tals are unlikely to be novel. Those drawn by author-
in toppling incumbent regimes, but their planning, itarian regimes could have greater ramifications for
execution and resourcing created many of the diffi- future conflicts.
18 The Military Balance 2012

Combat and capability:


military trends since 9/11
By 11 September 2001, Western armed forces were cases, cross-government ‘stabilisation’ groups. Some
12 years removed from those that had, during the armed forces are now having to plan and operate
Cold War between the late 1940s and 1989, gener- in an overlapping area between insurgency and law
ally trained for potential war in Europe. The period enforcement. For instance, military personnel are
from 1989 to 2001 saw them engaged on a wide range deployed on anti-corruption duties in Afghanistan.
of operations. By 2001, these forces were confident Other armed forces are taking on tasks that were hith-
they could conduct peace-support operations as erto the preserve of internal security forces (as seen in
well as combat operations against state actors. At the the Mexican and Brazilian armies’ domestic deploy-
same time, some military professionals and analysts ments). They are also having to take account of capa-
considered that the ‘Revolution in Military Affairs’ bilities such as cyber, only relatively recently seen as
(RMA) would combine greatly improved surveil- having military utility. All these factors will influence
lance, communications and precision-strike weapons, the future development of Western armed forces, as
Downloaded by [ ] at 01:28 09 March 2012

resulting in superior knowledge of the enemy and they shift focus from the wars of the past ten years
better targeted and more effective strikes. This would to broader strategic challenges. These might accrue
enable a modernised networked force to more rapidly from factors as diverse as the rise of aspirant great
defeat adversaries that had not taken advantage of powers, the impact of territorial disputes on regional
new technologies and doctrines. After the defeat of stability, the effect of piracy, and continuing insur-
the Iraqi army in 2003, the tactics and nature of the gent and terrorist activity; they will also affect, to
insurgents facing coalition troops initially blunted the varying degrees, the development of non-western
edge of this advantage. These adaptable adversaries armed forces.
adopted asymmetric tactics to counter the firepower
and tactics of coalition forces. Ground forces
The principal factor in eventual tactical success Over the last decade, conventional state-versus-state
in Iraq was the rediscovery of counter-insurgency land warfare has been generally confined to the first
(COIN) principles established in earlier wars, applied month of Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003 and the short
by concentrating sufficient ground troops to provide Russia–Georgia war of 2008. Both these wars showed
security for the people through a systematic ‘clear, the vulnerability of conventional armies to an oppo-
hold and build’ approach. Nonetheless, as the Iraq nent with superiority in overall firepower, air power,
War progressed, armies and air forces adapted some and intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition and
instruments of the RMA for counter-insurgency, reconnaissance (ISTAR) capabilities.
including unmanned aerial vehicles providing Regime change in Iraq, and in Afghanistan, was
persistent surveillance, the use of precision weapons, followed by protracted COIN operations against
and high-capacity command and control networks insurgents, including efforts to build new indig-
capable of bringing accurate fire to bear quickly on enous security forces through training, advising
enemy targets. Improvements in intelligence collec- and mentoring. With such insurgencies the domi-
tion and analysis included closer integration of nant experience, Western armies have as a result
tactical and strategic intelligence. changed a great deal. However, lessons derived from
While the Western wars since 9/11 have been the Western experience – and the developments in
primarily fought on land, operations in Iraq, weapons systems arising from that experience – will
Afghanistan and Libya were, from their inception, likely also influence the development of non-Western
‘joint’, with the need for close integration of land, air armies.
and, to a lesser extent, naval forces. Further, military While the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have
planning and wider operations increasingly involve confirmed the continuing relevance of the classic prin-
non-military government departments including law ciples of counter-insurgency (including the primacy
enforcement and development bodies and, in some of politics, addressing the root causes of insurgency
Combat and capability: military trends since 9/11 19

and making progress across all areas of governance now weigh 40 tonnes compared with the original 27
and development) it is evident that there has been no tonnes. Armies have also purchased and deployed
substitute – in the absence of effective local security wheeled protected patrol vehicles with special protec-
– for large numbers of troops on the ground or the tion against roadside bombs, such as the US Mine
ability to conduct combined arms combat operations. Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicle. There
has been greater recognition of the utility of v-shaped
Protection and firepower hull designs, first used in southern Africa in the 1970s.
Iraq and Afghanistan have seen periods of intense The US is currently modifying a number of its Stryker
ground combat, and casualty levels have been corre- vehicles into this configuration.
spondingly high for Western armies, local forces With their combination of firepower, mobility and
and civilians. Insurgents have made extensive use of protection, tanks played a decisive role in the ground
IEDs, including roadside bombs, with lethal effect. component of Iraqi Freedom, the Russian attack on
The IED threat has been similar to that presented by Georgia and in the initial attempts by the Gadhafi
landmines and booby traps in conventional warfare, regime to defeat the Libyan rebels. So, the tank is
but in Iraq and Afghanistan the scale of the threat and not obsolete, but its primary role in recent conflicts
its success in inflicting casualties was a strategic shock has involved supporting infantry and fighting insur-
for many Western armies. With increasing insurgent gents, rather than fighting other tanks. They remain
capability, rising casualties and a decline in support vulnerable to air power: many Taliban, Iraqi and
Downloaded by [ ] at 01:28 09 March 2012

for these wars in the West, protecting troops has Libyan armoured vehicles were destroyed by air-
increased in importance. Improved body armour has launched munitions, albeit in relatively permissive
been fielded to protect individual soldiers, though air environments. Nonetheless, the small-arms fire
this has added to the weight that troops must carry. generated by Iraqi and Afghan insurgents has meant
There have been considerable advances in battle- that firepower from armoured vehicles, including
field medicine, including advanced field dressings, tanks and armoured infantry fighting vehicles, has
deployment of military paramedics down to squad been invaluable, as has close tactical cooperation
level and forward deployment of advanced medical between armoured vehicles and dismounted infantry
technology: as a result, survival rates among those in a wide variety of terrain. And the tank’s main gun
with serious wounds are higher than in any previous has provided a unique capability with which to attack
war. fortified positions resistant to cannon and missiles.
A common counter-IED approach has been The tank’s potential utility is reflected in the moderni-
applied across NATO’s national contingents in sation and upgrade programmes devoted to tank
Afghanistan. Counter-IED has become a core activity fleets around the world. For instance, Brazil, China,
for all deployed troops, and initiatives include equip- India and Russia are all modernising. Conversely,
ping infantry with hand-held detectors and forming some Western states are reducing their tank hold-
bespoke ‘Counter-IED task forces’ with high-tech ings due to budget cuts and questions over the utility
equipment such as remotely-operated ground vehi- of maintaining large tank inventories; this could
cles. But without sufficient troops and air assets to increase the number of recent-generation second-
dominate the ground and deter emplacement of hand tanks available on the international market.
IEDs, the initiative has often remained with the insur-
gents. As airlifting troops can largely circumvent the Combat
IED threat, many countries have bought more heli- Since 9/11, Western armies have engaged in consid-
copters and isolated units are often supplied by para- erably more dismounted close-quarter fighting than
chute. However, even the US is limited in the number in the previous decade. The requirement for ‘boots
of troops and supplies it can move by air with its on the ground’ makes infantry the dominant army
helicopters, so logistics vehicles have in turn also had branch in counter-insurgency and conventional
armour and jammers added. fighting in urban areas. Efforts have been made to
Vehicles have been fitted with additional armour, enhance infantry effectiveness through improved
air-conditioning, remotely operated weapons and weapons, sights, hand-held laser range-finders, more
electronic countermeasures, which have increased effective tactical communications nets and night-
their size and weight: variants of the British Warrior vision devices. There has been a notable revival in
infantry fighting vehicle in Afghanistan, for example, sniping. But this ‘infantry renaissance’ has not yet
20 The Military Balance 2012

resulted in a decisive increase in the effectiveness of Rapid adaptation has not been confined to
Western armies’ infantry, partly because the weight western armies: adversaries have also adapted.
of additional equipment and body armour, combined Insurgent roadside bomb technology in Iraq devel-
with the IED threat, has slowed troops down. oped in response to coalition tactics and equipment.
Iraq and Afghanistan have driven a greater appre- In 2011, meanwhile, Gadhafi’s army adapted to
ciation within Western armies of the need to protect NATO attacks by dispersing weaponry in urban areas
the local civilian population, which has led to more to make it more difficult for NATO to engage them.
restrictive rules of engagement and increased use of This in turn led aircraft implementing UNSCR 1973 to
precision weapons. In Afghanistan, US and British use lower-yield precision munitions when engaging
forces have used guided artillery rockets extensively, targets from the air. Gadhafi-loyalists also switched
often instead of air-dropped munitions. Integration much of their capability into armed 4x4 vehicles or
of tactical airpower with land forces has improved. ‘technicals’, making it difficult to distinguish between
Tactical air-control parties now routinely deploy to regime troops and rebels.
company level and below. There has been extensive The Libyan war also illustrated the importance of
use of attack helicopters for precision strike, close air training and leadership. It lasted so long principally
support and escort duties. Armed unmanned aerial because of the low standard of military effectiveness
vehicles (UAVs), such as the Predator and Reaper, have among the rebels. That Western units kept fighting in
similarly been integrated into the tactical battle on Iraq and Afghanistan with considerable effectiveness
Downloaded by [ ] at 01:28 09 March 2012

land, both for intelligence, surveillance and recon- is, in the main, evidence of high standards of lead-
naissance (ISR) and weapons delivery. ership and morale, reinforced by demanding and
comprehensive training.
Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have underlined Implications
the proposition that the single most important source Since 9/11, fighting at squad, platoon and company
of intelligence in COIN is the local population. This level has remained similar in nature to that expe-
requires decentralised intelligence capabilities and rienced in Korea and Vietnam. But it is not just the
use of human intelligence teams to cultivate and new emphasis on heavy optimisation for counter-
exploit informants. There have been concerted efforts insurgency that has changed armies; other aspects of
to enhance intelligence-gathering on the ground, their deployment and operations are different from
and as a result intelligence staffs across ISAF have those suited to combined-arms manoeuvre against a
expanded at all levels from corps to company. These conventional land army. This is particularly evident
developments are complemented by expanded intel- in the static layout of security bases, which allow
ligence gathering from manned and unmanned lavish logistical support and extensive communica-
aircraft, improvements in intelligence fusion at the tions infrastructure, on a larger scale than could be
tactical and strategic levels, and greater integration achieved in manoeuvre operations. However, such
of national strategic intelligence with military tactical major bases have been vulnerable to insurgent attack,
intelligence. and Western armies have had to develop countermea-
sures, including deploying radars and guns against
Adaptation, leadership and training rocket attack in Iraq.
Having initially been poorly prepared for counter- Land warfare now requires the ability to inte-
insurgency in Iraq, US forces demonstrated impres- grate traditional combined-arms fire and manoeuvre
sive adaptability to the unanticipated demands of the with reconstruction, development and informa-
campaign. This included tactics as well as the rapid tion operations. These capabilities were previously
fielding of new and improved equipment, such as seen by most Western armies as peripheral, and
the MRAP. Funding for these improvements has such capability as existed was often generated from
sometimes been found by delaying or postponing the reserves rather than from regular troops. As US
new generation equipment. The most important Army Lt-Gen Michael Vane (Director of the US Army
adaptation was the rapid evolution of a successful Capabilities Integration Center) has said, ‘special-
tactical approach to COIN. This flowed as much ized skills are essential for successful operations.
from organisation, doctrine and culture as it did They include operational adaptability, cultural and
from technology. language proficiency, negotiation, digital literacy and
Combat and capability: military trends since 9/11 21

space knowledge, weapons technical intelligence, and from minesweeping to anti-submarine warfare and
site exploitation. These specialized skills must now troop transport, depending on its configuration. The
become universal tasks.’ How this is to be achieved UK’s Global Combat Ship (the Type 26) is likely to be
by Western armies is not yet clear. another multirole ship, approximately 1,000 tonnes
As Western armies withdraw from Afghanistan, lighter than the 6,000 tonnes full-load displacement
most will need time to refurbish and maintain equip- originally envisaged. Rather than there being the two
ment, much of which will be worn out. Moreover, sub-classes of vessel (anti-submarine warfare and
the primary orientation of Western armies towards general-purpose) that were originally planned, there
COIN will need to be balanced by reconstituting the will be now be only one version of the Type 26 for
capability to perform the full spectrum of roles often the Royal Navy. A similar trend towards procuring
required by defence policies. Meanwhile, many of the multi-purpose vessels is also clear in Germany’s
advanced conventional weapons previously hoped MEKO series of combatants.
for have been cancelled or delayed as a result of finan- Austerity is accentuating the trend towards more
cial constraints that have grown since 2008. Some affordable, flexible platforms. Budget cuts in major
lessons of the last decade’s wars, probably including Western armed forces are encouraging acquisition
the extensive use of UAVs, body armour, precision of fewer and smaller vessels against the backdrop of
artillery and improvements to dismounted infantry, a relatively benign security environment. Creating
will become core capabilities for Western armies, and consortia is an option increasingly used to share
Downloaded by [ ] at 01:28 09 March 2012

will be studied closely by armies around the world. development costs of major surface combatants. The
Other capabilities, such as MRAP-style protected UK is negotiating with potential partners as diverse
patrol vehicles with limited cross-country mobility, as Australia, Brazil, New Zealand and possibly Chile
may be judged less useful for future ‘general purpose’ for involvement in the Type 26 project. Another
armies. example of a consortium-based project is the ongoing
Franco-Italian FREMM frigate programme, which
Maritime saw its first vessel launched last year with commis-
Although the major conflicts since 9/11 have been sioning expected in 2012 and follows on from the
primarily land-based, naval forces have been involved Franco-Italian Horizon project of the 2000s.
in a wide range of roles, from amphibious assault to Such multirole vessels are not necessarily small: the
carrier-strike aviation in 2001, 2003 and, to a lesser Type 26 will be significantly larger than the Type 42
extent in 2011, as well as maritime patrol and littoral destroyers currently being replaced and the FREMM
manoeuvre. However, the principal focus has been on is as heavy as the Tourville-class destroyers currently
combating asymmetric threats, particularly terrorism, being phased out in France. Multirole vessels often
piracy, counter-narcotics and the threat from fast need to be larger than their single-role equivalents
attack craft. Some navies have learned lessons from as they must embark more equipment, unless they
these roles relating to platform utility and design, as are truly modular, as with the LCS. Nonetheless,
well as integration with air and special forces, and the the move towards multirole vessels reflects the main
developing role of non-lethal weapons. Developed priorities of navies’ sea-based roles today. Although
countries, in particular, are pursuing programmes large destroyers and cruisers are still necessary for
involving multirole vessels, a shift from the twen- power projection and carrier escort, the possibility
tieth century concept of mission-specific vessels. This of a significant state-to-state naval conflict currently
change is also being driven by the challenge of main- seems low. As such, the primary missions of today’s
taining viable fleets and enhancing platform capabili- major navies usually involve dealing with asym-
ties within the context of restricted funding. metric threats, particularly small, fast enemies, such
as pirates, criminals, potentially sea-based terrorists
Multirole vessels and the fast-attack missile craft of developing states’
The concept of modular or multirole vessels reflects navies. These roles require a range of capabilities and
the main operational demands on navies today. The flexibility, rather than the largest capital ships avail-
US Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) is perhaps the best able with extensive anti-air warfare capabilities.
example of a modular, multirole vessel: designed to The proliferation of a range of anti-ship missiles
operate in coastal and littoral waters, it is a small, is a concern for developed countries’ navies: these
frigate-sized ship designed to perform roles ranging offer the user the ability to engage the slower, larger
22 The Military Balance 2012

vessels of major navies at relatively little expense. The powers. China sent its first aircraft carrier on sea
Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps, for instance, has trials in 2011; India is purchasing a refitted Soviet
a fleet of small, fast attack craft that are now armed carrier while simultaneously planning to build
with C-702 anti-ship missiles. These could be used in a two more carriers indigenously. Brazil continues to
swarm effect or with hit-and-run tactics against larger operate a former Clemenceau-class carrier, although
vessels. Similarly, China’s fleet of Type 022 fast attack its service life is questionable and a replacement may
craft, which each carry eight YJ-83 anti-ship missiles, be sought. This only serves to further highlight the
would likely be employed as very mobile platforms dichotomy between developed and developing coun-
in coastal and littoral defence. Indonesia is also devel- tries’ spending and procurement trends. The former
oping its force of missile-armed fast attack craft. continue to move towards smaller, more mobile plat-
Other traditional roles are also in flux or seeing forms adaptable for asymmetric warfare. Developing
decreasing demand. Naval gunfire support, the stal- states in some cases show increasing interest in major
wart weapon of the imperial era, is of seemingly platforms while continuing to pursue exactly those
decreasing utility in the modern age. While utilised in asymmetric warfare capabilities that so concern
the Libyan campaign in 2011, many of the shells fired developed states’ defence planners and naval staffs.
were starbursts rather than high-explosive projectiles.
The vagaries of modern warfare, requiring greater Platform developments
accuracy and fewer civilian casualties, have made However, both developed and developing states’
Downloaded by [ ] at 01:28 09 March 2012

naval gunfire support a less attractive option. Various navies are interested in deploying more and larger
programmes are currently under way to develop amphibious assault vessels, essentially the largest
guided artillery rounds or rocket-assisted munitions form of multirole vessel available. For developed
that would permit greater use in contested shore envi- countries, these ships offer the opportunity to deploy
ronments, such as the BAE Systems/Lockheed Martin rotary wing airpower at sea without using their
Long-range Land Attack Projectile to be used on the limited aircraft carriers, while also providing the flex-
Zumwalt-class destroyer’s Advanced Gun System and ibility to deploy amphibious forces. In developing
Oto Melara’s Vulcano long-range guided ammunition. countries, where aircraft carrier programmes may
be small or non-existent but the desire to project air
Large platforms persist power at sea remains, amphibious assault vessels
In light of this, the UK Royal Navy’s new Type 45 either fill the power projection gap or can act as
destroyer appears to be something of an anomaly. a stepping stone towards larger carriers. Russia’s
Priced at £1 billion per vessel, the Type 45 seems December 2010 decision to purchase four Mistral-
at odds with current Royal Navy priorities, which class landing helicopter docks (LHDs) from France
focus on threats from asymmetric warfare. This helps emphasises the desire for multirole vessels, as they
explain why the initial requirement of 12 was halved act as both helicopter carrier and amphibious assault
to six in 2004. Primarily an anti-air-warfare vessel, vessel, carrying up to 16 heavy helicopters, 40 tanks
they are also carrier escorts, but in a navy with no and 900 troops. South Korea commissioned the first
current carrier strike capabilities, it is unclear whether of its Dokdo-class LHDs in 2007, while Spain brought
the ship is the right fit for present demands. Similarly, the Juan Carlos I into service in 2010. Landing plat-
planned numbers of the Zumwalt-class destroyer to form docks (LPDs), meanwhile, offer amphibious
be built by the US, at a cost of more than US$3bn per capabilities with reduced helicopter carrying capa-
ship, have been cut from 32 to just three. Budget cuts bility: China commissioned its first Type 071 LPD in
have also forced Western navies to reduce their plans 2007 (with a second undergoing sea trials and a third
for new aircraft carriers. The UK has opted to do in build) and Chile purchased the Foudre from France
without carrier strike capabilities until 2020, and then in October 2011. Algeria ordered a San Giorgio-class
will pursue an Anglo-French carrier capability based LPD from Italy in August 2011 which, if delivered,
on two operational carriers with fixed-wing aircraft. would be a substantial boost to its amphibious capa-
Even the US Navy has debated cutting one of its 11 bilities. Australia, meanwhile, purchased the landing
aircraft carriers in a bid to save costs. ship dock RFA Largs Bay from the UK, which was offi-
In the developing world, however, economic cially handed over in October 2011.
growth has remained robust and aircraft carriers The utility of rotary-wing naval aviation has been
remain a major procurement item for emerging proven in recent missions, from the intelligence-gath-
Combat and capability: military trends since 9/11 23

ering capabilities of counter-piracy missions to attack and to provide intelligence, surveillance and recon-
helicopters off the coast of Libya. Although helicop- naissance (ISR). However, the funding crisis facing
ters are more vulnerable to air defences, in conflicts many governments and defence ministries is having
involving near-total air dominance, they can enhance a profound effect on military aerospace, particularly
capabilities and, at sea, they increase a ship’s radius in Europe. It is also – along with the lessons of recent
of action, making them invaluable when dealing with conflicts – helping to propel developments in the
smaller, faster vessels. technology, employment and even theory of air and
Diesel-electric submarines (SSK) equally appeal to space power. In common with the land and sea envi-
both developing and developed country navies that ronments, these will be studied closely by defence
aim to improve their sea denial (as opposed to sea planners and air staffs in countries which are still
control) capabilities without the expense and expertise prospering economically.
required for nuclear submarine operations. Countries While air power’s contemporary utility is not
in Southeast Asia have been active in this field. Vietnam in question, there is less certainty among strategic
has ordered six Kilo-class submarines, Malaysia thinkers and defence planners in the US (where air
has taken delivery of its first two SSKs, Singapore is power has long been central to national war-fighting
bringing the Archer-class of upgraded ex-Swedish and deterrent capacity) and elsewhere over its future
boats into service, and Indonesia and Thailand are direction. The recent wars in which the US has been
expressing interest in new submarine purchases. Japan engaged have generated doctrinal uncertainty over
Downloaded by [ ] at 01:28 09 March 2012

is seeking to expand the number of its submarines how to best configure the air force and other US mili-
from 16 to 22, while Australia has long-term plans for tary aviation in the face of a kaleidoscope of emerging
12 new, larger SSKs as replacements for its six Collins- threats.
class boats. These developments may at least in part
indicate unease over China’s efforts to enhance its ISR
own submarine capabilities. In Europe, Germany and During the initial phases of military operations in
Italy will commission the last of their Type 212 subma- Afghanistan and Iraq leading to regime change,
rines in 2012 and 2014 respectively, while Algeria has advanced ISR and air-launched precision weapons
improved its capabilities with two improved Kilo-class enabled the US and its allies to deploy ground forces
boats. Air-independent propulsion, which allows these at substantially lower levels than would previously
submarines to patrol without having to snorkel, is also have been required. ISR gave the West an asym-
an increasingly common feature. metric edge in terms of improved tactical- and
Overall, the past decade has greatly influenced theatre-level situational awareness. These campaigns
naval thinking and tactics in developed navies. have seen a distribution of ISR assets to platoon
Multirole vessels are increasingly common as the level, enhancing the usability and timeliness of their
perceived threat has migrated from state-based product. Meanwhile, ISR platforms now boast an
naval assets to non-state threats from small, fast array of sensors and systems across an increasingly
craft. Ship-to-shore power projection, particularly in broad range of radar frequencies and electro-optical
the initial stages of a land campaign, mean aircraft bandwidths, with new developments in multi-spec-
carriers, amphibious assault ships and their escorts tral imagery systems. Systems such as the Predator
remain relevant, but the declining use of traditional UAV have also been developed as weapons plat-
naval gunnery and vulnerability to anti-ship missiles forms. Combat operations over Libya during 2011
undermines, in the short term at least, the utility of further reinforced awareness of the value of air- and
capital ships. Nonetheless, key emerging countries space-based ISR systems. Space-based ISR as well as
still perceive a strong navy as crucial to ensuring communications systems, traditionally the domain
the security of their increasingly globalised interests, of only a handful of states, will likely proliferate
and will pursue major shipbuilding programmes to following the emergence of cheaper, and smaller,
improve their power projection at sea. satellites. The UK has considered small satellites as a
means of acquiring a national geo-spatial intelligence
Aerospace capability, while Singapore has examined the utility
The conflicts since 9/11 in Iraq, Afghanistan and of comparatively low-cost remote sensing satellites.
Libya have underscored the strategic importance of Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, also known as
airpower to deliver kinetic and non-kinetic effect, RPAS or Remotely Piloted Air Systems) have emerged
24 The Military Balance 2012

from recent wars as important platforms for carrying of US military aviation, to continue reducing their
ISR systems. Equipping a UAV with a capable sensor personnel and orders of battle. The UK’s 2010 Strategic
suite and an endurance of tens of hours is of immense Defence and Security Review further cut the Royal
value, but also raises the issue of survivability. The Air Force. The latest defence cuts announced in the
level of airborne ISR available in Afghanistan and Netherlands in April 2011 axed a fighter squadron,
Libya is highly desirable for Western armed forces, while a German review in late October is expected to
but similar provision in contested air space would be lead to reductions in the size of the air force.
another, possibly much more costly matter. In Iraq
the permissive air environment enabled the US to New generations
deploy a successful lower-cost platform in the form of While the US F-35 programme struggles with delays
the MC-12 Liberty ISR aircraft, based on the 350 King and cost escalation, watched with anxiety by partner
Air, which moved from concept to first mission-flight nations in the project, Russia and China are flight-
in less than a year; less costly solutions like this might testing their own ‘fifth-generation’ combat aircraft.
prove attractive to militaries with less resources. Three Sukhoi T-50s were being used for flight trials
Anticipated cost savings may have influenced by late 2011, and the Chengdu J-20 first flew in
interest in unmanned systems, but experience over January 2011. After well over a decade of stagnation,
the past decade shows that these systems – at least Russia has revitalised its defence aerospace research
at the high-end – are expensive and require a consid- and development. Whether, and to what extent, it can
Downloaded by [ ] at 01:28 09 March 2012

erable number of support personnel. These systems maintain this effort in the medium-to-long term is
may thus only be affordable for rich, technologically- uncertain: Russia’s defence industry – while innova-
advanced states’ air forces. This problem of afford- tive and capable in small-scale production – continues
ability may be even more acute in relation to the to face challenges in serially producing equipment
low-observable long-range combat UAVs now in the (see Russia, p. 183). The collapse of defence spending
early stages of development. While such systems will in the 1990s resulted in the contraction of Russia’s
doubtless find a place in future air force inventories, defence industry, and a loss of intellectual capital.
the extent and pace of their introduction, and the way This adversely affected serial production manufac-
they are employed operationally (not least in terms turing capacity. For Beijing, the J-20 marks a step
of the level of autonomy granted to the platform) change in ambition from the Chengdu J-10 fighter,
all remain areas of contention. Air arms will need to though how quickly and on what scale production of
consider carefully the optimum force balance between operational variants will commence is unclear.
manned and unmanned platforms, the ownership Nonetheless both the T-50 and J-20 projects high-
and operation of which is likely to remain a source light a closing of the defence-technology gap with the
of friction between armed services. There have been US and Europe. Given the constraints on US defence
debates in the US and in the UK over ownership of spending, Washington may have to accept a reduced
UAVs between respective air and land forces. technological edge, though it will try to ensure that
it remains ahead of its rivals. The Russian, and prob-
Funding for air power ably eventually Chinese, platforms may proliferate as
The funding problems facing many air forces, notably a result of export sales, offering some nations access
in the West, are jeopardising procurement plans. Still to high-capability combat aircraft not available from
deeper cuts are in prospect. One important example the West. Moscow has already secured Delhi as a
concerns US Air Force tactical combat aircraft. The partner in the T-50, while Beijing shows every inten-
USAF’s ageing fighters need to be replaced: the tion of increasing its defence aerospace exports. The
majority of F-15s are more than 20 years old, while JF-17 is already in service with Pakistan. Moscow is
most F-16s are around 15–20 years old. However, promoting what may be the ultimate version of the
delays to the Lockheed Martin F-35 programme, and Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker, the Su-35S, for export.
the threat of an extended and reduced procurement But combat and ISR platforms are not alone in
of that type, pose major problems for air force plan- receiving closer attention from air force planners.
ners. Life-extension programmes for combat aircraft Recent wars have reinforced the value of air-to-air
will place additional strain on air force budgets. refuelling as well as strategic and tactical airlift. In
Meanwhile, funding constraints are forcing many the latter case, fixed- and rotary-wing platforms have
European air arms, as well as the various branches been increasingly employed for in-theatre movement,
Combat and capability: military trends since 9/11 25

as one response to the growing use of IEDs targeting penetrators as well as warheads in order to attack
ground forces and their logistic trains. Meanwhile, hardened and buried targets more effectively. Small
there has been development in the tactical use of PGM, meanwhile, are becoming smaller: this can
air power, with greater integration of ground and help to increase the number that aircraft can carry,
air forces on operations, improvements in close-air- while reduced warhead size is intended to mini-
support through greater use of forward air controllers mise collateral damage and non-combatant casual-
and improved munitions, as well as the devolution ties. Maximising the weapons-load by minimising
of airborne ISR platforms and products throughout warhead size becomes important when engaging
ground units. targets in congested terrain; it is also desirable when
platform numbers are under increasing pressure.
PGM and missiles
The US, Russia, China, the UK and France are among Learning lessons
the states continuing to develop laser and radio The wars of the last ten years have had a profound
frequency directed energy weapons. While the US effect in modifying the types of military operations
has continued research into airborne lasers , it is likely Western armed forces have performed in these
to be applied to defend against tactical, rather than conflicts. They have led to developments in the equip-
ballistic, missiles. High-power microwave payloads ments used to prosecute these campaigns and stim-
are being developed for cruise missiles. This type ulated debates over the resources that armed forces
Downloaded by [ ] at 01:28 09 March 2012

of warhead can generate a localised electromagnetic will need for the future. For Western armed forces,
pulse that can damage or disable electronic systems. adapting to the conditions on the ground in Iraq and
Russia and China are re-equipping their inven- Afghanistan provided a challenge that only began
tories of air-launched weapons. The lessons offered to be addressed with a measure of success when
by US-led campaigns over the past decade – and in sufficient troops were deployed to enable sustained
Russia’s case, its experience in Georgia – have led counter-insurgency, a strategy requiring the reacqui-
both Moscow and Beijing to switch to developing sition of specific skills and resources. Against oppo-
and re-equipping their air arms with precision- nents who fought back hard and were able to both
guided munitions (PGM). Both states also continue sustain and inflict substantial casualties, Western
to develop satellite navigation systems primarily for military units needed to prepare for major combat
military purposes, to assist navigation and weapons operations. These wars have also necessitated the
guidance. The Russian air force has introduced a adaptation of existing equipment and the acquisi-
conventional long range air-launched land-attack tion of new equipment to fit the requirements of these
cruise missile (LACM), the Kh-555, into its inventory, theatres. Defence establishments and industries will
as has China with the YJ-63. Beijing also continues be considering how they can increase responsiveness
to develop an air-launched variant of its DH-10 in procurement planning cycles, so that adapted capa-
ground-launched LACM. Conventionally-armed bility can be generated more through conventional
cruise-missile systems and technologies continue to procurement streams rather than as, in the UK case,
proliferate, both in the land attack and anti-ship roles. urgent operational requirements. There is also, across
Indonesia test-fired the Russian 3M-55 (SS-N-26) in all services involved in recent Western campaigns,
April 2011, while Pakistan continued to develop the a greater appreciation of the need to protect civilian
Ra’ad ALCM and the Babur GLCM. Syria ordered the lives, with corresponding restrictions on rules of
Bastion coastal defence version of the 3M-55. As air engagement. Increasing stress is being placed in the
defence technology improves, cruise-missile devel- West on equipment and forces that can be config-
opers are considering very low-observability plat- ured for different operations, as well as being rela-
forms with reduced radar cross-sections, as well tively inexpensive. At the same time, Western states
as high-speed cruise missiles, as countermeasures. face difficult choices over which equipment will have
The US is carrying out both stealth and high-speed enduring utility after withdrawal from Afghanistan.
research, with the same paths being explored in Some lessons will endure from the past ten years.
Russia. India is also planning high-speed weapons The importance of ISR and force protection are two,
research in conjunction with Russia. and both will probably see increased investment
In terms of warheads, large PGM are growing in around the world though, as the MC-12 aircraft noted
size, with some systems designed to accommodate above demonstrates, militaries requiring competent
26 The Military Balance 2012

ISR platforms for operations in non-contested airspace security operations in Gaza and the West Bank at the
need not always consider the latest high-end UAVs. expense of training in combined arms war-fighting.
Flexibility of platforms and flexibility of forces are For Western governments, the unpopularity of the
further lessons: adaptation to the changing require- Iraq and Afghanistan wars may make it more difficult
ments of military campaigns has been demonstrably to contemplate using force than in the aftermath of the
important. Thorough training is essential to the flex- Balkan conflicts of the 1990s, particularly if a conflict
ibility of forces. Furthermore, military planners will is likely to involve a substantial ground commit-
be increasingly aware that adversaries may seek to ment, and with defence budgets already contracting
leverage asymmetric advantages in conflict, examples and likely to shrink further as forces are withdrawn
of which could include cyber activity and IEDs. They from Afghanistan, maintaining the large personnel
will probably also have to take account of the capa- strengths utilised in recent COIN campaigns will
bility of some adversaries to challenge them conven- prove more difficult. Non-western governments,
tionally as well as in asymmetric ways: In its 2006 war often with diverse recent military experiences and
against Hizbullah, Israel fought a hybrid opponent defence priorities, may look to the West for lessons,
that displayed a mixture of capabilities and tactics and perhaps pointers to useful capabilities, organisa-
that might be expected in regular as well as insurgent tions and tactics, but they may be less constrained by
opponents. Israeli forces suffered a number of mili- finances. In many of these states, moves to modernise
tary shocks, not least those arising from unrealistic or recapitalise forces, capabilities and precise equip-
Downloaded by [ ] at 01:28 09 March 2012

expectations of what networked forces and precision ment and weapons variants – and how and in what
weapons could achieve. The Israeli Army’s effective- contingencies these forces and capabilities will be
ness had been reduced as a result of preparing for employed – will be driven by local defence priorities.
The war in Afghanistan

The war in Afghanistan remains the main focus of elite Civil Order Police are still well above the 1.4%
military effort for the US and many other countries in monthly target.
NATO and beyond (see The Military Balance 2011, p.
9), as the refusal to divert resources from Afghanistan The war in 2011
to the Libya campaign demonstrated. But despite ISAF continued offensive operations in 2011, for
some military successes, and record numbers of example successfully contesting insurgent control of
foreign troops, political progress remains elusive. Kunduz and Balkh provinces. This built on progress
In November 2010, NATO and Afghan President in 2010, which included improved intelligence, clear-
Hamid Karzai agreed that Afghan authorities would ance of Taliban strongholds in Helmand and Kandahar
take the lead for security across the country from the provinces, and significant attrition of insurgent leaders
end of 2014, a move enabled by the 2009–10 surge inside Afghanistan by special forces. In July 2011,
of 30,000 additional US troops. In June 2011 US Lashkar Gah (the provincial capital of Helmand);
Downloaded by [ ] at 01:28 09 March 2012

President Barack Obama announced that the surge Kabul (less one district); Bamiyan; Panjsher; Herat;
had peaked and numbers would begin to reduce, Mazar-e Sharif and Mehtar Lam were transferred
with 10,000 US troops due to depart by the end of to Afghan security leadership. A second tranche of
2011. Remaining surge reinforcements were to be districts and provinces was announced in November
withdrawn by September 2012. Obama stated that 2011, to begin transition by the end of the year.
the remaining 68,000 US forces would be ‘coming Southern Afghanistan remained the main effort;
home at a steady pace’ as the Afghan National it appeared that ISAF’s offensive operations to clear
Security Forces (ANSF) assumed security leadership. and hold populated areas in the south had improved
US General David Petraeus, then commander of the security there. Although the insurgents continued
NATO-led International Security Assistance Force to attack ISAF and ANSF with small arms and IEDs
(ISAF), recommended a much smaller drawdown. throughout the country, the territorial gains of 2010
US Marine Corps General John Allen, who replaced were not reversed. Indeed, NATO displayed cautious
Petraeus in July 2011, is conducting a review of the optimism that security improvements would endure.
campaign plan and the development of the ANSF. For example, British officers and officials were confi-
The ANSF continued to grow during 2011. By dent that the combination of greater troop numbers,
October, the Afghan National Army (ANA) and successful ‘clear, hold and build’ operations, growing
Afghan National Police (ANP) were around their ANSF capability and confidence, the successful
target strengths of 171,600 and 134,000 respectively.
The intent is to have 195,000 ANA and 157,000 ANP
Just how capable?
by 31 October 2012, and these targets will probably In June 2011, ISAF delivered the following assessment of ANA
be met. The ANA is improving its combat support capability: Of six corps and one divisional HQ, all but one of
and combat service support and, as NATO forces these formations were capable of operating with ‘partnered
reduce, it will probably be capable of holding those assistance’; 17 of 20 brigades had reached the same level; of
areas in southern Afghanistan that are now clear 158 kandaks (battalions) two were independent, 55 effective
of insurgents. The ANP will also progress, but its with advisers, 56 effective with assistance and the remainder
effectiveness is dependent on wider improvements ‘developing’. By 2014, the majority need to be independent
in the justice system, including courts, lawyers and or effective with advisers. This transition will require practical
prisons. These areas lag even further behind, with assessment, not that driven by scorecards, by combined ISAF
and ANSF commanders and the Afghan government. Many
reports that NATO will decline to send detainees
units are now being tested and some, such as special forces,
to Afghan prisons that fall below minimum inter-
are well rated, although all operate with ISAF supporting
national standards. Although there has been some assets available. The real test for the ANSF will come in 2014
reduction in casualty and absence rates, the attri- and afterwards.
tion rates for the ANA, the border police and the
28 The Military Balance 2012

handover of Lashkar Gah to Afghan security lead- Karzai subsequently stated that he would no longer
ership, and the maturing of many civilian develop- talk to the Taliban, implying he would negotiate with
ment projects meant that Helmand was on the way Pakistan instead.
to a successful transition to Afghan security lead by
the end of 2014. Assessment
There was a modest reduction in the level of As the 2011 fighting season drew to a close, it was
NATO fatalities – 285 in the first six months of difficult to reconcile NATO’s cautious optimism with
2011 compared with 324 in the same period in the UN’s reporting of increased violence, the apparent
2010. However, civilian deaths rose. In its mid-year success of the insurgent assassination campaign and
report in July 2011, the UN Assistance Mission in media coverage of the ‘spectacular’ attacks in Kabul.
Afghanistan (UNAMA) documented 1,462 civilian Although UN statistics show a sustained increase in
deaths in the first six months of the year, an increase complex and ‘spectacular’ attacks, they also suggest
of 15% over the same period in 2010. UNAMA said that insurgents were less successful in areas where
that the main factors behind this rise were ‘increased there is a high density of NATO and Afghan forces.
and widespread use of IEDs, more complex suicide NATO spokespeople claimed that this demonstrated
attacks, an intensified campaign of targeted kill- not only the tactical success of clearance operations,
ings, increased ground fighting, and a rise in civilian but also the impact of the special-forces-led attacks
deaths from air strikes’. In total, UNAMA reported, on insurgent leadership. But significant security chal-
Downloaded by [ ] at 01:28 09 March 2012

‘80% of all civilian deaths in the first half of 2011 were lenges remain. Parts of southern Afghanistan outside
attributed to Anti-Government Elements (up 28% the ‘cleared’ areas remain under insurgent control.
from the same period in 2010), 14% were attributed The end of the surge means that it is unlikely that
to Pro-Government Forces (down 9% from the same further offensive operations would clear more of
period in 2010) and 6% were unattributed.’ Helmand and Kandahar.
The UN Secretary-General’s September 2011 report There has been much less military progress in
to the Security Council assessed that the average eastern Afghanistan, the heartland of the Haqqani
number of security incidents from January to August Network. This insurgent group has been responsible
2011 showed a 39% increase compared with the for the series of ‘spectaculars’ against iconic targets in
same period in 2010. Although there was no overall Kabul. Although these have all been contained and
increase in suicide attacks, the use of suicide bombers then neutralised by the ANSF with ISAF support, they
in complex, ‘spectacular’ attacks had increased by suggest weaknesses in the ANSF’s ability to secure
50% since 2011. In Kabul, ‘spectaculars’ in summer their capital. If such attacks continue with sufficient
2011 included attacks on the InterContinental Hotel, frequency they will create, both within Afghanistan
the British Council, the US embassy and ISAF HQ. and internationally, a pervasive impression of ungov-
Less attention was given to attacks outside Kabul, ernability and failure of transition.
including those in Tarin Kot, Kandahar city and If the insurgent campaign of assassination
Jalalabad. All of these were contained and then continues at the same intensity as in late 2011, it may
defeated by the ANSF, with limited support from cause significant attrition to politicians and officials. It
ISAF advisers and helicopters. also seeks to intimidate the population and reinforce
Insurgents have also intimidated and assassi- propaganda that insurgent victory is inevitable after
nated politicians and security and government offi- 2014.
cials. Much of this effort has been in Kandahar where US troop reductions will probably be matched,
the deputy provincial governor, mayor, provincial if not overtaken, by similar reductions in the 40,000
police chief, head of the Kandahar Shura, as well non-US troops in the country. The Netherlands and
as junior and mid-ranking officials, have all been Canada have withdrawn combat troops, leaving
killed. Two influential figures close to Karzai were reduced contingents training the ANSF. Denmark
also murdered: his special adviser Jan Muhammad plans to reduce troops in combat roles, whilst
Khan and Ahmed Wali Karzai, his half-brother and increasing the number of Danish military and police
an important Pashtun power broker. Meanwhile, trainers. The UK announced that its 10,000-strong
the October 2011 assassination of former president force would be reduced by 1,000 troops by the end
Burhanuddin Rabbani suggested that some insur- of 2012 and that any UK troops remaining after 2014
gents wanted to derail Kabul’s efforts to negotiate. will no longer be in a combat role.
The war in Afghanistan 29

Map 2 Afghanistan

Estimated troop contributions of NATO–ISAF nations – October 2011 Rep. of Korea (ROK) 350 New Zealand (NZL) 188 Sweden (SWE) 614
Albania 286 Canada (CAN) 529 Georgia 937 Latvia 174 Norway (NOR) 562 Tonga 55
Armenia 126 Croatia 317 Germany (GER) 5,150 Lithuania (LTU) 236 Poland (POL) 2,580 Turkey (TUR) 1,840
Australia (AUS) 1,550 Czech Republic (CZE) 694 Greece 153 Luxembourg 11 Portugal 229 Ukraine 23
Austria 3 Denmark (DNK) 750 Hungary (HUN) 415 Macedonia (FYROM) 163 Romania 1,947 United Arab Emirates 35
Azerbaijan 94 El Salvador 24 Iceland 4 (civilians) Malaysia 46 Singapore 39 UK 9,500
Belgium 577 Estonia (EST) 162 Ireland 7 Mongolia 114 Slovakia 326 US 90,000
Bosnia-Herzegovina 55 Finland 195 Italy (ITA) 4,213 Montenegro 39 Slovenia 87 US (OEF-A) 7,000
Bulgaria 597 France (FRA) 3,932 Jordan 720 Netherlands (NLD) 183 Spain (ESP) 1,526 Total (rounded) 137,638
× || ||
US ISAF Provincial 232 (GER)
Reconstruction Team 170 (US) 292 (GER)
× × ×
and troop nationality BADAKSHAN
(see above for key) 1 209 (AFG) 3 209 (AFG) 2 209 (AFG)

GER
KUNDUZ
JAWZJAN Faizabad
Regional Command North BALKH
GER
SWE Kunduz TAKHAR
× ×
TUR
Mazar-e Sharif 11 (FRA) 3 201 (AFG)
Shibirghan
BAGHLAN
× × HUN
PANJSHIR US Regional Command
16 (ESP) 3 207 (AFG) Pul-e Kumri
Downloaded by [ ] at 01:28 09 March 2012

NOR SAMANGAN Panjsher Nuristan Capital – Kabul


US
× Maimanah SAR-E PUL × NURISTAN
|| ||
SASSARI (ITA) 45 (US) ROK KAPISA US (TUR) (TUR)
FARYAB ×
×
BADGHIS Bagram US US Asadabad ××
1 207 (AFG) 1 201 (AFG) PARWAN Nijrab Mehtar Lam KUNAR 111 CAPITAL (AFG)
KABUL LAGHMAN US (three brigades)
ESP NZL
Qal’eh-Now Bamiyan Wardak TUR Jalalabad
HERAT BAMIYAN WARDAK CZE LOGAR NANGARHAR ×
LTU
Pol-e Alam 3 25 (US)
Chaghcharan PAKTIA ×
ITA
Herat GHOR US Khost 2 201 (AFG)
DAY KUNDI US Gardez US
×
Regional Command West Ghazni KHOST 4 10 (US)
GHAZNI ×
Sharan 4 203 (AFG)
URUZGAN US
× ×
2 207 (AFG)
FARAH Regional 3 1 ID (US)
Tarin Kowt ×
AUS/US PAKTIKA
Command East
US 1 203 (AFG)
US
Qalat ZABUL ×
Farah
17 (POL)
Lashkar Gah US
×
UK 3 203 (AFG)
Kandahar
||| NIMRUZ Regional ×
8 RCT (US) KANDAHAR Command South 172 (US)
× ×
2 215 (AFG) 2 203 (AFG)

|| ×
HELMAND 5 RAR (AUS) 4 205 (AFG)
Regional Command
Southwest × × × × ||
1 25 (US) 2 4 (US) 3 205 (AFG) 116 (US) 2 (ROM)
× × × || ×
||| × × 495 (ROM) 2 205 (AFG)
20 (UK) 3 10 (US) 504 (US) 1 205 (AFG)
5 RCT (US) 1 215 (AFG)
|| ||
3 (US) (DNK) 3 215 (AFG) Key to symbols
|| || || ×××
2 LAR (US) 33 (GEO) Armoured HBCT (US
Battalion Corps reconnaissance armoured)
||| Battlefield
Regional Command Air Assets Regiment Infantry Airborne surveillance
× × ×
North 1 ACB East 82 Brigade Armoured Mountain infantry Helicopter
× ×
×× |||
South 159 Southwest USMC AIR WG* Division Reconnaissance Mechanised Amphibious
*incl UK assets

Sources: ISAF/IISS Research. Military symbols depict unit/formations’ standard organisation, but many have re-roled for deployment to Afghanistan and operate special
equipment such as PPVs and anti-IED equipment.
© IISS
30 The Military Balance 2012

It is very unlikely that the troop drawdowns will be the insurgents advantages they have lost elsewhere
reversed, because of a combination of war weariness, in the country’. It is likely that the required US forces
financial pressure and the perceived reduction in the will come from southern Afghanistan. This shift of
clear and present danger posed by al-Qaeda. Indeed, effort will probably allow the clearance of some terri-
political and financial difficulties in NATO states may tory, but it is not evident that sufficient resources or
increase pressure to accelerate withdrawals. time are available to adequately neutralise Haqqani
This will encourage insurgents who think that they activity and enclaves before the US drawdown
can outlast the US and NATO effort. The Afghan-led further reduces ISAF’s combat power. Meanwhile,
‘peace and reconciliation programme’ has embraced Afghan and NATO offensives in eastern Afghanistan
several thousand former insurgents. But there is no are unlikely to be complemented by Pakistani efforts
evidence in the public domain that military efforts against Haqqani bases in North Waziristan.
in Afghanistan or Pakistan are having any coercive The greatest threat to the transition strategy is
effect in bringing insurgents to the conference table, continuing poor governance and extensive corrup-
let alone keeping them there and forcing them into an tion. According to Mullen: ‘Pervasive corruption, by
acceptable deal. criminal patronage networks that include govern-
ment officials – at both national and local levels –
What now for transition? impedes all efforts to consolidate tactical successes ...
The IISS Adelphi book Afghanistan: To 2015 and Beyond If we continue to draw down forces apace while such
Downloaded by [ ] at 01:28 09 March 2012

(December 2011) assesses that, in the short term, public and systemic corruption is left unchecked, we
NATO and the ANSF will attempt to improve secu- will risk leaving behind a government in which we
rity in and around Kabul, to improve their chances of cannot reasonably expect Afghans to have faith. At
detecting or disrupting further efforts at spectacular best this would lead to continued localised conflicts
attacks by the Haqqani Network. Efforts to counter as neighbourhood strongmen angle for their cut,
the assassination campaign will also continue, as will and the people for their survival; at worst it could
messaging to portray security progress made. lead to government collapse and civil war.’ He also
In September 2011 Senate testimony, outgoing said that corruption delegitimised the very authori-
Chairman of the US Joint Chiefs Admiral Mike ties to which the US was to hand over power. This
Mullen explained that US, NATO and Afghan forces is supported by considerable evidence of insufficient
would ‘increasingly focus on eastern Afghanistan’ in improvement in Afghan governance, or reduction in
2012, but that he did not expect to see the effects of corruption, to neutralise the root causes of the insur-
these operations until the end of that year. In eastern gency, even in areas that have been ‘cleared and
Afghanistan, in Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta’s held’. It is not obvious that there will be sufficient
view, ‘the topography, the cultural geography and the progress in this area by 2014 to make progress irre-
continuing presence of safe havens in Pakistan give versible.
Chapter Two
Comparative defence statistics
Top 10 Defence Budgets 2011 US$bn
China United Kingdom France 800
United States
700

600

500
89.8 62.7 58.8
Japan Russia Saudi Arabia 400
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:04 06 August 2012

300

200
58.4 52.7 46.2

Germany India Brazil 100

0
739.3 Other top United
10 countries States
44.2 37.3 36.6

2011 Top 10 Defence Budgets as a % of GDP*


Saudi Arabia Oman Israel Yemen United States Jordan Algeria Iraq Myanmar Armenia

8.26% 6.42% 5.99% 5.50% 4.91% 4.82% 4.47% 4.46% 4.42% 3.77%

*Analysis only includes countries for which sufficient comparable data is available. Notable exceptions include Cuba, Eritrea and North Korea.

Planned Global Defence Expenditure by Region 2011† Planned Defence Expenditure by Country 2011†
Latin America Other Latin America
and the and the Caribbean
Caribbean Sub-Saharan 1.8%
4.1% Africa Other Middle East Brazil Sub-Saharan Africa
1.0% and North Africa 2.3% 1.0%
Middle East and 5.0%
North Africa North America
47.0% Saudi Arabia
7.9% United States
2.9%
Russia 45.7%
3.3%
Other Asia and
Asia and Australasia
Australasia 7.0%
18.5% India
2.3%
Japan
3.6%

Russia China
3.3% 5.5%

Non-NATO
Europe
Europe 1.6%
18.3% Other NATO
Germany France United Kingdom
7.8%

Figures may not sum due to rounding effects 2.7% 3.6% 3.9%
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:04 06 August 2012

32
The Military Balance 2012

Estimated Real Defence Budget Changes (2010–2011)

This map illustrates the percentage change


in planned defence spending (i.e. defence
budgets) between 2010 and 2011, measured
in real terms at constant 2010 prices. These
figures do not reflect planned changes in
spending after 2011.

More than 20% increase in planned expenditure


Between 10% and 20% increase in planned expenditure
Between 0% and 10% increase in planned expenditure
Between 0% and 10% decrease in planned expenditure
Between 10% and 20% decrease in planned expenditure
More than 20% decrease in planned expenditure
Insufficient data
Source: IISS DMAP Research
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:04 06 August 2012

India continues to revamp its combat aircraft fleet, extending the lives of some in-service types, while also acquiring more modern
Fleet aircraft, and retiring older platforms. From 2014, its Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft will bolster the inventory, while the Individual
numbers Fifth-Generation Fighter Aircraft programme is expected to see first fleet additions around 2020. The Tejas (Light Combat Aircraft) aircraft orders
is also finally nearing entry into service, though the number to be bought remains uncertain. New Delhi is also, in the longer term,
1000 continuing its Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft project, which could enter service by the middle of the next decade. 200
1990–91
824 2000–01
Fleet numbers 772
750 2011 150
(left hand scale) 665
1970–71 1980–81 2021
565 570 570

500 100
Individual
aircraft orders
Deliveries
(right hand scale)
due to start
on these
250 dates 50

0 0
Date of

1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021

first
delivery
Indian Air Force: Tactical Aviation Variant Induction Dates

70 31 82 127 64 125 153 40 214


MiG-21 MiG-21 Jaguar MiG-27M MiG29A/UB MiG-21 Su-30 Tejas FGFA
M/MF bis IS Bison MkI Mk 1
(upgrade)
India is expected to bring
The MiG-27, MiG-29 and its FGFA (based on the
Those MiG-21s not upgraded are Mirage have either been or are Russia T-50 programme)
likely to be withdrawn by 2015, being upgraded to extend their into service around 2020
while the Jaguar is now the 52 operational life. 40 of the
focus of an upgrade programme Mirage 10 MiG-27s have been upgraded, The MiG-21 Bison upgrade was
to extend its service life. 2000H Jaguar IM while the MiG-29 and Mirage driven by delay to the Light Combat
2000 fleets are now in early Aircraft, with the improved aircraft 126 MMRCA
stages of upgrade projects. The entering service with the air force in The first 18 MMRCA aircraft
remainder of the MiG-27 fleet will 2001. A total of 125 aircraft were will be built by the manufac-
Comparative defence statistics

be withdrawn well in advance upgraded. India’s Su-30 fleet is turer, with the remainder to be
*Excepting FGFA, MMRCA and Tejas aircraft, expected to eventually number 270. assembled in India
of the upgraded aircraft.
totals reflect present type numbers in service.
33
34 The Military Balance 2012

Key defence statistics

Economic/Manpower Manoeuvre Projection


Defence Budget, 2010–11 (US$bn) Modern main battle tanks
(1,000 vehicles per unit) 1
2,800

89.8 58.8 37.3 254


China France India 568 13
739.3
US 13
1,300
10
227
52.7 62.7 6,302 24
Russia UK
5
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:04 06 August 2012

Defence Budget (%GDP) Modern armoured infantry fighting vehicles


(1,000 vehicles per unit)
2,390 Nuc
5
1.27 2.11 1.97 2.86 2.58 4.91 232
China France India Russia UK US 6
1,105
Active manpower (100,000 per unit) 1
4,960 25
2,285,000
526 7
6,452
239,000

1,155,000 Heav
Fourth-generation tactical aircraft
(500 ac per unit)
956,000

174,000

1,569,000
747 263 280 916 220 57 56

Strategic/Long Range 3,029

ICBM (Launchers) 179 Fifth-generation tactical aircraft

66
(25 per unit)
Attack helicopters
ISTAR
16 (250 hel per unit) Airborne e
36
292
20

450 355

66
Bomber aircraft (25 per unit) 862 14 4

132 Heavy/medium transport helicopters Imagery sa


294 (500 hel per unit) (5 per u
251
162
117
155
638 3

Ballistic-missile nuclear-powered submarines (10 per unit) 183 1


2,809

1
3 4 4
Modern MBT/AIFV: ISD post 1980
Fourth-generation aircraft: ISD post 1980 (includes upgraded third-generation designs)
Fifth-generation aircraft: those designed with low-observable characteristics as a
12 14 fundamental design driver
Comparative defence statistics 35

Projection China France India Russia UK US

nks Aircraft carriers (10 per unit)


) 1 1 1 11

Cruisers/destroyers Frigates (25 vessels per unit)


13
(25 vessels per unit) 65
13 11
10 11
6,302 24 8
5 13
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:04 06 August 2012

ing vehicles
83 28
)
Nuclear-powered submarines Principal amphibious ships
5 (25 vessels per unit) (25 vessels per unit)
1
6
3
1
4,960 25 1

7 7
6,452
57
29

aircraft Heavy/medium transport aircraft Tanker and multi-role tanker/transport aircraft


(100 aircraft per unit) (100 aircraft per unit)

13 29 6 20 20

6 220 57 56 24 201 39 847


550
3,029

aft
ISTAR
Airborne early-warning and control aircraft Heavy unmanned aerial vehicles
(100 aircraft per unit) (50 aircraft per unit)

n.k. 3 4 n.k. 5
370

862 14 4 2 20 6 104

icopters Imagery satellites Electronic-/signals- Navigational satellites


(5 per unit) intelligence satellites (5 per unit)
(5 per unit)
15 11 10

1
2,809 2 27
1

d third-generation designs) 10
characteristics as a
20 31
36 The Military Balance 2012

Top ten
Top 10 submarines
Submarine holdings
USA China Russia
10 10 10

20 20 20

30 30 30

40 40 40

50 50 50

60 60 60

70 70 70

North Korea* Japan India


Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:04 06 August 2012

10 10 10

20 20 20

Turkey South Korea UK France


6 6 6 6

12 12 12 12

SSBN SSN/SSGN SS/SK *Not including SSC/I/W

Major powers MBT holdings 1991–2011


3,000 6,000 9,000 12,000 15,000 18,000 54,000 57,000
USSR
US
China
1991
India
France
UK

Russia
US
China
2001
India
France
UK

Russia
US
China
2011
India
France
UK
1, 00
0
0
0

00

00

00
00
00
00

0
5

,0

,0

,0

,0

,0
2,
3,

6,

9,

12

15

18

54

57
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:04 06 August 2012

UK Netherlands
USA
7 2

Spain France Italy

3 3 3 China South Korea


29
1 1
India Taiwan
Global Principal Amphibious Ship Holdings

1 2

Singapore
Indonesia
Brazil 4
5
2
Chile
Australia
1
2

LHD LPD

LHA LSD
Comparative defence statistics

LPH LSL
37
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:04 06 August 2012

38

TOTALS Ftr FGA Atk EW Tkr Norway Germany Poland


US 470 2,448 334 184 550
Other NATO 684 1,583 81 38 78
NATO Total 1,154 4,031 415 222 628

= 10 units
UK Netherlands

Canada

Denmark Czech Rep.


The Military Balance 2012

Belgium Slovakia
France
Hungary

United States Croatia Romania

Bulgaria
NATO Tactical and Tanker Aircraft Comparison

Portugal Spain Italy Greece Turkey

Fighter FGA Attack


Combat aircraft tasked Aircraft capable of both Aircraft designed solely for the
primarily for the air-to-air role air-to-surface and air-to-air air-to-surface task, with limited
missions (the extent of the latter or no air-to-air capability
capability is a/c dependent)

Electronic warfare Tanker


Aircraft intended for Aircraft intended for
electronic countermeasures air-to-air refuelling
Chapter Three

North America
North America
The United States down after four and a half years in charge; his
deputy, William J. Lynn III, announced his depar-
US forces continued to be heavily engaged in combat ture soon after. Leon Panetta, former director of the
and stabilisation actions in Afghanistan while, at the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), succeeded Gates
end of December 2011, the last US troops left Iraq. The at the Pentagon, and Dr Ashton Carter, until recently
aftermath of these wars, combined with the impact of under secretary of defense for acquisition, technology
the financial crisis on government budgeting and US and logistics, replaced Lynn. Panetta and Carter
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

perceptions of its allies’ willingness to shoulder the are both experienced Washington hands. Panetta’s
burden in conflict, may have an impact on the nature earlier service in the US Congress and the Office of
and extent of US involvement in future crises. Management and Budget are particularly relevant in
This is not to say that full-scale global retrench- ongoing defence-budget debates. Panetta, like Gates
ment is on the horizon. For a start, it is difficult for a before him, was keen in his early speeches to stress
superpower to retrench. Moreover, the US maintains the need for carefully considered defence cuts, rather
a number of alliances and security and treaty relation- than attempt to realise set financial savings, such as
ships, such as those with South Korea, Taiwan and those that would result from sequestration (in the
Japan, that could lead to the deployment of military absence of congressional agreement over the budget
assets. Nor do current circumstances mean that the US proposals made by the Joint Select Committee on
will stop providing military support to allies engaged Deficit Reduction, wide-ranging automatic spending
on operations: as happened in Libya, this support cuts – a ‘sequestration’ – of $1.2 trillion over 10 years
may in some cases consist of force enablers, as well will be triggered, starting in January 2013: see p. 44).
as applications of combat power. Yet Washington is In Panetta’s words, the latter ‘would force across-the-
likely to give more careful thought to whether inter- board salami-slicing cuts of the worst kind. It would
vening in crises is necessarily in the US interest; to the hollow out the force, it would leave our military defi-
nature and duration of any military response; and to cient in people, in training, and equipment.’
the type of forces the US should develop and main- At the White House, meanwhile, Thomas Donilan
tain. That said, not every military emergency will be replaced James Jones as National Security Advisor;
of Washington’s choosing, so maintaining flexible and James R. Clapper, a retired Air Force lieutenant-
forces capable of acting in a wide range of contingen- general who had previously served as under secretary
cies will also preoccupy military planners. of defense for intelligence, took over as the director
Debates on the future of American policy and of national intelligence from retired Admiral Dennis
strategy are taking place at a time when cuts in Blair. Panetta was replaced at the CIA by General
defence budgets are widely expected, and when pres- David Petraeus, who retired from active army service
idential hopefuls, in anticipation of the November and handed command of NATO’s International
2012 election, have begun to stake out their foreign- Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan over
policy positions. The strategies and financial reali- to Marine Corps General John Allen. General Martin
ties that emerge from these debates will ultimately Dempsey, after a very brief tenure as Army chief
shape the size, role and posture of US military forces of staff, replaced retiring Admiral Michael Mullen
in the future. Spending will be cut; the question is by as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. General
how much, and how the US military will change as Raymond T. Odierno replaced Dempsey as Army
a result. chief of staff, having moved from US Joint Forces
Command (JFCOM), which was disestablished on 31
Leadership changes August as a cost-saving measure. (JFCOM’s functions
2011 was a transitional year for US defence policy, were redistributed to other combatant commands.)
both in terms of leadership and of priorities. On 30 Dempsey and Odierno bring deep operational expe-
June, Secretary of Defense Dr Robert Gates stepped rience to their positions from their service in Iraq.
40 The Military Balance 2012

Finally, Admiral Jonathan Greenert took over as member capable of sustained air–sea operations of
chief of naval operations from retiring Admiral Gary any scale and the only one able to project ground
Roughead. forces of more than a handful of brigades in out-of-
President Barack Obama has stuck to his plans area operations. As Gates pointed out, ‘despite more
in Iraq and Afghanistan, as described in The Military than 2 million troops in uniform – not counting the
Balance 2011 (pp. 9, 293). Following the failure of the US military – NATO has struggled, at times desper-
US and Iraq to agree terms for a continuing US mili- ately, to sustain a deployment of 25 to 40,000 troops,
tary presence (principally the question of the immu- not just in boots on the ground, but in crucial support
nity of US forces to Iraqi law), Obama announced on assets such as helicopters, transport aircraft, mainte-
21 October that remaining US troops would leave Iraq nance, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance,
by the end of 2011. The 2 May 2011 killing of al-Qaeda and much more’.
founder Osama bin Laden in a raid on his compound Despite Gates’s chiding, there is little chance that
in Abbottabad, Pakistan, by US special forces was a this situation will improve, particularly in light of the
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

signal victory in the United States’ 10-year-long ‘war economic difficulties of European NATO members
on terror’. In a speech on 22 June, Obama announced and the effect this is having on their defence ambi-
the beginning of the withdrawal of the surge force tions and resourcing (see p. 71). Thus, NATO’s mili-
from Afghanistan, as he had promised in December tary capabilities will remain defined largely by what
2009. Some 10,000 US troops were due to leave the United States is able and willing to contribute. Yet
Afghanistan by the end of 2011, with 23,000 more Gates warned in his speech that ‘there will be dwin-
following by mid-2012. Obama also stated that, ‘after dling appetite and patience in the US Congress – and
this initial reduction, our troops will continue coming in the American body politic writ large – to expend
home at a steady pace as Afghan security forces move increasingly precious funds on behalf of nations
into the lead. Our mission will change from combat that are apparently unwilling to devote the neces-
to support. By 2014, this process of transition will be sary resources or make the necessary changes to be
complete, and the Afghan people will be responsible serious and capable partners in their own defense’.
for their own security.’ Other ISAF partners are also Furthermore, the ability of the United States to cover
likely to reduce their force levels in Afghanistan (see NATO capability gaps will likely diminish in the
p. 28), despite the deteriorating security conditions future.
there.
National consensus shifts
Last ally standing Reduced support among Americans for foreign wars
US military operations in Libya during 2011 showed (a phenomenon which some have termed ‘war weari-
that even when it is ‘leading from behind’, the ness’), coupled with an increasingly challenging
United States is the indispensible member of NATO. economic situation, might indeed be leading to
However, NATO’s Operation Unified Protector also something of a modification in popular and political
demonstrated significant structural shortcomings US perceptions regarding the United States’ global
within the Alliance: although Libya was a NATO role. Gates, in a February 2011 speech at West Point,
operation, few Alliance members participated in reflected this point of view when he said that ‘any
actual strike operations after USAFRICOM handed future defense secretary who advises the president
over operational control on 4 April. Gates made to again send a big American land army into Asia
this point clear in a June speech in Brussels: ‘while or into the Middle East or Africa should “have his
every alliance member voted for the Libya mission, head examined,” as General MacArthur so delicately
less than half have participated at all, and fewer put it’. Gates was not arguing against involvement
than a third have been willing to participate in the in contingencies that might threaten US interests or
strike mission’. Gates assessed the situation in blunt might involve alliance ties, rather that ‘the Army will
terms: ‘the mightiest military alliance in history is be increasingly challenged to justify the number, size
only 11 weeks into an operation against a poorly and cost of its heavy formations’ and that ‘what we
armed regime in a sparsely populated country – yet can expect in future is that potential adversaries [will]
many allies are beginning to run short of munitions, seek to frustrate America’s traditional advantages, in
requiring the US, once more, to make up the differ- particular our ability to shoot, move and communi-
ence’. Indeed, the United States is the only NATO cate with speed and precision’. US ‘unconventional
North America 41

capabilities will still be needed at various levels Nonetheless, there is some degree of support for
and in various locations’, but ‘the odds of repeating defence cuts as a means of paying for deficit reduc-

North America
another Iraq or Afghanistan – invading, pacifying, tion, with military pay and benefits among the
and administering a large third world country – targets. The Pentagon, already in the midst of dealing
may be low’. Republican Senator John McCain has with Obama’s decision to enforce over $400 billion
reflected this point of view as well. When questioned worth of reductions over 12 years, faces even larger
on 11 September 2011 about the possibility of future cuts, depending on the outcome of discussions on the
interventions in the Middle East and Central Asia, deficit reduction committee proposal of $1.2tr in cuts
McCain responded: ‘I don’t think you’re going to see to federal spending. Regardless of the extent of the
the [US] in another war in that part of the world … cuts, it is clear that, as Gates noted in June when he
I don’t think American public opinion would stand presented the Fiscal Year 2012 defence budget request
for it. I do believe that we have developed new ways to the Senate Armed Services Committee, ‘a smaller
of countering this threat.’ Of course, McCain was not military, no matter how superb, will be able to go
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

saying that the US should not have gone into Iraq or fewer places and be able to do fewer things’.
Afghanistan, or arguing against the use of US combat
power: speaking about the conflict in Libya, he said Strategy: change and continuity
that it ‘could have been over long ago if we had used The 2006 National Security Strategy (NSS) noted that,
the full weight of American air power. You can’t ‘if necessary, under long-standing principles of self-
lead from behind in this country.’ But while he was defense’, the United States does ‘not rule out the use
perhaps indicating a desire for greater selectivity in of force before attacks occur’. The Obama adminis-
future, possibly in keeping with ‘an emerging Obama tration’s philosophical shift in modifying this posi-
doctrine of muscular but more narrowly focused tion was codified in last year’s Quadrennial Defense
pursuit of American interests’ (see Strategic Survey Review (QDR), which asserted that ‘while the use
2011, p. 149), this has to be balanced against the of force is sometimes necessary, we will exhaust all
likelihood that not all wars will be of Washington’s other options before war whenever we can, and care-
choosing. fully weigh the costs and risks of action against the
There seems to be support on both sides of the costs and risks of inaction’. (It went on to say that
political divide for Obama’s statement, coming in the US ‘must reserve the right to act unilaterally if
his June speech announcing troop reductions in necessary to defend our nation and our interests’.)
Afghanistan, that, after ten years and an expendi- Importantly, Gates gave a more specific elaboration
ture of a ‘trillion dollars on war, at a time of rising of the broad outlines of US strategy in the aftermath
debt and hard economic times … it is time to focus of Iraq and Afghanistan in his West Point speech: ‘the
on nation-building here at home’. This ‘domestic most plausible, high-end scenarios for the US military
priorities first’ perspective is not particularly new are primarily naval and air engagements – whether in
among Democrats, but it is perhaps more apparent Asia, the Persian Gulf, or elsewhere’.
now within the Republican ranks and among those Furthermore, despite NATO’s challenges in Libya,
members of Congress influenced by the Tea Party some argue that the operation shows that combining
movement than it was before. Fiscal conservatives local rebels’ efforts with air power, special-operations
within these groups are inclined to believe that the forces and sophisticated intelligence, surveillance and
budget deficit is the principal threat to US national reconnaissance assets can be a militarily successful
security. Indeed, Texas Governor Rick Perry, a candi- way of achieving political objectives. Advocates of
date for the Republican presidential nomination, liberal interventionism and the ‘Responsibility to
argued in an August speech to the Veterans of Foreign Protect’ have already claimed that the strength of
Wars that American soldiers should only go to battle their cause has been reinforced by the Libya experi-
when ‘our vital interests are threatened’ and that ence.
America should not ‘fall subject to a foreign policy of The National Military Strategy (NMS), published
military adventurism’. However, Mitt Romney, also a in April 2011, was consistent with the Obama admin-
candidate for the Republican nomination, argued in istration’s movement towards a modified defence
early October 2011 for a higher base defence budget posture. This document, which essentially provides
(excluding the cost of wars) of ‘about 4 percent’ of the ways and means to execute the national military
GDP. objectives established in the NSS and QDR (coun-
42 The Military Balance 2012

tering violent extremism; deterring and defeating Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Pakistan, Indonesia,
aggression; strengthening international and regional Singapore, and other states in Oceania’. China aside,
security; and shaping the future force), is subtitled North Korea remains the most volatile problem in
‘Redefining America’s Military Leadership’. In his Asia, particularly given perennial uncertainties about
introduction, Admiral Michael Mullen, although its intentions and leadership succession, its military
emphasising ‘how the Joint Force will redefine behaviour, and its nuclear activities.
America’s military leadership to adapt to a chal- Regarding the Middle East, the NMS, published
lenging new era’, also acknowledged that ‘hard before the Arab Awakening and operations in Libya,
near-term choices must be made in light of broader identifies ‘an Iranian regime that continues to seek
economic constraints’. The US military will, according nuclear weapons, as well as continuing to provide
to Mullen, have to ‘find innovative and affordable support to terrorist organizations throughout the
ways to provide the full range of capabilities neces- broader Middle East’ as the principal threat to
sary to fulfill this strategy while making difficult trad- regional stability. Thus far, all indications are that
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

eoffs between modernization, capacity, capability, Iran is proceeding with its nuclear programme,
posture, and risk’. despite international sanctions. Preventing Iran from
Although the NMS discusses the gamut of global becoming a nuclear-armed state is a US policy objec-
challenges for which the US military must prepare, its tive; how this will be realised remains uncertain. The
clear priorities are in the Asia-Pacific and the Middle October 2011 allegations of an Iranian plot against
East. As US military capabilities are pressured by the Saudi ambassador in Washington only added to
budgetary reductions, the relative importance of tensions, as did the findings of the November 2011
these regions and the priority they demand will only IAEA report on Iran.
increase. Other regions will receive less attention. The evolving situation in the Middle East will
China is at the top of the agenda. The strategy force a re-evaluation of US military strategy in the
communicates a clear preference for constructive region. This is particularly true with the end of the
engagement rather than military competition with Mubarak regime in Egypt and the uncertainty that
China, expressing a desire, through improved mili- the removal of this pillar of US regional policy has
tary-to-military relationships, ‘to expand areas of caused. In addition, the US military presence in Iraq
mutual interest and benefit, improve understanding, has ended. Although the United States ‘seeks a long-
reduce misperception, and prevent miscalculation’. term partnership with Iraq’, Baghdad’s long-term
Nevertheless, the NMS’s main message is one of orientation, and the strength of American influence in
concern about China’s military modernisation and that country, remain to be seen.
growing assertiveness, and the implications of this In the realm of capabilities, the NMS says that
trend for US interests, the military balance, access to American strategy is focused ‘on fielding modular,
and use of the global commons and cyberspace, and adaptive, general purpose forces that can be
stability in the region. Indeed, improved Chinese employed in the full range of military operations’.
military capabilities, particularly in the areas of anti- This should not necessarily be interpreted as entailing
access and area denial, were the impetus for coop- a substantially reduced emphasis on operations such
eration between the US Navy and the US Air Force as counter-insurgencies: the ‘force will operate with
in moves to develop the Air–Sea Battle concept, as an aptitude for precise and discriminate action and
discussed in The Military Balance 2011 (p. 47). The increasingly possess security force assistance exper-
NMS’s insistence that ‘the Nation’s strategic priorities tise’. There is also a strong indication in the NMS
and interests emanate from the Asia-Pacific region’ that future operations could increasingly be mounted
echoes broader US policy, as expressed by Secretary from the US homeland or from areas abroad requiring
of State Hillary Clinton who, in November 2011, ‘a smaller logistical footprint’, given the emphasis on
wrote in Foreign Policy that ‘one of the most important expeditionary operations. Finally, the NMS reaffirms
tasks of American statecraft over the next decade will US nuclear policy: ‘Joint nuclear forces will continue
… be to lock in a substantially increased investment to support strategic stability through maintenance of
– diplomatic, economic, strategic, and otherwise – in an assured second-strike capability … We will retain
the Asia-Pacific region’. Thus, there is a commitment sufficient nuclear force structure to hedge against
in the NMS to ‘expand our military security coopera- unexpected geopolitical change, technological prob-
tion, exchanges, and exercises with the Philippines, lems, and operational vulnerabilities’.
North America 43

In April 2011, Obama signed another key defence Table 3 DoD’s War Budget Authority by
document, the Unified Command Plan (UCP). Title FY2010 (US$bn)

North America
The UCP establishes the missions, responsibilities Regular Titles 2010
and geographical areas covered by US combatant Military Personnel 16.8
commands. Key changes include: Operations & Maintenance 99.2
Defence Health 1.3
• Shifting AOR (area of responsibility) bound- Other Defence Programmes 0.4
aries in the Arctic region to leverage long- Procurement 28.0

standing relationships and improve unity of RDT&E 0.5


Working Capital Funds 0.4
effort.
Military Construction 2.0
• Giving US Northern Command responsi-
Subtotal: Regular Titles 148.7
bility to advocate for Arctic capabilities.
• Codifying the President’s approval to dises-
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

Special Funds
tablish US Joint Forces Command. Iraqi Freedom Fund 0
• Expanding US Strategic Command’s respon- Afghan Sec Forces Training Fund 9.2
sibility for combating weapons of mass Iraq Sec Forces Training Fund 1.0
destruction and developing Global Missile Joint IED Defeat Fund 1.8
Defense Concept of Operations. Strategic Reserve Readiness Fund 0
• Giving US Transportation Command Pakistan Counterinsurgency Fund 0
responsibility for synchronising planning of Subtotal: Special Funds 11.9
global distribution operations.
DoD Total 160.7
The publication of the NMS and the UCP was followed
in September by the classified Defense Planning
Guidance. This document contains more detailed the economy in hopes of avoiding a double-dip reces-
strategic guidance for key planning and program- sion.
ming priorities to support the NMS and guide the Since the onset of the financial crisis in 2008, the
implementation of cuts in the force structure. combination of falling house prices, large debt over-
hangs and high unemployment have caused the
Defence economics economy to experience a sustained period of nega-
tive or low growth. Following a brief spell of stronger
Changing fiscal environment economic activity in late 2010, lacklustre economic
Most observers expected US defence spending performance returned in 2011 as consumer demand
to decline as the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan – which accounts for more than two-thirds of total US
tapered off. Spending to cover the cost of the wars output – stagnated in an economic climate character-
alone, known as ‘supplemental budgets’, currently ised by high oil prices; supply disruptions due to the
accounts for nearly 20% of total spending. With March 2011 Japanese earthquake and tsunami; and
those dollars no longer available, defence spending, declining consumer and business confidence. Overall,
which in 2011 exceeded $710bn, would decline to the International Monetary Fund expects real growth
roughly $550bn. rates to halve from 2010 levels to 1.5% in 2011. Partisan
Instead, US defence spending was captured by a wrangling in Congress over raising the $14.3tr federal
much larger debate about overall national priorities. debt ceiling in July 2011 led to a historic downgrade
Obama had already singled out defence for a $400bn of US debt by the ratings agency Standard & Poor’s.
reduction, but more cuts are now in the making. This caused further uncertainty over US economic
Those who advocate sustaining US defence spending prospects, amid fears that legislative deadlock over
have been drowned out by those seeking to protect fiscal policy may persist, at least until the 2012 elec-
entitlement spending – particularly health-care and tions. However, despite the acrimonious debates
old-age spending – and those seeking to reduce taxes. over the appropriate balance between revenue and
Reducing long-term deficit spending became more tax measures, both Democrats and Republicans
important over the year, even as American political agree that, in the medium term, US governmental
and economic leaders sought new ways to stimulate outlays will be characterised by retrenchment.
44 The Military Balance 2012

Table 4 US National Defense Budget Authority FY2010–FY2012


(US$million) 2010 2011 Continuing Resolution 2012 Request
OCO Overseas
Base + Supplemental Contingency
Enacted Request Total Base Operations Total
Military Personnel 157,100 140,131 16,643 156,774 148,304 11,229 159,532
Operations & Maintenance 293,630 185,307 109,648 294,956 205,259 90,761 296,020
Procurement 135,817 104,789 29,375 134,164 113,028 15,022 128,050
RDT&E 80,234 80,387 518 80,905 75,425 397 75,822
Military Construction 22,577 15,920 1,399 17,319 13,072 0 13,072
Family Housing 2,267 2,272 0 2,272 1,694 0 1,694
Other 4,022 24,817 1,449 26,266 1,109 435 1,544
Total Department of Defense 695,646 553,623 159,033 712,656 557,891 117,843 675,734
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

Department of Energy (defence-related) 18,233 19,039 19,281


Other (defence-related) 7,430 7,622 7,791

Total National Defense 721,309 739,317 702,806

The last-gasp debt-ceiling deal achieved just days mental funds (sometimes called overseas-contin-
before the 2 August deadline enabled passage of the gency operations funds). The latter are appropriated
Budget Control Act of 2011, which mandates a total separately to pay the incremental costs of the wars in
of $917bn in cuts over ten years, mostly to discre- Iraq and Afghanistan. This is higher than the previous
tionary spending, starting with $21bn in reductions peaks of US defence spending during the Korea and
for FY2011/12. A bipartisan ‘super-committee’ (the Vietnam wars and during the Reagan-era defence
Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction) was build-up. Defence spending in 2011 is up nearly 90%
also created to propose a further $1.2tr in cuts over from the previous low in 1998.
the forthcoming decade, proposals which needed to Dollar allocations per service tell a different story.
be approved by Congress before 23 December 2011. While it is often said that the US military services are
In the absence of congressional agreement over the given equal shares of defence dollars – a third each
committee’s proposals, wide-ranging automatic for the Army, Navy (including the Marines) and Air
spending cuts (a ‘sequestration’) of $1.2tr over ten Force – the picture since 1998 is more complicated.
years will be triggered, starting in January 2013. If The military services have experienced unequal
this occurs, the defence budget will bear the burden growth; so, too, have the defence agencies (such as
of fully half of the $1.2tr in required reductions. the Missile Defense Agency and the National Security
Cuts of this magnitude would bring overall US Agency), which now consume a growing share of the
defence spending more in line with Cold War aver- overall defence budget. Among the military services,
ages, though aggregate numbers can be misleading. the Army has experienced the most significant growth
US defence spending from 1948 to 1973 was premised at 167%; the defence agencies grew at 105%; and
on a conscript force. The United States adopted an spending on the Navy and Air Force grew at 56% and
All-Volunteer Force (AVF) after 1973, but the fully 55% respectively. When compared with the last peak
burdened cost of a professional force was not fully in spending in 1985, Army spending is up nearly 65%,
understood until much later, as pay and benefits, Navy spending is down almost 5%, and Air Force
especially health and retirement benefits, grew over spending is down nearly 20%. From peak to peak,
time. Comparing current spending with spending defence-agency spending is up almost 100%. (Missile
from decades past may not offer a good benchmark defence is covered by defence-agency spending, as is
for the American defence effort. operational intelligence in Iraq and Afghanistan.)
Spending within budget categories has changed as
Defence spending by the numbers well. Since 1985, spending for operations and main-
US defence spending in 2011 exceeded $710bn. That tenance has grown 50%; research and development
total accounts for both the base budget and supple- has grown nearly 20%; military personnel spending is
North America 45

Table 5 Budget Authority for Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Overseas Contingency Operations
FY2001–FY2011 (US$bn)

North America
Operation and Source FY01 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 Cumulative
of Funding & CRA Pending Total
FY02 Request FY01–FY12 incl.
CRA/Request
Iraq
Dept of Defense 0 50.0 56.4 83.4 98.1 127.2 138.5 92.0 66.5 45.7 10.6 768.8
Foreign Aid & Diplomatic Operations 0 3.0 19.5 2.0 3.2 3.2 2.7 2.2 3.3 2.3 6.2 47.6
VA Medical 0 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.3 0.9 7.2
Total Iraq 0.0 53.0 75.9 85.6 101.7 131.3 142.1 95.5 71.3 49.3 17.7 823.2

Afghanistan
Dept of Defense 20.0 14.0 12.4 17.2 17.9 37.2 40.6 56.1 87.7 113.3 107.3 523.5
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

Foreign Aid & Diplomatic Operations 0.8 0.7 2.2 2.8 1.1 1.9 2.7 3.1 5.7 4.1 4.3 29.4
VA Medical 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.1 2.1 4.2
Total Afghanistan 20.8 14.7 14.6 20.0 19.0 39.2 43.4 59.5 93.8 118.6 113.7 557.1

Enhanced Security
Dept of Defense 13.0 8.0 3.7 2.1 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 28.7
Total Enhanced Security 13.0 8.0 3.7 2.1 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 28.7

DOD Unallocated 0 5.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.5

Total All Missions 33.8 81.1 94.1 107.6 121.5 170.9 185.6 155.1 165.3 168.1 131.6 1,414.8
Source: CRS Report RL33110

savings. This review led to a series of recommenda-


800,000
tions that included reducing the number of general
700,000
officers and closing Joint Forces Command. But
600,000
rather than forestalling additional spending reduc-
$ (thousands)

500,000
tions, Gates’s efficiency initiatives were viewed by
400,000
the Obama administration and Congress as merely a
300,000 down payment. Much deeper cuts were to come.
200,000 In spring 2011, defence leaders were told to
100,000 prepare for another round of cuts that would total
0 $400bn over the next decade. The military services
were already in the process of building their future-
19 8
19 1
19 4
19 7
19 0
19 3
19 6
19 9
19 2
19 5
19 8
19 1
19 4
19 7
19 0
19 3
19 6
20 9
20 2
20 5
20 8
20 1
14
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
0
0
0
1
19

year plans, so over the summer they compiled two


Figure 1 DoD Budget Authority (Constant FY2010 $) sets of books, one conforming to the original projec-
Source: http://comptroller.defense.gov/Budget2010.html tions on future spending and another to reflect a
$400bn reduction. Planned cuts are now in excess
relatively even (though personnel numbers are down of $450bn. Details of likely reductions were not yet
significantly); and procurement spending is down public, though military leaders have hinted at likely
nearly 20%. These statistics, capturing where US priorities. Defence leaders understand they could
defence dollars have been spent over the last decade, still be facing up to a $1tr cut, but have yet to develop
help establish the basis from which future reductions detailed plans for that possibility. In the words of
might be taken. Secretary Panetta, cuts of that magnitude ‘would do
real damage to our security, our troops and their fami-
How deep to cut? lies, and our military’s ability to protect the nation.
In summer 2010, then-Defense Secretary Gates It is an outcome that would be completely unaccept-
attempted to pre-empt what he knew would be a able to me as secretary of defense, to the president
coming round of defence cuts. He called for $100bn and, I believe, to our nation’s leaders.’ Outgoing JCS
in reductions to be made primarily through efficiency chairman Mike Mullen said, before the Senate Armed
46 The Military Balance 2012

Table 6 US National Defense Budget Function1 and Other Selected Budgets2 1992, 2002–2012
(US$bn) National Defense Department Atomic Department Veterans Total Total Federal
Budget Function of Defense Energy of Administration Federal Budget
Defense Homeland Government Surplus/
Activities Security Outlays Deficit
FY BA Outlay BA Outlay BA BA (Gross) BA
1992 295.1 298.3 282.1 286.9 10.6 n.a. 33.9 1,381 −290
2002 362.1 348.5 344.9 331.9 14.9 30.5 52.1 2,011 −157
2003 456.2 404.9 437.9 387.3 16.4 30.8 59.1 2,160 −377
2004 490.6 455.9 471.0 436.5 16.8 31.6 60.5 2,293 −412
2005 505.7 495.3 483.9 474.1 17.9 100.7 69.2 2,472 −318
2006 617.1 521.8 593.7 499.3 17.4 32.4 71.0 2,655 −248
2007 625.8 551.2 602.9 528.6 17.2 39.7 79.5 2,728 −160
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

2008 696.3 616.1 674.7 594.6 16.6 50.6 88.3 2,982 −458
2009 697.8 661.0 667.5 631.9 22.9 45.3 96.9 3,517 −1,412
2010 721.3 693.6 695.6 666.7 18.2 45.8 124.4 3,456 −1,293
2011 est. 739.3 768.2 712.7 739.7 19.0 46.0 123.7 3,819 −1,645
2012 est. 702.8 737.5 675.7 707.5 19.3 47.4 129.3 3,729 −1,101
Notes International Security Assistance (under Inter- presents its defence budget to Congress for the
FY = Fiscal Year (1 October–30 September) national Affairs), the Veterans Administration, next fiscal year, which begins on 1 October.
1
The National Defense Budget Function sub- the US Coast Guard (Department of Homeland The government also presents its Future Years
sumes funding for the DoD, the Department Security), nor for the National Aeronautics and Defense Program (FYDP), which covers the
of Energy Atomic Energy Defense Activities Space Administration (NASA). Funding for civil next fiscal year plus the following five. Until
and some smaller support agencies (including projects administered by the DoD is excluded approved by Congress, the Budget is called the
Federal Emergency Management and Selective from the figures cited here. Budget Request; after approval, it becomes the
Service System). It does not include funding for 2
Early in each calendar year, the US government Budget Authority.

Services Committee on 22 September, that cuts of that Defense Secretary William Lynn tried to put this
magnitude have ‘a good chance of breaking us. And prospect to rest when he said that ‘however you
breaking faith with this all-volunteer force.’ modify [US] strategy, you won’t get into a position
where, if you get engaged in a conflict, you won’t be
How is the military coping? able to do anything else. [...] “Once I’m in a conflict,
With bigger and bigger budget cuts looming, US mili- everything else I can’t handle.”’ While Panetta has
tary leaders are quick to issue reminders that they are followed the same line of argument, some analysts
still in the midst of finishing a commitment in Iraq, are not as quick to dismiss the possibility. If this
fighting in Afghanistan, and carrying out day-to-day point of view is accepted, the force levels outlined
commitments across the globe. As their challenges in the 2010 QDR, (see The Military Balance 2011 p.
grow ever larger, they are focused on the impacts of 43), could change. In addition, while countering
proposed reductions on the force as a whole. Admiral terrorist threats will remain a focus, there may be
Mullen summarised the chiefs’ sentiments well when less emphasis on large, enduring troop commit-
he said, ‘Our men and women down range have ments and more emphasis on training foreign part-
enough to worry about just getting their job done. ners and targeting individual adversaries via UAVs
They shouldn’t also be concerned about whether or and stand-off systems.
not they will be paid to do that job or whether or not The Middle East and East Asia, as noted above,
their families will continue to get the support they will increasingly be at the centre of presence and
need during long absences. We can do better than shaping activities, as well as war planning. US forces
that, as a military and as a nation.’ will seek to establish a more durable presence in the
But defence leaders do see important changes Middle East following troop withdrawals from Iraq.
coming as commitments wind down in Iraq and Much of the attention will be given to Kuwait and
Afghanistan, changes they strongly wish to be Qatar. Uncertainties about the viability of the US
driven by strategy. Some have pointed to the possi- Navy presence in Bahrain has led policy leaders to
blity that the Pentagon might be forced into aban- consider alternatives, though these are few. Counter-
doning its long-standing goal of being able to fight terrorism operations are being run from a series of
two major wars simultaneously. Outgoing Deputy undisclosed locations throughout the region.
North America 47

Enhancing the US military posture in East Asia not a substitute for heavy armour. The Army’s plan
has been a policy focus for some time, but is today for a ground combat vehicle, which was part of the

North America
receiving greater attention. Military planners are answer to the now defunct Future Combat System,
increasingly concerned by the growing vulnerability remains troubled. So, too, are the prospects for the
of locations close to China and North Korea, particu- army light tactical vehicle, which would replace the
larly on Okinawa. They have sought to expand the venerable Humvee. Army helicopters, which have
US network of access arrangements while at the same extensive wear-and-tear from the recent wars, are in
time investing in hardening key bases such as Guam, need of replacement, though there is little prospect of
which has seen substantial investment in the last ten this happening soon.
years. Meanwhile, developing defence relations with The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is
Australia appears to be a favourite option for US attempting to position itself between the Army and
planners, borne out by the mid-November agreement special forces. According to Marine Commandant
to enhance US training and base a Marine contin- General James Amos: ‘I refer to our Marine Corps of
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

gent. However, prospects across the region are being today as a “middleweight force.” I liken it to boxing,
considered, and the US has, for instance, indicated a where a middleweight boxer can box up into the
wish to station Littoral Combat Ships in Singapore. heavyweight division or box down to the lightweight
In Europe, there will probably be further reductions division simply by changing his weight and training
in US ground and air forces, along with commen- regime. The same is true for the Marine Corps.’
surate changes to the rank structure among key US Few doubt that the corps’ role is secure, but many
personnel there. The senior Army officer, long a four- see changes coming to its troop numbers and espe-
star general, now holds three-star rank. The Air Force cially to its equipment. With active-duty manpower
and Navy are expected to follow suit. now at 202,000, the Marines might well face substan-
The military services themselves are adjusting to tial personnel reductions. Following the cancella-
this change in focus. The Army was heavily taxed by tion of the Marines’ expeditionary fighting vehicle
the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, but is now poised in early 2011, their aviation programmes will almost
for a series of reductions. Army strength is currently certainly be a target for serious reductions, with the
authorised at 562,000 full-time soldiers along with F-35B programme widely thought to be vulnerable.
22,000 temporary authorisations, which were added to Fraught with delays and cost overruns, the F-35B was
support the war. As troop withdrawals from Iraq are placed by former Defense Secretary Robert Gates on
completed in late 2011, the Army will begin personnel a two-year probation in 2011. USMC leaders will not
reductions, first in temporary authorisations and later easily forgo the programme, but may be forced by
in full-time personnel. Army leaders have cautioned financial considerations to do so. Perhaps more trou-
about reductions in manpower that are too fast or too bling for the Marines, a growing chorus of observers
deep. New Army chief General Raymond Odierno have questioned the broader viability of Marine avia-
publicly endorsed a long-held view that manpower tion and asked why a ‘middleweight force’ needs
must not fall below 520,000 full-time soldiers, though to possess a fifth-generation stealth fighter, or any
many observers believe cuts could go much deeper. fighter aircraft for that matter.
Some think manpower numbers will soon approach The Navy and Air Force appear to be in better posi-
those of the Clinton years, which had targeted the tions, but the pressures on each service will be no less
active army at 480,000 soldiers. Perhaps in anticipa- striking. Neither service has fared well in the budget
tion of such an outcome, Odierno has also observed debates over the past decade, and both gave up
that, when it comes to force restructuring and troop substantial manpower and force-structure elements.
reductions, it is important that ‘we do it in such a way The Navy chose a path of incremental modernisation,
that we allow ourselves the flexibility and … capa- particularly of its air and submarine arms, and was
bility to expand’. by 2010 considerably more capable than it was ten
At the same time, Army leaders hope to protect years earlier. But it still needs to modernise its surface
their investment accounts. Army ground vehicles fleet, both carriers and principal surface combatants,
are relatively new, but the V-hulled protected patrol and is scheduled to purchase roughly ten ships a year
vehicles (MRAPs), which were purchased for duty under the Future Years Defense Plan (the service’s
in Iraq and Afghanistan, are not the vehicles Army fiscal- year shipbuilding plan). Even at this rate, naval
leaders would like in the future. They certainly are combatant vessels will fall well below the 313-ship
48 The Military Balance 2012

4.68 4.68 4.77


5 4.53
4.21 4.31
4.16 4.07
4
3.46
3.31

3
% of GDP

0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

Figure 2 US Defence Expenditure (Budget Authority) as % of GDP

floor that Navy leaders have identified; and the force This leaves the Air Force committed to a new long-
will be nowhere near the goal that some naval leaders range strike programme and the F-35, though few
have mentioned of a 375-ship force. In the current believe the Air Force ultimately will procure the 1,763
round of reductions, aircraft-carrier numbers could F-35s currently planned. As Schwartz hinted, the Air
fall to ten or fewer; cruiser numbers could shrink; Force may ultimately trade some of its fighter force
and purchases of the littoral combatant ship could be to build a new long-range bomber. The Air Force
cut back. More worrisome to some, attack-submarine also remains committed to a new refuelling tanker,
numbers could fall well short of a 55-submarine goal. Boeing’s KC-46A, though if its force mix were to
Finally, the Navy is waiting for the F-35 programme change, the Air Force might find itself needing fewer
to modernise its air arm, though, with continuing tankers to support its missions.
purchases of the F/A-18E/F, it perhaps has more fall- US special-operations forces (SOF) appear to be
back options than the other service partners. the one element of the force that might emerge rela-
The Air Force faces similar challenges. It is tively unscathed from the budget debates. While US
confronted with ageing fighter and bomber forces, special forces have been under significant pressure
delays and cost overruns to its space modernisation – its leaders have expresed concern about ‘fraying
efforts, and an intelligence, surveillance and recon- at the edges’ – Admiral William McRaven, new
naissance force that is optimised for the current commander of US special-operations command,
counter-terror and counter-insurgency campaigns had this to say about the forces’ future: ‘As require-
rather than emerging anti-access and area-denial ments begin to subside across United States Central
challenges. Transport aircraft are the one portion of Command’s area of responsibility, SOF employment
the force that have emerged in a relatively healthy can return to a more balanced application against the
position. Yet, since the mobility force is linked to highest priority countries and capability areas from
Army structure, it, too, will likely be reduced in missions that currently consume 86% of the deployed
coming years. force ... SOF presence retains operational access for
So far, Air Force leaders have shown some willing- decisive action if required through a small, unobtru-
ness to trade numbers for capability. In the words of sive, persistent forward engagement in many coun-
Air Force Chief General Norton Schwartz, ‘it is pref- tries where a more overt presence is unacceptable.’
erable to have a smaller, superb force than a larger,
hollow one’. The Air Force is also contemplating a Debate to intensify
different mixture of forces. According to Schwartz, Thus far, the military services have been relatively
‘right now, we have got about 150 bombers and 2,000 restrained in the downsizing debate, focusing atten-
fighters … That balance might change some going tion primarily on how they expect their own services
forward. I think it is absolutely clear that you need to change and staking out their claims in the defence-
both long legs and short legs to deal with the likely budget talks. The year 2012, though, will bring a pres-
threats we are going to face.’ idential election, and with it intensified scrutiny of
North America 49

defence issues. To the extent that American electoral contractors, consultants and private service providers
politics turns to foreign and defence policy, discus- and [invest] the funds in future capital programs

North America
sion of future missions and commitments, and roles as outlined in [the Canada First Defence Strategy].’
for the military services, will heat up. The relatively In parliamentary testimony, Leslie was reported as
polite debate seen as of October 2011 may well give cautioning against cuts in the procurement budget,
way to a more raucous argument over the relative while defending the wider findings of the document.
merits of ground, air and naval power in an era of The extent to which the government will enact the
changing missions and shrinking finances. All of this report’s findings was unclear at the time of writing,
will take place in the context of a larger discussion though Defence Minister Peter MacKay has said
about America’s role in the world, and the resources that ‘the work of the Transformation Team will help
it should devote to fulfilling its aspirations. define necessary organizational changes to prepare
the Canadian Forces for the next decade’.
Canada has been maintaining its significant
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

Canada
procurement plans, in line with the aspirations
After five years of minority government, voters gave detailed in the 2008 Canada First Defence Strategy (see
Prime Minister Stephen Harper’s Conservative Party The Military Balance 2011, p. 52). The plan to replace
a majority for the first time in the May 2011 federal Canada’s F/A-18 A/B Hornets with 65 F-35As has been
election. Government economic plans will likely the cause of some controversy, with the procurement
focus on stimulus measures and moves to reduce featuring in political jousting around the 2011 election,
the deficit, in an environment of continuing GDP as well as in parliament and the media. Disagreement
growth. According to the Department of National has focused on, among other issues, the initial cost
Defence (DND), the 2010 strategic-review process, and potential implications for Canada of any rises in
which was used to identify a series of cost-saving development costs. The DND is indicating, however,
measures within the department, has led to ‘savings that the ‘$9bn in capital costs will come out of the
of close to $1.6bn’ for 2013–14. In a bid to facilitate its [department’s] existing allocation/budget’. Ottawa
Deficit Reduction Action Plan, the government asked argues that Canada’s future operational requirements
the DND’s Chief of Transformation, Lieutenant- ‘can only be met with fifth generation capabilities’
General Andrew Leslie, to propose ‘organizational and that the F-35 ‘is the only available fifth generation
changes that are appropriately balanced and aligned fighter that meets the requirements’ of the air force.
across [the department] and the Canadian Forces’. The 19 October announcement of a Request
His report was submitted in July 2011. In the fore- for Proposals under the National Shipbuilding
word, Leslie noted that he and his team had looked Procurement Strategy marked another waypoint in
at new ways of combining organisations ‘to achieve the country’s procurement plans. Nova Scotia-based
potential efficiencies, to streamline ourselves while Irving Shipbuilding Inc. was selected to build the
maintaining the required operational focus. We have 21 combat vessels in the package, while Vancouver
identified areas that will lead to about $1B in potential Shipyards was selected to build the seven non-combat
yearly administrative savings.’ The report also iden- vessels. The combat component includes between six
tifies possible means of reducing overheads while and eight ice-capable offshore patrol vessels capable
protecting deployable forces and associated equip- of operating in the High North and Canada’s exclu-
ment, training and infrastructure. ‘This will require sive economic zones in the Atlantic and Pacific. It
a determined, collective effort to reduce headquar- also includes construction of the Canadian Surface
ters and overhead, and will involve the rerolling Combatant vessels, designed to replace capabilities
and re-investing in the order of about 11,000 mili- currently seen on the Iroquois and Halifax classes. The
tary and civilian people’. The report’s recommenda- non-combat ship package includes offshore science
tions include the possible demobilisation of full-time vessels for the Coast Guard and a polar icebreaker.
reservists – whom the report notes are employed Canada withdrew its combat contingent from
‘mainly in headquarters and support functions at an Afghanistan between July and December 2011 (as
approximate cost of $1B annually’ – ‘back to a baseline anticipated in The Military Balance 2011, pp. 51–2)
of approximately 4,500’ from a total of about 9,000. with the handover of the Kandahar AOR to US forces.
It also argues that the government should reduce Operation Athena was due to close at the end of 2011.
‘by over 30% over several years the $2.7B spent on Ottawa deployed a Mission Transition Task Force to
50 The Military Balance 2012

manage the conclusion of its combat mission and the to southern Europe and the Mediterranean Sea as
return of necessary forces and equipment. It is not, part of Operation Mobile, Canada’s contribution to
however, the end of the Canadian forces’ deploy- international operations designed to support the
ment to Afghanistan. Operation Attention consti- arms embargo on Libya and enforce the no-fly zone
tutes Canada’s participation in the NATO Training in support of UN Security Council Resolution 1973
Mission–Afghanistan, with over 900 personnel (see p. 14). Operation Mobile consisted of two task
remaining on training and mentoring duties. Forces forces, one on land (Task Force Libeccio) and one at
are due to concentrate in Kabul and, according sea (Task Force Charlottetown, then Vancouver), in
to the DND, two other sites at Herat and Mazar-e the Mediterranean. Task Force Libeccio included the
Sharif; the mission was intended to be capable of Sicily-based air wing that comprised CF-18 Hornets,
conducting ‘its full training mandate’ by November CC-150 Polaris and C-130J Hercules aircraft, and
2011. Canadian forces were in 2011 also deployed CP-140 Aurora maritime patrol aircraft.
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012
North America 51

Organisations by Service
Canada CAN

North America
Canadian Dollar $ 2010 2011 2012 Army 34,800
GDP CS$ 1.63tr 1.71tr FORCES BY ROLE
COMMAND
US$ 1.58tr 1.74tr
1 Task Force HQ
per capita US$ 46,687 51,096
MANOEUVRE
Growth % 3.22 2.08 Mechanised
Inflation % 1.8 2.9 1 (1st) mech bde gp (1 armd regt, 2 mech inf bn, 1 lt inf
Def exp CS$ 20.9bn bn, 1 arty regt, 1 cbt engr regt)
US$ 20.2bn 2 (2nd & 5th) mech bde gp (1 armd recce regt, 2 mech
Def bdgt CS$ 20.6bn 21.1bn 21.3bn inf bn, 1 lt inf bn, 1 arty regt, 1 cbt engr regt)
COMBAT SUPPORT
US$ 19.9bn 21.5bn
1 AD regt
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

US$1= CS$ 1.03 0.98 1 engr/cbt spt regt


Population 34,030,589 3 int coy
3 MP pl
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
Male 8.0% 3.3% 3.5% 3.5% 24.4% 7.0% 3 log bn
Female 7.6% 3.2% 3.3% 3.3% 24.1% 8.9% 3 med bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Capabilities MBT 121: 20 Leopard 2 A6M on lease; 61 Leopard 1C2; 40
Leopard 2 A4
Although Canada, like other Western countries, faces
RECCE 201 LAV-25 Coyote
challenges in funding all of its capability aspirations,
APC 1,220
the armed forces are able to meet national security
APC (T) 332: 64 Bv-206; 235 M113; 33 M577
requirements. In 2010, the government mandated the
APC (W) 810: 635 LAV-III Kodiak (incl 33 RWS); 175
DND’s Chief of Transformation to propose ‘organizational
MILLAV Bison (incl 10 EW, 32 amb, 32 repair, 64 recovery)
changes that are appropriately balanced and aligned across
PPV 78: 68 RG-31 Nyala; 5 Cougar; 5 Buffalo
[DND] and the Canadian Forces’. Canada has maintained
ARTY 295
its significant procurement strategy, in line with the
TOWED 190 105mm 153: 27 C2 (M101); 98 C3 (M101); 28
aspirations detailed in the Canada First Defence Strategy
LG1 MK II; 155mm 37 M777
of 2008, including plans to replace the F/A-18A/B Hornets
MOR 81mm 100
with 65 F-35As. Meanwhile, the 19 October announcement
SP 81mm 24 Bison
of the results of a Request for Proposals under the National
AT
Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy marked another
MSL 493
waypoint in a significant procurement programme for
SP 33 LAV-TOW
28 vessels, including between six and eight ice-capable
MANPATS 460: 425 Eryx; 35 TOW-2A/ITAS
offshore patrol vessels capable of operating in the High
RCL 84mm 1,075 Carl Gustav; M2/M3
North.
AD
Canada can deploy and sustain its armed forces on
SAM • SP 33 ADATS
long-duration missions. From 2006 until 2011, Canadian
MANPAD Starburst
forces in Afghanistan engaged in sustained combat
UAV • ISR • Light Skylark
operations. They showed considerable adaptation in
combat, including rapidly procuring tanks, UAVs and Reserve Organisations 23,150
other equipment. Now withdrawn from a combat role
(a training team of almost 1,000 members remains), they Canadian Rangers 4,300 Reservists
are refurbishing equipment and rebuilding expeditionary The Canadian Rangers are a Reserve sub-component of
capability. In early 2011, Canada deployed air and the Canadian Forces, which provide a limited military
maritime assets to the missions over Libya, actively presence in Canada’s northern, coastal and isolated areas.
contributing to Operation Unified Protector until November They have sovereignty, public safety and surveillance
2011. roles.
ACTIVE 65,700 (Army 34,800 Navy 11,000 Air Force FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE
19,900)
Other
CIVILIAN 4,500 (Coast Guard 4,500) 5 (patrol) ranger gp (165 patrols)
RESERVE 33,950 (Army 23,150 (Rangers 4,300), Army Reserves
Navy 4,150, Air 2,350) Most units have only coy sized establishments.
52 The Military Balance 2012

FORCES BY ROLE ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE


COMMAND 3 sqn with SH-3 Sea King (CH-124)
10 bde gp HQ MARITIME PATROL
MANOEUVRE 3 sqn with P-3 Orion (CP-140 Aurora)
Reconnaissance SEARCH & RESCUE/TRANSPORT
18 armd recce regt 4 sqn with AW101 Merlin (CH-149 Cormorant); C-130E/
Light H/J (CC-130)
51 inf regt 1 sqn with DHC-5 (CC-115) Buffalo
COMBAT SUPPORT TANKER/TRANSPORT
14 fd arty regt 1 sqn with A310/A310 MRTT (CC-150/CC-150T)
2 indep fd arty bty
1 sqn with KC-130H
1 cbt engr regt
TRANSPORT
7 engr regt
1 sqn with C-17 (CC-177)
3 indep engr sqn
1 sqn with CL-600 (CC-144B)
1 EW sqn
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

1 (utl) sqn with DHC-6 (CC-138) Twin Otter


4 int coy
6 sigs regt TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
16 indep sigs sqn 5 sqn with Bell 412 (CH-146 Griffon)
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT 3 (cbt spt) sqns with Bell 412 (CH-146 Griffon)
10 log bn 1 (Spec Ops) sqn with Bell 412 (CH-146 Griffon –
14 med coy OPCON Canadian Special Operations Command)
4 med det ISR UAV
4 MP coy 1 unit with Heron (CU-170)
RADAR
Royal Canadian Navy 11,000 1 (NORAD Regional) HQ located at Winnipeg;
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 1 Sector HQ at North Bay with 11 North Warning
SUBMARINES SSK 4 System Long Range Radar; 36 North Warning System
4 Victoria (ex-UK Upholder) with 6 single 533mm TT with Short Range Radar; 4 Coastal Radar; 2 Transportable
Mk48 Sea Arrow HWT (2 currently operational) Radar
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 15 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
DESTROYERS • DDHM 3 mod Iroquois with 1 Mk 41 AIRCRAFT 95 combat capable
VLS with SM-2MR SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT with FGA 77: 59 F/A-18A (CF-18AM) Hornet; 18 F/A-18B (CF-
Mk46 LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 2 SH-3 (CH-124) Sea 18BM) Hornet
King ASW hel) ASW 18 P-3 Orion (CP-140 Aurora)
FRIGATES • FFGHM 12 Halifax with 2 quad lnchr with TKR/TPT 7: 2 A310 MRTT(CC-150T); 5 KC-130H
RGM-84 Block II Harpoon AShM, 2 octuple Mk48 lnchr TPT 60: Heavy 4 C-17 (CC-177) Globemaster; Medium 37:
with RIM-7P Sea Sparrow SAM/RIM-162 ESSM SAM, 2
24 C-130E/H (CC-130) Hercules (16–E, 8–H, of which 3
twin 324mm ASTT with Mk46 LWT, (capacity 1 SH-3
grounded); 13 C-130J (CC-130) Hercules Light 10: 6 DHC-
(CH-124) Sea King ASW hel)
5 (CC-115) Buffalo; 4 DHC-6 (CC-138) Twin Otter PAX 9: 3
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES •
A310 (CC-150 Polaris); 6 CL-600 (CC-144B)
MCO 12 Kingston
TRG 4 DHC-8 (CT-142) Nav Trainer
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 18
AOR 2 Protecteur with 3 SH-3 (CH-124) Sea King ASW hel HELICOPTERS
AGOR 1 ASW 28 SH-3 (CH-124) Sea King
YDT 8 (2 MCM spt; 6 diving tender/spt) MRH 78 Bell 412 (CH-146 Griffon) (incl 10 spec ops)
AX 9: AXL 8 Orca; AXS 1 TPT 20 Heavy 6 CH-47D (CH-147D) Chinook Medium 14
AW101 Merlin (CH-149 Cormorant)
Reserves 4,150 reservists UAV • ISR • Heavy 5 Heron (CU-170) (leased for 3 yrs)
FORCES BY ROLE RADARS 53
MANOEUVRE AD RADAR • NORTH WARNING SYSTEM 47: 11
Other Long Range; 36 Short Range
24 navy div (tasked with crewing 10 of the 12 MCO, STRATEGIC 6: 4 Coastal; 2 Transportable
harbour defence & naval control of shipping) MSL
ASM AGM-65 Maverick
Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) 19,900 (plus AAM • IR AIM-9L Sidewinder SARH AIM-7M Sparrow
2,350 Primary Reservists integrated within total ARH AIM-120C AMRAAM
Air Force structure) BOMBS
FORCES BY ROLE Conventional: Mk 82; Mk 83; Mk 84
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK Laser-Guided: GBU-10/GBU-12/GBU-16 Paveway II;
3 sqn with F/A-18A/B Hornet (CF-18AM/CF-18BM) GBU-24 Paveway III
North America 53

NATO Flight Training Canada AGOR 10 (coastal and offshore fishery vessels)
AGOS 7

North America
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
HELICOPTERS • TPT 22 Medium 1 S-61 Light 21: 3 Bell
AIRCRAFT
206L Long Ranger; 4 Bell 212; 14 Bo-105
TRG 45: 26 T-6A Texan II (CT-156 Harvard II); 19 Hawk
115 (CT-155) (advanced wpns/tactics trg)
Cyber
Contracted Flying Services – Southport Canada published its Cyber Security Strategy in October
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 2010. The White Paper said that the Communications
AIRCRAFT Security Establishment Canada, the Canadian Security
TRG 34: 11 Grob G120A; 7 King Air C90B; 7 Jet Ranger Intelligence Service and the Royal Canadian Mounted
(CH-139); 9 Bell 412 (CH-146) Police will all investigate incidents according to their
TPT • Light 7 Beech C90B King Air relevant mandates. Meanwhile, the armed forces will
TRG 11 G-120A strengthen their capacity to defend their own networks.
HELICOPTERS The Canadian Forces Network Operation Centre is the
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

MRH 9 Bell 412 (CH-146) ‘national operational Cyber Defence unit’ permanently
TPT • Light 7 Bell 206; Jet Ranger (CH-139) assigned to support Canadian Forces operations under
Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and Canada
Canadian Special Operations Forces Command.
Command 1,500
FORCES BY ROLE Deployment
SPECIAL FORCES
1 SF regt (Canadian Special Operations Regiment) Afghanistan
1 SF unit (JTF2) NATO • ISAF • Operation Athena/Attention 529; 1 air unit
MANOEUVRE with CC-130J
Aviation Bosnia-Herzegovina
1 sqn, with Bell 412 (CH-146 Griffon – from the RCAF) OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 2
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
1 CBRN unit (Canadian Joint Incidence Response Unit Cyprus
– CJIRU) UN • UNFICYP (Operation Snowgoose) 1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Democratic Republic of the Congo
RECCE 4 LAV Bison (NBC) UN • MONUSCO (Operation Crocodile) 8 obs
HEL • MRH Bell 412 (CH-146 Griffon)
Egypt
Canadian Operational Support Command MFO (Operation Calumet) 28
2,000 GERMANY
FORCES BY ROLE NATO (ACO) 287
COMBAT SUPPORT
1 engr spt coy HAITI
1 (joint) sigs regt UN • MINUSTAH (Operation Hamlet) 11
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT Jamaica
3 (spt) log unit Operation Jaguar 65 (providing SAR spt)
4 (movement) log unit
1 med bn Middle East
1 (close protection) MP coy UN • UNTSO (Operation Jade) 7 obs
SERBIA
Canadian Coast Guard 4,500 (civilian) NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise (Operation Kobold) 5
Incl Department of Fisheries and Oceans; all platforms are
OSCE • Serbia 2
designated as non-combatant.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 73 OSCE • Kosovo 9
PSO 2: 1 Leonard J Cowley; 1 Sir Wilfred Grenfell Sierra Leone
PCO 7: 2 Cape Roger; 1 Dumit; 1 Eckaloo; 1 Gordon Reid; 1 IMATT (Operation Sculpture) 9
Nahidik; 1 Tanu
PCC 4: 1 Arrrow Post; 1 Harp; 2 Louisbourg South Sudan
PB 60: 4 Cove Island; 4 Point Henry; 3 Post; 1 Quebecois; 1 UN • UNMISS (Operation Safari) 3; 5 obs
Tembah; 1 Vakta; 5 Type 100; 10 Type 300-A; 31 Type-300B Sudan
AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT • UCAC 4
UN • UNAMID 4
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 35
AG 5 Syria/ISRAEL
AGB 13 (2 hvy; 4 med; 7 lt) UN • UNDOF (Operation Gladius) 3
54 The Military Balance 2012

United states ACTIVE 1,569,417 (Army 641,470 Navy 333,248


US CENTCOM (Operation Foundation) 3 Air Force 344,568 US Marine Corps 206,533 US Coast
US NORTHCOM/NORAD/NATO (ACT) 303 Guard 43,598)
CIVILIAN 11,035 (US Special Operations Command
Foreign Forces 3,376 US Coast Guard 7,659)
United States 131
RESERVE 865,370 (Army 486,029 Navy 104,622
Air Force 163,341 Marine Corps Reserve 103,894 US
United States US Coast Guard 7,484)
United States Dollar $ 2010 2011 2012
GDP US$ 14.5tr 15.1tr Organisations by Service
per capita US$ 47,121 48,432
Growth % 3.0 1.5
US Strategic Command
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

HQ at Offutt AFB (NE). Five missions: US nuclear deterrent;


Inflation % 1.65 3.0
missile defence; global strike; info ops; ISR
National Def
Budget
BA US$ 721.3bn 739.3bn 702.8bn
US Navy
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Outlay US$ 693.6bn 768.2bn 737.5bn
SUBMARINES • STRATEGIC • SSBN 14 Ohio (mod)
Population 311,050,977 SSBN with up to 24 UGM-133A Trident D-5 strategic
SLBM, 4 single 533mm TT with Mk48 Sea Arrow HWT
Age 0 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 64 65 plus
Male 10.3% 3.5% 3.6% 3.5% 22.7% 5.7% US Air Force • Global Strike Command
Female 9.8% 3.4% 3.5% 3.4% 23.3% 7.5% FORCES BY ROLE
MISSILE
Capabilities 9 sqn with LGM-30G Minuteman III
BOMBER
The US remains the world’s pre-eminent military power: 6 sqn (incl 1 AFRC) with B-52H Stratofortress
its highly trained armed forces are capable of large-scale 2 sqn with B-2A Spirit
sustained high-intensity full-spectrum operations around EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
the world. The US military, particularly elements of its land BBR 91: 19 B-2A Spirit; 72 B-52H Stratofortress
and air forces, will in the foreseeable future enter a period MSL • STRATEGIC
of recuperation and equipment recapitalisation following a ICBM 450 LGM-30G Minuteman III (capacity 1-3
decade of combat in Iraq and Afghanistan. While the strain MIRV Mk12/Mk12A per missile)
of these two prolonged conflicts may have led to some ‘war ALCM AGM-86B; AGM-129A
weariness’, morale and motivation within the military is
good, though uncertainty resulting from funding issues Strategic Defenses – Early Warning
could prove unsettling. North American Aerospace Defense Command
Debates on policy and strategy are being formulated (NORAD), a combined US–CAN org
in an environment anticipating declining defence budgets EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
and the opening debates over the foreign-policy positions SATELLITES (see Space)
of presidential hopefuls. The foreword to the National RADAR
Military Strategy (NMS), published in April 2011, said that NORTH WARNING SYSTEM 15 North Warning
the military should ‘find innovative and affordable ways System Long Range (range 200nm); 40 North Warning
to provide the full range of capabilities … while making System Short Range (range 80nm)
difficult tradeoffs between modernization, capacity, OVER-THE-HORIZON-BACKSCATTER RADAR
capability, posture, and risk’. While Army manpower (OTH-B) 2: 1 AN/FPS-118 OTH-B (500–3,000nm)
numbers will likely reduce, leaders will hope to protect located at Mountain Home AFB (ID); 1 non-operational
some of the key equipment investments of recent years. As located at Maine (ME)
for the Marine Corps, while its role is secure, some of its STRATEGIC 2 Ballistic Missile Early Warning System
equipment plans, as well as its manpower, may come under BMEWS located at Thule, GL and Fylingdales Moor,
scrutiny. Looming budget cuts are likely to constrain future UK; 1 (primary mission to track ICBM and SLBM; also
equipment plans across the armed forces. Key air, land used to track satellites) located at Clear (AK)
and naval procurement projects remain under scrutiny. SPACETRACK SYSTEM 11: 8 Spacetrack Radar
The short take-off and vertical landing variant of the Joint located at Incirlik (TUR), Eglin (FL), Cavalier AFS
Strike Fighter, the F-35B, is on ‘probation’; the Army has (ND), Clear (AK), Thule (GL), Fylingdales Moor (UK),
trimmed its long-term tactical vehicle procurement plan; Beale AFB (CA), Cape Cod (MA); 3 Spacetrack Optical
and the Navy’s ambition to eventually field a 313-ship fleet Trackers located at Socorro (NM), Maui (HI), Diego
is under threat. Garcia (BIOT)
North America 55

USN SPACE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM NAV sqn, 3 mech inf bn, 1 arty bn, 1 AT coy, 1 engr coy, 1
SPASUR 3 strategic transmitting stations; 6 strategic int coy, 1 sigs coy, 1 CSS bn); 1 (3rd IBCT) lt inf bde (1

North America
receiving sites in southeast US recce sqn, 2 inf bn, 1 arty bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1 CSS bn); 1
PERIMETER ACQUISITION RADAR ATTACK log bde)
CHARACTERISATION SYSTEM PARCS 1 at 1 (1st) cav div (4 (1st–4th HBCT) armd bde (1 armd
Cavalier AFS, (ND) recce sqn, 2 armd/armd inf bn, 1 SP arty bn, 1 cbt spt
PAVE PAWS 3 at Beale AFB (CA), Cape Cod AFS (MA), bn, 1 CSS bn); 1 (cbt avn) hel bde; 1 log bde)
Clear AFS (AK); 1 (phased array radar 5,500km range) 1 (1st) inf div (2 (1st & 2nd HBCT) armd bde (1 armd
located at Otis AFB (MA) recce sqn, 2 armd/armd inf bn, 1 SP arty bn, 1 cbt spt
DETECTION AND TRACKING RADARS Kwajalein bn, 1 CSS bn); 2 (3rd & 4th IBCT) lt inf bde (1 recce
Atoll, Ascension Island, Antigua, Kaena Point (HI), sqn, 2 inf bn, 1 arty bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1 CSS bn); 1 (cbt
MIT Lincoln Laboratory (MA) avn) hel bde; 1 log bde)
GROUND BASED ELECTRO OPTICAL DEEP 2 (3rd & 4th) inf div (3 (1st–3rd HBCT) armd bde (1
SPACE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM GEODSS Socorro armd recce sqn, 2 armd/armd inf bn, 1 SP arty bn, 1
(NM), Maui (HI), Diego Garcia (BIOT) cbt spt bn, 1 CSS bn); 1 (4th IBCT) lt inf bde; (1 recce
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

STRATEGIC DEFENCES – MISSILE DEFENCES sqn, 2 inf bn, 1 arty bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1 CSS bn); 1 (cbt
SEA-BASED: Aegis engagement cruisers and destroyers avn) hel bde; 1 log bde)
LAND-BASED: 21 ground-based interceptors at 2 (170th & 172nd) armd inf bde (1 armd bn, 2 armd inf
Fort Greeley, (AK); 3 ground-based interceptors at bn, 1 cbt engr bn, 1 CSS bn, 1 recce tp, 1 SP arty bty)
Vandenburg, (CA) Mechanised
1 (2nd) inf div (1 (1st HBCT) armd bde (1 armd recce
Space sqn, 2 armd/armd inf bn, 1 SP arty bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1
SATELLITES 104 CSS bn); 3 (2nd–4th SBCT) mech bde (1 armd recce
COMMUNICATIONS 31 sqn, 3 mech inf bn, 1 arty bn, 1 AT coy, 1 engr coy, 1
1 AEHF-1; 8 DSCS-III; 2 Milstar-I; 3 Milstar-II; 1 PAN-1 int coy, 1 sigs coy, 1 CSS bn); 1 (cbt avn) hel bde; 1 log
(P360); 6 SDS-III; 7 UFO; 3 WGS SV2 bde)
NAVIGATION/POSITIONING/TIMING 31: 11 1 (25th) inf div (2 (1st & 2nd SBCT) mech bde (1 armd
NAVSTAR Block I/II/IIA; 20 NAVSTAR Block IIR recce sqn, 3 mech inf bn, 1 arty bn, 1 AT coy, 1 engr
METEOROLOGY/OCEANOGRAPHY 6 DMSP-5 coy, 1 int coy, 1 sigs coy, 1 CSS bn); 1 (3rd IBCT) inf
ISR 10: 1 FIA Radar 1 (NROL-41); 4 Improved Crystal bde (1 recce sqn, 2 inf bn, 1 arty bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1 CSS
(visible and infrared imagery, resolution 6 inches); bn); 1 (4th AB BCT) AB bde (1 recce bn, 2 para bn, 1
2 Lacrosse (Onyx radar imaging satellite); 1 ORS-1; 1 arty bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1 CSS bn); 1 (cbt avn) hel bde; 1
TacSat-3; 1 TacSat-4; log bde)
Light
ELINT/SIGINT 20: 3 Mentor (advanced Orion); 2
1 (10th Mtn) inf div (4 (1st–4th IBCT) lt inf bde (1 recce
Advanced Mentor; 2 Mercury; 1 Trumpet; 2 Trumpet-2; 10
sqn, 2 inf bn, 1 arty bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1 CSS bn); 1 (cbt
SBWASS (Space Based Wide Area Surveillance System);
avn) hel bde; 1 log bde)
Naval Ocean Surveillance System
Air Manoeuvre
SPACE SURVEILLANCE 1 SBSS (Space Based
1 (82nd) AB div (4 (1st–4th AB BCT) AB bde (1 recce bn,
Surveillance System)
2 para bn, 1 arty bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1 CSS bn); 1 (cbt avn)
EARLY WARNING 5: 4 DSP; 1 SBIRS Geo-1
hel bde; 1 log bde)
1 (101st) air aslt div (4 (1st–4th AB BCT) AB bde (1 recce
US Army 571,108; 49,424 active ARNG; 20,938 bn, 2 para bn, 1 arty bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1 CSS bn); 2 (cbt
active AR (total 641,470) avn) hel bde; 1 log bde)
FORCES BY ROLE 1 (173rd AB BCT) AB bde (1 recce bn, 2 para bn, 1 arty
Sqn are generally bn sized and tp are generally coy sized bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1 CSS bn)
COMMAND Aviation
4 (I, III, V & XVIII AB) corps HQ 2 indep (cbt avn) hel bde
SPECIAL FORCES Other
(see USSOCOM) 1 (11th ACR) trg armd cav regt (OPFOR) (2 armd cav
MANOEUVRE sqn, 1 CSS bn)
Reconnaissance COMBAT SUPPORT
1 (3rd ACR) armd cav regt (3 armd cav sqn, 1 engr coy, 7 arty bde
1 chemical coy, 1 int coy, 1 hel sqn) 5 engr bde
1 (2nd SCR) cav regt (1 recce sqn, 3 mech sqn, 1 arty 2 EOD gp (2 EOD bn)
sqn, 1 AT tp, 1 engr tp, 1 int tp, 1 sigs tp, 1 CSS sqn) 5 AD bde
5 (BfSB) surv bde 5 int bde
Armoured 1 int regt
1 (1st) armd div (2 (2nd & 4th HBCT) armd bde (1 armd 2 int gp
recce sqn, 2 armd/armd inf bn, 1 SP arty bn, 1 cbt spt 4 MP bde
bn, 1 CSS bn); 1 (1st SBCT) mech bde (1 armd recce 2 NBC bde
56 The Military Balance 2012

3 (strat) sigs bde MANOEUVRE


4 (tac) sigs bde Aviation
3 (Mnv Enh) cbt spt bde 1 (theatre avn) hel bde
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT COMBAT SUPPORT
3 log bde 4 engr bde
3 med bde 4 MP bde
2 NBC bde
Reserve Organisations 1 sigs bde
3 (Mnv Enh) cbt spt bde
Army National Guard 358,391 reservists (incl COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
49,424 active) 8 log bde
Normally dual funded by DoD and states. Civil 11 med bde
emergency responses can be mobilised by state
governors. Federal government can mobilise ARNG for Army Standby Reserve 700 reservists
major domestic emergencies and for overseas operations. Trained individuals for mobilisation
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

FORCES BY ROLE EQUIPMENT BY TYPE


COMMAND MBT 5,855 M1A1/A2 Abrams
8 div HQ RECCE 1,237: 573 M1127 Stryker RV; 134 M1128 Stryker
SPECIAL FORCES MGS; 54 M1131 Stryker FSV; 141 M1135 Stryker NBCRV;
(see USSOCOM) 239 M1200 Armored Knight; 96 Tpz-1 Fuchs
MANOEUVRE AIFV 6,452 M2/M3 Bradley
Reconnaissance APC 19,226
3 recce sqn APC (T) 3,943 M113A2/A3
5 (BfSB) surv bde APC (W) 2,333: 1,623 M1126 Stryker ICV; 310 M1130
Armoured Stryker CV; 143 M1132 Stryker ESV; 257 M1133 Stryker
7 (HBCT) armd bde (1 armd recce sqn, 2 armd/armd MEV
inf bn, 1 SP arty bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1 CSS bn) PPV 12,950: 12,000 MRAP (all models); 950 M-ATV
ARTY 7,028
3 armd/armd inf bn
SP 155mm 1,594 M109A1/A2/A6
Mechanised
TOWED 1,836: 105mm 821 M119A2 155mm 1,015: 656
1 (SBCT) mech bde (1 armd recce sqn, 3 mech inf bn,
M198; 359 M777A1/2
1 arty bn, 1 AT coy, 1 engr coy, 1 int coy, 1 sigs coy,
MRL 227mm 1,143: 313 M142 HIMARS; 830 M270/
1 CSS bn)
M270A1 MLRS (all ATACMS-capable)
Light
MOR 2,455: 81mm 990 M252 120mm 1,076 M120/M121;
20 (IBCT) lt inf bde (1 recce sqn, 2 inf bn, 1 arty bn, 1
389 M1129 Stryker MC
cbt spt bn, 1 CSS bn)
AT • MSL
11 lt inf bn
SP 2,119: 1,379 HMMWV TOW; 626 M901; 114 M1134
Aviation Stryker ATGM
2 (cbt avn) hel bde MANPATS Javelin
4 (theatre avn) hel bde AMPHIBIOUS 124
COMBAT SUPPORT LCU 45: 11 LCU-1600 (capacity either 2 MBT or 350
7 arty bde troops); 34 LCU-2000
2 AD bde LC 79: 6 Frank Besson (capacity 32 Abrams MBT); 73 LCM-
4 engr bde 8 (capacity either 1 MBT or 200 troops)
1 EOD regt AIRCRAFT
1 int bde ISR 49: 37 RC-12D/H/K Guardrail; 12 RC-12P/Q Guardrail
3 MP bde ELINT 9: 3 Dash-7 ARL-M (COMINT/ELINT); 3 Dash-7
1 NBC bde ARL-1 (IMINT); 3 Dash-7 ARL-C (COMINT)
2 sigs bde TPT 196 Light 194: 113 Beech A200 King Air (C-12 Huron);
10 (Mnv Enh) cbt spt bde 28 Cessna 560 Citation (UC-35); 11 SA-227 Metro (C-26);
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT 42 Short 330 Sherpa (C-23A/B) PAX 2 Gulfstream (C-20)
9 log bde HELICOPTERS
17 (regional) log spt gp ATK 697: 16 AH-64A Apache; 681 AH-64D Apache
MRH 338 OH-58D Kiowa Warrior
Army Reserve 198,000 reservists (incl 20,938 ISR 247 OH-58A/C Kiowa
active) SAR 26 HH-60L Black Hawk
Reserve under full command of US Army. Does not have TPT 2,588 Heavy 372: 221 CH-47D Chinook, 151 CH-47F
state emergency liability of Army National Guard. Chinook Medium 1,961: 885 UH-60A Black Hawk; 747 UH-
FORCES BY ROLE 60L Black Hawk; 329 UH-60M Black Hawk Light 255: 190
SPECIAL FORCES EC145 (UH-72A Lakota); 65 UH-1H/V Iroquois
(see USSOCOM) TRG 154 TH-67 Creek
North America 57

UAV • ISR 278 Hawkeye AEW ac; 4 SH-60F Seahawk ASW hel; 2 HH-
Heavy 42: 3 I-Gnat; 20 RQ-5A Hunter; 4 Sky Warrior; 15 60H Seahawk SAR hel)

North America
Warrior 10 Nimitz with 2–3 octuple Mk29 lnchr with RIM-
Medium 236 RQ-7A Shadow 7M/P Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 Mk49 GMLS with RIM-
AD• SAM 1,281+ 116 SAM (typical capacity 55 F/A-18 Hornet FGA
SP 798: 703 FIM-92A Avenger (veh-mounted Stinger); ac; 4 EA-6B Prowler/EA-18G Growler EW ac; 4 E-2C
95 M6 Linebacker (4 Stinger plus 25mm gun) Hawkeye AEW ac; 4 SH-60F Seahawk ASW hel; 2 HH-
TOWED 483 MIM-104 Patriot 60H Seahawk SAR hel)
MANPAD FIM-92A Stinger CRUISERS • CGHM • 22 Ticonderoga Aegis Baseline
RADAR • LAND 251: 98 AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty); 2/3/4 with Aegis C2, 2 quad lnchr with RGM-84
56 AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder (arty); 60 AN/TRQ-32 Teammate Harpoon AShM, 2 61 cell Mk41 VLS with SM-2ER
(COMINT); 32 AN/TSQ-138 Trailblazer (COMINT); 5 AN/ SAM/Tomahawk LACM, 2 127mm gun (capacity 2 SH-
TSQ-138A Trailblazer 60B Seahawk ASW hel); (extensive upgrade programme
AEV 250 M9 ACE scheduled from 2006–2020 to include sensors and fire
ARV 2412+: ε2,400 M88A1/2; 12 Pandur; some M578 control systems; major weapons upgrade to include
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

VLB 60+: some M48/M60 AVLB; 20 REBS; 40 Wolverine Evolved Sea Sparrow (ESSM), SM-3/SM-2 capability
HAB and 2 Mk45 Mod 2 127mm gun)
MW Aardvark JSFU Mk4; Hydrema 910 MCV-2; M58/M59 DESTROYERS 61
MICLIC; M139; Rhino DDGHM 33 Arleigh Burke Flight IIA with Aegis C2,
2 quad lnchr with RGM-84 Harpoon AShM, 1 32
US Navy 328,648; 4,600 active reservists (total cell Mk41 VLS with ASROC ASsW/SM-2ER SAM/
333,248) Tomahawk (TLAM) LACM, 1 64 cell Mk41 VLS with
Comprises 2 Fleet Areas, Atlantic and Pacific. All ASROC ASsW/SM-2 ER SAM/Tomahawk LACM, 2
triple 324mm ASTT with Mk46 LWT, 1 127mm gun,
combatants divided into 6 Fleets: 2nd – Atlantic, 3rd –
(capacity 2 SH-60B Seahawk ASW hel), (additional
Pacific, 4th – Caribbean, Central and South America, 5th –
ships in build)
Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, 6th – Mediterranean,
DDGM 28 Arleigh Burke Flight I/II with Aegis C2,
7th – W. Pacific; plus Military Sealift Command (MSC);
2 quad lnchr with RGM-84 Harpoon AShM, 1 32 cell
Naval Reserve Force (NRF); for Naval Special Warfare
Mk41 VLS with ASROC ASW/SM-2ER SAM/Tomahawk
Command, see US Special Operations Command element.
LACM, 1 64 cell Mk 41 VLS with ASROC ASsW/SM-2
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE ER SAM/Tomahawk LACM, 2 Mk49 RAM with RIM-
SUBMARINES 71 116 RAM SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT with Mk46 LWT,
STRATEGIC • SSBN 14 Ohio (mod) opcon US 1 127mm gun, 1 hel landing platform
STRATCOM with up to 24 UGM-133A Trident D-5 FRIGATES 20
strategic SLBM, 4 single 533mm TT with Mk48 Sea Arrow FFHM 2:
HWT 1 Freedom with 1 21 cell Mk99 lnchr with RIM-116
TACTICAL 57 SAM, Mk15 Phalanx CIWS, (capacity 2 MH-60R/S
SSGN 43: Seahawk hel or 1 MH-60 with 3 MQ-8 Firescout UAV)
4 Ohio (mod) with total of 154 Tomahawk LACM , 4 1 Independence with 1 11 cell SeaRAM lnchr with
single 533mm TT with Mk48 Sea Arrow HWT RIM-116 SAM, Mk15 Phalanx CIWS, (capacity 1
8 Los Angeles with 1 12 cell VLS with Tomahawk MH-60R/S Seahawk hel and 3 MQ-8 Firescout UAV)
LACM; 4 single 533mm TT with Mk48 Sea Arrow FFH 18 Oliver Hazard Perry with 2 triple 324mm ASTT
HWT/UGM-84 Harpoon AShM with Mk46 LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 2 SH-60B
23 Los Angeles (Imp) with 1 12 cell VLS with Seahawk ASW hel)
Tomahawk LACM, 4 single 533mm TT with Mk48 Sea PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 28
Arrow HWT/UGM-84 Harpoon AShM PCF (8 Cyclone currently non-operational)
8 Virginia with 1 12 cell VLS with Tomahawk LACM, PBF 12
4 single 533mm TT with Mk48 ADCAP mod 6 HWT PBR 16
(4 additional vessels in build) MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 9
SSN 14: MCO 9 Avenger (MCM-1) with 1 SLQ-48 MCM system, 1
11 Los Angeles with 4 single 533mm TT with Mk48 SQQ-32(V)3 Sonar (mine hunting)
Sea Arrow HWT/UGM-84 Harpoon AShM COMMAND SHIPS • LCC 2:
3 Seawolf with 8 single 660mm TT with up to 45 2 Blue Ridge (capacity 3 LCPL; 2 LCVP; 700 troops; 1 med
Tomahawk LACM/UGM-84C Harpoon AShM, Mk48 utl hel)
Sea Arrow HWT AMPHIBIOUS
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 114 PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS 29
AIRCRAFT CARRIERS • CVN 11: LHD 8 Wasp with 2 octuple Mk29 GMLS with RIM-7M/
1 Enterprise with 3 octuple Mk29 GMLS with RIM- RIM-7P Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 Mk49 GMLS with RIM-116
7M/P Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 Mk49 GMLS with RIM- RAM SAM (capacity: 5 AV-8B Harrier II FGA; 42 CH-
116 SAM (typical capacity 55 F/A-18 Hornet FGA 46E Sea Knight hel; 6 SH-60B Seahawk hel; 3 LCAC(L);
ac; 4 EA-6B Prowler/EA-18G Growler EW ac; 4 E-2C 60 tanks; 1,890 troops)
58 The Military Balance 2012

LHA 1 Tarawa with 2 Mk49 GMLS with RIM-116 RAM Military Sealift Command (MSC)
SAM (capacity 6 AV-8B Harrier II FGA ac; 12 CH-46E
Sea Knight hel; 9 CH-53 Sea Stallion hel; 4 LCU; 100 Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force
tanks; 1,900 troops) LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 42
LPD 8: AEH 1 Kilauea
2 Austin (capacity 6 CH-46E Sea Knight hel; 2 ARS 4 Safeguard
LCAC(L)/LCU; 40 tanks; 788 troops) AH 2 Mercy, with 1 hel landing platform
6 San Antonio with 2 21 cell Mk49 GMLS with RIM- ATF 4 Powhatan
116 SAM (capacity 1 CH-53E Sea Stallion hel or 2 AO 15 Henry J. Kaiser
CH-46 Sea Knight or 1 MV-22 Osprey; 2 LCAC(L); 14 AOE 4 Supply class
AAAV; 720 troops) (5 additional vessels in build) AKEH 12 Lewis and Clark (1 additional vessel in build)
LSD 12: Maritime Prepositioning Program
4 Harpers Ferry with 1–2 Mk 49 GMLS with RIM-116 LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 31
SAM, 1 hel landing platform (capacity 2 LCAC(L); AOT 1 Champion
40 tanks; 500 troops)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

AG 1
8 Whidbey Island with 2 Mk49 GMLS with RIM-116 AK 8
SAM, 1 hel landing platform (capacity 4 LCAC(L); AKR 12: 3; 1 Bob Hope; 8 Watson
40 tanks; 500 troops) AKRH 5
AMPHIBIOUS CRAFT 269+ AVB 2
LCU 34 LCU-1600 (capacity either 2 M1-A1 Abrams TPT 2 HSV
MBT or 350 troops)
LCVP 8 Strategic Sealift Force
LCPL 75 (At a minimum of 4 days readiness)
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 16:
LCM 72
AGMS 1
LCAC 80 LCAC(L) (capacity either 1 MBT or 60 troops;
AOT 2 (long-term chartered)
(undergoing upgrade programme))
AK 3
SF 6 DDS opcon USSOCOM
AKR 10: 6 Bob Hope; 2 Gordon; 2 Shughart
Combat Logistics Force Special Mission Ships
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 17:
AOE 5: 4 Sacramento (capacity 2 CH-46E Sea Knight tpt AS 2 Emory S Land
hel); 1 Supply (capacity 3 CH-46E Sea Knight tpt hel) AGM 2 (additional vessel awaiting commissioning)
ARC 1 Zeus
Navy Reserve Surface Forces AGOS 5: 1 Impeccable; 4 Victorious
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 8
AGS 7: 6 Pathfinder; 1 Waters
FFH 8 Oliver Hazard Perry in reserve with 2 triple
324mm ASTT with Mk46 LWT, 36 SM-1 MR SAM, 1 US Maritime Administration Support • National
76mm gun, (capacity 2 SH-60B Seahawk ASW hel) Defense Reserve Fleet
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 5 LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 34:
MCO 5 Avenger in reserve with 1 SLQ-48 MCM system, AOT 4
1 SQQ-32(V)3 Sonar (mine hunting) ACS 3 Keystone State
INSHORE UNDERSEA WARFARE 45 HDS/IBU/MIUW AFS 1
AGOS 3
Naval Reserve Forces 109,222 (incl 6,224 AGS 3
active) AK 16: 4; 12 T-AK (breakbulk)
AKR 2
Selected Reserve 66,455 AP 2
Individual Ready Reserve 42,767 Ready Reserve Force
Ships at readiness up to a maximum of 30 days
Naval Inactive Fleet
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 48:
Under a minimum of 60–90 days notice for reactivation;
ACS 6 Keystone State
still on naval vessel register
AK 6: 2 T-AK (breakbulk); 4 T-AK (heavy lift)
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 2
AKR 35: 1 Adm WM M Callaghan; 8 Algol; 26 Cape
AIRCRAFT CARRIERS 1 CV
Island
FRIGATES 1 FFH
AOT 1 Petersburg
AMPHIBIOUS 12
2 LHA Augmentation Force
5 LPD COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
5 LKA 1 (active) Cargo Handling log bn
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 1 ATF 12 (reserve) Cargo Handling log bn
North America 59

Naval Aviation 98,588 Orion PAX 9: 1 Gulfstream III (C-20A); 2 Gulfstream III
11 air wings (10 active; 1 reserve). Average air wing com- (C-20D); 5 Gulfstream IV (C-20G); 1 Gulfstream V (C-

North America
prises 7 sqns: 4 each with 12 F/A-18 (2 with F/A-18C, 1 37);
with F/A-18E, 1 with F/A-18F), 1 with 6 SH-60, 1 with 4 TRG 647: 47 T-6A Texan II; 2 T-6B Texan II; 269 T-34C
EA-6B, 1 with 4 E-2C Turbo Mentor; 9 T-38 Talon; 1 T-39D Sabreliner; 8 T-39G
Sabreliner; 15 T-39N Sabreliner; 55 T-44A Pegasus; 74
FORCES BY ROLE
T-45A Goshawk; 144 T-45C Goshawk; 21 TC-12B Huron;
(Numbers exclude Fleet Replacement Squadrons)
2 TE-2C Hawkeye
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
TRIALS AND TEST 50: 5 EA-18G Growler; 1 NF/A-
1 sqn with F/A-18A+ Hornet
18A Hornet; 2 NF/A-18C Hornet; 3 NF/A-18D Hornet;
13 sqn with F/A-18C Hornet
1 NP-3C Orion; 11 NP-3D Orion; 1 NT-34C Mentor; 1
11 sqn with F/A-18E Super Hornet
NU-1B Otter; 2 QF-4N Phantom II; 16 QF-4S Phantom II;
10 sqn with F/A-18F Super Hornet
2 X-26A; 1 X-31A; 1 YF-4J Phantom II (prototype, FGA);
ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE
1 YSH-60 Seahawk (prototype); 1 YSH-60B Seahawk; 1
7 sqn with HH-60H Seahawk; SH-60F Seahawk
YSH-60F Seahawk
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

3 sqn with MH-60R Seahawk


HELICOPTERS
9 sqn with SH-60B Seahawk
MRH 123 MH-60S Knight Hawk (Multi Mission
ELINT
Support)
2 sqn with EP-3E Aries II
ASW 255: 35 MH-60R Strike Hawk; 148 SH-60B Seahawk;
ELINT/ELECTRONIC WARFARE
72 SH-60F Seahawk
9 sqn with EA-6B Prowler
MCM 28 MH-53E Sea Dragon
4 sqn with EA-18G Growler
ISR 3 OH-58A Kiowa
MARITIME PATROL
SAR 63: 23 HH-1N Iroquois; 4 HH-46D Sea Knight; 36
12 (land-based) sqn with P-3C Orion
HH-60H Seahawk
AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL
TPT 37 Heavy 18: 9 CH-53D Sea Stallion; 9 CH-53E Sea
10 sqn with E-2C Hawkeye
Stallion Medium 14: 9 UH-46D Sea Knight; 3 UH-60L
COMMAND & CONTROL
Black Hawk; 2 VH-3A Sea King (VIP) Light 5: 1 UH-1N
2 sqn with E-6B Mercury
Iroquois; 4 UH-1Y Iroquois;
MINE COUNTERMEASURES
TRG 132: 44 TH-57B Sea Ranger; 82 TH-57C Sea Ranger;
2 sqn with MH-53E Sea Dragon
6 TH-6B
TRANSPORT
TEST 3 N-SH-60B Seahawk
2 sqn with C-2A Greyhound
UAV 45:
TRAINING
Heavy 10: 5 MQ-8B Fire Scout (under evaluation and
1 (aggressor) sqn with F/A-18C/D Hornet; F/A-18E/F trials); 5 RQ-4A Global Hawk (under evaluation and
Super Hornet trials)
1 (aggressor) sqn with F/A-18B/C/D Hornet Medium 35 RQ-2B Pioneer
1 sqn with F/A-18E/F Super Hornet MSL
3 sqn with T-6A/B Texan II/T-39D/G/N Sabreliner AAM • IR AIM-9 Sidewinder, IIR AIM-9X Sidewinder
5 sqn T-34C Turbo Mentor II, SARH AIM-7 Sparrow, ARH AIM-120 AMRAAM
2 sqn with T-44A Pegasus ASM AGM-65A/F Maverick; AGM-114B/K/M Hellfire;
4 sqn with T-45A/C Goshawk AGM-84E SLAM/SLAM-ER LACM; AGM-154A
2 hel sqn with TH-57B/C Sea Ranger JSOW; AShM AGM-84D Harpoon; AGM-119A Penguin
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER 3; ARM AGM-88 HARM
9 sqn with MH-60S Knight Hawk BOMBS
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Conventional: BLU-117/Mk 84 (2,000lb); BLU-110/
AIRCRAFT 964 combat capable Mk 83 (1,000lb); BLU-111/Mk 82 (500lb); Mk 46; Mk
FGA 817: 33 F/A-18A Hornet; 24 F/A-18B Hornet; 268 50; Mk 54
F/A-18C Hornet; 41 F/A-18D Hornet; 201 F/A-18E Super Laser-Guided: Paveway II; Paveway III (fits on Mk 82,
Hornet; 250 F/A-18F Super Hornet Mk 83 or Mk 84)
ASW 147 P-3C Orion INS/GPS guided: JDAM (GBU-31/32/38); Enhanced
EW 147: 92 EA-6B Prowler; 55 EA-18G Growler Paveway II
ELINT 11 EP-3E Aries II
ISR 4: 2 RC-12F Huron; 2 RC-12M Huron Naval Aviation Reserve
AEW&C 66 E-2C Hawkeye FORCES BY ROLE
C2 16 E-6B Mercury FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
TPT 92: Medium 3: 2 LC-130F Hercules; 1 LC-130R 1 sqn with F/A-18A+ Hornet
Hercules; Light 80: 4 Beech A200 King Air (C-12C ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE
Huron); 21 Beech A200 King Air (UC-12B Huron); 35 1 sqn with HH-60H Seahawk
C-2A Greyhound; 1 Cessna 560 Citation Encore (UC- 1 sqn with SH-60B Seahawk
35D); 1 Sabreliner (CT-39G); 2 DHC-2 Beaver (U-6A); 7 ELECTRONIC WARFARE
SA-227-BC Metro III (C-26D); 4 UP-3A Orion; 5 VP-3A 1 sqn with EA-6B Prowler
60 The Military Balance 2012

MARITIME PATROL EQUIPMENT BY TYPE


2 sqn with P-3C Orion MBT 447 M1A1 Abrams
AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL RECCE 252 LAV-25 Coyote (25mm gun, plus 189 variants)
1 sqn with E-2C Hawkeye AAV 1,311 AAV-7A1 (all roles)
TRANSPORT APC (W) 2,225 MRAP
3 log spt sqn with B-737-700 (C-40A Clipper) ARTY 2,071
3 log spt sqn with Gulfstream III/IV (C-20A/D/G) TOWED 1,402: 105mm: 331 M101A1; 155mm 1,071: 595
Gulfstream V/G550 (C-37A/C-37B) M198; 476 M777(to replace M198)
5 tactical tpt sqn with C-130T Hercules, MRL 227mm 40 HIMARS
4 log spt sqn with DC-9 (C-9B Skytrain II) MOR 629 81mm 585: 50 LAV-M; 535 M252 120mm 44
TRAINING EFSS
2 (aggressor) sqn with F-5F/N Tiger II AT
1 (aggressor) sqn with F/A-18C Hornet MSL 2,299
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER SP 95 LAV-TOW
1 sqn with MH-60S Knight Hawk MANPATS 2,204: 1,121 Predator; 1,083 TOW
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

AD • SAM • MANPAD FIM-92A Stinger


EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
UAV • Light 100 BQM-147 Exdrone
AIRCRAFT 68 combat capable
RADAR • LAND 23 AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty)
FTR 32: 2 F-5F Tiger II; 30 F-5N Tiger II
AEV 42 Aslt Breacher Veh
FGA 24: 12 F/A-18A+ Hornet; 12 F/A-18C Hornet
ARV 185: 60 AAVRA1; 45 LAV-R; 80 M88A1/2
ASW 12 P-3C Orion
VLB 6 Joint Aslt Bridge
EW 4 EA-6B Prowler
AEW&C 6 E-2C Hawkeye Marine Corps Aviation 34,700
TPT 60: Medium 19 C-130T Hercules; Light 5 Beech 3 active Marine Aircraft Wings (MAW) and 1 MCR MAW
A200C King Air (UC-12B Huron); PAX 36: 10 B-737- Flying hours  365 hrs/year on tpt ac; 248 hrs/year on ac;
700 (C-40A Clipper); 15 DC-9 Skytrain II (C-9B); 7 277 hrs/year on hel
Gulfstream III/IV (C-20A/D/G); 1 Gulfstream V
(C-37A); 3 Gulfstream G550 (C-37B) FORCES BY ROLE
HELICOPTERS FIGHTER
ASW 11: 6 SH-60B Seahawk; 5 MH-60S Knight Hawk 2 sqn with F/A-18A/A+ Hornet
MCM 8 MH-53E Sea Stallion 5 sqn with F/A-18C Hornet
SAR 17 HH-60H Rescue Hawk 5 sqn (All Weather) with F/A-18D Hornet
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
US Marine Corps 200,827; 5,706 active 7 sqn with AV-8B Harrier II
ELECTRONIC WARFARE
reservists (total 206,533)
4 sqn with EA-6B Prowler
3 Marine Expeditionary Forces (MEF), 3 Marine
COMBAT SEARCH & RESCUE/TRANSPORT
Expeditionary Brigades (MEB), 7 Marine Expeditionary
1 sqn with Beech A200/B2000 King Air (UC-12B/F
Units (MEU) drawn from 3 div. An MEU usually consists of
Huron); Cessna 560 Citation Ultra/Encore (UC-35C/D);
a battalion landing team (1 inf bn, 1 arty bty, 1 lt armd recce
DC-9 Skytrain (C-9B Nightingale); Gulfstream IV
coy, 1 armd pl, 1 amph aslt pl, 1 cbt engr pl, 1 recce pl), an
(C-20G); HH-1N Iroquois; HH-46E Sea Knight
aviation combat element (1 medium lift sqn with attached
TANKER
atk hel, FGA ac and AD assets) and a composite log bn,
3 sqn with KC-130J Hercules
with a combined total of about 2,200 men. Composition
TRANSPORT
varies with mission requirements.
9 sqn with MV-22B Osprey
FORCES BY ROLE TRAINING
SPECIAL FORCES 1 sqn with AV-8B Harrier II; TAV-8B Harrier
3 MEF recce coy 1 sqn with F/A-18B/C/D Hornet
MANOEUVRE 1 sqn with MV-22A Osprey
Amphibious 1 hel sqn with AH-1W Cobra; AH-1Z Viper; HH-1N
1 (1st) mne div (2 (LAV-25) lt armd recce bn, 1 recce bn, Iroquois; UH-1N Iroquois; UH-1Y Venom
1 armd bn, 3 inf regt (4 inf bn), 1 amph aslt bn, 1 arty 1 hel sqn with CH-46E Sea Knight
regt (4 arty bn), 1 cbt engr bn) 1 hel sqn with CH-53E Sea Stallion
1 (2nd) mne div (1 lt armd recce bn, 1 recce bn, 1 armd TEST
bn, 3 inf regt (4 inf bn), 1 amph aslt bn, 1 arty regt (4 1 sqn with V-22 Osprey
arty bn), 1 cbt engr bn) ATTACK HELICOPTER
1 (3rd) mne div (1 recce bn, 1 inf regt (3 inf bn), 1 arty 6 sqn with AH-1W Cobra; UH-1N Iroquois
regt (2 arty bn), 1 cbt spt bn (1 lt armd recce coy, 1 2 sqn with AH-1W Cobra; UH-1Y Venom
amph aslt coy, 1 cbt engr coy)) 1 sqn with AH-1W Cobra; AH-1Z Viper; UH-1Y Venom
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
3 log gp 6 sqn with CH-46E Sea Knight
North America 61

1 sqn with CH-53D Sea Stallion COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT


7 sqn with CH-53E Sea Stallion 1 log gp

North America
1 (VIP) sqn with CH-46E Sea Knight; CH-53E Sea
Stallion; VH-3D Sea King; VH-60N Presidential Hawk Marine Corps Aviation Reserve 11,592 reservists
ISR UAV FORCES BY ROLE
3 sqn with RQ-7B Shadow FIGHTER
AIR DEFENCE 1 sqn with F/A-18A/A+ Hornet
2 bn with FIM-92A Avenger; FIM-92A Stinger (can TANKER
provide additional heavy calibre support weapons) 2 sqn with KC-130T Hercules
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE TRAINING
AC 370 combat capable 1 sqn with F-5F/N Tiger II
FGA 370 ATTACK HELICOPTER
43 F/A-18A/A+ Hornet; 2 F/A-18B Hornet; 83 F/A-18C 1 sqn with AH-1W Cobra; UH-1N Iroquois
Hornet; 94 F/A-18D Hornet; 131 AV-8B Harrier II; 17 TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
TAV-8B Harrier 2 sqn with CH-46E Sea Knight
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

EW 29 EA-6B Prowler 1 det with CH-53E Sea Stallion


TKR 46 KC-130J Hercules EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
TPT 19 Light 16: 9 Beech A200/B200 King Air (UC-12B/F AIRCRAFT 27 combat capable
Huron); 7 Cessna 560 Citation Ultra/Encore (UC-35C/D) FTR 12: 1 F-5F Tiger II; 11 F-5N Tiger II
PAX 3: 2 DC-9 Skytrain (C-9B Nightingale); 1 Gulfstream FGA 15 F/A-18A/A+ Hornet
IV (C-20G); TKR 28 KC-130T Hercules
TRG 3 T-34C Turbo Mentor TPT • Light 7: 2 Beech A200 King Air (UC-12B Huron);
TILTROTOR 155 5 Cessna 560 Citation Ultra/Encore (UC-35C/D)
20 MV-22A Osprey; 131 MV-22B Osprey (360 on order, HELICOPTERS
deliveries continuing); 4 V-22 Osprey ATK 18 AH-1W Cobra
HELICOPTERS
TPT 41 Heavy 6 CH-53E Sea Stallion; Medium 26 CH-
ATK 147: 128 AH-1W Cobra; 19 AH-1Z Viper
46E Sea Knight; Light 9 UH-1N Iroquois
SAR 9: 5 HH-1N Iroquois; 4 HH-46E Sea Knight
TPT 390 Heavy 180: 35 CH-53D Sea Stallion; 145 CH- Marine Stand-by Reserve 700 reservists
53E Sea Stallion; Medium 109: 90 CH-46E Sea Knight; Trained individuals available for mobilisation
8 VH-60N Presidential Hawk (VIP tpt); 11 VH-3D Sea
King (VIP tpt); Light 101: 53 UH-1N Iroquois; 48 UH-1Y US Coast Guard 43,598 (military); 7,659
Iroquois (civilian)
UAV • ISR • Medium 32 RQ-7B Shadow Two Area Commands: Pacific (Alameda, California) and
AD Atlantic (Portsmouth, Virginia), supervising 9 districts (4
SAM • SP some FIM-92A Avenger Pacific, 5 Atlantic). 2 (1 Atlantic, 1 Pacific) Maintenance and
MANPAD some FIM-92A Stinger Logistics Command Atlantic (MLCA).
MSL PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 160
AAM • IR AIM-9M Sidewinder; IIR AIM-9X; SARH PSOH 28: 1 Alex Haley; 13 Famous; 12 Hamilton; 2 Legend
AIM-7 Sparrow; ARH AIM-120 AMRAAM
PSO 1 Diver
ASM AGM-65F IR Maverick/AGM-65E Maverick;
PCO 14 Reliance,
AGM-114 Hellfire; AShM AGM-84 Harpoon; ARM
PFC 3 Cyclone
AGM-88 HARM
PCC 41 Island
BOMBS
PBI 73 Marine Protector
Conventional: CBU-59; CBU-99; MK-82 (500lb),
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 92
MK-83 (1,000lb)
ABU 16 Juniper
Laser-Guided: GBU 10/12/16 Paveway II (fits on Mk
AGB 4: 1 Mackinaw; 1 Healy; 2 Polar Icebreaker
82, Mk 83 or Mk 84)
AX 2
INS/GPS Guided: JDAM
WLI 5
Reserve Organisations WLIC 13
WLM 14 Keeper
Marine Corps Reserve 109,600 (incl 5,706 active) WLR 18
FORCES BY ROLE WTGB 9 Bay Class
SPECIAL FORCES YTM 11
2 MEF recce coy
MANOEUVRE US Coast Guard Aviation
Amphibious AIRCRAFT
1 (4th) div (3 inf regt (3 inf bn), 1 arty regt (4 arty bn), MP 26: 9 HU-25A Guardian (additional 16 in reserve); 3
1 (LAV-25) lt armd recce bn, 1 recce bn, 1 amph aslt HU-25B (additional 4 in store); 8 HU-25C (additional 9
bn, 1 cbt engr bn) in store); 6 HU-25D
62 The Military Balance 2012

SAR 27: 21 HC-130H Hercules (additional 5 in store); 6 1 UAV sqn with MQ-9A Reaper
HC-130J Hercules COMBAT/ISR UAV
TPT 14 Light 12 CN-235-200 (HC-144A); PAX 2: 1 CL- 4 sqn with MQ-1B Predator
604 (C-143-A); 1 Gulfstream V (C-37A) 1 sqn with MQ-1B Predator/MQ-9A Reaper
HELICOPTERS 1 sqn with MQ-1B Predator/RQ-170 Sentinel
SAR 125: 35 HH-60J Jayhawk (additional 7 in store); 90 3 sqn with MQ-9 Reaper
AS-366G1 (HH-65C) Dauphin II (additional 12 in store) ISR UAV
TPT • Light 8 MH-68A (A-109E) Power 1 sqn with RQ-4B Global Hawk
UAV 3 (trials)
Pacific Air Forces (PACAF)
US Air Force (USAF) 333,729; 6,641 active Provides the air component of PACOM, and commands
ANG; 4,198 active AFR (total 344,568) air units based in Alaska, Hawaii, Japan and South
Flying hours Ftr 189, bbr 260, tkr 308, airlift 343 Korea. 4 active air forces (5th, 7th, 11th & 13th); 8 wg
Almost the entire USAF (plus active force ANG and FORCES BY ROLE
AFR) is divided into 10 Aerospace Expeditionary Forces
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

FIGHTER
(AEF), each on call for 120 days every 20 months. At least 2 sqn with F-15C/D Eagle
2 of the 10 AEFs are on call at any one time, each with 3 sqn with F-22A Raptor
10,000–15,000 personnel, 90 multi-role Ftr and bbr ac, 31 FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
intra-theatre refuelling aircraft and 13 aircraft for ISR and
5 sqn with F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
EW missions.
GROUND ATTACK
Global Strike Command (GSC) 1 sqn with A-10C Thunderbolt II
AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL
2 active air forces (8th & 20th); 6 wg
2 sqn with E-3B/C Sentry
FORCES BY ROLE
COMBAT SEARCH & RESCUE
MISSILE
1 sqn with HH-60G Pave Hawk
9 sqn with LGM-30G Minuteman III
TANKER
BOMBER
2 sqn with KC-135R
5 sqn with B-52H Stratofortress
TRANSPORT
2 sqn with B-2A Spirit
1 sqn with B-737-200 (C-40B); Gulfstream V (C-37A)
Air Combat Command (ACC) 2 sqn with C-17A Globemaster
2 active air forces (9th & 12th); 15 wg. ACC numbered 1 sqn with C-130H Hercules
air forces provide the air component  to CENTCOM, 1 sqn with Learjet 35A (C-21); UH-1N Huey
SOUTHCOM and NORTHCOM. TRAINING
1 (aggressor) sqn with F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
FORCES BY ROLE
BOMBER
United States Air Forces Europe (USAFE)
4 sqn with B-1B Lancer
Provides the air component to both EUCOM and
FIGHTER
AFRICOM. 2 active air forces (3rd & 17th); 5 wg
4 sqn with F-22A Raptor
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK FORCES BY ROLE
4 sqn with F-15E Strike Eagle FIGHTER
5 sqn with F-16C/D Fighting Falcon 1 sqn with F-15C/D Eagle
GROUND ATTACK FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
5 sqn with A-10C Thunderbolt II 2 sqn with F-15E Strike Eagle
ELECTRONIC WARFARE 3 sqn with F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
1 sqn with EA-6B Prowler; EA-18G Growler (personnel GROUND ATTACK
only – USN aircraft) 1 sqn with A-10C Thunderbolt II
2 sqn with EC-130H Compass Call COMBAT SEARCH & RESCUE
ISR 1 sqn with HH-60G Pave Hawk
5 sqn with OC-135/RC-135/WC-135 TANKER
2 sqn with U-2S/TU-2S 1 sqn with KC-135R Stratotanker
AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL TRANSPORT
5 sqn with E-3B/C Sentry 1 sqn with C-130J Hercules
COMMAND & CONTROL 2 sqn with Gulfstream III/IV (C-20); Gulfstream V (C-
1 sqn with E-4B 37); Learjet 35A (C-21)
COMBAT SEARCH & RESCUE
6 sqn with HC-130J/N/P King; HH-60G Pave Hawk Air Mobility Command (AMC)
TRAINING Provides strategic and tactical airlift, air-to-air refuelling
2 sqn with F-15E Strike Eagle; and aero medical evacuation. 1 active air force (18th); 13
1 UAV sqn with MQ-1B Predator wg and 1 gp
North America 63

FORCES BY ROLE UAV 223:


TANKER Cbt ISR • Heavy 199: 130 MQ-1B Predator; 69 MQ-9

North America
4 sqn with KC-10A Extender Reaper
8 sqn with KC-135 Stratotanker (+3 sqn with personnel ISR • Heavy 24: 23 RQ-4B Global Hawk; 1 RQ-170 Sentinel
only) MSL
TRANSPORT AAM • IR AIM-9 Sidewinder IIR AIM-9X Sidewinder II
1 VIP wg with B-737-200 (C-40B); B-757-200 (C-32A); SARH AIM-7M Sparrow ARH AIM-120A/B/C AMRAAM
Gulfstream III/IV (C-20); VC-25 Air Force One ASM 1,142 AGM-86B (ALCM) LACM (strategic); 239
2 sqn with C-5 Galaxy AGM-86C (CALCM) LACM (tactical); 50 AGM-86D
11 sqn with C-17A Globemaster III LACM (penetrator) 460 AGM-129A (ACM) LACM
8 sqn with C-130E/H/J Hercules (strategic); AGM-130A; AGM-158 JASSM; AGM-65A
1 sqn with Gulfstream V (C-37A) Maverick/AGM-65B Maverick/AGM-65D Maverick/AGM-
4 sqn with Learjet 35A (C-21) 65G Maverick; AGM-88A HARM/AGM-88B HARM ARM
BOMBS
Air Education and Training Command Conventional: BLU-109/Mk 84 (2,000lb); BLU-110/Mk
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

2 active air forces (2nd and 19th), 10 active air wgs 83 (1,000lb); BLU-111/Mk 82 (500lb)
FORCES BY ROLE Laser-guided: Paveway II, Paveway III (fits on Mk82,
TRAINING Mk83 or Mk84)
1 sqn with C-5 Galaxy INS/GPS guided: JDAM (GBU 31/32/38); GBU-15 (with
1 sqn with C-17 Globemaster BLU-109 penetrating warhead or Mk 84); GBU-39B
1 sqn with C-21 Learjet Small Diameter Bomb (250lb); Enhanced Paveway III
3 sqn with C-130E/J Hercules
6 sqn with F-16C/D Fighting Falcon Reserve Organisations
1 sqn with F-22A Raptor Air National Guard 106,680 reservists (incl 6,641
1 sqn with F-35A Lightning II active)
2 sqn with KC-135R Stratotanker
FORCES BY ROLE
24 (flying trg) sqn with T-1 Jayhawk; T-6 Texan II; T-38
BOMBER
Talon; T-43
1 sqn with B-2A Spirit (personnel only)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE FIGHTER
AIRCRAFT 1,435 combat capable 5 sqn with F-15C/D Eagle
BBR 139: 64 B-1B Lancer (2 more in test); 19 B-2A Spirit 1 sqn with F-22A Raptor (+1 sqn personnel only)
(1 more in test); 56 B-52H Stratofortress (4 more in test; FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
18 in store) 13 sqn with F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
FTR 277: 113 F-15C Eagle; 11 F-15D Eagle; 153 F-22A Raptor GROUND ATTACK
FGA 833: 212 F-15E Strike Eagle; 500 F-16C Fighting 5 sqn with A-10C Thunderbolt II
Falcon; 115 F-16D Fighting Falcon; 6 F-35A Lightning II ISR
ATK 186 A-10C Thunderbolt II 3 sqn with E-8C J-STARS (mixed active force and
EW 14 EC-130H Compass Call ANG personnel)
ISR 76: 37 Beech 350ER King Air (MC-12W Liberty); 2 COMBAT SEARCH & RESCUE
E-9A; 2 OC-135B Open Skies; 28 U-2S; 5 TU-2S; 2 WC-135 9 sqn with HC-130 Hercules/MC-130P Combat Shadow;
Constant Phoenix HH-60G Pavehawk
ELINT 22: 8 RC-135V Rivet Joint; 9 RC-135W Rivet Joint; 3 TANKER
RC-135S Cobra Ball; 2 RC-135U Combat Sent 20 sqn with KC-135R Stratotanker (+2 sqn with
AEW&C 32 E-3B/C Sentry (1 more in test) personnel only)
C2 4 E-4B TRANSPORT
TKR 170: 140 KC-135R Stratotanker; 30 KC-135T 1 sqn with B-737-700 (C-40C); Gulfstream G100
Stratotanker (C-38A)
TKR/TPT 59 KC-10A Extender 3 sqn with C-5A Galaxy
CSAR 22 HC- 130J/P/N King 2 sqn with C-17A Globemaster (+1 sqn personnel only)
TPT 464 Heavy 219: 33 C-5B Galaxy; 2 C-5C Galaxy; 3 1 sqn with C-27J Spartan
C-5M Galaxy; 181 C-17A Globemaster III Medium 186 17 sqn with C-130H/J Hercules (+1 sqn personnel only)
C-130E/H/J Hercules; Light 35 Learjet 35A (C-21) PAX 24: 1 sqn with C-130H/LC-130H Hercules
2 B-737-700 (C-40B); 4 B-757-200 (C-32A); 5 Gulfstream 4 sqn with Learjet 35A (C-21A)
III (C-20B); 2 Gulfstream IV (C-20H); 9 Gulfstream V TRAINING
(C-37A); 2 VC-25A Air Force One 1 sqn with C-130H Hercules
TRG 1,130: 179 T-1A Jayhawk; 405 T-6A Texan II; 546 1 sqn with F-15C/D Eagle
T-38A Talon 4 sqn with F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
HELICOPTERS COMBAT/ISR UAV
CSAR 81 HH-60G Pave Hawk 1 sqn with MQ-1B Predator (+ 3 sqn personnel only)
TPT • Light 62 UH-1N Huey 1 sqn with MQ-9A Reaper
64 The Military Balance 2012

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE ISR UAV


AIRCRAFT 596 combat capable 1 sqn with RQ-4B Global Hawk (personnel only)
FTR 149: 108 F-15 Eagle; 21 F-15D Eagle; 20 F-22A Raptor EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FGA 341: 295 F-16C Fighting Falcon; 46 F-16D Fighting AIRCRAFT 106 combat capable
Falcon BBR 16 B-52H Stratofortress
ATK 106 A-10C Thunderbolt II FGA 48: 46 F-16C Fighting Falcon; 2 F-16D Fighting
ISR 17 E-8C J-STARS Falcon
ELINT 11 RC-26B Metroliner ATK 42 A-10A Thunderbolt II
CSAR 9 HC-130P/N King ISR 10 WC-130J Hercules (Weather Recce)
TKR 183: 159 KC-135R Stratotanker; 24 KC-135T CSAR 5 HC-130P/N King
Stratotanker TKR 64 KC-135R Stratotanker
TPT 254 Heavy 62: 45 C-5A Galaxy; 17 C-17A TPT 145 Heavy 44: 14 C-5A Galaxy; 14 C-5B Galaxy; 16
Globemaster III; Medium 159: 11 C-27J Spartan; 118 C-17A Globemaster III; Medium 94: 84 C-130H Hercules;
C-130H Hercules; 20 C-130J Hercules; 10 LC-130H 10 C-130J Hercules; PAX 7: 4 B-737-700 (C-40C); 3 DC-9
Hercules; Light 26 Learjet 35A (C-21A); PAX 7: 3 B-737- (C-9C Nightingale)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

700 (C-40C); 2 B-757-200 (C-32B); 2 Gulfstream G100 HELICOPTERS • CSAR 13 HH-60G Pave Hawk
(C-38A)
HELICOPTERS • CSAR 17 HH-60G Pave Hawk Civil Reserve Air Fleet
UAV • Cbt ISR • Heavy 56: 42 MQ-1B Predator; 14 MQ- Commercial ac numbers fluctuate
AIRCRAFT • TPT 37 carriers and 1,376 aircraft enrolled,
9A Reaper
including 1,273 aircraft in the international segment (990
Air Force Reserve Command 67,500 reservists long-range and 283 short-range), plus  37 national, 50
(incl 4,198 active) aeromedical evacuation segments and 4 aircraft in the
FORCES BY ROLE Alaskan segment.
BOMBER Air Force Stand-by Reserve 16,858 reservists
1 sqn with B-52H Stratofortress Trained individuals for mobilisation
FIGHTER
2 sqn with F-22A Raptor (personnel only) US Special Operations Command
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK (USSOCOM) 31,496; 3,376 (civilian); 11,247
3 sqn with F-16C/D Fighting Falcon (+1 sqn personnel reservists (SOF) (total 46,119)
only) Commands all active, reserve and National Guard Special
GROUND ATTACK Operations Forces (SOF) of all services based in CONUS
2 sqn with A-10A Thunderbolt II
ISR Joint Special Operations Command
1 (Weather Recce) sqn with WC-130H/J Hercules Reported to comprise elite US SF including Special Forc-
AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL es Operations Detachment Delta (‘Delta Force’), SEAL
1 sqn with E-3 Sentry (personnel only) Team 6 and integral USAF support.
COMBAT SEARCH & RESCUE
3 sqn with HC-130P/N Hercules; HH-60G Pavehawk US Army Special Operations Command
TANKER FORCES BY ROLE
4 sqn with KC-10A Extender (personnel only) SPECIAL FORCES
6 sqn with KC-135R Stratotanker (+2 sqn personnel 5 SF gp (3 SF bn)
only) 1 ranger regt (3–4 ranger bn)
TRANSPORT MANOEUVRE
1 (VIP) sqn with B-737-700 (C-40C); DC-9 (C-9C Aviation
Nightingale) 1 (160th SOAR) regt (4 avn bn)
4 sqn with C-5A/B Galaxy (+2 sqn personnel only) COMBAT SUPPORT
2 sqn with C-17A Globemaster (+8 sqn personnel only) 1 civil affairs bn (5 civil affairs coy)
10 sqn with C-130H/J Hercules 1 psyops gp (5 psyops bn)
1 (Aerial Spray) sqn with C-130H Hercules 1 sigs bn
TRAINING COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
2 sqn with A-10A Thunderbolt II 1 (sustainment) log bde
1 sqn with A-10A Thunderbolt II; F-15 Eagle; F-16 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Fighting Falcon HELICOPTERS
1 sqn with B-52H Stratofortress MRH 50 AH-6/MH-6 Little Bird
1 sqn with C-5A Galaxy TPT 123 Heavy 61 MH-47G Chinook; Medium 62 MH-
1 sqn with F-16C/D Fighting Falcon 60K/L/M Black Hawk
COMBAT/ISR UAV UAV 57
1 sqn with MQ-1B Predator/MQ-9A Reaper (personnel ISR • Light 29: 15 XPV-1 Tern; 14 XPV-2 Mako;
only) TPT • Heavy 28 CQ-10 Snowgoose
North America 65

Reserve Organisations Air Force Special Operations Command


(AFSOC)

North America
Army National Guard
FORCES BY ROLE
FORCES BY ROLE GROUND ATTACK
SPECIAL FORCES 2 sqn with AC-130H/U Spectre
2 SF gp (3 SF bn) TRANSPORT
1 sqn with An-26; C-130E Hercules; Mi-8 Hip; UH-1N
Army Reserve
Iroquois
FORCES BY ROLE 1 sqn with C-130 Hercules/MC-130P Combat Shadow
COMBAT SUPPORT 2 sqn with CV-22A Osprey (+2 sqn personnel only)
2 psyops gp 3 sqn with MC-130H Combat Talon
4 civil affairs comd HQ 1 sqn with MC-130P Combat Shadow
8 civil affairs bde HQ 1 sqn with MC-130W Combat Spear
36 civil affairs bn (coy) 2 sqn with PC-12 (U-28A)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

TRAINING
US Navy Special Warfare Command 5,400 1 sqn with CV-22A Osprey
Naval Special Warfare Command (NSWC) is organised 1 sqn with HC-130/MC-130H Combat Talon II; MC-
around eight SEAL Teams and two SEAL Delivery Ve- 130P Combat Shadow
hicle (SDV) Teams. These components deploy SEAL 1 sqn with UH-1H Iroquois
Teams, SEAL Delivery Vehicle Teams, and Special Boat 1 sqn with HH-60G Pave Hawk; UH-1N Huey
Teams worldwide to meet the training, exercise, contin- ISR UAV
gency and wartime requirements of theatre command- 1 sqn with MQ-1B Predator; MQ-9 Reaper
ers. Operationally up to two of the eight SEAL Teams are EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
deployed at any given time. AIRCRAFT 25 combat capable
FORCES BY ROLE ATK 25: 8 AC-130H Spectre; 17 AC-130U Spectre
SPECIAL FORCES CSAR Some HC-130P/N King
8 SEAL team (total: 48 SF pl) TPT 55+ Medium 55+: Some C-130 Hercules; 20 MC-
2 SDV team 130H Combat Talon II; 23 MC-130P Combat Shadow; 12
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MC-130W Combat Spear; Light Some An-26 Curl; Some
PC-12 (U-28A)
SF 6 DDS
TILT-ROTOR 18 CV-22A Osprey (3 more in test)
Naval Reserve Force HELICOPTERS
SPECIAL FORCES CSAR Some HH-60G Pave Hawk
8 SEAL det TPT • Medium Some Mi-8 Hip; Light Some UH-1N
10 Naval Special Warfare det Huey
2 Special Boat sqn UAV • CISR • Heavy 39: 29 MQ-1 Predator; 10 MQ-9
2 Special Boat unit Reaper
1 SDV det
Reserve Organisations
US Marine Special Operations Command Air National Guard
(MARSOC) FORCES BY ROLE
Marine Special Operations Command (MARSOC) is a
ELECTRONIC WARFARE
component of USSOCOM consisting of one Marine Spe- 1 sqn with EC-130J/SJ Commando Solo
cial Operations Regiment with five subordinate units:
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Marine Special Operations Battal-
AIRCRAFT
ions (MSOBs); the Marine Special Operations Intelli-
EW 7: 3 EC-130J Commando Solo; 4 EC-130SJ
gence Battalion; and the Marine Special Operations Sup-
Commando Solo
port Group. MARSOC Headquarters, the 2nd and 3rd TPT • Medium 4 MC-130P Combat Shadow
MSOB, the Marine Special Operations Intelligence Bat-
talion, the Marine Special Operations School and the Ma- Air Force Reserve
rine Special Operations Support Group are stationed at FORCES BY ROLE
Camp Lejeune, NC. The 1st MSOB is stationed at Camp TRANSPORT
Pendleton, CA. 2 sqn with MC-130E Combat Talon
After its activation in 2006, the structure and personnel 1 sqn with MC-130P Combat Shadow (personnel
of both 1st and 2nd Force Reconnaissance Company only)
transferred to MARSOC to form its first two battalions. EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
In 2009, the Marine Special Operations Advisor Group AIRCRAFT
was re-designated as the 3rd MSOB. TPT • Medium 10 MC-130E Combat Talon I
66 The Military Balance 2012

Cyber Atlantic OCEAN


US Northern Command • US Navy • 2nd Fleet
US Army Cyber Command (ARCYBER) is mandated
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
to ‘plan, coordinate, integrate, synchronize, direct, and
6 SSBN; 21 SSGN; 2 SSN; 4 CVN; 6 CGHM; 12 DDGHM;
conduct network operations and defense of all Army
13 DDGM; 14 FFH; 3 LHD; 3 LPD; 5 LSD
networks’. The 24th Air Force manages cyber for the Air
Force, which in October 2010 issued a doctrine entitled Australia
‘Cyberspace Operations’. Fleet Cyber Command (the US Pacific Command • 178; 1 SEWS at Pine Gap; 1 comms
US 10th Fleet) delivers ‘integrated cyber, information facility at Pine Gap; 1 SIGINT stn at Pine Gap
operations cryptologic and space capabilities’ for the
Bahrain
Navy. Marine Force Cyber Command was established in
US Central Command • 1,894; 1 HQ (5th Fleet)
2009. These service groups are commanded by US Cyber
Command (itself under US Strategic Command), which Belgium
achieved initial operating capability in May 2010. The 2011 US European Command • 1,234
National Military Strategy stated that ‘should a large-scale BOSNIA-HerZEGOVINA
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

cyber intrusion or debilitating cyber attack occur, we must


OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 11
provide a broad range of options to ensure our access and
use of the cyberspace domain and hold malicious actors British Indian Ocean Territory
accountable’. US Strategic Command • 286; 1 Spacetrack Optical Track-
er at Diego Garcia; 1 ground-based electro optical deep
space surveillance system (GEODSS) at Diego Garcia
Deployment US Pacific Command • 1 MPS sqn (MPS-2 with equipment
Afghanistan for one MEB) at Diego Garcia with 5 logistics and support
NATO • ISAF 90,000; 1 corps HQ; 2 div HQ; 1 armd ships; 1 naval air base at Diego Garcia, 1 support facility at
HBCT; 2 armd inf bde; 1 mech inf SBCT; 4 lt IBCT; 1 BfSB; Diego Garcia
3 cbt avn bde; 1 ARNG IBCT; 1 ARNG IBCT HQ; 1 USMC CANADA
MEF HQ with 2 RCT US Northern Command • 131
US Central Command • Operation Enduring Freedom – Af-
ghanistan (OEF-A) ε7,000 Colombia
US Southern Command • 64
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE (ISAF and OEF-A)
M1A1 Abrams; Stryker; 3,200 MRAP; M-ATV; M119; Cuba
M198; M777; F-15E Strike Eagle; F-16C/D Fighting Falcon; US Southern Command • 881 at Guantánamo Bay
A-10 Thunderbolt II; AV-8B Harrier; EC-130H Compass
Djibouti
Call; C-130 Hercules; MV-22B Osprey; KC-130J Hercules;
US Africa Command • 334; 1 naval air base
AH-64 Apache; OH-58 Kiowa; CH-47 Chinook; UH-60
Black Hawk; HH-60 Pave Hawk; AH-IW Cobra; CH-53 Sea Democratic Republic of the Congo
Stallion; UH-1 Iroquois; RQ-7B Shadow; MQ-1 Predator; UN • MONUSCO 2 obs
MQ-9 Reaper
Egypt
Antigua and Barbuda MFO 700; 1 ARNG inf bn; 1 spt bn
US Strategic Command • 1 detection and tracking radar at
EL SALVADOR
Antigua Air Station
US Southern Command • 1 Forward Operating Location
ARabian SEA (Military, DEA, USCG and Customs personnel)
US Central Command • Navy • 5th Fleet (5th Fleet’s op-
Ethiopia
erating forces are rotationally deployed to the region from
US Africa Command • some MQ-9 Reaper
2nd and/or 3rd Fleet)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Germany
2 CVN; 3 CGHM; 4 DDGHM; 1 LHD; 1 LPD; 1 LSD; 2 US Africa Command • 1 HQ at Stuttgart; 1 USAF HQ (17th
AOE Air Force) at Ramstein AB
Combined Maritime Forces • TF 53: 1 AE; 2 AKE; 1 AOH; US European Command • 54,198; 1 Combined Service HQ
3 AO (EUCOM) at Stuttgart–Vaihingen
Combined Maritime Forces • CTF-151: 1 CGHM; 1 US Army 38,625
DDGHM; 1 FFH; 1 LPD; 1 LSD FORCES BY ROLE
1 HQ (US Army Europe (USAREUR)) at Heidelberg;
Aruba 1 cav SBCT (2 armd inf bde currently deployed to
US Southern Command • 1 Forward Operating Location AFG); 1 cbt avn bde; 1 engr bde; 1 int bde; 2 sigs bde;
at Aruba 1 spt bde; 1 (APS) armd HBCT eqpt set (transforming)
Ascension Island EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US Strategic Command • 1 detection and tracking radar at M1 Abrams; M2/M3 Bradley; Stryker, M109; M777; M270
Ascension Auxiliary Air Field MLRS; AH-64 Apache; CH-47 Chinook; UH-60 Black Hawk
North America 67

US Navy 470 FORCES BY ROLE


USAF 14,726 1 HQ (5th Air Force) at Okinawa – Kadena AB; 1 ftr

North America
FORCES BY ROLE wg at Okinawa – Kadena AB with 2 ftr sqn with 18
1 HQ (US Air Force Europe (USAFE)) at Ramstein F-16C/D Fighting Falcon at Misawa AB; 1 ftr wg at
AB; 1 HQ (3rd Air Force) at Ramstein AB; 1 ftr wg Okinawa – Kadena AB with 1 AEW&C sqn with 2
at Spangdahlem AB with 1 ftr sqn with 24 F-16CJ E-3B Sentry, 1 CSAR sqn with 8 HH-60G Pave Hawk, 2
Fighting Falcon; 1 atk sqn with 18 A-10C Thunderbolt II; ftr sqn with 24 F-15C/D Eagle; 1 tpt wg at Yokota AB
1 tpt wg at Ramstein AB with 16 C-130E/J Hercules; 2 with 10 C-130H Hercules; 2 C-12J; 1 Special Ops gp at
C-20 Gulfstream; 9 C-21 Learjet; 1 CT-43 Boeing 737 Okinawa – Kadena AB
USMC 377 USMC 17,585
Greece FORCES BY ROLE
US European Command • 378; 1 naval base at Makri; 1 1 Marine div (3rd); 1 ftr sqn with 12 F/A-18D Hornet;
naval base at Soudha Bay; 1 air base at Iraklion 1 tkr sqn with 12 KC-130J Hercules; 2 tpt hel sqn with
12 CH-46E Sea Knight; 1 tpt hel sqn with 12 MV-22B
Greenland (DNK)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

Osprey; 3 tpt hel sqn with 10 CH-53E Sea Stallion


US Strategic Command • 135; 1 ballistic missile early warn-
ing system (BMEWS) at Thule; 1 Spacetrack Radar at Thule Korea, Republic of
US Pacific Command • 25,374
Guam
US Army 17,130
US Pacific Command • 4,137; 1 air base; 1 naval base
FORCES BY ROLE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 HQ (8th Army) at Seoul; 1 div HQ (2nd Inf) located
1 SSGN; 2 SSN; 1 MPS sqn (MPS-3 with equipment for
one MEB) with 4 Logistics and Support vessels at Tongduchon; 1 armd HBCT; 1 (hvy) cbt avn bde; 1
arty (fires) bde; 1 AD bde
GULF of ADen & Somali Basin EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
NATO • Operation Ocean Shield 1 DDGM; 1 FFH M1 Abrams; M2/M3 Bradley; M109; M270 MLRS; AH-
Haiti 64 Apache; CH-47 Chinook; UH-60 Black Hawk; MIM-104
Patriot/FIM-92A Avenger; 1 (APS) HBCT set
UN • MINUSTAH 8
US Navy 254
Honduras USAF 7,857
US Southern Command • 358; 1 avn bn with CH-47 Chi- FORCES BY ROLE
nook; UH-60 Black Hawk 1 (AF) HQ (7th Air Force) at Osan AB; 1 ftr wg at
Iraq Osan AB with 1 ftr sqn with 20 F-16C/D Fighting
NATO • NTM-I 12 Falcon; 1 ftr sqn with 24 A-10C Thunderbolt II; 1 ISR
UN • UNAMI 4 obs sqn at Osan AB with U-2S; 1 ftr wg at Kunsan AB
US Central Command • Operation New Dawn 34,000 (to be with 1 ftr sqn with 20 F-16C /D Fighting Falcon; 1
withdrawn by end 2011) Special Ops sqn
USMC 133
israel
US European Command • 1 AN/TPY-2 X-band radar at kuwait
Nevatim US Central Command • 23,000; 2 AD bty with 16 PAC-3
Patriot; elm 1 (APS) HBCT set (Empty – equipment in use)
Italy
US European Command • 10,771 Liberia
US Army 3,088 (1 AB IBCT currently deployed to AFG) UN • UNMIL 5; 4 obs
US Navy 3,396; 1 HQ (US Navy Europe (USNAVEUR)) at
Naples; 1 HQ (6th Fleet) at Gaeta; 1 MP sqn with 9 P-3C Marshall Islands
Orion at Sigonella US Strategic Command • 1 detection and tracking radar
USAF 4,181; 1 ftr wg with 2 ftr sqn with 21 F-16C/D Fight- at Kwajalein Atoll
ing Falcon at Aviano Mediterranean SEA
USMC 106 US European Command • US Navy • 6th Fleet
Japan EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US Pacific Command • 40,178 1 LCC
US Army 2,617; 1 HQ (9th Theater Army Area Com-
mand) at Zama Middle East
US Navy 6,833; 1 HQ (7th Fleet) at Yokosuka; 1 base at UN • UNTSO 1 obs
Sasebo; 1 base at Yokosuka Moldova
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
OSCE • Moldova 3
1 CVN; 2 CGHM; 3 DDGHM; 4 DDGM; 1 LCC; 4
MCO; 1 LHD; 1 LPD; 2 LSD Netherlands
USAF 13,143 US European Command • 433
68 The Military Balance 2012

Norway SPAIN
US European Command • 1 (APS) SP 155mm arty bn set US European Command • 1,483; 1 air base at Morón; 1 na-
val base at Rota
Pacific OCEAN
US Pacific Command • US Navy • 3rd Fleet THAILAND
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE US Pacific Command • 162
8 SSBN; 20 SSGN; 10 SSN; 4 CVN; 8 CGHM; 14
Turkey
DDGHM; 9 DDGM; 11 FFH; 2 LCS; 6 MCO; 3 LHD; 1
US European Command • 1,511; MQ-1B Predator UAV at
LHA; 3 LPD; 4 LSD
Incirlik; 1 air base at Incirlik; 1 support facility at Ankara; 1
Persian gulf support facility at Izmir
Combined Maritime Forces • CTF-152: 4 MCO US Strategic Command • 1 Spacetrack Radar at Incirlik
Philippines United ARAB EMIRATES
US Pacific Command • 182 US Central Command • 140: 2 bty with MIM-104 Patriot
Portugal United Kingdom
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

US European Command • 731; 1 spt facility at Lajes US European Command • 9,436


Qatar FORCES BY ROLE
US Central Command • 678; elm 1 (APS) HBCT set (Empty 1 ftr wg at RAF Lakenheath with 1 ftr sqn with 24
– equipment in use) F-15C/D Eagle, 2 ftr sqn with 23 F-15E Strike Eagle; 1 tkr
wg at RAF Mildenhall with 15 KC-135R Stratotanker; 1
Saudi Arabia Spec Ops gp at RAF Mildenhall with 5 MC-130H Combat
US Central Command • 435 Talon II; 5 MC-130P Combat Shadow; 1 C-130E Hercules
Serbia US Strategic Command • 1 ballistic missile early warning
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 796; 1 ARNG cbt spt bde; system (BMEWS) and 1 Spacetrack Radar at Fylingdales
2 avn bn with UH-60 Moor
OSCE • Serbia 4
OSCE • Kosovo 18 Foreign Forces
Canada 3 USCENTCOM; 303 NORTHCOM (NORAD)
Seychelles
US Africa Command • some MQ-9 Reaper UAV Germany Air Force: trg units at Goodyear AFB (AZ)/
Sheppard AFB (TX) with 40 T-38 Talon trg ac; 69
SIERRA LEONE T-6A Texan II; 1 trg sqn Holloman AFB (NM) with 24
IMATT 3 Tornado IDS; NAS Pensacola (FL); Fort Rucker (AL) •
Singapore Missile trg located at Fort Bliss (TX)
US Pacific Command • 157; 1 log spt sqn; 1 spt facility United Kingdom Army, Navy, Air Force ε560
North America 69

Table 7 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, North America

North America
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Canada (CAN)
LAV III APC (W) 550 CAN$1bn CAN General 2009 2012 Focus on weapons and mobility systems.
Upgrade (US$859.7m) Dynamics Part of FLCV upgrade and procurement
(GDLS) project worth CAN$5bn
Halifax-class FFGHM 12 CAN$3.1bn CAN Halifax 2007 2010 SLEP: Halifax-class HCM/FELEX project. To
Upgrade (US$2.9bn) Shipyard/ be fitted with Sea Giraffe 150 HC surv radar.
Victoria Final delivery due 2017
Shipyards
National DDGHM/ 23 CAN$25 bn CAN Irving 2011 n.k. Contract for 23 vessels signed in October
Shipbuilding FFGHM/ Shipyards 2011, to cover between six and eight Arctic
Procurement PSOH offshore patrol ships, two Joint Support
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

Strategy Ships and a mix of 15 destroyers and frigates


(combat) based on a common hull design.
National AG/ 7 CAN$7 bn CAN Vancouver 2011 n.k. Contract includes two Joint Support Ships,
Shipbuilding AGOR/ Shipyards one AGOR, one fisheries science vessel and
Procurement TUS/ one AGB. One further Joint Support Ship
Strategy (non- AGB may be ordered
combat)
F-35 Lightning FGA ac 65 CAN$9bn US Lockheed 2010 2017 To replace F/A-18 Hornet fleet. First aircraft
II (US$8.5bn) Martin due in 2017-18, with deliveries continuing
until 2022.
C-130J Super Tpt ac 17 US$1.4bn US Lockheed 2007 2010 To replace current CC-130 E. First delivered
Hercules Martin June 2010. Final delivery due 2012
CH-148 Cyclone Tpt Hel 28 US$5bn US Sikorsky 2004 2010 Incl US$1.8bn 20-year parts/training
package. Delivery delayed, with handover
of full standard aircraft expected to begin
mid-2012.
CH-47F Tpt Hel 15 US$1.15bn US Boeing 2009 2013 For army use
Chinook

United States (US)


Stryker APC (W) 4,157 US$13.2bn US General 2001 2002 Includes multiple variants
Dynamics
(GDLS)
M1117 Armored APC (W) 1,611 US$2.51bn US Textron 1997 1998 Delivery in progress
Security Vehicle (TM&LS)
M119A2 105mm 443 US$524m US Rock Island 2005 2006 New-build programme to fully equip new
towed Arsenal modular army structure
arty
M777 155mm 932 US$2.4bn UK BAE Systems 2003 2004 Replacing M198s. 421 for the army; 511 for
towed USMC
arty
M142 HIMARS MRL 375 US$1.74bn US Lockheed 2003 2004 For army and USMC; delivery in progress
Martin
FGM-148 MANPATS 26,772 US$4.44bn US Lockheed 1994 1996 Remains in production
Javelin Martin/
Raytheon
Gerald R Ford- CVN 1 US$14.9bn US Northrop 2008 2015 Keel of lead ship laid in 2009
class Grumman
(NGSB)
Virginia-class SSN 18 US$45bn US General 1998 2004 Contract for 8 Block III boats signed in Dec
Dynamics 2008. Eight in service. Construction of 13th
(Electric Boat) boat began in September 2011
Zumwalt-class CGHM 3 US$10.2bn US General 2008 2014 First delivery due Apr 2014
(DDG-1000) Dynamics
(BIW)/ NGSB
Arleigh Burke- DDGHM 66 US$66.8bn US BIW/ NGSB 1985 1991 61 vessels in service. Contract for 63rd
class awarded in June 2011
70 The Military Balance 2012

Table 7 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, North America


Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Freedom-class/ FFGHM 20 US$5.8bn AUS/US Austal USA/ 2005 2008 Two competing designs for Littoral Combat
Independence- Lockheed Ships; ten of each design to be built. Two
class Martin currently in service; four currently in build
San Antonio- LPD 11 US$18.3bn US NGSB 1996 2002 Enduring problems and delays with class.
class Five vessels in service, three more launched
and two under construction
JHSV AG/LSL 10 US$3.9 bn US Austal USA 2008 2012 First vessel launched in September 2011.
Possible future contracts for total 23 in class.
Five vessels originally to be operated by the
army were transferred to navy in May 2011
Mobile Landing AG 3 US$1.5 bn US General 2010 2013 Keel for first vessel laid in July 2011. Third
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:14 13 March 2012

Platform Dynamics contracts in July 2011


F/A-18E/F FGA 517 US$42bn US Boeing 1997 1998 Deliveries ongoing
Super Hornet
F-35A Lightning FGA 67 US$14.7bn US Lockheed 2007 2011 CTOL variant
II Martin
F-35B Lightning FGA 42 US$11bn US Lockheed 2008 2011 STOVL variant
II Martin
F-35C Lightning FGA 18 US$4.7bn US Lockheed 2010 2012 CV variant
II Martin
P-8A Poseidon ASW ac 24 US$6.3bn US Boeing 2011 2012 First delivery due Feb 2012
EA-18G Growler EW ac 102 US$8.2bn US Boeing 2003 2009 Deliveries ongoing
E-2D Hawkeye AEW&C ac 59 US$7.4bn US Northrop 2004 2010
Grumman
C-27J Spartan Med Tpt 25 US$1.2bn ITA/US Finmecca- 2010 2012 First delivery due July 2012
ac nica/ L-3
C-130J Hercules Med Tpt 88 US$7bn US Lockheed 1995 1999 Deliveries continue; additional ac expected
ac Martin in FY13 & FY14
CV-22 Osprey Tilt Rotor 43 US$4.3bn US Textron (Bell)/ 2002 2006 18 delivered as of late 2011
ac Boeing
MV-22 Osprey Tilt Rotor 245 US$20.4bn US Textron (Bell)/ 1997 1999 Delivery in progress; Equips 9 sqn as of late
ac Boeing 2011; current plan is for 23 sqn by FY19
CH-47F/MH- Hvy Tpt 362 εUS$9.6bn US Boeing 2000 2004 Comprises new build aircraft and re-
47G Chinook Hel manufactured CH-47D/MH-476D/E. All MH-
47G delivered. CH-47F deliveries continue
UH-60M Black Med Tpt 445 εUS$8.5bn US Sikorsky 2004 2006 Ongoing multi-year procurement. 300th hel
Hawk Hel delivered mid-2011. Current plan is for 950
UH-60Ms in service by 2025
EC145 (UH-72A Lt Tpt Hel 271 US$1.63bn Int’l EADS North 2006 2006 190 delivered by late 2011. Requirement for
Lakota) America a total of 345 by 2015
MH-60R ASW Hel 182 US$8.1bn US Sikorsky 2000 2006 100th produced in Apr 2011. Requirement
Seahawk for up to 245 by 2015
MH-60S MRH Hel 231 US$6bn US Sikorsky 1999 2002 200th produced in Apr 2011
Seahawk
MQ-1C Grey Hvy Cbt 91 US$1.6bn US General 2010 2011 First delivery due Dec 2011
Eagle ISR UAV Atomics/ASI
MQ-8 Fire Scout Hvy ISR 36 US$544m US Northrop 2000 2001 Delivery in progress. One lost in action over
UAV Grumman Libya in 2011
MQ-9 Reaper Hvy Cbt 204 US$3.9bn US General 2001 2002 Additional 24 MQ-9s ordered early 2011
ISR UAV Atomics
RQ-4 Global Hvy ISR 45 US$4.9bn US Northrop 1995 1997 Block 40 numbers reduced to fund upgrade
Hawk UAV Grumman of earlier production models
AGM-158 ASM 1,486 US$1.4bn US Lockheed 1998 2000 More than 1,000 delivered by late 2011. Lot
JASSM/JASSM- Martin 9 contract includes 30 JASSM-ER
ER
Chapter Four
Europe
Defence in an age of austerity But many of the areas identified by member states
concern education, training, logistical support and

Europe
The question of how to manage the pressure on maintenance, not deployable front-line capabili-
defence budgets remains at the forefront of many ties, and most seem to be destined for pooling, not
defence ministers’ minds, though circumstances vary sharing. So for the time being, member states prefer a
across countries. Governments are applying a range quick win that will have a relatively small impact on
of strategies to cope with the impact of the finan- national autonomy. This can save money and create
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

cial and economic crisis. While some have initiated the same or improved capability at lower cost. But
austerity measures and seem destined for an extended this logic will need to be complemented by a coherent,
period of defence cuts, the procurement cuts and long-term approach that anchors pooling and sharing
delays so far announced do not yet reflect this reality. in national defence planning and focuses on capabili-
Others, notably Germany and the UK, have adjusted ties relevant for likely military tasks. Member states
their national levels of ambition downwards. Dutch should avoid the temptation to feed projects into
forces will give up main battle tanks altogether pooling and sharing initiatives that would be other-
and focus their capability on a deployable air- wise redundant: multinational cooperation on capa-
mobile brigade for international crisis-management bility must not become a way to upload obsolete
operations. Increasingly, governments might be assets to the European level to avoid cuts.
forced to accelerate the process of taking equipment The pooling and sharing debate is a central theme
out of service that is either judged obsolete or too for European defence institutions. But EU member
expensive to maintain. Meanwhile, the drawdown states retain heterogeneous security and defence poli-
in Afghanistan will also force governments to make cies, with little convergence on fundamentals such as
hard decisions over which of the capabilities procured what kind of armed forces nations want and for what
for that conflict they should retain. purpose. Further, member states retain differing
Some European governments continue to explore legal and constitutional frameworks for the external
ways to pool and share capabilities, with initiatives deployment of their armed forces. These factors
under way in the EU and NATO. Pooling and sharing contribute to diverse levels of ambition across EU
is not a new idea (see The Military Balance 2010, p. member states and will become more important if
108). But the budget pressure that most EU member pooling and sharing includes deployable front-line
states feel in the defence realm has created a window capabilities.
of opportunity that should, in theory, propel govern- Further, pooling and sharing could increase
ments toward closer European defence cooperation. mutual dependence. Given that many EU member
The Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) states currently question whether they can rely on
council conclusions from 8 December 2010 call on EU others to make pooled capabilities available when
member states to ‘seize all opportunities to cooperate needed, the preconditions for successful pooling and
in the area of capability development’ and in partic- sharing may only rarely be met.
ular think about pooling and sharing. While they
have identified some 300 possible areas for pooling Implementing NATO’s Strategic Concept
and sharing, member states will now have to accept NATO Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen
that these are likely to yield benefits only at the price presented a draft Strategic Concept to member
of somewhat reduced national autonomy. Striking governments in late September 2010. After a final
the right balance between autonomy and capability round of negotiations, Rasmussen’s paper was
is a difficult, but unavoidable, political task. The approved at the November 2010 Lisbon meeting (see
European Defence Agency was due to draw up a list The Military Balance 2011, pp. 73–4).
of pooling and sharing projects by early December At Lisbon, heads of state and government agreed
2011. that NATO should have a missile-defence system
72 The Military Balance 2012

covering all of NATO’s territory. The US decision to security and crisis prevention. Aside from coopera-
make its emerging national missile-defence archi- tion on specific issues such as cyber security, NATO
tecture available as a backbone for the NATO-wide also wants to promote regional security cooperation
system paved the way for the agreement. Russia beyond the Euro-Atlantic area. Further, partnership
promoted several ideas, among them a fully inte- programmes may serve to help aspiring candidates to
grated NATO–Russian missile-defence system giving prepare for eventual NATO membership.
both sides control and de facto veto power, and a The new policy puts a clear emphasis on contri-
system in which Russia and NATO would be respon- butions by third countries and organisations to
sible for different geographical sectors. Both ideas met NATO-led operations. A political-military annex to
resistance from NATO allies. NATO leaders quickly the document specifies the roles partners can play
clarified: the Alliance would not have its decision- and is designed to strengthen their interaction with
making autonomy curtailed by an integrated system NATO. NATO uses the term ‘operational partners’
and was equally unwilling to outsource the defence for countries providing troops, military assets or
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

of parts of allied territory to third parties. other capacity that it deems to be of operational rele-
Given that Russia sees NATO’s missile-defence vance (including non-military capability). But even
plans as potentially undermining its own strategic with this new policy, operational partners can only
deterrent, Moscow is unlikely to forgo completely expect to play a role in decision-shaping, not decision-
the quest for assurances from NATO and attempts to making; this will remain the prerogative of the North
limit NATO’s room for manoeuvre. Russia’s ambas- Atlantic Council.
sador to NATO, Dmitry Rogozin, confirmed on the As the new policy foresees that all NATO coopera-
editorial page of the International Herald Tribune on tion activities should be open to all partner countries,
8 June 2011 that as far as Moscow was concerned, there will be a single ‘menu’ to choose from as partners
‘European missile defenses should be based on design their individual partnership programmes with
equal participation and a common indivisible secu- NATO. Though established partnership frameworks
rity for all the countries of the continent’. The same will continue to exist, their practical importance is
day, Rasmussen said that ‘our vision is two inde- likely to decrease. But coordinating partnership activ-
pendent systems with one goal: two systems that ities could make it difficult to take into account the
would exchange information to make the defence of requirements of NATO’s diverse partners, including
NATO territory and of Russian territory more effec- Russia and ranging from Austria to Afghanistan and
tive’. Progress is incremental, and NATO has set itself Switzerland to Pakistan. Finally, NATO’s operational
a timeline of reaching some form of agreement with partners are likely to enjoy a more privileged posi-
Russia by the next NATO summit in May 2012. tion in the future; the operational connection is likely
Another area where NATO moved quickly after to become the dominant lens for NATO’s partnership
the new Strategic Concept had been agreed was the policy. But perhaps one lesson from Operation Unified
area of partnerships with third countries and other Protector, the NATO operation over Libya (see p. 12),
international organisations. The Strategic Concept is that partnerships can also be ad hoc and mission
had made cooperative security, implemented by specific: over Libya, NATO successfully integrated its
means of partnerships, one of the three core tasks of air operations with those of Sweden, Jordan, Qatar
the Alliance. To give practical content to this agenda, and the UAE (though the environment was benign).
NATO foreign ministers adopted a new partnership A third issue is reform of NATO’s command struc-
policy at their meeting in Berlin on 15 April 2011. tures and agencies. On 8 June 2011, NATO defence
Driven by the assumption that NATO will need ministers agreed to cut one Joint Force Command,
partners to successfully operate in the current three component commands (one for each service)
security environment, NATO will build on its and two combined air operations centres (CAOC).
existing programmes such as Partnership for Peace, (NATO’s air operation over Libya was run from one
the Mediterranean Dialogue and the Istanbul of its CAOCs; see p. 12.) This streamlining effort will
Cooperation Initiative. As Rasmussen said in Berlin, lead to a reduction in posts in NATO’s command
NATO will try ‘to work on more issues, with more structure from some 13,000 to about 8,800. NATO’s
partners, in more ways’. The new partnership policy network of agencies will be reorganised under three
will serve differing aims. Partnerships are confidence- areas: procurement, support and communication
building measures that should contribute to stability, and information. Inevitably, a Strategic Concept
Europe 73

agreed by 28 governments against the background of And this at a time other European responses were
continuing operations and an uncertain international fragmentary: shortcomings in EU defence struc-
environment embodies many compromises. tures were exposed and there was ‘never any ques-
tion of framing the Libyan intervention as an EU
European defence after Libya crisis management mission under CSDP’ (see ‘War
NATO’s first new military mission after the Strategic in Libya: Europe’s confused response’, IISS Strategic
Concept, Operation Unified Protector, however, Comments, vol. 17, no. 18, April 2011). So, while the
revealed, according to then-US Defense Secretary NATO mission worked relatively smoothly in terms

Europe
Robert Gates in June 2011, ‘shortcomings – in capa- of military command, control and operations, it was
bility and will’. (He also said that problems existed not without problems: capability gaps and shortages,
in the Afghanistan mission, notably regarding the the ad hoc nature of the coalition (in this case the non-
number of troops and support assets deployed by participation of some member states) and imposition
NATO states.) Gates noted that ‘while every alliance of caveats by other participants would all have given
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

member voted for [the] Libya mission, less than half planners cause for concern. But in addition to these
have participated at all, and fewer than a third have US exhortations on capability and funding, European
been willing to participate in the strike mission’. It states will have to consider what Washington’s
wasn’t that many did not want to take part, he said, decision to ‘lead from behind’ in Libya means for
they simply couldn’t, with particular skill and plat- European defence, and whether Libya marks a water-
form capabilities absent. Falling defence spending shed in the attitude, nature and degree of US military
and resultant falling investment in modernisation involvement in the European theatre.
and other capabilities was one factor. The challenge
wasn’t the total level of spending, but rather how and Defence economics
why resources were allocated. For non-US NATO The protracted sovereign debt crisis in Europe wors-
members, the results of their defence investment ened over the course of 2011 (see Strategic Survey
‘were significantly less than the sum of the parts’. 2011, p. 199). European banks remain undercapital-
Three weeks later, Rasmussen said in the July/August ised and excessively leveraged; while public debt-to-
edition of Foreign Affairs that Libya was a reminder ‘of GDP ratios have risen to uncomfortably high levels in
how important it is for NATO to be ready, capable, and many countries – approaching and exceeding 100% of
willing to act’, and raised the spectre of the impact of GDP in several cases (see Table 8) – as governments
current cuts on future operations. This of course does bailed out ailing banking sectors and ran fiscal defi-
not mean that small militaries cannot play a mean- cits in an attempt to stimulate stagnant economies.
ingful role: indeed, Libya – like Afghanistan – has Portugal applied for a €78bn EU/IMF bail-out in May,
showed that small states with motivated and capable and Greece obtained an additional €109bn in funds
militaries, and willing politicians, can engage to great in July (on top of the €110bn it received in May 2010).
effect. Rasmussen said that ‘smart defence’ was one But the second half of 2011 saw some effects of the
answer, with states setting defence priorities on the financial contagion spread to core Eurozone econo-
basis of ‘threats, cost-effectiveness and performance’, mies such as Italy, Spain and even France. These
while multinational cooperation on procurement events precipitated sharp falls in European bank
was another. Europe should, he said, also increase shares amidst fears over their exposure to distressed
its deployable and sustainable capabilities. But for Eurozone sovereign debt.
Gates, ‘ultimately, nations must be responsible for There is a degree of sub-regional variation in
their fair share of the common defense’. economic health. Extensive trade, investment and
His successor, Leon Panetta, continued the theme, banking links with Greece have led Balkan econo-
identifying capability gaps and shortages in common mies to be particularly exposed to the Greek crisis;
areas such as targeting specialists, tanker aircraft and while weakened banking sectors in Austria, Belgium,
ISR. (He also noted shortages of supplies and muni- Denmark, Ireland and the UK have put pressure on
tions.) Panetta urged European states to consult before their public finances. Deficit reduction has dampened
cutting capabilities, to ensure that these remained in growth in Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic and
key areas. But he also noted positive aspects of the Slovakia – although the strength of German indus-
NATO involvement, not least that it took NATO trial growth in 2010 contributed to their exports. By
only ‘ten days to decide to act after UNSCR 1973’. contrast, Baltic states recovered strongly following
74 The Military Balance 2012

Table 8 NATO Europe Gross Government Debt and Real Defence Expenditure
2008–101
Government Debt as a % of GDP Real Defence Expenditure2 (US$bn)
Countries* 2008 2010 % Change 2008 2010e % Change
Latvia 17.1 39.9 133.5 0.47 0.24 –48.3
Lithuania 15.6 38.7 148.1 0.47 0.33 –29.8
Bulgaria 15.5 17.4 12.4 1.12 0.83 –25.7
Romania 13.6 31.7 132.7 2.60 2.14 –17.8
Hungary 72.3 80.2 10.9 1.64 1.36 –17.6
Italy 106.3 119.0 11.9 34.0 28.2 –17.0
Slovak Republic 27.8 41.8 50.3 1.31 1.10 –16.4
Estonia 4.6 6.6 42.5 0.39 0.33 –14.5
France 68.2 82.3 20.7 60.9 52.0 –14.5
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Spain 39.8 60.1 50.9 17.1 15.3 –10.2


Belgium 89.6 96.7 7.9 5.79 5.24 –9.6
Greece 110.7 142.8 28.9 9.57 8.86 –7.4
Czech Republic 30.0 38.5 28.7 2.85 2.67 –6.1
Netherlands 58.2 63.7 9.4 11.6 11.4 –1.8
Turkey 39.5 42.2 6.8 14.4 14.2 –1.1
Slovenia 22.5 37.3 65.6 0.78 0.77 –0.7
Denmark 42.2 43.7 3.5 4.48 4.49 +0.1
United Kingdom 52.0 75.5 45.1 60.1 60.4 +0.5
Norway 56.8 55.4 –2.5 6.34 6.39 +0.8
Germany 66.4 84.0 26.4 44.5 45.1 +1.4
Portugal 71.6 92.9 29.8 3.41 3.68 +8.0
Poland 47.1 55.0 16.7 7.23 8.84 +22.3
Luxembourg 13.6 18.4 35.3 0.20 0.27 +36.1
Average 47.0 59.3 39.8 12.66 11.92 –7.4
*Countries listed in order of increasing percentage change in real defence expenditure.
Sources: IISS analysis based on Defence Analytical Services and Advice (DASA)-derived estimates from NATO data, UKDS 2011;
International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, September 2011, Gross Government Debt as a % of GDP.
1
Excludes Albania and Croatia (2008 NATO statistics unavailable for these countries as they only joined the Alliance in 2009)
and Iceland (which has no standing army).
2
Real defence expenditures measured at constant 2010 prices and exchange rates.

severe recessions in 2009 and the Nordic states Overall, real defence spending in European NATO
continue to maintain healthy public finances. states fell by an average of 7.4% per country, while
total NATO Europe real defence spending fell by
Defence austerity 5.4% over the period (not shown).
As illustrated by Table 8, between 2008 and 2010, The decline in NATO European defence spending
gross government debt as a percentage of GDP in has caused significant concern in the United States
NATO’s European members rose by an average of as well as Europe. Robert Gates’s speech in June
almost 40%, to an average of debt-to-GDP ratio of 2011 noted that ‘For all but a handful of allies,
nearly 60%. In Belgium, Greece, Italy and Portugal, defence budgets ... have been chronically starved of
this figure approached or exceeded 100% of annual adequate funding for a long time, with the shortfalls
output, while for Germany, France and Hungary, compounding on themselves each year.’ Similar senti-
debt-to-GDP ratios rose above 80%. Defence has ments were echoed earlier, in February, by NATO
borne a significant share of subsequent fiscal adjust- Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen: ‘defence
ment, with real-terms reductions in defence spending spending by NATO’s European members (over the
over 2008–10 occurring in approximately 16 out of preceding two years) had shrunk by around $45bn
23 of the NATO Europe member states surveyed. dollars – equivalent to the entire German defence
Moreover, in over 40% of European NATO countries budget’. (This is perhaps a slight overstatement: in
(10 out of 23), these real-terms declines exceeded 10%. nominal terms, NATO’s figures make the reduction
Europe 75

1.93 1.89
2.0 1.86 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.74
1.62
1.58

1.5
% of GDP

1.0

Europe
0.5

0.0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Figure 3 NATO Europe Regional Defence Expenditure as % of GDP

1.5
1.31 1.27 1.25
1.18 1.14 1.18 1.19 1.26
1.13
1.2 1.06

0.9
% of GDP

0.6

0.3

0.0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Figure 4 Non-NATO Europe Regional Defence Expenditure as % of GDP

equal to around $39bn. The real-terms reduction was countries facing declining equipment and research
about $16bn.) Rasmussen also stated that in the last budgets attempt to realise economies of scale by
ten years, the United States’ share of total Alliance engaging in joint development and acquisition. For
spending had risen to almost 75%, and warned that example, by jointly developing and ordering 24 FH-77
‘Europe risked becoming increasingly adrift from BW L52 Archer (6×6) self-propelled artillery systems
the United States. If Europe becomes unable to make each, Sweden and Norway were able to reduce costs
an appropriate contribution to global security, then by around €40m, as compared to if they under-
the United States might look elsewhere for reliable took the project individually. Similarly, Romania is
defence partners.’ exploring the possibility of joint purchases of F-16s
with Bulgaria and Croatia, as more orders would
Cooperation, competition and cuts enable unit cost reductions.
Continued interest in ‘pooling and sharing’ of assets Over the longer term, moves to create a common
is assessed above (see p. 71) and the overall lack of European defence market may serve to increase
momentum has prompted some frustration. The competition in the currently segmented national
Dutch were reported as calling for an EU meeting by defence industries, thereby reducing procurement
the end of 2011, where member states would discuss costs. On 21 August 2011, the European Commission’s
plans for furthering the pooling and sharing agenda. Directive 2009/81/EC on Defence and Security
More fruitful areas of cooperation may be defence Procurement came into force, despite the fact that
procurement and research and development, as many EU member states have yet to transpose its
76 The Military Balance 2012

contents into national legislation. The Commission While the government announced an increase in
intends the directive to foster a European defence the 2012 defence-budget submission, France could
equipment market by increasing industrial compe- well introduce in 2012 measures to rein in defence
tition and ultimately lowering prices. According to spending on top of those that have already been
data from the European Defence Agency, in 2009 (the introduced (see Defence Economics, p. 78). There will
last year for which data is available), some 73% of the be a new government after elections in April 2012,
defence equipment of EU member states was procured and the year is also due to see the publication of a
within national boundaries and about 87% of spending new White Paper, which will take stock of continued
on research and technology occurred at the national economic problems as well as the Arab Awakening
level. Key objectives of the Directive are to introduce and the war in Libya, in which France played a major
free-market principles into defence supply chains role. Hitherto, France has managed to maintain its
and to encourage competitive cross-border defence suite of capabilities amid these uncertainties, but the
procurement.  Under the Lisbon Treaty (Article 346), flurry of press releases from service branches trum-
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

security and defence remain exempt from the provi- peting various contributions to the Libya campaign
sions of the common market and EU procurement law may indicate concern over possible hard choices
if member states claim essential security interests. The ahead. The review will take place during the second
Commission is likely to gradually increase the pres- half of 2012, and working groups have been set up
sure on member-state governments by challenging to examine topics including new conflicts (counter-
the legality of exemptions claimed under Article 346, insurgency, the potential for major state-on-state
particularly if these relate to offsets. conflict, cyber warfare), the global redistribution of
In the short term, the absence of significant power, changes to the ‘arc of crisis’ (the area identi-
cost savings via greater inter-state cooperation or fied in the 2008 White Paper as stretching from the
increased industry competition has meant that Atlantic to the Indian Ocean, containing major French
countries have had to resort to cutting personnel interests), capability sharing and pooling (and how
and equipment programmes. Austria, Bulgaria, the this might relate to a desire to maintain strategic
Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Finland and the autonomy), environmental security and strategic
United Kingdom have all either proposed or imple- resources, and the impact of the financial crisis on
mented personnel cuts; while delays to or cancella- defence procurement and defence capabilities.
tions of procurement programmes have occurred in
Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Romania, Operations and equipment
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, the Netherlands and the French operations in Afghanistan (see map, p. 29)
UK. Bucking this trend towards reductions to equip- have been an incubator for new thinking in the French
ment programmes were Sweden, Norway, Poland army. ‘Soldier-scholars’ such as Colonels Nicolas
and Estonia, reflecting the relative health of their Le Nen, Benoît Durieux, Bruno Heluin and Francis
economies and public balance sheets. Chanson have developed thinking on counter-
insurgency, mountain warfare and manoeuvre
FRANCE warfare, while a new COIN doctrine, JD-3.4.4 Contre-
Insurrection, was published in 2010. Afghanistan has
In 2011 the French military continued with the objec- led French forces to adapt under fire, in terms of
tives of the 2008 Defence White Paper (see The Military equipment as well as strategy, in a way similar to the
Balance 2009, p. 104). As well as emphasising flexible US and UK militaries in the mid-2000s. Equipment
capabilities for a range of contingencies, the docu- quality has improved substantially, especially in the
ment also introduced plans to streamline France’s wake of the 2008 Uzbin ambush, with an emphasis
defence establishment, reducing service and civilian on combat protection and firepower. For instance,
personnel, combat aircraft numbers, and the number Javelin anti-tank missiles were purchased by the
of service establishments, to generate funding for French forces in 2009 in a bid to reinforce the stand-
investment, particularly in capabilities. So far, 123 off firepower of ground units, and first deployed in
units from all three services have been disbanded, Afghanistan in 2011. The decade-long French engage-
while support and logistics functions are being reor- ment in Afghanistan has created a new generation of
ganised into hubs (bases de défense) designed to supply military personnel shaped by combat experience who
several units. will help influence future doctrine.
Europe 77

France has also been at the forefront of the to be equipped every year until 2015. FELIN includes
NATO-led military action in Libya (see p. 12), portable computing, voice and data communications,
deploying substantial assets to the campaign. Aside new combat clothing with improved body armour,
from a significant French maritime presence, it is and a new ballistic helmet. The FAMAS infantry
estimated that, up to September 2011, French aircraft rifle has also been upgraded, now sporting a video-
had carried out 35% of strike missions (25% of overall sight that should give personnel the ability to engage
missions), using an array of weaponry including the objects out of their direct vision. According to the
precision-guided SCALP-EG (used also by UK forces French defence procurement agency (DGA), the capa-

Europe
under the name Storm Shadow) and Armement Air-Sol bility of the weapon has increased by 70% in daylight
Modulaire (AASM). But the campaign highlighted and by 160% at night. However, the overall weight of
some problems relating to platform capabilities. As the system has increased by 5–6kgs, in comparison to
well as modern platforms like Rafale and Mistral, the the existing model. A full FELIN equipment set costs
French inventory also contains ageing equipment €23,000 per soldier, while the overall programme bill,
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

such as Mirage F1 and Super Etendard aircraft and including preliminary studies, engineering, fabri-
Rubis-class nuclear submarines. The high operational cation and initial maintenance, runs to €1bn. Many
tempo seen in 2011 increases the maintenance liability nations have integrated aspects of ‘future soldier’
of older equipment but also, more generally, places technology into front-line combat units, though
stress on equipment as well as personnel. When it left initial aspirations for networking – particularly for
the Libyan coast on 12 August 2011, the carrier Charles dismounted troops – have had in many cases to be
de Gaulle, having deployed to Libya in March 2011, modified in light of reliability, ruggedisation, battery
had been almost continuously at sea since 30 October life and weight issues. But the French integration of
2010, with only a five-day break. It did not enter port the FELIN suit into combat units will likely provide
for a refit – due for March – until August. Further, useful lessons for allied states.
actions over Libya highlighted French (and broader Paris also signed a contract with Dassault to
European) shortcomings in intelligence, surveillance produce a modified version of the Israeli UAV
and reconnaissance (ISR), strategic air refuelling and Heron-TP by 2014 to fill the capability gap created
unmanned vehicles. by the progressive retirement of the current Harfang
President Nicolas Sarkozy hailed the Libya MALE UAV and before any successor enters service
campaign as justification for the 2009 French rein- around 2020. French chief of staff (CEMA) Admiral
tegration into NATO’s integrated command struc- Edouard Guillaud advocated the purchase of US
ture, noting during an August speech in Paris that Reapers, the blog Secret Défense reported on 21 July
reintegration had been an ‘indispensible element’ of 2011, but the government decided otherwise. As
the leadership role played by France. The view of part of the Franco-British defence cooperation agree-
some analysts is that France would have preferred ment (see below), both nations are considering the
Franco-British leadership, but the British preference joint development of a UAV in this class to meet their
for NATO leadership, together with the benefits respective requirements.
NATO could bring, not least in terms of headquar-
ters, interoperability and training, would be unlikely Entente cordiale
to have been matched by a smaller coalition – some- The ambitious goals laid out in the 2010 Franco-
thing Paris eventually acknowledged, as reported British defence treaty (see The Military Balance 2011,
in Le Monde on 13 September 2011. The same article p. 78) have started to be addressed. An ‘Industry Day’
noted that Paris viewed the Libyan campaign model was held in June 2011 for some 30 defence companies,
– a coalition of the willing using NATO assets without with discussions ranging – according to the UK MoD
overt US leadership – favourably. – ‘from joint co-operation on equipment and capabili-
The FELIN infantry combat system was issued ties, including research and technology, to addressing
to three regiments in 2011. FELIN is the individual export licensing and consolidation of industrial
soldier element of the SCORPIO system, designed sectors and investments’. Industry has been encour-
to improve networked capabilities of French ground aged to more closely integrate activities, exempli-
forces. FELIN will first be used operationally when fied by the ‘one MBDA’ project, and the agreements
the 1st Infantry Regiment is deployed to Afghanistan on the light anti-ship missile and the SCALP-EG/
at the end of 2011. The plan is for four new regiments Storm Shadow programmes. Emphasis has also been
78 The Military Balance 2012

placed on joint training and interoperability, in light Table 9 French Defence Budget Proposals
of the planned Combined Joint Expeditionary Force. MPL 2009–14 plan (old) Revised budget 2011–13 (new)
Meanwhile brigade-level cooperation took place 2011: €30.6bn 2011: €30.1bn
during Exercise Flandres 2011 in June. While the part- 2012: €31.8bn 2012: €30.5bn
nership is still at an early stage, Libya has shown that 2013: €32.7bn 2013: €31bn
the two countries can exercise political leadership
while the two militaries can closely cooperate within
a NATO framework. procurement items and has tried to respond to the
financial pressure by delaying several modernisation
Defence economics packages, notably an upgrade for the Mirage 2000D,
France has so far resisted major and fundamental parts of the land-forces modernisation programme,
adjustments to its defence plans in the wake of the and air-to-air refuelling. The military programme
financial and economic crisis: this is set to change in law 2009–14 had already announced a reduction in
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

2012. The 2008 White Paper was completed before the number of fighter aircraft compared to the level
the budgetary implications of the crisis had become noted in the 2008 White Paper. Reducing France’s
apparent. However, with the pressure mounting, military footprint in Côte d’Ivoire was another move
some adjustments have become inevitable. At the to generate savings, the French contingent having
end of 2010 a revised budget law, covering the period supported UN troops during the conflict between
2011–13, provided for a total of €91.6bn in defence forces loyal to former-President Laurent Gbagbo and
spending. Compared to the original allocation in the President-elect Alassane Ouattara earlier in 2011 (see
military programme law (MPL) 2009–14 this amounts map, p. 412).
to a reduction of €3.5bn. However, in absolute terms, Defence-industrial decisions also underline the
the defence budget is set to rise from € 30.1bn in 2011 determination of the French government to pursue a
to €31bn in 2013. strategic posture. To keep the Rafale production line
Despite these initial steps to account for the open, France has committed to buy 11 aircraft per
changing economic situation, further cuts seem year from Dassault between 2011 and 2013. Dassault
inevitable. It is estimated that, by the time the 2010 and the French government hope for export orders to
cuts were announced, the military programme law be placed in the meantime to secure the programme’s
covering the period 2008–13 left a structural deficit future. France continues to aggressively promote
in defence expenditure of €3.6bn. France’s 2009 rein- French defence-industrial interests abroad to facili-
tegration into NATO’s military structures, as well as tate market access for French companies. A recent
rising costs for overseas operations, have increased example is the government-to-government agree-
budgetary pressures further. Attempts to generate ment from January 2011 paving the way for the sale
additional income, to be wholly reinvested in the of four Mistral-class amphibious assault vessels to
defence sector according to the 2008 White Paper, Russia (with two to be built in Russia). This deal is an
through the sale of military real estate (as part of the important order for the STX shipyard in St Nazaire,
bases de défense plan) and the auctioning off of obso- which is judged to be of strategic importance for
lete military radio frequencies were initially expected France because of its expertise in the aircraft-carrier
to generate funds of approximately €2.3bn, though field. Following the governmental agreement, a
€1.09bn was identified in the 2012 budget plan. contract between the French company DCNS and
Even against the increasingly bleak financial back- Russia’s Rosoboronexport was signed on 17 June
ground, France intended to largely shield certain 2011.
capability areas – such as nuclear deterrence, intelli- French budgetary and defence-industrial deci-
gence, reconnaissance and surveillance, all of which sions so far seem to be driven by a desire to maintain
had been singled out as key priorities in the 2008 as much of an autonomous broad-spectrum capability
document – from cuts. Furthermore, defence invest- as possible, reflecting the high importance attached
ment (research and development and procurement) to defence as a policy area that has broad executive
is set to benefit from preferential treatment in general. room for manoeuvre. Collaborative projects seem
The resource envelope in this area is supposed to acceptable if they guarantee access to capability, such
increase by just over €1bn between 2011 and 2013. as the Franco-British defence cooperation treaty. It is
So far, Paris has tried to avoid the cancellation of likely, however, that France will have to introduce
Europe 79

Table 10 Germany: Future Force Numbers


Max strength Professional and contract Voluntary conscript
Army >61,000 55,300 2,300–6,100
Navy 13,800 12,500 500–1,300
Air force 23,000 22,000 500–1,000
Medical service 15,100 – 500–1,000
Joint Support Service 38,700 – 1,250–3,250
Remaining active forces will be in training or education phases or in other organisational tasks and are not

Europe
allocated to the service totals above.

additional significant defence cuts after the 2012 elec- future force structures without conscription emerged
tions, given continuing macroeconomic pressure. largely intact. In January 2011 the last group of
conscripts began their six-month service. Mandatory
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Germany conscription was suspended on 1 July 2011, although


the ministry still tries to attract ‘voluntary conscripts’.
The Bundeswehr is set to undergo wide-ranging The announcement by zu Guttenberg that mandatory
change. Budgetary pressure, combined with persis- conscription should be re-evaluated and the decision
tent capability caps and operational demands, has to suspend it took just six months. Compared to other
ushered in defence-reform efforts. The cabinet European countries, Germany switched to an all-
decided in June 2010 that some €8.3bn should be cut volunteer force late, but did so rapidly.
between 2011 and 2014, almost half of which was to Thomas de Maizière, defence minister from
come from personnel expenditure. The timeline for March 2011, inherited an environment determined
this savings target was later extended to 2015. The by cost pressures and the decision to build a smaller,
defence budget for 2012 was set at €32.68bn and fore- more capable and all-volunteer Bundeswehr. He
cast to decline to €30.43bn by 2015. announced a first set of policy decisions and docu-
The chief of staff, General Volker Wieker, was ments in May 2011. Chief among them are the Defence
asked to evaluate whether different force structures Policy Guidelines (DPG): these provide guidelines for
would help make the Bundeswehr a more effec- future Bundeswehr planning.
tive, flexible and deployable force. By 2010, the
Bundeswehr was limited to sustaining an actual Defence policy guidelines
maximum deployment of 7,000 troops abroad (10,000 These guidelines maintan that Germany requires
for a short period without rotation). The level of ambi- broad-spectrum armed forces capable of high-
tion for the Bundeswehr after the new reform effort, intensity missions and indicate a reluctance to give
Wieker suggested, should be a sustainable deploy- up capability areas in order to save money. But finan-
ment of 10,000 troops across several simultaneous cial pressures made some adjustment inevitable. For
operations, in effect cutting the level of ambition from the ministry, this boiled down to a choice between
the previous target of 14,000. A core assumption of his sustainability and flexibility, and the DPG underline
report (see The Military Balance 2011, p. 82), and one the decision to favour the latter. Noting the expecta-
that had been publicly supported by then-Defence tions of partner nations, they argue that a broad spec-
Minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg before publica- trum of capabilities is necessary to exert influence
tion, was that savings targets could only be met with corresponding to Germany’s international position,
reduced numbers of personnel, both military and while they are also justified by uncertainty over the
civilian. While conscription still had significant polit- international security environment. Current opera-
ical support, zu Guttenberg argued in May 2010 that tions, the DPG argue, are not necessarily the best
the budget crunch demanded structural reform of guides to future demands and a premium has to be
the armed forces and that in this context conscription paid to enable flexible military responses.
had to be debated. The combination of radical cuts to Capability priorities are necessary, and these will
active-service personnel with the possible abandon- be detailed ‘according to type, quality and scale’,
ment of what many politicians thought was a main- with number and sustainability defined on the basis
stay of the German armed forces sparked a short but of differing operational requirements. In September
heated debate from which zu Guttenberg’s ideas of 2011, early decisions were announced that focused
80 The Military Balance 2012

on concentrating capabilities in specific services. For in Germany mean that the available pool of poten-
example, in the future all heavy transport helicopters tial recruits is diminishing; this will lead to increased
will be air-force operated; the army will operate all competition with other employers. To enable it to
NH90s. Similarly, all air defence will be concentrated have a choice of recruits, it is clear the armed forces
in the air force. In terms of procurement, the guide- need to do more to increase the attractiveness of a mili-
lines argue for more off-the-shelf purchasing and tary career, including measures specifically aiming to
enhanced European cooperation, including in devel- increase the percentage of women in the forces. The
opment and maintenance. Defence Ministry’s early problems recruiting volun-
The level of ambition guiding the reform effort tary conscripts exemplify these difficulties, although
can be described as the ability to conduct the full the recruitment process of those volunteers seems to
spectrum of operations up to high-intensity combat, have picked up pace throughout 2011; between July
to be able to serve as a framework nation for multi- and October 2011, just over 7,000 signed up.
national operations, and to be able to sustain up to De Maizière announced further decisions around
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

10,000 troops on international crisis-management the launch of the DPG. Reform plans will be imple-
operations. The ability to engage in combat is seen mented over 6–8 years and total Bundeswehr strength
as the ‘benchmark for operational readiness’, while will be 170,000 professional and contracted soldiers
Bundeswehr forces not engaged on operations must plus 5,000–15,000 voluntary conscripts, compared to
‘ensure operational readiness across the entire inten- 220,000 (including some 188,000 professional soldiers)
sity spectrum’, which might be problematic in prac- in May 2011. Civilian staff will be cut from some 75,000
tice. But there are some tensions in the document. On to 55,000. Staffing at the Defence Ministry will reduce
the one hand, it is argued that the Bundeswehr needs from 3,500 to 2,000, most of this coming from the relo-
resources enabling it to play a role corresponding cation of service chiefs and staffs. All services have
to Germany’s international position. On the other, been asked to streamline their command structures
it is stressed that the defence budget will have to by eliminating one level of command. Furthermore,
contribute to the overall budget consolidation course the previous distinction into three different tiers with
agreed by the government. Repetition of the expec- different levels of capability (see The Military Balance
tations created by Germany’s international role will 2011, p. 82) will be abandoned. The army will shrink
likely be used to reduce the savings originally agreed to three divisions and the number of brigades will
in 2010 (see p. 79). decline from 11 to 8. Bases will close, and the October
Further tension can be seen in the tasks envis- 2011 announcement on future basing requirements
aged for the Bundeswehr. The first listed is territorial provoked some resistance from regional and local
defence within NATO, followed by conflict preven- political leaders.
tion and crisis management. In addition, fulfilling
the demands of the EU’s common security and Defence economics
defence policy, homeland defence, rescue and evac- In early 2011, various options were considered on
uation tasks, defence diplomacy and humanitarian how to balance the MoD’s finances with its commit-
assistance missions are noted. But crisis-prevention ments, including migrating the funding of pension
and crisis-management tasks are judged the most provisions from the defence budget back to the
likely operational demands for the Bundeswehr, general budget, from which it had only recently
providing guidance for decisions on overall force been transferred. Additionally, it was mooted in
structure. Thus, it remains unclear how the tension mid-2011 that international operations could be
between what is judged most important and what is financed from the general budget, rather than the
judged most likely will be resolved. The DPG assume defence budget itself, although this did not generate
that the forces needed for territorial and collective widespread political support. However, de Maizière
defence will also be relevant for international crisis- announced on 7 September 2011 that expenditure
management missions, a view confirmed by the related to cutting civilian staff in the armed forces
defence minister in a May 2011 interview with the would be financed from the general budget to the
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. tune of €1bn per year, thus taking some of the pres-
The DPG also raise the issue of recruitment. When sure off the defence budget. Despite this, resource
mandatory conscription was in force, a number of pressures remain significant. For example, analysis
conscripts turned professional. Demographic trends from the Bundeswehr University in Munich earlier
Europe 81

in 2011 suggested that, based on financial plan- into account the demand for technology transfer and
ning at the time, a Bundeswehr of a total strength of direct defence offsets by these new customers. Like
185,000 would be underfunded by €15bn even if it other companies, Cassidian is also looking to develop
was assumed that the defence budget was to grow by broader security products: law enforcement as well
1.5% between 2015 and 2018. as cyber security and surveillance drones have been
The MoD is determined to create further flexibility singled out as promising areas.
in procurement. Much key equipment arrived too late Rheinmetall posted record revenues in 2010. The
and over budget, often undercutting relevance and company will look to exploit opportunities for acqui-

Europe
utility. But contractual obligations meant that most sitions, in particular as an instrument to expand into
investment funding was tied up in existing contracts. new markets. Klaus Eberhardt, Rheinmetall’s chief,
De Maizière announced that procurement plans focused on expansion in the US, saying that ‘those
would be prioritised regardless of contractual obliga- who are not in the US, are not global market leaders’.
tions, suggesting that defence industry faced a clear Around 70% of Rheinmetall’s revenues already
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

choice: it could insist on contracts being honoured accrue from international business, while the impor-
and accept that in this case there would be no new tance of its German home market is declining rapidly:
funding available for new orders, or companies German orders totalled 60% of revenues in 1999, fell
could adjust current contracts in cooperation with the to 34% in 2010 and are set to drop below 20% in the
ministry, which could then use released funding for near term. Nonetheless, orders from the Bundeswehr
new orders. The latter option was preferred by the are still important for Rheinmetall in its bid to attract
ministry, with the view that this would give industry international customers. Privately owned Diehl,
the option to invest capital in future capabilities, which also had a stronger-than-expected year in
assisting firms to remain competitive. 2010, recently expanded through acquisition in the
German defence industries have strength- civil aerospace service sector, notably in the field of
ened their position, deploying several strategies to civil aircraft cabins. It is unlikely that Diehl will opt
anticipate future challenges. At the end of 2010, the for more acquisitions in the near term, opting instead
Wegmann group bought out the 49% share held by for a strategy of consolidation and internal growth.
Siemens in armoured-vehicle manufacturer Krauss-
Maffei Wegmann (KMW). The Wegmann group is UNITED KINGDOM
now the sole owner of KMW, signalling its long-term
interest in military-vehicle construction in Germany. The October 2010 Strategic Defence and Security
Berlin’s approval in principle of a sale of up to 270 of Review (SDSR) resulted in a 20–30% reduction in
KMW’s Leopard 2A7 tanks to Saudi Arabia generated UK armed forces’ operational ambition and deploy-
much comment in Germany in mid-2011, not least able capability. Resource increases were confined to
because of the earlier Saudi intervention in Bahrain. improving the support to special forces and £650m for
Another important order was Algeria’s agreement increased cyber capability (for GCHQ and a military
to purchase two frigates from Blohm & Voss with an Cyber Operations Group). It was intended that the
option to buy a third. Further, Rheinmetall and MAN armed forces would modernise to deliver a ‘Future
Military Vehicles are setting up a vehicle maintenance Force 2020’. Both Prime Minister David Cameron and
and assembly line in Algeria. then-Defence Secretary Liam Fox expressed aspira-
Cassidian, EADS’s defence arm, experienced tions to increase defence spending after 2015, but this
uncertainty over its Talarion UAV programme is dependent on the economy, otherwise Future Force
after France decided to pursue its options with 2020 as described by the SDSR is unachievable.
Dassault. Germany is reluctant to make a commit- The media, and politicians of all parties, have
ment to Talarion as well. In reaction to the budgetary criticised both exercises as rushed, seizing on leaked
constraints in Europe, Cassidian is attempting to documents and public comments by senior officers
move into rapidly growing emerging markets. Stefan as evidence that the SDSR is already out of date.
Zoller, Cassidian’s chief executive, argued that Interest groups have criticised the retirement of
‘growth is not coming out of Europe, but out of the aircraft carriers, Harrier aircraft and Nimrod surveil-
Middle East, India or Brazil … In this constellation lance aircraft, as well as personnel reductions that
we cannot grow in Europe.’ But Cassidian, and other have included redundancies across all services as
companies pursuing similar strategies, have to take well as civilians. But the National Security Strategy
82 The Military Balance 2012

and SDSR have been strongly defended by Cameron, command, as well as becoming an institutional advo-
Fox and Fox’s successor as defence minster, Philip cate for joint warfare. The plans have been broadly
Hammond, who argued that events over the last year welcomed by the service chiefs, who anticipate being
– including the Libya war – proved their value. able to regain the means necessary to optimise their
The National Security Council has often met to capability; the plans are also expected to improve on
give strategic direction to operations and planning the previous centralised approach and could make it
and was used extensively to manage the UK role more difficult for future projects to become bogged
in Libya. It seems to have succeeded in making the down.
Ministry of Defence, Foreign Office and Department Parallel efforts have continued to reform defence
for International Development integrate their work acquisition, long notorious for cost overruns and
by design. Security officials consider this a significant delays in delivering supplies to the front line. Bernard
improvement over the direction and management of Gray was appointed chief of defence materiel, respon-
the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, which was criti- sible for spending 40% of the MoD budget on equip-
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

cised in evidence to the independent Iraq Inquiry. ment and support. Gray’s structural reforms to DE&S
have been evolutionary rather than revolutionary.
Defence reorganisation He has insisted on honesty when it comes to costing
The Ministry of Defence has acquired a reputa- equipment and logistic programmes, part of an effort
tion for inefficiency, indecision and obfuscation. In to root out the optimism that has bedevilled UK
many cases, some of the blame can be shared with defence programmes in the past. This has resulted in
the services and Defence Equipment and Support much greater visibility of potential increases in cost
(DE&S). Its handling of the aircraft-carrier programme than was available before.
was described by the Public Accounts Committee in The government’s deficit-reduction drive required
its Major Projects 2010 report as ‘a new benchmark in MoD to make an 8% reduction in UK defence expen-
poor corporate decision making’, while accumulated diture. It also had to manage away a prospective
delays to the Army’s armoured vehicle programme £36–8bn overspend inherited from previous govern-
were vividly described by former Army head General ments. By 2008 it had been identified by MoD staff but
Sir Richard Dannatt in his memoir Leading from the remained unresolved. In 2010, the Public Accounts
Front. The armed forces have often complained about Committee concluded that MoD’s ‘consistent pattern
over-centralisation and paralysing bureaucracy. of planned overspend demonstrates serious organ-
In June 2011, Fox announced the findings of the isational failings and a dangerous culture of opti-
year-long Defence Reform Review, led by Lord mism’. Despite the force reductions announced in
Levene. A smaller defence board (the highest 2010, it was clear that a considerable budget shortfall
committee in the MoD exercising strategic, but not remained. The outcome of an exercise to match plans
operational, management of defence) will be chaired with resources was announced in July 2011, with Fox
by the defence secretary; the chief of defence staff will claiming that ‘for the first time in a generation, the
be the sole military representative; and the service MoD will have brought its plans and budget broadly
chiefs no longer have seats on the board. The perma- into balance’. Fox contended that it allowed the
nent secretary, chief of defence materiel, finance funding of the Airseeker (Rivet Joint) electronic intel-
director and three non-executive directors comprise ligence aircraft, the purchase of 14 Chinook helicop-
the remainder. ters (of 22 announced by the previous government),
Greater responsibility and flexibility over indi- a mid-life update to the Warrior infantry fighting
vidual service budgets on matters of personnel, equip- vehicle, initial funding for the Joint Strike Fighter, the
ment and training will be given to the service chiefs, fitting of catapults to the future aircraft carriers and
in a bid to improve their control over capability, and development of a Global Combat Ship to replace
overall accountability. This measure, which reverses existing frigates.
almost 30 years of increasing centralisation, will, Fox Although UK reserves contributed significant
said, allow them to ‘veer and haul’ between elements numbers to operations in Iraq and Afghanistan,
of the budget, including equipment, manpower and resource cuts had resulted in much of their capa-
training. Meanwhile, a new Joint Forces Command bility atrophying. Fox accepted the assessment of
will own the increasing number of joint organisations, an independent commission that reserve capa-
such as special forces, training units and the medical bility had declined and the potential of the reserves
Europe 83

was not fully exploited. Plans to redress this consist The apparent success of NATO’s campaign in
of enhancing the role, training and resourcing of Libya provided a boost to UK military credibility in
reserves, including over £100m per year in additional the Alliance. Apparent weaknesses of British opera-
funding, so they can play a greater role in overseas tions in Basra and under-resourcing of British forces
operations and homeland security. in Helmand from 2006 to 2009 dented British mili-
The SDSR directed that army capability and tary self-confidence and sowed doubts in the US.
manpower be reduced to a lesser degree than the While these doubts may have been partly allayed
navy or air force, and should not be significantly by the British role in Libya, there is little doubt that,

Europe
downsized whilst fighting in Afghanistan. RAF and had the war lasted beyond September, some hard
navy personnel reductions announced during 2011 choices about military strategic priorities, such as
followed the SDSR prescription. But it was revealed withdrawing warships from lower-priority tasks to
in July 2011 that the MoD was directing further army sustain the naval force in the Mediterranean, would
manpower reductions to balance the budget in 2011. have been unavoidable. Spared of these hard choices,
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

The regular forces are now to reduce from 102,000 the government insists that the SDSR is still valid.
to 90,000 by 2015 and to 82,000 by 2020. This will be The US decision to lead the NATO mission in Libya
partially alleviated by increasing the Territorial Army ‘from behind’ may herald a new trend. The MoD
to a trained strength of 30,000 and improving its read- previously assumed that the US would always lead
iness. There is to be no reduction in the deployable any NATO combat operation, providing both combat
forces required by the SDSR: a multi­national corps forces and key ‘enablers’ such as EW and SEAD. If
HQ, two division HQs, five ‘multi-role’ brigades, this can no longer be assumed, it will increase pres-
an air-assault brigade and contributions to special sure to retain full-spectrum capabilities, given the
forces and the Royal Marines amphibious brigade. UK’s aspiration to play a leading role in NATO.
But significant reductions will be required in HQs, Afghanistan and Libya have seen many examples of
administration, and training organisations and infra- successful adaptation by British forces, and employ-
structure; and some named battalions and regiments ment of highly capable weaponry, such as the dual-
may be disbanded. Although funding was announced mode Brimstone missile. The dual-mode Brimstone
for the Warrior update and new armoured scout vehi- Urgent Operational Requirement, and much new
cles, no contracts have yet been signed. equipment, has been funded from the Treasury
The army now has some certainty about its role and reserve rather than the core equipment programme.
resourcing, but concern – shared by the other services If any of these capabilities are to be retained, they
– has been voiced about retention of quality personnel. will have to be funded by the MoD. For example,
Pay has been frozen and allowances reduced, and a recent operations have greatly depended on intelli-
redundancy programme is cutting the strength of the gence surveillance, target acquisition and reconnais-
forces. There has already been an outflow of high- sance (ISTAR) capabilities, such as the RAF’s Sentinel
quality middle-ranking officers. Military officials attri- aircraft. Indeed, the prime minister said to the House
bute this to accumulated overstretch resulting from of Commons Liaison Committee on 17 May that ‘if
fighting two wars simultaneously, concerns about there was one lesson, it is that the extra emphasis we
conditions of service and a sense that it is better to put on ISTAR and drones will be even more necessary
jump than be pushed. This may be a temporary blip, in future’. But the SDSR declared Sentinel would be
but there is a risk that a continued pay freeze, coupled scrapped from 2015 and it is unclear whether many
with any further cuts, could trigger a major outflow, of the other ISTAR capabilities fielded in Afghanistan
as happened in the late 1970s. will be funded in the long term. The decision on
Sentinel, however, could yet be revisited.
Capability implications Claims by some commentators that, as the
The House of Commons Defence Committee is reductions continue, the UK would not be able to
unconvinced that the reduced forces are able to meet mount another operation like Libya are overstated.
current and future commitments, and retain ’critical And if the army and RAF reduce their footprint
mass’, or that ‘Future Force 2020’ can be delivered in Afghanistan as planned they will become more
without increased funding, a feeling shared by many capable of contingency operations. Nonetheless,
analysts. Fox stated that plans were dependent on despite repeated declarations that there has been no
British drawdown in Afghanistan remaining on track. ‘strategic shrinkage’, the SDSR is resulting in signifi-
84 The Military Balance 2012

cant reductions in UK defence capability and ambi- Figure 5 United Kingdom Defence Budget
tion. Further difficult choices may have to be made Trends (FY2009/10–FY2014/15)
before 2015, when another SDSR is due.
% change Defence budget
Defence budget as %
Defence economics 12
of government outlays
(real, nominal)
(£m)
Fallout from the economic crisis continues to hamper
10
the UK economy. A return to growth in 2010 (a
modest 1.4%) reflected the lagged effects of the large- 8
40,000
35,000
scale expansionary fiscal policies undertaken by the
30,000
outgoing Labour government as well as inventory 6
25,000
cycle effects following the decline in world trade in Defence budget
20,000
4 as % of GDP
2009, rather than an improvement in underlying 15,000
economic fundamentals or confidence. Overall, much 2 10,000
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

of the UK economy is still coping with the aftermath 5,000


of a deep balance-sheet recession, as overextended 0 0
2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15
households pay down consumer and mortgage debt
-2
and undercapitalised banks limit credit availability in
an attempt to rebuild balance sheets. -4
The UK entered the recession in 2009 with a
public-sector borrowing requirement of 11.1% – -6
% change from
Britain’s largest-ever peacetime general government FY2009/10 levels,
-8
deficit. Net debt was estimated to rocket from a pre- real defence budget

crisis level of 35.9% of GDP in FY 2006/07 to a peak of -10


Estimated Real Baseline
around 100% in FY 2014/15. Against this backdrop, Defence Budget1
Total Defence Budget2
(right hand scale)
the coalition government elected in May 2010 passed (right hand scale)

an emergency budget the next month, outlining a


five-year fiscal consolidation programme aimed at Sources: IISS analysis applied to: MoD Annual Report and Accounts
2010–2011, Public Expenditure Outturn White Paper 2010–2011, Public
eliminating the ‘current structural deficit’. Expenditure Statistical Analyses July 2011; Defence Analytical Services
The major burden of fiscal consolidation has and Advice, United Kingdom Defence Statistics 2011; and IMF World
Economic Outlook September 2011.
focused on expenditure cuts (73%) rather than tax 1
Deflators are calculated from data released by the Office for National
increases (27%), with real reductions in overall Statistics on 28 June 2011. The forecasts are consistent with the
Financial Statement and Budget 2011. RfR1 figures shown here are real
departmental expenditure of 12% by FY 2014/15 figures, and will differ from nominal figures by a factor determined by
envisaged. Despite fears that the defence budget the deflator used.
2
Consists of Resource DEL and Capital DEL minus depreciation. Figures
would be slashed in excess of 10%, the MoD managed from 2012/13 are projected plans for defence budgets. Until 2012/13,
to survive a more severe squeeze: it was established figures include both RfR1 funds (Provision of Defence Capability) and
RfR2 funds (Operations and Peace-Keeping). From 2012/13 onwards,
that, between FY2009/10 and FY 2014/15, the defence although RfR2 funds have yet to be allocated, estimates of $3.8bn,
budget would be cut by around 8% in real terms (see £3.8bn and £3.5bn have been included based on Treasury Spending
Review 2010 forecasts (see Cm 7924 p. 57).
Table 8) – although this implies a increase of 1–2%
over the period in the nominal baseline defence

Table 11 Expenditure on Operations in Iraq, Afghanistan and Libya1(£m)


  2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 Cumulative Total
Iraq 847 1,311 910 958 956 1,457 1381 342 92 8,254
Afghanistan 311 46 67 199 738 1,504 2623 3821 3774 13,083
Libya – – – – – – – – 260 260
Annual Total 1 ,158 1 ,357 977 1 ,157 1 ,694 2 ,961 4 ,004 4 ,163 4 ,126 21,597
UOR Approvals1 500 180 130 260 790 1,550 1,400 840 1,130 6,780
Source: DASA UKDS 2011; MoD Annual Report & Accounts; House of Commons Standard Note (SN/SG/3139) – The Cost of International Military
Operations.
1
UOR Approvals make up part of the Annual Total, and should not be taken as additional spending on top of the Annual Totals indicated. Of the
£6.78bn in UOR approvals over the period, $4.9bn was allocated to requirements in Afghanistan.
Europe 85

Table 12 Recent and Planned UK Defence Personnel, Equipment and Estate Measures
Equipment Measures Schedule Personnel Measures Schedule
Army General
40% reductions to Challenger 2 tank holdings TBD MoD civilian personnel reductions of 25,000 By 2015
35% reductions to AS90 heavy artillery TBD Further reduction of 7,000 civilian personnel* By 2020

Royal Navy Army


Decommission of carrier HMS Ark Royal In 2010 Disband 19 Light Brigade HQ In 2013

Europe
Decommission of remaining four Type-22 frigates Apr-11 Personnel reductions of 7,000 By 2015
Decommission of RFA Largs Bay Apr-11 Further reductions of 11,000 personnel* By 2020
Withdrawal of RFA Bayleaf & RFA Fort George Apr-11
Withdrawal of carrier HMS Illustrious In 2014 Royal Navy
Withdrawal of Sea King Mk7 By 2016 Personnel reductions of 5,000 By 2015
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Further reductions to personnel by 1,000 By 2020


Royal Air Force
Cancellation of the Nimrod MRA4 programme In 2010 Royal Air Force
Retirement of the Harrier fleet from service By 2011 Reductions of 5,000 personnel to about 33,000 By 2015
Withdrawal of the VC-10 and Tristar In 2013 Further reductions to personnel by 1,500 By 2020
Reduced Tornado fleet (40 to 18 force elements) By 2015
Withdrawal of Sentinel surveillance aircraft upon From 2015 Estate Measures Schedule
cessation of operations in Afghanistan
Early withdrawal of the C-130J Hercules fleet By 2022 Army Estate: Withdrawal of remaining forces from 2015–2020
bases in Germany
Source: House of Commons Research Paper 11/10 (January 2011) – UK Defence and Security Policy: A New Approach?
*Following the July 2011 Three Month Review

budget (i.e. RfR1 Provision of Defence Capability), Table 13 Post-Main Gate Major Equipment
which does not include spending on combat opera- Projects
tions, which are funded from the Treasury Reserve. In-Service Forecast
Date Cost (£m)
Defence spending and reform Type-45 Destroyers (6) 2010 6,464
Between FY2009/10 and FY2014/15, the defence UK Military Flying Training System 2010 916
(UKMFTS)
budget as a percentage of GDP is projected to fall from
Falcon comms system 2010 316
2.64% to 2.08% (see Figure 5), barely above the NATO 7 Astute-class Submarines 2010 6,677
goal of 2%. However, the FY2014/15 budget figure of 54 Watchkeeper WK450 UAVs 2011 889
£36.995bn includes a forecasted allocation of £3.5bn Typhoon and Typhoon Future 2003 & 2012 20,627
from the Treasury Special Reserve for net additional Capability Programme
costs of military operations in Afghanistan. If this Tornado Capability Upgrade Strategy 2012 303
(Pilot)
were excluded and only baseline defence spending
Meteor BVRAAM 2012 & 2015 1,305
were considered, the defence budget as a percentage
14 Voyager Future Strategic Tanker 2014 11,917
of GDP would fall to 1.88%, below the NATO Aircraft (FSTA)
threshold. Overall, the defence budget for FY2011/12 Merlin Mk 1 Capability Sustainment 2014 829
stands at £37.4bn, marking the first contribution of Programme
0.97% towards the required 8% real-terms reduction. 62 AW159 Lynx Wildcat 2014 & 2015 1,689
Cumulative outlays on successive and simulta- 22 A400M Atlas transport aircraft 2015 3,231
neous overseas combat operations in Afghanistan, 2 Queen Elizabeth-class Aircraft 2020 5,900
Carriers
Iraq and Libya over the past decade have topped
Up to 150 Future Joint Combat 2020 2,448
£21bn (see Table 11), with an increased proportion Aircraft (JCA)
of this funded by the core defence budget rather Total Forecast Costs 63,511
than the Defence Special Reserve, as the Treasury Sources: Defence Analytical Services and Advice (DASA) UK Defence
Statistics 2011; House of Commons Research Paper 11/10 (January
tightens its criteria for financing Urgent Operational 2011) – UK Defence and Security Policy: A New Approach?
Requirements (UORs) in response to the MoD’s
86 The Military Balance 2012

Table 14 Breakdown of UK Defence Expenditure (£m)


2008/09 2009/10 2010/11
Personnel
Military Personnel 8,937 9,481 9,888
Civilian Personnel 2,786 2,750 2,878
Total Personnel Expenditure (% of total) 11,723 (29.8%) 12,231 (29.7%) 12,766 (31.6%)

Equipment Procurement (Including Dual-Use Equipment)


Single-Use Military Equipment 552 504 699
Plant, Machinery & Vehicles 30 299 51
IT & Communications Equipment 336 347 320
Assets Under Construction 5,751 5,318 5,745
Total Equipment-Procurement Expenditure (% of total) 6,669 (16.9%) 6,469 (15.7%) 6,815 (16.9%)
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Operations & Maintenance


Equipment Maintenance & Repair Expenditure 4,292 4,212 4,689
Operations Costs (Stock Consumption – Armaments, Medical, Oil, 1,181 1,112 1,154
Clothing & General Stores)
Movements (Cost of Transport of Freight & Personnel) 975 929 856
Transport (Capital Expenses) 239 73 79
Fuel Costs 695 482 628
Total Operations & Maintenance Expenditure (% of total) 7,382 (18.8%) 6,807 (16.5%) 7,406 (18.4%)

Research & Development


Research & Expensed Development 1,115 1,222 1,125
Intangible Assets 1,311 1,271 1,365
Total Research & Development (% of total) 2,426 (6.2%) 2,493 (6.0%) 2,489 (6.2%)

Other Expenditure
Fixed Assets Written Off/Written On 424 Excluded Excluded
Other Resource DEL Expenditure 5,790 7,155 8,864
Other Capital Expenditure 539 1,262 1,120
Cost of Capital Charge 3,626 3,828 Excluded
Total Other Expenditure (% of total) 10,379 (28.3%) 12,244 (32.0%) 9,983 (26.9%)
Total Defence Expenditure/Outturn 38,579 40,246 39,461
Source: Defence Analytical Services and Advice (DASA), United Kingdom Defence Statistics 2011.

increasing use of these to make up for the capability 2011/12 to 2020/21 of about £38bn. Key highlights of
risks taken in previous defence-acquisition and plan- the reductions established so far to plug this gap are
ning cycles. The MoD’s equipment-procurement shown in Table 12. Overall, it seems that the scale of
programme has also received severe criticism, with these reductions has largely succeeded in narrowing
Gray’s October 2009 review concluding that habitual the MoD’s funding gap, thereby releasing funds for
underestimation of programme costs and a prefer- additional equipment acquisitions over the course of
ence for delaying rather than cancelling individual 2011 (see p. 82).
projects had created a massive ‘bow wave’ that was In a bid to address the underlying factors
permanently situated beyond the ten-year financial- at the root of current difficulties – inter-service
planning horizon used by the MoD, creating an illu- rivalries, organisational and procurement inef-
sion about the size and scope of the UK’s armed ficiencies, bureaucratic indecision, and lack
forces but ignoring the fact that the budget to fulfil of accountability and financial planning – the
these ambitions did not exist. Defence Reform Review report (see p. 82) could
The upshot of these factors has been a funding have some impact. For instance, the MoD is
gap of ‘unfunded liabilities’ for the ten years from trying to strengthen financial- and performance-
Europe 87

management frameworks to prevent the cost over- Uncertain future


runs and delays which have blighted it over the past Substantial efforts towards plugging the funding gap
few years. The report supports the MoD’s establish- have been made, but the relatively small real-terms
ment of a Major Projects Review Board, audited reduction in the FY2011/12 defence budget means
by the National Audit Office, to oversee and hold that the budget still needs to fall by over 7% (in real
to account the delivery of the top 50 major MoD terms) by FY2014/15 to achieve the cuts envisaged
projects. The first of these, the Valiant Jetty project, in the 2010 Comprehensive Spending Review (see
was placed on the ‘Projects of Concern’ list in early Figure 5). These both pose further risk to managing

Europe
October 2011. A selection of major equipment proj- the budget. The planning rounds for 2012 and 2013
ects on which the main investment decision has been are set to be even more fraught with stark choices
taken (‘post-Main Gate’) is shown in Table 13. than was the case in 2011. Furthermore, uncertainty
Other reform proposals in the pipeline centre on abounds over funding provisions post FY2014/15;
the UK’s defence-industrial strategy (with a govern- while the current government has allowed the MoD
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

ment White Paper on this due in late 2011) and the to plan on the basis of a 1% annual real-terms growth
future organisational structure of DE&S. Gray is due in its equipment budget, it cannot ensure that any
to deliver plans for a major overhaul of the agency subsequent government will maintain this guarantee
towards the end of 2011. during the 2015 Spending Review.
88 The Military Balance 2012

Land Element
Albania ALB FORCES BY ROLE
Albanian Lek 2010 2011 2012 SPECIAL FORCES
GDP lek 1.24tr 1.32tr 1 cdo regt
MANOEUVRE
US$ 11.7bn 13.0bn
Light
per capita US$ 3,913 4,329 1 (rapid reaction) lt inf bde
Growth % 3.50 2.50 COMBAT SUPPORT
Inflation % 3.6 3.9 1 arty bn
Def expa lek 13.3bn 1 cbt spt bde
US$ 126m 1 sigs bn
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
Def bdgta lek 13.3bn 13.8bn
1 log bn
US$ 126m 136m
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FMA (US) US$ 3.0m 5.0m
MBT 3
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

US$1=lek 105.89 101.95 APC (T) 6 Type 5310


a
Excludes military pensions ARTY
TOWED 18 152 mm
Population 2,994,667
MOR 81: 82mm 81
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus AD • GUNS 42 37mm M-1939/S 60
ARV T-54/T-55
Male 11.3% 5.2% 4.9% 4.0% 19.2% 4.9%
MW Bozena
Female 10.1% 4.9% 5.0% 4.2% 20.8% 5.5%
Navy Element
Capabilities The Albanian Navy Brigade, under the command of JFC,
is organised into two naval flotillas with additional hy-
A NATO member since 2009, Albania sustains limited mili-
drographic, logistics, auxiliary and training support ser-
tary capability predicated on territorial defence. Efforts vices.
continue to reform its armed forces and upgrade mainly EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
obsolete equipment, though these are constrained by PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 3: 2
limited funding. As well as wider ties with fellow NATO Po-2† (FSU Project 501); 1 Shanghai II† (PRC)
members, Albania is trying to develop bilateral regional MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES •
ties, and in 2011 carried out a small-scale naval exercise MSO 1 T-43† (FSU Project 254)
with Slovenia. The army, the largest of the three services, is LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • ARL 1
equipped mainly with obsolete Chinese-origin equipment.
Coast Guard
It has provided troops to ISAF in Afghanistan both to Ka-
FORCES BY ROLE
bul and on surveillance and force-protection duties in RC- The Albanian Coast Guard (Roja Bregdetare) is under
W, and troops including an EOD team to Operation Althea the command of the Navy Brigade’s Coastal Defence
in Bosnia. The small air force, now an air brigade, operates Command.
only rotary and light liaison aircraft, and the country de- EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
pends on NATO allies for air defence. The armed forces PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 34
have no ability to deploy organically for operations beyond PBF 12: 8 V-4000; 4 Arch Angel (1 additional vessel to
national territory. be delivered)
PB 9: 4 Iluria (Damen Stan 4207); 3 Mk3 Sea Spectre; 2
ACTIVE 14,245 (Joint Force Comd 8,150, Support (other)
Command 4,300, TRADOC 1,000, MoD and General PBR 13: 4 Type 227; 1 Type 246; 1 Type 303; 7 Type 2010
Staff 795) Paramilitary 500
Air Element
Terms of service conscription 12 months Flying hours at least 10–15 hrs/year.
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Organisations by Service HELICOPTERS
TPT • Light 16: 1 AW109; 3 Bell 205 (AB-205); 7 Bell
206C (AB-206C); 5 Bo-105
Joint Forces Command (JFC) 8,150
Consists of a Land Element (comprising a Rapid Reaction
Support Command (SC) 4,300
Bde, Cdo Regt, Area Spt Bde, Log Bn and Comms Bn), an Consists of the Logistics Brigade, GS Support Regiment,
Air Bde and Naval Bde. JFC units are intended to conduct Infrastructure Regiment, Personnel and Recruiting Centre,
and support international peace support and humanitarian Military Hospital, Systems Development Centre and Mili-
operations and other crisis management tasks. tary Police Battalion.
Europe 89

FORCES BY ROLE military doctrine remains influenced strongly by Russian


COMBAT SUPPORT thinking, Armenia’s overseas deployments, which include
1 MP bn support to ISAF in Afghanistan, enable the troops serv-
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT ing in the Pul-e Khumri PRT to learn lessons from their
1 log bde (1 spt regt (tpt, EOD & maint) NATO counterparts. The ISAF contribution increased in
1 fd hospital 2011. In Nov 2011, Armenia signed a new Individual Part-
nership Action Plan with NATO. While conscription con-
Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) tinues, there is a growing cohort of professional officers.
1,000 The air force reportedly struggles with serviceability and
maintenance, while Russia’s air force provides national air

Europe
Consists of the Defense Academy, Military University,
NCO Academy, Basic Training Brigade, the consolidated defence from a leased base. The army exercises regularly,
Troops School, Centre for Defense Analysis and Training and aims to be able to deploy and sustain a battalion-sized
Support Centre. contingent by 2015 as part of a multi-national mission. To
inform these developments, Armenia completed a Strate-
Paramilitary ε500 gic Defence Review in May 2011.
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

ACTIVE 48,834 (Army 45,846, Air/AD Aviation


Deployment Forces (Joint) 1,061, other Air Defence Forces 1,927)
Legal provisions for foreign deployment: Paramilitary 6,694
Constitution: Codified constitution (1998) Terms of service conscription 24 months.
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By the parlia-
ment upon proposal by the president (Art.171 II)
RESERVES some mob reported, possibly 210,000
with military service within 15 years.
AFGHANISTAN
NATO • ISAF 286; 1 inf coy Organisations by Service
Bosnia-Herzegovina
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 11 Army 19,966; 25,880 conscripts (total 45,846)
SERBIA FORCES BY ROLE
SPECIAL FORCES
NATO • KFOR 4
1 SF regt
MANOEUVRE
Foreign Forces Mechanised
Italy 18 (Delegazione Italiana Esperti) 1 (1st) corps (1 recce bn, 1 tk bn, 2 MR regt, 1 maint bn)
1 (2nd) corps (1 recce bn, 1 tk bn, 2 MR regt, 1 lt inf regt,
1 arty bn)
Armenia ARM 1 (3rd) corps (1 recce bn, 1 tk bn, 4 MR regt, 1 lt inf regt,
Armenian Dram d 2010 2011 2012 1 arty bn, 1 MRL bn, 1 sigs bn, 1 maint bn)
1 (4th) corps (4 MR regt; 1 SP arty bn; 1 sigs bn)
GDP d 3.50tr 3.88tr
1 (5th) corps (with 2 fortified areas) (1 MR regt, 1 lt inf
US$ 9.37bn 10.5bn
regt)
per capita US$ 3,158 3,533 Other
Growth % 2.10 4.61 1 indep MR trg bde
Inflation % 7.3 8.8 COMBAT SUPPORT
Def exp d 158bn 1 arty bde
US$ 422m 1 AT regt
1 AD bde
Def bdgt d 163bn 146bn 155bn
2 AD regt
US$ 436m 395m 1 (radiotech) AD regt
FMA (US) US$ 3.0m 3.5m 1 engr regt
US$1=d 373.71 370.27 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Population 2,967,975 MBT 110: 3 T-54; 5 T-55; 102 T-72
AIFV 104: 80 BMP-1; 7 BMP-1K; 5 BMP-2; 12 BRM-1K
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus APC (W) 136: 11 BTR-60; 100 look-a-like; 21 BTR-70; 4
Male 9.4% 4.5% 5.3% 4.8% 19.3% 3.8% BTR-80
ARTY 239
Female 8.2% 4.2% 5.2% 4.8% 24.2% 6.2%
SP 38: 122mm 10 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 28 2S3
TOWED 131: 122mm 69 D-30; 152mm 62: 26 2A36; 2
Capabilities D-1; 34 D-20
Armenia’s armed forces focus on territorial defence, giv- MRL 51: 122mm 47 BM-21; 273mm 4 WM-80
en tensions with neighbouring Azerbaijan. While overall MOR 120mm 19 M120
90 The Military Balance 2012

AT • MSL 22 Afghanistan
SP 22: 9 9P148 Konkurs; 13 9P149 MT-LB Spiral NATO • ISAF 126
AD
SAM Bosnia-Herzegovina
SP 2K11 Krug (SA-4 Ganef); 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful) OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 2
TOWED S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline); S-125 Pechora
Serbia
(SA-3 Goa)
NATO • KFOR 56
GUNS
SP ZSU-23-4 OSCE • Kosovo 1
TOWED 23mm ZU-23-2
RADAR • LAND 6 SNAR-10 Foreign Forces
AEV MT-LB
Deployment in Armenia and Azerbaijan unless stated
ARV BREhM-D; BREM-1
Bulgaria OSCE 1
Air and Air Defence Aviation Forces 1,061 Hungary OSCE 2
Kazakhstan OSCE 1
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

1 Air & AD Joint Command


Poland OSCE 1
FORCES BY ROLE
United Kingdom OSCE 1
GROUND ATTACK
Russia 3,303 (Gyumri, Armenia): 1 MR bde; 74 MBT; 201
1 sqn with Su-25 Frogfoot
ACV; 84 arty; (12 MRL; 72 SP/towed)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Military Air Forces (Yerevan, Armenia): 1 ftr sqn with 18
AIRCRAFT 16 combat capable
MiG-29 Fulcrum; 2 SAM bty with S-300V; 1 SAM bty with
FTR 1 MiG-25 Foxbat
SA-6
ATK 15 Su-25 Frogfoot
TPT • Heavy 2 Il-76 Candid
TRG 4 L-39 Albatros Austria AUT
HELICOPTERS
ATK 8 Mi-24P Hind Euro € 2010 2011 2012
ISR 4: 2 Mi-24K Hind; 2 Mi-24R Hind (cbt spt) GDP € 284bn 301bn
MRH 10 Mi-8MT (cbt spt) US$ 377bn 422bn
C&C 2 Mi-9 Hip G (cbt spt) per capita US$ 45,867 51,335
TPT • Light 9 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite Growth % 2.13 3.28
Inflation % 1.7 3.2
Paramilitary 6,694
Def expa € 2.03bn
Ministry of Internal Affairs US$ 2.69bn
FORCES BY ROLE Def bdgta € 2.12bn 2.06bn 2.08bn
MANOEUVRE US$ 2.81bn 2.88bn
Other
US$1=€ 0.75 0.71
4 paramilitary bn
a
Excludes military pensions
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIFV 55: 5 BMD-1; 44 BMP-1; 1 BMP-1K; 5 BRM-1K Population 8,217,280
APC (W) 24 BTR-60/BTR-70/BTR-152
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Border Troops Male 7.2% 3.0% 3.1% 3.1% 24.8% 7.6%
Ministry of National Security
Female 6.9% 2.9% 3.0% 3.1% 24.8% 10.6%
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIFV 43: 5 BMD-1; 35 BMP-1; 3 BRM-1K Capabilities
APC (W) 23: 5 BTR-60; 18 BTR-70
The armed forces are configured to provide territorial de-
Deployment fence, and also generate units capable of being deployed
as part of multinational peacekeeping missions. The armed
Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
forces have generated Rapid Deployment Units, made
Constitution: Codified constitution (1995, amended 2005)
up of career soldiers, to deploy at short notice to conduct
Specific legislation: ‘Law on Defence of the Republic of
Armenia’ full-spectrum crisis-management operations. Nonetheless,
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: by the presi- the armed forces have had to manage a reduction in force
dent, in accordance with ‘Law on Defence of the Repub- equipment fleets in recent years, with armoured vehicles
lic of Armenia’ (Article 5 (2) (1). Also, under Art.55 (13) of and artillery substantially cut. While peacetime unit num-
constitution, president can call for use of armed forces (and bers will remain, capabilities and strength of some units
National Assembly shall be convened). (Also Art.81 (3) of may be diminished due to budgetary and personnel con-
constitution.) straints.
Europe 91

The air force’s main combat task is to provide air de- Joint Command - Air Force 3,239
fence of national aerospace, as well as the provision of The Air Force is part of Joint Forces Comd and consists of
air-to-ground support. The lack of a significant number of 2 bde; Air Support Comd and Airspace Surveillance Comd
transport aircraft is indicative of the armed forces’ inabil- Flying hours  120 hrs/year on hel/tpt ac; 110 hrs/year on ftr
ity to independently project power at range, though they
do maintain a high readiness element. Priorities include FORCES BY ROLE
FIGHTER
Eurofighter upgrades, MLUs for transport helicopters and
2 sqn with Typhoon
acquisitions to ensure interoperable units for EU Battle-
ISR
groups. The services train regularly, including as part on
1 sqn with PC-6B Turbo Porter

Europe
multi-national exercises. Austria anticipates increased in-
TRANSPORT
ternational cooperation and burden sharing. This, as well
1 sqn with C-130K Hercules
as a shift in focus to new risks and emerging challenges,
TRAINING
is reflected in the drafts of Austria’s new National Security 1 trg sqn with Saab 105Öe*
Strategy. Some trg unit with PC-7 Turbo Trainer
ACTIVE 25,758 (Army 13,115; Air 3,239; Support TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

2 sqn with Bell 212 (AB-212)


9,404)
1 sqn with OH-58B Kiowa
CIVILIAN 8,745 1 sqn with S-70A Black Hawk
2 sqn with SA319 Alouette III
RESERVE 187,886 (Joint structured 26,663; Joint AIR DEFENCE
unstructured 161,223) 2 bn
Terms of service 6 months recruit trg, 30 days reservist 1 radar bn
refresher trg for volunteers; 90–120 days additional for EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
officers, NCOs and specialists. Authorised maximum AIRCRAFT 37 combat capable
wartime strength is 55,000; Some 66,000 reservists a year FTR 15 Eurofighter Typhoon Tranche 1
undergo refresher trg in tranches. TPT 11: Medium 3 C-130K Hercules; Light 8 PC-6B
Turbo Porter
Organisations by Service TRG 34: 12 PC-7 Turbo Trainer; 22 Saab 105Öe*
HELICOPTERS
MRH 24 SA319 Alouette III
Joint Command – Land Forces 13,115 ISR 11 OH-58B Kiowa
FORCES BY ROLE TPT 32: Medium 9 S-70A Black Hawk; Light 23 Bell 212
MANOEUVRE (AB-212)
Mechanised AD
1 (3rd) bde (1 recce/SP arty bn, 1 armd bn, 1 mech inf SAM 24 Mistral (12 more in store)
bn, 1 inf bn, 1 cbt engr bn, 1 CBRN defence coy, 1 spt GUNS • 35mm 24 Z-FIAK system (29 more in store)
bn) MSL • AAM • IIR IRIS-T
1 (4th) bde (1 recce/SP arty bn, 1 armd bn, 1 mech inf
bn, 1 inf bn, 1 CBRN defence coy, 1 spt bn) Joint Command – Special Operations Forces
Light FORCES BY ROLE
1 (6th) bde (3 inf bn, 1 cbt engr bn, 1 CBRN defence SPECIAL FORCES
coy, 1 spt bn) Some SF gp
1 (7th) bde (1 recce/arty bn, 3 inf bn, 1 cbt engr bn, 1
CBRN defence coy, 1 spt bn) Support 9,404
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Support forces comprise Joint Services Support Command
MBT 88 Leopard 2A4 (26 more in store) and several agencies, academies and schools. The agencies
LT TK 16 SK-105 Kuerassier (111 more in store) include intelligence, security, defence technology, medical
RECCE CBRN Dingo and personnel whilst the academies and schools comprise
AIFV 112 Ulan training elements and schools including The National
APC 262 Defence and NCO Academies.
APC (T) 156 4K4E Saurer/4K4F Saurer (incl look-a-likes);
(168 more in store) Deployment
APC (W) 106: 35 Dingo II (incl variants); 71 Pandur Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
ARTY 156 Constitution: incl ‘Federal Constitutional Law’ (1/1930)
SP • 155mm 36 M109A2/A3/A5ÖE (116 more in store) Specific legislation: ‘Bundesverfassungsgesetz über Koop-
MOR • 120mm 120 M-43 (80 more in store) eration und Solidarität bei der Entsendung von Einheiten
AEV 4KH7FA-AVE und Einzelpersonen in das Ausland’ (KSE-BVG, 1997)
ARV 4KH7FA-SB 20; M88A1; M578 Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By government
MW AID2000 Trailer on authorisation of the National Council’s Main Commit-
92 The Military Balance 2012

tee; simplified procedure for humanitarian and rescue forces still rely on conscription, and readiness within the
tasks (Art. 23f IV of the ‘Federal Constitutional Law’; § 2 services varies considerably between units. Peacekeeping
of the KSE-BVG) deployments have included a small number of personnel
in Afghanistan. Azerbaijan maintains defence relationships
Afghanistan
with NATO through an IPAP, and has a close relationship
NATO • ISAF 3 with Turkey. The Internal Troops are developing, with
Bosnia-Herzegovina NATO support, a police support unit to be available for
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 360; 1 inf bn HQ; 1 recce NATO-led operations. US military assistance has included
pl; 1 inf coy support to maritime-security operations in the Caspian
Sea. The air force suffers from training and maintenance
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 2
problems. The armed forces cannot organically support ex-
CYPRUS ternal deployments.
UN • UNFICYP 4
ACTIVE 66,940 (Army 56,840 Navy 2,200 Air 7,900)
Democratic Republic of The Congo Paramilitary 15,000
EU • EUSEC RD Congo 1 Terms of service 17 months, but can be extended for ground
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

forces.
Middle East
UN • UNTSO 7 obs RESERVE 300,000
Reserves some mobilisation reported, 300,000 with military
Serbia
service within 15 years
NATO • KFOR 592; 1 recce coy; 1 inf coy; elm 1 MP coy
OSCE • Serbia 1
OSCE • Kosovo 14
Organisations by Service
Syria/Israel Army 56,840
UN • UNDOF 374; elm 1 inf bn FORCES BY ROLE
WESTERN SAHARA COMMAND
UN • MINURSO 2 obs 5 corps HQ
MANEOEUVRE
Mechanised
Azerbaijan AZE 23 MR bde
Azerbaijani New Manat m 2010 2011 2012 Other
1 sy bde
GDP m 43.7bn 53.3bn
COMBAT SUPPORT
US$ 54.4bn 67.4bn 1 arty bde
per capita US$ 5,846 7,170 1 arty trg bde
Growth % 5.00 0.19 1 MRL bde
Inflation % 5.7 9.3 1 AT bde
Def exp m 1.21bn 1 engr bde
1 sigs bde
US$ 1.5bn
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
Def bdgt m 1.27bn 1.33bn
1 log bde
US$ 1.59bn 1.68bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FMA (US) US$ 3.0m 3.5m MBT 339: 95 T-55; 244 T-72
US$1=m 0.80 0.79 AIFV 111: 20 BMD-1; 43 BMP-1; 33 BMP-2; 15 BRM-1
Population 9,397,279 APC 357
APC (T) 336 MT-LB
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus APC (W) 21: 10 BTR-60; 4 BTR-70; 7 BTR-80A
Male 12.3% 5.1% 5.2% 4.5% 19.8% 2.3% ARTY 458
Female 10.9% 4.8% 5.0% 4.3% 21.7% 4.1%
SP 52: 122mm 46 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 6 2S3
TOWED 219: 122mm 129 D-30; 130mm 36 M-46; 152mm
Capabilities 42: 18 2A36; 24 D-20; 203mm 12 2S7
GUN/MOR 120mm 18 2S9 NONA
The armed forces have yet to successfully transition from a MRL 62: 300mm 12 9A52 Smerch; 122mm 43 BM-21
Soviet-era model, and the standard of equipment availabil- MOR 120mm 107 PM-38
ity remains uncertain. While defence expenditure contin- AT • MSL • MANPATS 9K11 Malyutka (AT-3 Sagger);
ues to grow, fuelled by rising oil revenues, and acquisitions 9K111 Fagot (AT-4 Spigot); 9K113 Konkurs (AT-5
include modern systems such as the S-300, analysts believe Spandrel)/9K115 Metis (AT-7 Saxhorn)
the potential benefits have apparently not yet been felt AD • SAM • SP 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher); 2K11 Krug
significantly in terms of operational capability. The armed (SA-4 Ganef): 9K33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko)
Europe 93

MSL • SSM ε4 9M79 SS-21 Scarab (Tochka) Paramilitary ε15,000


RADAR • LAND SNAR-1 Long Trough/SNAR-2/-6 Pork
Trough (arty); Small Fred/Small Yawn/SNAR-10 Big Fred Border Guard ε5,000
(veh, arty); GS-13 Long Eye (veh) Ministry of Internal Affairs
UAV • ISR • Medium 3 Aerostar AIFV 168 BMP-1/BMP-2
AEV MT-LB APC (W) 19 BTR-60/BTR-70/BTR-80
MW Bozena Coast Guard
The Coast Guard was established in 2005 as part of the
Navy 2,200 State Border Service.

Europe
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 8 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 8
FS 1 Petya II with 2 RBU 6000 Smerch 2 (24 eff.), 2 twin (4 PBF 6: 1 Osa II (FSU Project 205); 2 Silver Ships 48ft;
eff.) 76mm gun 3 Stenka
PSO 1 Luga (Woodnik 2 Class) (FSU Project 888; additional PB 2: 1 Point (US); 1 Grif (FSU Zhuk)
trg role)
Militia 10,000+
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

PCC 3: 2 Petrushka (FSU UK-3; additional trg role); 1


Ministry of Internal Affairs
Shelon (FSU Project 1388M)
APC (W) 7 BTR-60/BTR-70/BTR-80
PB 3: 1 Bryza (FSU Project 722); 1 Turk (TUR AB 25); 1
Poluchat (FSU Project 368)
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 4 Deployment
MHC 4: 2 Yevgenya (FSU Project 1258); 2 Yakhont (FSU Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
Sonya) Constitution: Codified constitution (1995)
AMPHIBIOUS 6 Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By parliament
LSM 3: 1 Polnochny A (FSU Project 770) (capacity 6 MBT; upon proposal by president (Art. 109, No. 28)
180 troops); 2 Polnochny B (FSU Project 771) (capacity 6 Afghanistan
MBT; 180 troops) NATO • ISAF 94
LCU 1 Vydra† (FSU) (capacity either 3 AMX-30 MBT or
Serbia
200 troops)
OSCE • Kosovo 1
LCM 2 T-4 (FSU)
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 2
ARS 1 Iva (FSU Vikhr); AGS 1 (FSU Project 10470) Foreign Forces
OSCE numbers represents total deployment in Armenia
Air Force and Air Defence 7,900 and Azerbaijan unless stated
FORCES BY ROLE Bulgaria OSCE 1
FIGHTER Hungary OSCE 1
1 sqn with MiG-29 Fulcrum Lithuania OSCE 1
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK Poland OSCE 1
1 regt with MiG-21 Fishbed; Su-17 Fitter; Su-24 Fencer; United Kingdom OSCE 1
Su-25 Frogfoot; Su-25UB Frogfoot B
TRANSPORT
1 sqn with An-12 Cub; Yak-40 Codling
Belarus BLR
ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER Belarusian Ruble r 2010 2011 2012
1 regt with Mi-8 Hip; Mi-24 Hind; PZL Mi-2 Hoplite GDP r 163tr 245tr
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE US$ 54.4bn 54.9bn
AIRCRAFT 44 combat capable per capita US$ 5,656 5,728
FTR 14 MiG-29 Fulcrum Growth % 7.55 4.96
FGA 11: 4 MiG-21 Fishbed (+1 in store); 4 Su-17 Fitter; 1
Inflation % 7.7 41.0
Su-17U Fitter; 2 Su-24 Fencer†
ATK 19: 16 Su-25 Frogfoot; 3 Su-25UB Frogfoot B Def exp r 2.17tn
TPT 4: Medium 1 An-12 Cub; Light 3 Yak-40 Codling US$ 725m
TRG 40: 28 L-29 Delfin; 12 L-39 Albatros Def bdgt r 2.10tr 2.10tr
HELICOPTERS US$ 702m 470m
ATK 26 Mi-24 Hind US$1=r 2,997.60 4,462.01
TPT 20: Medium 13 Mi-8 Hip; Light 7 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite
Population 9,577,552
UAV • ISR • Medium 4 Aerostar
AD • SAM S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline); S-125 Neva (SA-3 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Goa)/S-200 Vega (SA-5 Gammon) static
Male 7.3% 3.0% 4.0% 4.3% 23.4% 4.5%
MSL • AAM • IR R-60 (AA-8 Aphid); R-73 (AA-11 Archer)
IR/SARH R-27 (AA-10 Alamo) Female 6.9% 2.9% 3.9% 4.2% 26.0% 9.6%
94 The Military Balance 2012

ARTY 1,003
Capabilities SP 432: 122mm 198 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 236: 108 2S3;
Belarus inherited the bulk of its military equipment from 116 2S5; 12 2S19 Farm
the Soviet Union, and Russia’s influence over its military TOWED 228: 122mm 48 D-30; 152mm 180: 48 2A36; 132
doctrine remains strong. Reported poor morale and train- 2A65
ing within the conscript-based armed forces undermines GUN/MOR 120mm 48 2S9 NONA
their capability, and there is little interest in transitioning MRL 234: 122mm 126 BM-21; 220mm 72 9P140 Uragan;
to fully professional armed forces, although draft numbers 300mm 36 9A52 Smerch
have declined. Aircrew flying hours are inadequate for a MOR 120mm 61 2S12
modern air force. Ground-based surface-to-air missile sys- AT • MSL
tems need to be upgraded or replaced and Belarus, which SP 236: 126 9P148 Konkurs; 110 9P149 Shturm
has the S-300, may be eyeing the S-400 system. Belarusian MANPATS 9K111 Fagot (AT-4 Spigot); 9K113 Konkurs
forces exercise with their Russian counterparts regularly (AT-5 Spandrel); 9K114 Shturm (AT-6 Spiral); 9K115 Metis
and could support a regional joint operation with Mos- (AT-7 Saxhorn)
cow. A new National Security concept was adopted in late AD • SAM • SP 350 9K37 Buk (SA-11 Gadfly); S-300V(SA-
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

2010 and, in late 2011, the government was reportedly con- 12A Gladiator/SA-12B Giant); 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher);
cerned to prevent ‘military security from sliding’ and was 9K33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko) (700–2,100 eff.)
advocating a new territorial defence force. RADAR • LAND GS-13 Long Eye/SNAR-1 Long Trough/
SNAR-2/-6 Pork Trough (arty); some Small Fred/Small Yawn/
ACTIVE 72,940 (Army 29,600 Air 18,170 Joint SNAR-10 Big Fred (veh, arty)
25,170) Paramilitary 110,000 MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 96: 36 FROG/SS-21 Scarab
Terms of service 9–12 months (Tochka); 60 Scud
AEV MT-LB
RESERVE 289,500 (Joint 289,500 with mil service VLB MTU
within last 5 years)
Air Force and Air Defence Forces 18,170
Organisations by Service Flying hours  15 hrs/year
FORCES BY ROLE
Joint 25,170 (Centrally controlled units and FIGHTER
MoD staff ) 2 bases with MiG-29S Fulcrum C/MiG-29UB Fulcrum;
Su-27P Flanker-B/Su-27UB Flanker C
Army 29,600 FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK/ISR
FORCES BY ROLE 4 sqn with Su-24MK Fencer D/Su-24MR Fencer-E; Su-25
COMMAND Frogfoot/Su-25UB Frogfoot B
2 comd HQ (West & North West) TRANSPORT
SPECIAL FORCES 1 base with An-12 Cub; An-24 Coke; An-26 Curl; Il-76
1 SF bde Candid; Tu-134 Crusty
MANOEUVRE TRAINING
Mechanised Some sqn with L-39 Albatros
1 (mobile) armd inf bde ATTACK HELICOPTER
1 (mobile) mech bde Some sqn with Mi-24 Hind
6 mech bde TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
COMBAT SUPPORT Some (cbt spt) sqn with Mi-6 Hook; Mi-8 Hip; Mi-24K
2 arty bde Hind G2; Mi-24R Hind G1; Mi-26 Halo
1 arty gp EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 MRL bde AIRCRAFT 128 combat capable
2 MRL regt FTR 38 MiG-29S Fulcrum C/MiG-29UB Fulcrum
2 SSM bde FGA 21 Su-27P Flanker-B/Su-27UB Flanker C
2 AD bde FGA/ISR 34 Su-24MK Fencer D (FGA)/Su-24MR
2 engr bde Fencer-E (ISR)
2 engr regt ATK 35 Su-25K Frogfoot FGA/Su-25UBK Frogfoot B
1 NBC regt TPT 15: Heavy 4 Il-76 Candid (+12 civ Il-76 available for
1 ptn bridging regt mil use); Medium 3 An-12 Cub; Light 8: 1 An-24 Coke; 6
2 sigs bde An-26 Curl; 1 Tu-134 Crusty
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE TRG Some L-39 Albatros
MBT 515: 446 T-72; 69 T-80 HELICOPTERS
AIFV 1,111: 100 BMD-1; 875 BMP-2; 136 BRM-1 ATK 50 Mi-24 Hind
APC 264 ISR 20: 8 Mi-24K Hind G2; 12 Mi-24R Hind G1
APC (T) 72: 22 BTR-D; 50 MT-LB TPT 168: Heavy 43: 29 Mi-6 Hook; 14 Mi-26 Halo;
APC (W) 192: 39 BTR-70; 153 BTR-80 Medium 125 Mi-8 Hip
Europe 95

MSL
ASM Kh-25 (AS-10 Karen); Kh-29 (AS-14 Kedge) Capabilities
ARM Kh-58 (AS-11 Kilter) Belgian military expenditure is under increasing pressure.
AAM • IR R-60 (AA-8 Aphid); R-73 (AA-11 Archer) While there will be no change to the missions envisaged, all
SARH R-27R (AA-10 Alamo A) forces will reduce in size in terms of personnel and equip-
ment; most of these processes are to complete by end-2013.
Air Defence The armed forces plan to further develop deployable and
AD data from Uzal Baranovichi EW radar
flexible forces. They exercise jointly on a regular basis
FORCES BY ROLE while also participating in a broad range of multinational
AIR DEFENCE training exercises. Belgian forces have been deployed as

Europe
1 bde (2 AD bn) part of ISAF since 2003. Belgium maintains a quick reac-
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE tion force, and the military has the ability to project force,
AD • SAM S-300PS (SA-10B Grumble); S-125 Pechora though only as part of a multi-national deployment. Air
(SA-3 Goa); S-200 (SA-5 Gammon) and maritime units deployed in 2011 on Operation Unified
Protector. Belgium is transforming its land component into
Paramilitary 110,000 a wheeled medium bde and an airborne-capable light bde.
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

The air component faces a significant change in inventory


Border Guards 12,000 around the end of this decade when it will need to replace
Ministry of Interior its F-16s. The naval component focuses on escort and mine
countermeasures for littoral and blue-water operations
Militia 87,000 (not full-spectrum blue-water ops).
Ministry of Interior
ACTIVE 34 ,336 (Army 12,544 Navy 1,590 Air 5,739
Ministry of Interior Troops 11,000 Medical Service 1,844 Joint Service 12,619)
RESERVE 1,400
Deployment
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Organisations by Service
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1
Land Component 12,544
Lebanon
FORCES BY ROLE
UN • UNIFIL 3
COMMAND
Serbia 2 (med & lt) bde HQ
OSCE • Kosovo 1 SPECIAL FORCES
1 SF gp
MANOEUVRE
Foreign Forces
Reconnaissance
Russia: Military Air Forces: 4 SAM units with S-300 (SA- 1 ISTAR gp (2 ISTAR coy, 1 surv coy)
10 Grumble (quad)) Mechanised
4 mech bn
Belgium BEL Light
1 lt inf bn
Euro € 2010 2011 2012 1 cdo bn
GDP € 353bn 374bn Air Manoeuvre
1 para bn
US$ 467bn 525bn
COMBAT SUPPORT
per capita US$ 44,804 50,327
1 arty gp (1 arty bty, 1 mor bty, 1 AD bty)
Growth % 2.11 2.42 2 engr bn (1 cbt engr coy, 1 lt engr coy, 1 construction
Inflation % 2.3 3.2 engr coy)
Def expa € 3.95bn 1 EOD unit
US$ 5.23bn 1 CBRN coy
1 MP coy (with 1 pl dedicated to EUROCORPS)
Def bdgt € 2.74bn 2.77bn 2.82bn
3 CIS sigs gp
US$ 3.64bn 3.88bn COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
US$1=€ 0.75 0.71 3 log bn
a
Including military pensions
Reserves 1,600
Population 10,431,477
Territorial Support Units
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus FORCES BY ROLE
Male 8.1% 3.0% 3.1% 3.1% 24.2% 7.5% MANOEUVRE
Light
Female 7.8% 2.9% 3.0% 2.9% 24.0% 10.5%
11 inf unit
96 The Military Balance 2012

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE EQUIPMENT BY TYPE


MBT 30 Leopard 1A5 AIRCRAFT 88 combat capable
AIFV 33: 12 Piranha III-C DF30; 9 Piranha III-C DF90; 12 FTR 60 F-16AM/BM Fighting Falcon
AIFV-B-C25 (25mm) TPT: 19 Medium 11 C-130H Hercules; Light 4: 2 ERJ-
APC 298 135 LR; 2 ERJ-145 LR; PAX 4: 1 A330; 2 Falcon 20 (VIP);
APC (W) 298: 220 Dingo; 64 Piranha III-C; 14 Piranha III- 1 Falcon 900B
PC TRG 60: 28 Alpha Jet*; 32 SF-260D/M
ARTY 64 HELICOPTERS
TOWED 105mm 14 LG1 MK II MRH 3 SA316B Alouette III opcon Navy
MOR 50: 81mm 18; 120mm 32 SAR 4 Sea King Mk48 (to be replaced by 2 NH90 NFH,
AD • SAM 24 Mistral delivery expected from mid-2013)
AEV Leopard 1 TPT • Light 20 AW109 (ISR) (4 NH90 TTH on order,
ARV ARV 2000; Leopard 1; M113 delivery from mid-2013)
VLB Leguan; Leopard 1 UAV • ISR • Heavy 13 RQ-5A Hunter (B-Hunter)
MSL
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Naval Component 1,590 AAM • IR AIM-9M/N Sidewinder; ARH AIM-120B


EQUIPMENT BY TYPE AMRAAM
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 2 BOMBS
FRIGATES • FFGHM 2 Karel Doorman each with 2 quad Conventional: Mk 84, Mk 82
lnchr (8 eff.) each with Harpoon AShM, 1 16 cell Mk 48 INS/GPS guided: GBU-31 JDAM; GBU-38 JDAM
Laser-Guided: GBU-10/GBU-12 Paveway II; GBU-24
VLS with RIM-7P Sea Sparrow SAM, 4 single 324mm Mk
Paveway III
32 MOD 9 ASTT with Mk 46 MOD 5 HWT, 1 76mm gun,
PODS Infra-red/TV: 4 LANTIRN, 10 Sniper
(capacity 1 med hel)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PBR 1
Liberation (in reserve) Deployment
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES • Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
MHC 5 Flower (Tripartite) Constitution: Codified constitution (1831)
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 9: Specific legislation: ‘Loi relatif à la mise en oeuvre des
AG 1 Stern forces armées, à la mise en condition, ainsi qu’aux périodes
AGFH 1 Godetia (log spt/comd) et positions dans lesquelles le militaire peut se trouver’
AGOR 1 Belgica (1994)
AXS 1 Zenobe Gramme Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By the
YTL 3 Wesp monarch, the government and the minister of defence
YTM 2 (1994 law, Art. 88, 106, 167 of constitution)

Naval Aviation Afghanistan


HELICOPTERS • MRH 3 SA316B Alouette III (part of NATO • ISAF 577; 6 F-16 Fighting Falcon
the Air Component); (to be replaced by 2 NH90 NFH on Bosnia- HERZEGOVINA
order, delivery expected from mid-2013)
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1

Air Component 5,739 Democratic Republic of the Congo


Flying hours 165 hrs/yr on cbt ac. 500 hrs/yr on tpt ac. 300 EU • EUSEC RD Congo 8
hrs/yr on heli; 200 hrs/yr for trg purposes UN • MONUSCO 22; 5 obs; 1 avn flt with 1 C-130
FORCES BY ROLE France
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK/ISR NATO • Air Component 28 Alpha Jet located at Cazeaux/
4 sqn with F-16AM/BM Fighting Falcon Tours
SEARCH & RESCUE
1 unit with Sea King Mk48 Lebanon
TRANSPORT UN • UNIFIL 99; 1 engr coy
1 wg with A330; C-130H Hercules; ERJ-135 LR; ERJ-145 MIDDLE EAST
LR; Falcon 20 (VIP); Falcon 900B UN • UNTSO 2 obs
TRAINING
1 unit with F-16AM/BM Fighting Falcon North Sea
1 sqn with SF-260D/SF-260M NATO • SNMCMG 1: 1 MHC
1 BEL/FRA unit with Alpha Jet* Serbia
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
OSCE • Kosovo 1
1 wg with AW109 (ISR)
ISR UAV Uganda
1 sqn with RQ-5A Hunter (B-Hunter) EU • EUTM 5
Europe 97

Foreign Forces RECCE 3: 1 BDRM-1; 2 BDRM-2


AIFV 137: 25 AMX-10P; 112 BVP M-80
United States US European Command: 1,234
APC 127
APC (T) 98: 18 M-60P; 80 M113A2
Bosnia–Herzegovina BIH APC (W) 29: 4 BOV-M; 21 BOV-VP; 4 BTR-60
ARTY 1,521
Convertible Mark 2010 2011 2012 SP 122mm 24 2S1 Carnation
GDP mark 24.4bn 25.4bn TOWED 730: 105mm 161: 36 L-118 Light Gun; 101 M-56;
US$ 16.5bn 18.2bn 24 M101/M101A1; 122mm 268 D-30 130mm 74: 61 M-46;
13 M-82 152mm 30: 13 D-20; 17 M-84 155mm 197: 3 M-59;

Europe
per capita US$ 3,577 3,938
194 M114/M114A2
Growth % 0.70 2.20
MRL 153: 107mm 28 VLR Type-63; 122mm 43: 37 APRA
Inflation % 2.1 4.0 40; 5 BM-21; 1 Kacusa; 128mm 77: 21 M-63; 21 M-77; 35
Def exp mark 325m M-91; 262mm 5 M-87
US$ 220m MOR 614: 82mm 81 MB M-69; 120mm 538: 23 2B11 (UK-
2); 11 HADID; 7 KROM; 1 M-38; 1 M-43; 460 M-74/M-75;
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Def bdgt mark 335m 346m 352m


US$ 227m 248m 30 UBM-52
AT
FMA (US) US$ 4.0m 6.44m
MSL
US$1=mark 1.48 1.39 SP 60: 8 9P122 Malyutka; 9 9P133 Malyutka; 32 BOV-1;
Population 4,622,163 11 M-92
MANPATS 641: 508 9K11 Malyutka (AT-3 Sagger);
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus 76 9K111 Fagot (AT-4 Spigot); 1 9K115 Metis (AT-7
Male 7.2% 3.0% 3.7% 3.5% 25.5% 6.1% Saxhorn); 51 HJ-8; 5 Milan
Female 6.8% 2.8% 3.5% 3.5% 25.4% 8.9% GUNS 175:
SP • 82mm 20 M-60PB
Capabilities TOWED • 100mm 155 MT-12/T-12
AD • SAM
The Bosnian armed forces are an uneasy amalgam of SP 27: 1 Strela-10M3 (SA-13 Gopher); 20 2K12 Kub (SA-6
troops from all three formerly warring entities. Consid- Gainful); 6 Strela-1 (SA-9 Gaskin)
erably reduced to a size that the country can afford, they MANPAD 9K34 Strela-3 (SA-14 Gremlin); 9K310 (SA-
likely have little capability to mount sustained combat op- 16 Gimlet)
erations. They are capable of making minor contributions GUNS 764
to international operations, and have identified an infantry SP 169: 20mm 9 BOV-3 SPAAG; 30mm 154: 38 M53;
company, military police platoon and EOD platoon as pos- 116 M-53-59; 57mm 6 ZSU 57/2
sible contributions to international missions. Bosnia has TOWED 595: 20mm 468: 32 M-55A2, 4 M38, 1 M55
deployed forces to Iraq and Afghanistan. A2B1, 293 M55 A3/A4, 138 M75; 23mm 38: 29 ZU-23, 9
GSh-23; 30mm 33 M-53; 37mm 7 Type 55; 40mm 49: 31
ACTIVE 10,577 (Joint 500 Army 9,205, AF/AD 872) L60, 16 L70, 2 M-12
VLB MTU
Organisations by Service MW Bozena

Air Wing 872


Joint 500 (Joint Staff 252; Joint Operational
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Command 148; Support Command 100) AIRCRAFT 19 combat capable
FGA 7 J-22 Orao
Army 9,205 ATK 9: 6 J-1 (J-21) Jastreb; 3 TJ-1(NJ-21) Jastreb
1 ops comd; 1 cbt spt comd; 1 trg comd; 1 log comd ISR 2 RJ-1 (IJ-21) Jastreb*
FORCES BY ROLE TRG 1 G-4 Super Galeb (N-62)*
MANOUEVRE HELICOPTERS
Light MRH 18: 4 Mi-8MTV Hip; 1 Mi-17 Hip H; 1 SA-341H
3 inf bde Gazelle (HN-42); 7 SA-341H/SA-342L Gazelle (HN-42M/
COMBAT SUPPORT HN-45M); 5 SA-342L Gazelle (H-45)
1 cbt spt bde TPT 26 Medium 11 Mi-8 Hip Light 15 Bell 205 (UH-1H
1 EOD bn Iroquois)
1 CBRN coy TRG 1 Mi-34 Hermit
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
5 log bn Deployment
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
MBT 334: 50 AMX-30; 45 M60A1/A3; 71 M-84; 6 T-34; 162 Constitution: Codified constitution within Dayton Peace
T-54/T-55 Agreement (1995)
98 The Military Balance 2012

Specific legislation: ‘Law on participation of military,


police, state and other employees in peacekeeping Bulgaria BLG
operations and other activities conducted abroad’
Bulgarian Lev L 2010 2011 2012
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By the
members of the Presidency (2003 ‘Defence Law’ Art. 9, 13) GDP L 70.5bn 75.1bn
US$ 47.7bn 53.8bn
AFGHANISTAN
per capita US$ 6,672 7,589
NATO • ISAF 55
Growth % 0.15 2.50
Democratic Republic of the Congo Inflation % 3.0 3.8
UN • MONUSCO 5 obs Def exp L 1.23bn

Serbia US$ 832m

OSCE • Serbia 1 Def bdgt L 916m 1.01bn 1.01bn

OSCE • Kosovo 10 US$ 620m 725m


FMA (US) US$ 9.0m 13.2m
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

US$1=L 1.48 1.40


Foreign Forces
Part of EUFOR – Operation Althea unless otherwise stated. Population 7,093,635

Albania 11 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus


Armenia OSCE 2 Male 7.1% 2.6% 3.3% 3.6% 23.9% 7.4%
Austria 360; 1 inf bn HQ; 1 recce pl; 1 inf coy; 3 SA316 Female 6.8% 2.4% 3.2% 3.4% 25.5% 10.8%
Allouette III • OSCE 2
Belarus OSCE 1 Capabilities
Belgium OSCE 1
Bulgaria’s armed forces continue to transition from Sovi-
Bulgaria 117 et-era to modern force structures commensurate with the
Canada OSCE 2 country’s national defence needs and NATO membership.
Chile 22 The intent is to field smaller but more capable armed forces,
Croatia OSCE 1 and to replace Soviet-era equipment. A White Paper of late
Czech Republic 2 • OSCE 1 2010 set out Bulgaria’s plans for a force-structure review,
which would lead to a reduction in army size, though the
Estonia 1
expanding ability to carry out such tasks as CIMIC. The
Finland 10 • OSCE 1 armed forces are due to transition to a modified force
France 1 • OSCE 2 structure by 2014. Funding shortages, meanwhile, have
Germany 13 • OSCE 4 curtailed or delayed some procurement. The armed forces
Greece 25 • OSCE 3 exercise regularly at the national level, and also participate
in NATO exercises. Bulgaria contributes to ISAF and in
Hungary 171; 1 inf coy • OSCE 2
2011 sent naval forces as part of Operation Unified Protector.
Ireland 44 • OSCE 4
Italy 5 • OSCE 5 ACTIVE 31,315 (Army 16,304 Navy 3,471 Air 6,706
Kyrgyzstan OSCE 1 Central Staff 4,834) Paramilitary 34,000
Luxembourg 1 RESERVE 303,000 (Army 250,500 Navy 7,500 Air
Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of 12 45,000)
Netherlands 76 • OSCE 1
Norway OSCE 1 Organisations by Service
Poland 47; 1 inf coy • OSCE 2
Portugal 18 • OSCE 2 Army 16,304
Forces are being reduced in number.
Romania 59 • OSCE 2
Russia OSCE 3 FORCES BY ROLE
SPECIAL FORCES
Slovakia 46 • OSCE 3
1 SF regt
Slovenia 15 • OSCE 1 MANOEUVRE
Spain 17 • OSCE 3 Reconnaissance
Sweden 1 • OSCE 1 1 armd recce bn
Switzerland 20 • OSCE 1 Mechanised
2 mech inf bde
Tajikistan OSCE 1
COMBAT SUPPORT
Turkey 288; 1 inf coy • OSCE 1 1 arty regt
United Kingdom 5 • OSCE 4 1 engr regt
United States OSCE 11 1 NBC regt
Europe 99

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT MSC 5: 3 Briz (FSU Sonya); 2 Iscar (FSU Vanya)
1 log regt MSI 3: 3 Olya, less than 100 tonnes (FSU)
AMPHIBIOUS 2
Army Reserve 250,500 reservists LSM 1 Polnochny A (FSU) (capacity 6 MBT; 180 troops)
FORCES BY ROLE LCU 1 Vydra
MANOEUVRE LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 17: 1 AORL; 2 AOL; 1 ARS;
Light 2 APT; 2 AT; 2 YTR; 1 AX; 3 AGS; 1 ADG; 2 ADT
4 inf bde
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Naval Aviation
MBT 301 T-72 HELICOPTERS

Europe
RECCE Maritza NBC ASW 6 Mi-14 Haze (3 operational; to be replaced by 3
AIFV 160: 80 BMP-1; 80 BMP-2/3 AS565MB Panther)
APC 1,084
APC (T) 1,002: 315 MT-LB; 687 look-a-likes Air Force 6,706
APC (W) 82 BTR-60 Flying hours 30–40 hrs/yr
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

ARTY 738
FORCES BY ROLE
SP • 122mm 247 2S1 Carnation
FIGHTER/ISR
TOWED 152: 122mm 20 (M-30) M-1938; 152mm 132 D-20
1 sqn with MiG-21bis/UM Fishbed
MRL 122mm 124 BM-21
1 sqn with MiG-29A/UB Fulcrum
MOR 120mm 215 2S11 SP Tundzha
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
AT
2 sqn with Su-25/UB Frogfoot
MSL
TRANSPORT
SP 24 9P148 Konkurs
1 sqn with An-2 Colt; An-26 Curl; C-27J Spartan; L-410
MANPATS 236 9K111 Fagot (AT-4 Spigot)/9K113
UVP; PC-12M; Tu-134B Crusty
Konkurs (AT-5 Spandrel); (200 9K11 Malyutka (AT-3
ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
Sagger) in store)
GUNS 126: 100mm 126 MT-12; 85mm (150 D-44 in store) 2 sqn with AS532AL Cougar; Bell 206 Jet Ranger; Mi-17
AD Hip H; Mi-24D/V Hind D/E
SAM • SP 24 9K33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MANPAD 9K32 Strela (SA-7 Grail) AIRCRAFT 62 combat capable
GUNS 400 100mm KS-19 towed/57mm S-60 towed/23mm FTR 20 MiG-29A/UB Fulcrum
ZSU-23-4 SP/ZU-23 towed FGA 18 MiG-21bis/UM Fishbed
RADARS • LAND GS-13 Long Eye (veh); SNAR-1 Long ATK 24 Su-25K/UBK Frogfoot (5 upgraded to NATO
Trough (arty); SNAR-10 Big Fred (veh, arty); SNAR-2/-6 standard)
Pork Trough (arty); Small Fred/Small Yawn (veh, arty) ISR 1 An-30 Clank
AEV MT-LB TPT 16: Medium 3 C-27J Spartan; Light 13: 1 An-2 Colt;
ARV T-54/T-55; MTP-1; MT-LB 3 An-26 Curl; 7 L-410UVP/L-410UVP-E; 1 PC-12M;
VLB BLG67; TMM 1 Tu-134B Crusty
TRG 12: 6 L-39ZA Albatros; 6 PC-9M (basic)
Navy 3,471 HELICOPTERS
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE ATK 18 Mi-24D/V Hind D/E (12 being upgraded to
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 4 NATO standard)
FRIGATES 4 MRH 12 Mi-17 Hip H (6 to be upgraded to NATO
FFGM 3 Drazki (BEL Wielingen) with 2 twin lnchr each standard)
with MM-38 Exocet AShM, 1 octuple Mk29 GMLS with TPT 17: Medium 11 AS532AL Cougar; Light 6 Bell 206
RIM-7P Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 single 533mm ASTT with Jet Ranger
L5 HWT, 1 sextuple 375mm MLE 54 Creusot-Loire A/S UAV • EW Yastreb-2S
mor, 1 100mm gun AD
FFM 1 Smeli (FSU Koni) with 1 twin lnchr with 2 Osa-M SAM S-300 (SA-10 Grumble) (quad) S-75 Dvina (SA-2
(SA-N-4 Gecko) SAM, 2 RBU 6000 Smerch 2, 2 twin Guideline towed); S-125 Pechora (SA-3 Goa); S-200 (SA-5
76mm gun Gammon)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6 MSL
PCFGM 1 Mulnaya (FSU Tarantul II) with 2 twin lnchr AAM • IR R-3 (AA-2 Atoll)‡ R-73 (AA-11 Archer) SARH
with 4P-15M Termit-M (SS-N-2C Styx) AShM, 2 quad R-27R (AA-10 Alamo A)
lnchr with 8 Strela-2 (SA-N-5 Grail) SAM, 1 76mm gun ASM Kh-29 (AS-14 Kedge); Kh-23 (AS-7 Kerry)‡; Kh-25
PCM 2 Reshitelni (FSU Pauk I) with 1 Strela-2 (SA-N-5 (AS-10 Karen)
Grail) SAM, 4 single 406mm TT, 2 RBU 1200, 1 76mm gun
PBFG 3 Osa I/II (FSU)† each with 4 P-15/P-15U Termit Paramilitary 34,000
(SS-N-2A/B Styx) AShM
MINE COUNTERMEASURES 9 Border Guards 12,000
MHC 1 (Tripartite – BEL Flower) Ministry of Interior
100 The Military Balance 2012

FORCES BY ROLE
Paramilitary  12 regt Capabilities
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE A NATO member since 2009, Croatia continues to work
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 20 on the long-term goals laid out in its 2005 defence re-
PB 20: 9 Grif (FSU Zhuk); 3 Nesebar (FSU Neustadt); 8 view and the associated 2006–2015 long-term develop-
(other) ment plan. Military tasks cover national sovereignty, the
defence of Croatia and allies, the ability to participate in
Railway and Construction Troops 18,000 crisis-response operations overseas, and support to civil
institutions. Force modernisation and supporting training
Security Police 4,000 remain priorities, with the services regularly taking part
in multinational exercises. Re-equipment plans have been
Deployment hampered by the economic downturn. Perhaps the most
high profile of the projects affected is the air force’s need to
Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
replace its obsolescent MiG-21s with a modern combat air-
Constitution: Codified constitution (1991)
craft. This procurement has likely been delayed by several
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By the
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

years. The country contributes to ISAF in Afghanistan and


president upon request from the Council of Ministers and
also provides support to a number of UN missions. There
upon approval by the National Assembly (Art. 84 XI)
is an emphasis on developing professionalism and train-
Afghanistan ing, despite funding pressures.
NATO • ISAF 597; 1 mech inf coy
ACTIVE 18,600 (Army 11,390 Navy 1,850 Air 3,500
Armenia/Azerbaijan Joint 1,860) Paramilitary 3,000
OSCE • Minsk Conference 1
RESERVE 21,000 (Army 18,500 Navy 250 Air 2,250)
Bosnia-Herzegovina
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 117
Organisations by Service
Iraq
NATO • NTM-I 2 Joint 1,860 (General Staff )
Liberia
UN • UNMIL 2 obs Army 11,390
FORCES BY ROLE
Moldova SPECIAL FORCES
OSCE • Moldova 1 1 SF bn
Serbia MANOEUVRE
NATO • KFOR 10 Armoured
1 armd bde
OSCE • Serbia 1
Light
OSCE • Kosovo 1
1 inf bde
Other
Croatia CRO 3 gd regt (org varies)
COMBAT SUPPORT
Croatian Kuna k 2010 2011 2012
1 MRL regt
GDP k 335bn 346bn 1 AT regt
US$ 60.7bn 65.3bn 1 ADA regt
per capita US$ 13,526 14,553 1 engr regt
Growth % -1.19 0.76 1 MP regt
Inflation % 1.0 3.2 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 261: 72 M-84; 3 T-72M; 186 T55; 30 decommissioning
Def exp k 5.66bn
AIFV 103: 103 M80; 1 decommissioning
US$ 1.03bn
APC 43
Def bdgt k 4.74bn 4.96bn APC (T) 16 BTR-50
US$ 860m 935m APC (W) 22: 9 BOV-VP; 13 LOV OP
FMA (US) US$ 2.5m 5.0m PPV 5 Cougar HE
US$1=k 5.51 5.31 ARTY 1,436
SP 122mm 8 2S1 Carnation
Population 4,483,804 TOWED 416: 105mm 165: 89 M-2A1; 29
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus decommissioning; 47 M-56H1 decommissioning;
122mm 95: 53 D-30; 42 M-1938 decommissioning;
Male 7.7% 3.1% 3.1% 3.5% 24.1% 6.6%
130mm 78: 44 M-46; 34 M-46H1 152mm 41: 20 D-20; 18
Female 7.3% 3.0% 3.0% 3.4% 24.8% 10.2% M-84; 3 M 84H; 155mm 18 M-1H1; 203mm 19 M-2
Europe 101

MRL 42 Coast Guard


SP 42: 122mm 39: 1 SVLR M 96 Typhoon, 7 M91 Vulkan
FORCES BY ROLE
31 BM-21 Grad; 128mm 2 LOV RAK M91 R24; 262mm
The Croatian Coast Guard is a command under the navy.
1 M-87 Orkan
It retains two divisions, headquartered in Split (1st div)
MOR 790: 82mm 475: 339 LMB M96; 136
and Pula (2nd div).
decommissioning; 120mm 315: 310M-75; 5 UBM 52
AT EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MSL 603+ PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 4
SP 43 POLO BOV 83 Mirna

Europe
MANPATS 560+: 418 9K11 Malyutka (AT-3 Sagger); LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • AX 2
81 9K111 Fagot (AT-4 Spigot); 23 9K115 Metis (AT-7
Saxhorn); 38 9K113 Konkurs (AT-5 Spandrel); Milan Air Force and Air Defence 3,500
(reported) Flying hours  50 hrs/year
RL 90mm M-79
GUNS 100mm 133 T-12 FORCES BY ROLE
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

AD FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
MANPADS 619: 539 9K32M Strela 2M (SA-7 Grail); 80 2 (mixed) sqn with MiG-21bis/MiG-21UMD Fishbed
9K38 Igla (SA-18 Grouse) TRANSPORT
GUNS 463 1 sqn with An-32 Cline
SP 62: 20mm 45: 44 BOV-3 SP; 1 decommissioning; TRAINING
30mm 17 BOV-3 1 sqn with PC-9M; Utva-75
TOWED 401: 20mm 390: 177 M55; 213 1 hel sqn with Bell 206B Jet Ranger II
decommissioning; 40mm 11 TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
ARV M84A1; WZT-3 2 sqn with Mi-8MTV Hip H; Mi-8T Hip C; Mi-171Sh
VLB 3 MT-55A EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MW Bozena; 1 Rhino AIRCRAFT 10 combat capable
FGA 10: 6 MiG-21bis Fishbed; 4 MiG-21UMD Fishbed
Navy 1,600; 250 conscript (total 1,850) TPT • Light 2 An-32 Cline
Navy Central Command HQ at Split. Two naval districts, TRG 24: 20 PC-9M; 4 Utva-75 (basic trg; being replaced
NAVSOUTH and NAVNORTH by 5 Z-242L)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE HELICOPTERS
SUBMARINES • SDV 3: 1 R-1; 2 R-2 Mala MRH 11 Mi-8MTV Hip H
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6 TPT 21 Medium 13: 3 Mi-8T Hip C; 10 Mi-171Sh Light 8
PCGF 1 Koncar with 2 twin lnchr with RBS-15B AShM Bell 206B Jet Ranger II
PCGM 2 Helsinki with 4 twin lnchr with RBS-15M AD
AShM, 2 sextuple Sadral lnchr with Mistral SAM SAM
PCG 2 Kralj with 2–4 twin lnchr with RBS-15B AShM SP S-300 (SA-10 Grumble (quad)); 9K31 Strela-1 (SA-9
PBR 1 OB 93 Gaskin)
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES • MANPAD 9K34 Strela-3 (SA-14 Gremlin); 9K310 Igla-1
MHI 1 Korcula (SA-16 Gimlet)
AMPHIBIOUS 6 RADAR 8: 5 FPS-117; 3 S-600
LCT 2 Cetina MSL • AAM • IR R-3S (AA-2 Atoll)‡; R-60 (AA-8 Aphid)
LCVP 4 Type 21
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 12:
Paramilitary 3,000
AXS 1 Kraljica Mora; YTM 2; YDT 2; YFU 5; AKL 2
Police 3,000 armed
Coastal Defence
FORCES BY ROLE
COMBAT SUPPORT Deployment
21+ arty bty Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
3 AShM bty with RBS-15K Constitution: Codified constitution (2004)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By the parlia-
MSL • TACTICAL • AShM RBS-15K ment (Art. 7 II); simplified procedure for humanitarian aid
and military exercises
Marines Afghanistan
FORCES BY ROLE NATO • ISAF 317
MANOEUVRE
Amphibious BOSNIA-Herzegovina
2 indep mne coy OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1
102 The Military Balance 2012

CYPRUS Organisations by Service


UN • UNFICYP 2
India/Pakistan National Guard 1,300 regular; 10,700 conscript
UN • UNMOGIP 9 obs (total 12,000)
FORCES BY ROLE
LEBANON SPECIAL FORCES
UN • UNIFIL 1 1 comd (regt) (1 SF bn)
LIBERIA MANOEUVRE
Armoured
UN • UNMIL 2
1 lt armd bde (3 armd bn)
Serbia Mechanised
NATO • KFOR 20 2 (1st & 2nd) mech inf div (3 mech inf bn)
OSCE • Serbia 1 Light
OSCE • Kosovo 7 1 (4th) bde (2 lt inf regt)
COMBAT SUPPORT
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

SYRIA/ISRAEl 1 arty comd (8 arty bn)


UN • UNDOF 95; 1 inf coy 1 (3rd) cbt spt bde
Western Sahara EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 160: 68 T-80U; 40 AMX-30G; 52 AMX-30 B2
UN • MINURSO 7 obs
RECCE 139: 15 EE-3 Jararaca; 124 EE-9 Cascavel
AIFV 43 BMP-3
Cyprus CYP APC 294
APC (T) 168: 168 Leonidas
Cypriot Pound C£ 2010 2011 2012
APC (W) 126 VAB (incl variants)
GDP C£ 17.5bn 18.2bn ARTY 522+
US$ 23.1bn 25.5bn SP 155mm 24: 12 Mk F3; 12 Zuzana
per capita US$ 20,982 22,720 TOWED 104: 100mm 20 M-1944; 105mm 72 M-56;
Growth % 1.04 -0.04 155mm 12 TR-F-1
MRL 22: 122mm 4 BM-21; 128mm 18 M-63 Plamen
Inflation % 2.6 4.0
MOR 372+: 81mm 240+: 70+ M-1/M-29 in store; 170 E-44;
Def exp C£ 376m
107mm 20 M-2/M-30; 120mm 112 RT61
US$ 498m AT
Def bdgt C£ 376m 365m MSL • MANPATS 115: 70 HOT; 45 Milan
US$ 498m 512m RCL 153: 106mm 144 M-40A1; 90mm 9 EM-67
US$1=C£ 0.75 0.71 RL 1,000: 112mm 1,000 APILAS
AD
Population 1,120,489
SAM 48
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus SP 6 9K322 Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet); Mistral
STATIC 12 Aspide
Male 8.3% 4.1% 4.8% 5.1% 24.2% 4.5%
MANPAD 30 Mistral
Female 7.9% 3.6% 3.9% 4.2% 23.6% 5.9% GUNS • TOWED 60: 20mm 36 M-55; 35mm 24 GDF-003
(with Skyguard)
Capabilities ARV 2 AMX-30D; 1 BREM-1
The country’s National Guard is predominantly a land
Maritime Wing
force supplemented by small air and maritime units. It is
FORCES BY ROLE
intended to act as a deterrent to any possible Turkish in-
COMBAT SUPPORT
cursion, and to provide enough opposition until military
1 (coastal defence) AShM bty with MM-40 Exocet
support can be provided by its primary ally, Greece. The
AShM
air wing has a small number of rotary and fixed-wing util-
ity platforms, perhaps most notably the Mi-35 attack he- EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
licopters. Key procurements include SAR helicopters and PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6
T-80U MBTs. PBF 4: 2 Rodman 55; 2 Vittoria
PB 2: 1 Esterel; 1 Kyrenia (GRC Dilos)
ACTIVE 12,000 (National Guard 12,000) MSL • AShM 24 MM-40 Exocet
Paramilitary 750
Terms of service conscription, 24 months, then reserve to age Air Wing
50 (officers 60) AIRCRAFT
TPT • Light 1 BN-2B Islander
RESERVE 50,000 (National Guard 50,000) TRG 1 PC-9
Europe 103

HELICOPTERS
ATK 11 Mi-35P Hind Capabilities
MRH 4 SA-342 Gazelle (with HOT for anti-armour ACTIVE 5,000 (Army 5,000) Paramilitary 150
role) Terms of service conscription, 24 months, then reserve to age
TPT • Light 4: 2 AW139 (SAR); 2 Bell 206C L-3 Long 50.
Ranger
RESERVE 26,000 (first line 11,000 second line
Paramilitary 750+ 10,000 third line 5,000)
Armed Police 500+
Organisations by Service

Europe
FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE
Other Army ε5,000
1 (rapid-reaction) paramilitary unit FORCES BY ROLE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MANOEUVRE
Light
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

APC (W) 2 VAB VTT


HELICOPTERS • MRH 2 Bell 412 SP 7 inf bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Maritime Police 250 ARTY
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 10 MOR • 120mm 73
PBF 5: 2 Poseidon; 1 Shaldag; 2 Vittoria AT
PB 5 SAB-12 MSL • MANPATS 6 Milan
RCL • 106mm 36
Deployment
Legal provisions for foreign deployment: Paramilitary
Constitution: Codified constitution (1960)
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By parliament,
Armed Police ε150
but president has the right of final veto (Art. 50) FORCES BY ROLE
SPECIAL FORCES
LEBANON 1 (police) SF unit
UN • UNIFIL 2
Coast Guard
Uganda PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6
EU • EUTM 1 PCC 5: 2 SG45/SG46; 1 Rauf Denktash; 2 US Mk 5
PB 1
Foreign Forces
Argentina UNFICYP 264; 2 inf coy; 1 avn pl Foreign Forces
Austria UNFICYP 4 TURKEY
Brazil UNFICYP 1 Army ε36,000
Canada UNFICYP 1 1 army corps HQ, some air det, 1 armd bde, 1 indep
Chile UNFICYP 15 mech inf bde, 2 inf div, 1 cdo regt, 1 arty bde, 1 avn
China UNFICYP 2 comd
Croatia UNFICYP 2 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Greece Army: 950; ε200 (officers/NCO seconded to Greek- MBT 449: 8 M48A2 (trg); 441 M48A5T1/2
Cypriot National Guard) APC (T) 627: 361 AAPC (T) (incl variants); 266 M-113
Hungary UNFICYP 77; 1 inf pl (T) (incl variants)
Paraguay UNFICYP 14 ARTY
SP 155mm 90 M-44T
Serbia UNFICYP 45
TOWED 102: 105mm 72 M101A1; 155mm 18
Slovakia UNFICYP 159; elm 1 inf coy; 1 engr pl
M-114A2; 203mm 12 M115
United Kingdom Army 1,678; 2 inf bn; 1 hel flt; Navy 42; MRL 122mm 6 T-122
Air Force 1,071; 1 hel sqn with 4 Bell 412 Twin Huey • MOR 450: 81mm 175; 107mm 148 M-30; 120mm 127
UNFICYP 271: 1 inf coy HY-12
AT
TERRITORY WHERE THE GOVERNMENT MSL • MANPATS 114: 66 Milan; 48 TOW
DOES NOT EXERCISE EFFECTIVE CONTROL RCL 106mm 192 M40A1; 90mm M67
AD • GUNS
Data presented here represent the de facto situation TOWED 20mm Rh 202; 35mm 16 GDF-003; 40mm 48
on the northern half of the island. This does not imply M-1
international recognition as a sovereign state. AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 3 Cessna 185 (U-17)
104 The Military Balance 2012

HELICOPTER • TPT 4 Medium 1 AS532UL Cougar MANOEUVRE


Light 3 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois) Reconnaissance
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 1 PB 1 recce bn
Mechanised
1 (4th) rapid reaction bde (2 mech bn; 1 mot inf bn; 1 AB
Czech Republic CZE bn)
1 (7th) mech bde (1 armd bn, 2 mech inf bn, 1 mot inf
Czech Koruna Kc 2010 2011 2012
bn)
GDP Kc 3.67tr 3.79tr COMBAT SUPPORT
US$ 192bn 218bn 1 (13th) arty bde (2 arty bn)
per capita US$ 18,802 21,350 1 engr bde (3 bn)
Growth % 2.35 1.98 1 EOD gp
1 EW bn
Inflation % 1.5 1.8
1 CBRN bde (2 CBRN bn)
Def exp Kc 50.8bn
1 sigs bn
US$ 2.66bn
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

1 CIMIC pl
Def bdgt Kc 48.9bn 43.9bn 43.6bn COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
US$ 2.56bn 2.52bn 1 log bde
FMA (US) US$ 6.0m 7.0m
Active Reserve
US$1=Kc 19.12 17.42
FORCES BY ROLE
Population 10,190,213 COMMAND
14 (territorial defence) comd
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus MANOEUVRE
Male 6.9% 2.8% 3.2% 3.4% 25.9% 6.5% Armoured
Female 6.5% 2.7% 3.1% 3.3% 25.8% 9.8% 1 armd coy
Light
Capabilities 14 inf coy (1 per territorial comd) (3 inf pl, 1 cbt spt pl,
1 log pl)
While Czech armed forces have gradually reduced in size
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
since the 1990s, capability has increased as a result of mili-
MBT 154: 124 T-72; 30 T-72M4CZ
tary reform and restructuring, equipment improvements,
AIFV 466: 166 BMP-1; 181 BMP-2; 64 BPzV; 55 Pandur II (17
and operational experience. 2011 saw the Czech armed
more on order)
forces end its 12-year long deployment to Kosovo as part APC 72:
of KFOR. Czech forces are also deployed in Afghanistan, APC (T) 29 OT-90
including an OMLT training Afghan forces in Wardak, a APC (W) 43: 20 OT-64; 21 Dingo 2; 2 Pandur II
PRT in Logar, and a special forces unit. Delivery of Pandur LAV 54 LMV Panther
vehicles continues, as do plans for a soldier modernisation ARTY 103
project including new small arms. The ten-year lease of SP 152mm 55 M-77 Dana (7 trg); (50 more in store)
Gripen continues until 2015, and the air force also has plans MRL 122mm (19 RM-70 in store)
to modernise Mi-171Sh helicopters. A Defence White Pa- MOR 120mm 48: 40 M-1982; 8 SPM-85; (42 more in store)
per was released in mid-2011. This said that aspirations to AT • MSL 196
reverse the trend of declining force sizes were unrealistic; SP 21 9P148 Konkurs
the MoD had a budget deficit of Kc80-90bn; and that not MANPATS 175 9K111 Fagot (AT-4 Spigot)
all procurement projects were affordable. The ministry said RADAR • LAND 3 ARTHUR
that measures would include ‘limitation of some military ARV MT-55A; MT-72; VT-72M4CZ; VPV-ARV; WPT-
capabilities’. TOPAS
VLB AM-50; MT-55A
ACTIVE 25,421 (Army 12,833, Air 4,804, Other MW Belarty UOS-155
7,784) Paramilitary 3,100 (Figures are authorised
strength) Air Force 4,804; 686 civilian
Integrated with Joint Forces. Principal task is to secure
CIVILIAN 8,177 (Army 724, Air 686, Other 6,767) Czech airspace. This mission is fulfilled within NATO
Integrated Extended Air Defence System (NATINADS)
Organisations by Service and, if necessary, by means of the Czech national reinforced
air defence system. The Air Force also provides CAS for the
Army 12,833; 724 civilian Army SAR, and performs a tpt role.
FORCES BY ROLE Flying hours 120hrs/yr cbt ac 150 for tpt ac
SPECIAL FORCES FORCES BY ROLE
1 SF gp FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
Europe 105

1 sqn with Gripen C/D Paramilitary 3,100


1 sqn with L-39ZA*
1 sqn with L-159 ALCA/L-159T Border Guards 3,000
TRANSPORT
2 sqn with A319CJ; C-295M; CL-601 Challenger; L-410 Internal Security Forces 100
Turbolet; Yak-40 Codling
ATTACK HELICOPTER Deployment
1 sqn with Mi-24/Mi-35 Hind Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER Constitution: Codified constitution (1992)
1 sqn with Mi-17 Hip H; Mi-171Sh

Europe
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By the
1 sqn with Mi-8 Hip; Mi-17 Hip H; PZL W-3A Sokol parliament (Art. 39, 43) or by the government (Art. 43)
ISR UAV
Some unit with Sojka 3 Afghanistan
AIR DEFENCE NATO • ISAF 694
1 (25th) SAM bde (2 AD gp) UN • UNAMA 1
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Bosnia-Herzegovina


AIRCRAFT 47 combat capable EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 2
FGA 14: 12 Gripen C (JAS 39C); 2 Gripen D (JAS 39D)
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1
ATK 24: 20 L-159 ALCA; 4 L-159T
TPT 17: Light 14: 4 C-295M; 8 L-410 Turbolet; 2 Yak-40 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Codling; PAX 3: 2 A319CJ; 1 CL-601 Challenger UN • MONUSCO 3 obs
TRG 26: 1 EW-97 Eurostar; 8 L-39C Albatros; 9 L-39ZA*;
Egypt
8 Z-142C;
HELICOPTERS MFO 3
ATK 24: 6 Mi-24 Hind D; 18 Mi-35 Hind E Moldova
MRH/TPT 24 Mi-17 Hip H (MRH)/Mi-171Sh (med tpt) OSCE • Moldova 1
TPT 14: Medium 4 Mi-8 Hip; Light 10 PZL W3A Sokol
UAV • ISR • Light 2 Sojka 3 systems Serbia
AD NATO • KFOR 107
SAM 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher); 2K12 Kub (SA-6 OSCE • Kosovo 1
Gainful); RBS-70; 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail) (available for UN • UNMIK 1 obs
trg RBS-70 gunners)
MSL
AAM • IR AIM-9M Sidewinder; ARH AIM-120
Denmark DNK
AMRAAM Danish Krone kr 2010 2011 2012
BOMBS GDP kr 1.74tr 1.84tr
Conventional: GBU Mk 82; Mk 84 US$ 310bn 346bn
Laser-guided: GBU Paveway
per capita US$ 56,196 62,621
Growth % 1.75 1.51
Joint Forces Support Units
Inflation % 2.3 3.2
FORCES BY ROLE
COMBAT SUPPORT Def exp kr 25.3bn
1 engr bde (3 engr bn; 2 (rescue) engr coy) US$ 4.5bn
1 CIMIC/psyops coy (1 CIMIC pl; 1 psyops pl) Def bdgt kr 25.3bn 26.1bn 25.9bn
1 CBRN bde (2 CBRN bn) US$ 4.5bn 4.91bn
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT US$1=kr 5.62 5.32
1 (14th) bde (1 spt bn; 1 supply bn)
Population 5,529,888
Other Forces Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
FORCES BY ROLE
Male 9.0% 3.4% 3.1% 2.7% 23.6% 7.6%
MANOEUVRE
Female 8.6% 3.2% 3.0% 2.7% 23.6% 9.5%
Other
1 (presidential) gd bde (2 bn (each: 3 coy)
1 (presidential) gd coy
Capabilities
COMBAT SUPPORT Denmark’s army is geared towards participation in inter-
1 int gp national missions, as it is deemed that there is no neigh-
1 (central) MP comd bouring military threat to Denmark. The navy and air force
3 (regional) MP comd conduct domestic as well as international tasks, including
1 (protection service) MP comd SAR, counter-piracy, airspace defence and surveillance.
106 The Military Balance 2012

Denmark’s armed forces are well practiced in multination- MRL 227mm (12 MLRS in store awaiting disposal)
al operations, and sent an F-16 contingent to take part in MOR • TOWED 120mm 20 K6B1 Soltam
Operation Unified Protector in 2011. Acquisition of the C-130J AT
will aid tactical mobility, and Denmark is a partner in the MSL • MANPATS 20 TOW
F-35 programme, as it considers replacements for its F-16s. RCL 84mm 349 Carl Gustav
Denmark has maintained a battalion-plus deployment to AD • SAM • MANPAD FIM-92A Stinger
ISAF in Afghanistan (though numbers are reducing and RADAR • LAND ARTHUR
the plan is to transition to a 1:1 combat-to-training ratio), ARV 11 Bergepanzer 2
as well as a number of UN peacekeeping missions. Den- VLB 10 Biber
mark hopes to have no combat troops in Afghanistan by MW 14 910-MCV-2
2014. Due to Denmark’s ‘no’ vote to the Maastricht Treaty
in 1992, Denmark cannot participate in EU-led military Navy 2,730; 150 conscript (total 2,880) 306
operations, or the development of EU military capabilities. civilian
ACTIVE 18,628 (Army 9,925 Navy 2,880 Air 3,358 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Joint 2,465) PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 4
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Terms of service 4–12 months DESTROYERS • DDGHM (1 Iver Huitfeldt (launched


Nov 2010; expected ISD 2012; 2 additional vessels
CIVILIAN 643 (Army 219 Navy 306 Air Force 118) expected ISD 2012–13)
FRIGATES • FFH 4 Thetis with 2 twin lnchr with Stinger
RESERVES 53,507 (Army 40,800 Navy 4,500 Air
SAM, 1 76mm gun, (capacity: 1 Super Lynx Mk90B)
Force 5,307 Service Corps 2,900)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 9
PSO 2 Knud Rasmussen with 1 hel landing platform
Organisations by Service PCC 7: 1 Agdlek; 6 Diana
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 7
Army 8,155; 1,770 conscript (total 9,925) 219 MCI 4 MSF MK-I
civilian MHD 1 Sav
Div and bde HQ are responsible for trg only; if necessary, MSD 2 Holm
can be transformed into operational formations LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 22:
AG 2 Absalon (flexible-support-ships) with 2 octuple VLS
FORCES BY ROLE
with RGM-84 Block 2 Harpoon 2 AShM, 4 twin lnchr with
COMMAND
Stinger SAM, 3 12 cell Mk 56 VLS with RIM-162B Sea
1 div HQ
Sparrow SAM, 1 127mm gun (capacity 2 LCP, 7 MBT or
2 bde HQ
40 vehicles; 130 troops)
SPECIAL FORCES
AGSC 2 Holm
1 SF unit
AGS 4 Ska 11
MANOEUVRE
AGE 1 Dana
Reconnaissance
AX 1 Søløven (used as diving trainer)
1 recce bn
AXL 2 Holm
Armoured
AXS 2 Svanen
1 tk bn
AE 1 Sleipner
Mechanised
AGB 3: 1 Thorbjørn; 2 Danbjørn
6 mech inf bn
ABU 2 (primarily used for MARPOL duties)
COMBAT SUPPORT
AKL 2 Seatruck
1 SP arty bn
2 engr bn
1 EOD bn Air Force 3,258; 100 conscript (total 3,358) 118
1 MP bn civilian
1 sigs regt (1 sigs bn, 1 EW coy) Flying hours 165 hrs/yr
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
1 log regt (1 spt bn, 1 log bn, 1 med bn) Tactical Air Comd
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE FORCES BY ROLE
MBT 71: 64 Leopard 2 A4/2A5; 7 Leopard 1A5 FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
RECCE 113: 22 Eagle 1 (MOWAG); 91 Eagle IV 2 sqn with F-16AM/BM Fighting Falcon
AIFV 45 CV9030 Mk II ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE
APC 566 1 sqn with Super Lynx Mk90B
APC (T) 433 M-113 (incl variants); (172 more in store SEARCH & RESCUE/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
awaiting disposal) 1 sqn with AW101 Merlin
APC (W) 113 Piranha III (incl variants) 1 sqn with AS550 Fennec (ISR)
PPV 20 Cougar TRANSPORT
ARTY 44 1 sqn with C-130J-30 Hercules; CL-604 Challenger (MP/
SP 155mm 24 M109 VIP)
Europe 107

TRAINING Iraq
1 unit with MFI-17 Supporter (T-17) Army 23 (sy forces)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE NATO • NTM-I 1
AIRCRAFT 45 combat capable UN • UNAMI 2 obs
FTR 45 F-16AM/BM Fighting Falcon (30 operational)
TPT 7: Medium 4 C-130J-30 Hercules; PAX 3 CL-604 LEBNANON
Challenger (MP/VIP) UN • UNIFIL 151; 1 log bn
TRG 28 MFI-17 Supporter (T-17) Liberia
HELICOPTERS
UN • UNMIL 2; 3 obs
ASW 8 Super Lynx Mk90B (transferred from naval

Europe
aviation) Lithuania
MRH 8 AS550 Fennec (ISR) (4 more non-operational) NATO • Baltic Air Policing 4 F-16 Fighting Falcon
TPT • Medium 14 AW101 Merlin
MSL Middle East
AAM • IR AIM-9L; IIR AIM-9X; ARH AIM-120 UN • UNTSO 11 obs
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

AMRAAM Serbia
ASM AGM-65 Maverick
NATO • KFOR 35
BOMBS
UN • UNMIK 1 obs
INS/GPS-guided: GBU-31 JDAM; EGBU-12/GBU-24
Paveway LGB south Sudan
UN • UNMISS 1 obs
Control and Air Defence Group
1 Control and Reporting Centre, 1 Mobile Control and
Reporting Centre. 4 Radar sites. No SAM.
Estonia EST
Reserves Euro €a 2010 2011 2012
Home Guard (Army) 40,800 reservists (to age 50) GDP € 14.5bn 16.0bn
FORCES BY ROLE US$ 1.22bn 1.37bn
MANOEUVRE per capita US$ 14,878 17,435
Light Growth % 3.11 6.55
2 regt cbt gp (3 mot inf bn, 1 arty bn) Inflation % 2.9 5.1
5 (local) def region (up to 2 mot inf bn)
Def exp € 249m
Home Guard (Navy) 4,500 reservists (to age 50) US$ 330m
organised into 30 Home Guard units Def bdgt € 249m 280m 336bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE US$ 330m 393m
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 30 FMA (US) US$ 2.5m 3.0m
PB 30: 18 MHV800; 12 MHV900
US$1=€ 0.75 0.71
Home Guard (Air Force) 5,300 reservists (to age a
Although Estonia joined the Euro on 01 January 2011, figures
50) from 2010 have also been adjusted to enable comparisons.
Population 1,282,963
Home Guard (Service Corps) 2,900 reservists
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Deployment Male 7.8% 2.8% 4.0% 3.7% 21.5% 5.8%
Legal provisions for foreign deployment: Female 7.3% 2.7% 3.8% 3.8% 24.9% 11.9%
Constitution: Codified constitution (1849)
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: On approval Capabilities
by the parliament (Art. 19 II)
While its conscript-based armed forces are small, Estonia’s
Afghanistan government sees NATO membership as guaranteeing the
NATO • ISAF 750; 1 mech BG (1 tk pl, 2 mech inf coy, 1 nation’s security against external threats. Estonia contrib-
hel det); 1 fd hospital; 4 Leopard 2A5; 13 CV9030 MkII; 23 utes 165 personnel to ISAF, as well as to UN peacekeep-
M113 ing operations, and is a member of the EU’s Nordic Battle-
UN • UNAMA 2 obs group. Estonia possesses no aircraft capable of airspace
defence, and relies on a NATO Air Policing Mission for
Democratic Republic of the Congo
this task. Following Estonia’s experience of cyber attack in
UN • MONUSCO 2 obs
2007, Tallinn is the location for NATO’s Cooperative Cy-
Gulf of Aden & Somali BAsin ber Defence Centre of Excellence, which conducts training
NATO • Operation Ocean Shield 1 AG (theoretical and practical) for member states’ personnel.
108 The Military Balance 2012

Major procurement plans centre around the development FORCES BY ROLE


of air defence system and radars. A Defence Development TRANSPORT
Plan (for the period 2013–2022) is under consideration and 1 sqn with An-2 Colt
should be signed by the end of 2012. TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 sqn with R-44 Raven II
ACTIVE 5,750 (Army 5,300 Navy 200 Air 250)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Defence League 12,000
AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 2 An-2 Colt
RESERVE 30,000 (Joint 30,000) HELICOPTERS • TPT • Light 4 R-44 Raven II
Terms of service 8 months, officers and some specialists 11
months. (Conscripts cannot be deployed.) Paramilitary
Border Guard
Organisations by Service The Estonian Border Guard is subordinate to the Ministry
of the Interior. Air support is provided by the Estonian
Army 2,800; 2,500 conscript (total 5,300) Border Guard Aviation Corps.
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

4 def region. All units except Scouts bn are reserve based EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FORCES BY ROLE PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 20
MANOEUVRE PB 9: 1 Maru (FIN Viima); 8 (other)
Reconnaissance PBR 11
1 recce bn AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT • LCU 2
Light LOGISTICS & SUPPORT • AGF 1 Balsam
1 (1st) bde (2 inf bn, 1 CSS bn) AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 2 L-410
3 indep inf bde HELICOPTERS • TPT • 3 AW139
COMBAT SUPPORT
1 arty bn Cyber
1 AD bn
Estonia has developed its cyber-security infrastructure after
1 engr bn
the cyber attacks of 2007. As well as domestic capacities,
1 sigs bn
Tallinn hosts the NATO Cooperative Cyber Security Centre
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
of Excellence, established in 2008 to enhance NATO’s
1 log bn
cyber-defence capability.
Defence League 12,000
15 Districts Deployment
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
APC 88 Constitution: Codified constitution (1992)
APC (W) 81: 60 XA-180 Sisu; 21 BTR-80 Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By parliament
PPV 7 Mamba (Art. 128). Also, International Military Cooperation Act
ARTY 334 stipulates conditions for deployment abroad; parliament
TOWED 104: 105mm 38 H 61-37; 122mm 42 D-30 (H 63); decides deployment, unless otherwise provided for by in-
155mm 24 FH-70 ternational agreement.
MOR 230: 81mm 51: 41 B455; 10 NM 95; 120mm 179: 14
2B11; 165 41D Afghanistan
AT NATO • ISAF 162; 1 mech inf coy with 14 XA-180 Sisu; 1
MSL • MANPAT Milan, Mapats mor det with 3 81mm
RCL 160 106mm: 30 M-40A1; 90mm 130 PV-1110 Bosnia-Herzegovina
AD • SAM • MANPAD Mistral
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 1
Navy 200 Iraq
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE NATO • NTM-I 2
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 1 (FIN Middle East
Rista Rihtniemi)
UN • UNTSO 2 obs
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 4
MCD 1 Tasuja (DNK Lindormen) MoLDOVA
MHC 3 Admiral Cowan (UK Sandown) OSCE • Moldova 2
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • AGF 1 Admiral Pitka with
North Sea
1 76mm gun
NATO • SNMCMG 1: 1 MCD
Air Force 250 Serbia
Flying hours 120 hrs/year NATO • KFOR 1
Europe 109

FORCES BY ROLE
Finland FIN Recent reorganisation has involved the replacement of
the previous commands with seven military provinces.
Euro € 2010 2011 2012
Finland’s army maintains a mobilisation strength of about
GDP € 180bn 191bn 300,000. In support of this requirement two cycles, each for
US$ 239bn 268bn about 15,000 conscripts and 17,000 reservists, take place
per capita US$ 45,439 51,049 each year. After conscript training, reservist commitment
Growth % 3.64 3.46 is to the age of 60. Reservists are usually assigned to
units within their local geographical area. All service
Inflation % 1.7 3.1
appointments or deployments outside Finnish borders

Europe
Def exp € 2.71bn
are voluntary for all members of the armed services. All
US$ 3.59bn brigades are reserve based.
Def bdgt € 2.71bn 2.44bn 2.52bn
US$ 3.59bn 3.43bn
Reserve Organisations
US$1=€ 0.75 0.71 61,000 in manoeuvre forces and 210,000 in
territorial forces
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Population 5,259,250
FORCES BY ROLE
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus SPECIAL FORCES
1 SF bn
Male 8.2% 3.2% 3.1% 3.2% 23.9% 7.3%
MANOEUVRE
Female 7.9% 3.1% 3.0% 3.0% 23.6% 10.5% Armoured
2 armd BG (regt)
Capabilities Mechanised
The primary role of the armed forces is to act as a guar- 2 (Karelia & Pori Jaeger) mech bde
antor of national sovereignty by providing territorial de- Light
fence, and its modern equipment inventory is shaped to 3 (Jaeger) bde
support this aim. Finland retains conscription, reflecting 6 lt inf bde
the continuing importance of a broad section of society be- Aviation
ing able to support territorial defence. In addition it has 1 hel bn
looked more recently to improve its ability to participate COMBAT SUPPORT
Some AD unit
in multinational peace keeping and peace enforcement.
7 engr regt
Defence expenditure is under pressure, with base closures
3 sigs bn
one possible element of cuts. Finland has embarked on a
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
wide-ranging defence reform process in a bid to reconcile
Some log unit
defence priorities with cost-saving imperatives; this is sup-
posed to be complete by 2015. All the armed services exer- EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
cise regularly, with an increasingly joint emphasis, and the MBT 100 Leopard 2A4
air force and navy particularly participate in multinational RECCE 10 BMP-1TJ
exercises. As interest continues to grow in expanding its AIFV 194: 92 BMP-2; 102 CV90
APC 613
international role, however, this will further influence doc-
APC (T) 142: 40 MT-LBU; 102 MT-LBV
trine and procurement.
APC (W) 471: 260 XA-180/185 Sisu; 101 XA-202 Sisu; 48
ACTIVE 22,100 (Army 16,000 Navy 3,500 Air 2,600) XA-203 Sisu; 62 AMV (XA-360)
Paramilitary 2,875 ARTY 678
SP 122mm 36 2S1 Carnation (PsH 74)
General Conscription terms of Service 6–9–12 months TOWED 354: 122mm 234 D-30 (H 63); 130mm 36 K 54;
(12 months for officers NCOs and soldiers with special 155mm 54 K 83/K 98
duties. 25,000 reservists a year do refresher training: total MRL 227mm 22 M270 MLRS
obligation 40 days (75 for NCOs, 100 for officers) between MOR 120mm 265: 261 KRH 92; 4 XA-361 AMOS
conscript service and age 50 (NCOs and officers to age 60). AT • MSL 100 Spike; TOW 2
Reserve total reducing to 340,000. HELICOPTERS
MRH 7 Hughes 500 D/E
CIVILIAN 4,600 (Army 3,000 Navy 500 Air 1,100)
TPT • Medium 10 NH90 TTH
RESERVE 340,000 (Army 271,000 Navy 31,000 Air UAV • ISR • Medium 11 ADS-95 Ranger
38,000) Paramilitary 11,500 AD • SAM
SP 36 +: 16 ASRAD (ITO 05); 20 Crotale NG (ITO 90);
9K37 Buk (ITO 96)
Organisations by Service MANPAD: 86 RBS 70 (ITO 05/05M)
GUNS 23mm; 30mm; 35mm; 57mm
Army 5,000; 11,000 conscript (total 16,000); AEV 6 Leopard 2R CEV; MT-LB
civilian 3,000 ARV VT-55A
110 The Military Balance 2012

VLB BLG-60M2; 6 Leguan; 9 SISU Leguan FGA 62: 55 F/A-18C Hornet; 7 F/A-18D Hornet
MW Aardvark Mk 2; KMT T-55; RA-140 DS TPT • Light 12: 3 C-295M; 3 Learjet 35A (survey; ECM
trg; tgt-tow); 6 PC-12NG
Navy 1,600; 1,900 conscript (total 3,500); TRG 83: 29 Hawk Mk50/Mk51A*; 18 Hawk Mk66*; 8 L-90
civilian 500 Redigo; 28 L-70 Vinka
FORCES BY ROLE MSL • AAM • IR AIM-9 Sidewinder; ARH AIM-120
Naval Command HQ located at Turku; with two AMRAAM
subordinate Naval Commands (Gulf of Finland and
Archipelago Sea); 1 Naval bde; 3 spt elm (Naval Materiel Paramilitary
Cmd, Naval Academy, Naval Research Institute)
Border Guard 2,875
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Ministry of Interior. 4 Border Guard Districts and 2 Coast
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 8
Guard Districts
PBG 4 Rauma each with 6 RBS-15SF3 (15SF) AShM, 1
sextuple Sadral lnchr with Mistral SAM FORCES BY ROLE
PCG 4 Hamina each with 4 RBS-15 (15SF) AShM, 1 MARITIME PATROL
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

octuple VLS with Umkhonto SAM 1 sqn with Do-228 (maritime surv); AS332 Super Puma;
MINE WARFARE 18 Bell 206L (AB-206L) Long Ranger; Bell 412 (AB-412)
MINE COUNTERMEASURES 12 Twin Huey; Bell 412EP (AB-412EP) Twin Huey
MHSO 1 Katanpää (2 further vessels in build; expected EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
ISD 2012) PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 66
MSI 11: 7 Kiiski; 4 Kuha PCC 3
MINELAYERS • ML 6: PBO 3
2 Hameenmaa each with 1 octuple VLS with Umkhonto PB 60
SAM, 2 RBU 1200, up to 100–120 mine AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT • LCAC 7
3 Pansio each with 50 mine AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 2 Do-228
1 Pohjanmaa with up to 100–150 mine HELICOPTERS
AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT 43 MRH 5: 4 Bell 412 (AB-412) Twin Huey; 1 Bell 412EP
LCU 7: 2 Kala; 3 Kampela; 2 Lohi (AB-412EP) Twin Huey
LCP 36 TPT 10: Medium 3 AS332 Super Puma; Light 7: 4
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 29: AW119KE Koala; 3 Bell 206L Long Ranger (AB-206L)
AGOR 1 Aranda (Ministry of Trade control)
AKSL 15: 6 Hauki; 4 Hila; 5 Valas Reserve 11,500 reservists on mobilisation
AGB 7 (Board of Navigation control)
AGS 1 Prisma (Maritime Administration)
 Deployment
AX 5: 3 Fabian Wrede; 2 Lokki
Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
Coastal Defence Constitution: Codified constitution (2000)
ARTY • COASTAL 118: 130mm 102: 30 K-53tk (static); Specific legislation: ‘Act on Peace Support Operations’
72 K-54 RT 100mm 16 (TK) tank turrets (2000); ‘Act on Military Crisis Management (211/2006)’.
MSL • TACTICAL • 4 RBS-15K AShM Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By president
upon proposal by government (Art. 129 of constitution)
Air Force 1,850; 750 conscript (total 2,600); and after formal consultation of parliamentary Foreign Af-
civilian 1,100 fairs Committee (‘Act on Peace Support Operations’, Ch. 1,
3 Air Comds: Satakunta (West), Karelia (East), Lapland Section 2; ‘Act on Military Crisis Management (211/2006)’).
(North) Afghanistan
Flying hours  90–140 hrs/year NATO • ISAF 195
FORCES BY ROLE
Bosnia-Herzegovina
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 10
3 sqn with F/A-18C/D Hornet
ISR OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1
1 (survey) sqn with Learjet 35A INdia/Pakistan
TRANSPORT UN • UNMOGIP 5 obs
1 flt with C-295M
4 (liaison) flt with L-90 Redigo; PC-12NG Liberia
TRAINING UN • UNMIL 2
1 sqn with Hawk Mk50; Hawk Mk51A*; Hawk Mk66* (air
Middle East
defence and ground attack trg)
UN • UNTSO 14 obs
1 unit with L-70 Vinka
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Serbia
AIRCRAFT 109 combat capable NATO • KFOR 21
Europe 111

Organisations by Service
France FRA
Euro € 2010 2011 2012 Strategic Nuclear Forces
GDP € 1.93tr 1.99tr
Navy 2,200
US$ 2.56tr 2.79tr
SUBMARINES • STRATEGIC • SSBN 4
per capita US$ 39,503 42,805 3 Le Triomphant with 16 M45 SLBM with 6 TN-75
Growth % 1.38 1.65 nuclear warheads, 4 single 533mm TT with F17 Mod 2
Inflation % 1.7 2.1 HWT/SM-39 Exocet AShM

Europe
Def expa € 39.3bn 1 Le Triomphant with 16 M51 SLBM with 6 TN-75
US$ 52bn nuclear warheads, 4 single 533mm TT with F17 Mod 2
HWT/SM-39 Exocet AShM
Def bdgta € 39.3bn 42.0bn 40.2bn
AIRCRAFT • FGA 20 Rafale M F3 with ASMP-A msl
US$ 52.0bn 58.8bn
US$1=€ 0.75 0.71 Air Force 1,800
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

a
Autorisations d’engagement LFI 2010
Air Strategic Forces Command
Population 65,102,719
FORCES BY ROLE
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus STRIKE
1 sqn with Mirage 2000N with ASMP/ASMP-A msl
Male 9.5% 3.1% 3.2% 3.2% 22.9% 7.0%
1 sqn with Rafale B F3 with ASMP/ASMP-A msl
Female 9.0% 2.9% 3.0% 3.1% 23.3% 9.7% TANKER
1 sqn with C-135FR; KC-135 Stratotanker
Capabilities EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
France maintains rapidly deployable armed forces, capable AIRCRAFT 60 combat capable
of self-sustainment and operation across the full spectrum FGA 60: 40 Mirage 2000N; 20 Rafale B F3
of combat activity. The armed forces’ primary tasks are as- TKR/TPT 11 C-135FR
suring national sovereignty; meeting alliance commitments TKR 3 KC-135 Stratotanker
on collective security; participating in peace enforcement
and peacekeeping; addressing counter-terrorism; and hu- Paramilitary
manitarian missions. The nuclear deterrent continues to Gendarmerie 41
be revamped with the introduction of the M51 SLBM and
the fourth SSBN into service in 2010. An improved version Space
of the M51, the 51.2, is due for entry into service in 2015. SATELLITES 7
The air force and navy introduced the ASMPA nuclear- COMMUNICATIONS 2 Syracuse-3 (designed to inte-
armed cruise missile with the air force role continuing to be grate with UK Skynet & ITA Sicral)
transferred from the Mirage 2000N to the Rafale F3. French ISR 3 Helios (1A/2A/2B)
military units continue to participate in the ISAF mission, EARLY WARNING 2 Spirale
while air and naval forces were heavily involved in Opera-
tion Unified Protector. French armed forces also deployed, Army 130,600 (incl 7,300 Foreign Legion;
from African bases, to augment the existing contingent in 12,800 Marines); 20,600 (civilian)
Côte d’Ivoire during the violence there in early 2011. Regt and BG normally bn size
All of the services exercise regularly and jointly at the
FORCES BY ROLE
national level, while also participating in a broad range COMMAND
of international exercises. Significant procurement pro- 2 (task force) HQ
grammes continue for the army, navy and air force. Stra- MANOEUVRE
tegic airlift will be strengthened with the delivery, if be- Reconnaissance
lated, of the A400M, while the air force is also considering 1 ISR bde (1 recce regt, 1 UAV regt, 2 EW regt, 1 int bn)
a future strategic tanker aircraft. The introduction of these Armoured
platforms will support France’s ability to continue to proj- 2 armd bde (2 armd regt, 2 armd inf regt, 1 SP arty regt,
ect power on a global scale. 1 engr regt)
Mechanised
ACTIVE 238,591 (Army 130,600 Navy 40,353 Air
2 lt armd bde (1 armd cav regt, 2 mech inf regt, 1 SP arty
52,669, Other Staffs 14,969) Paramilitary 103,376
regt, 1 engr regt)
CIVILIAN 70,976 (Army 20,600, Navy 7,091, Air 1 (FRA/GER) mech bde (1 armd cav regt, 1 mech inf
7,517, Other Staffs 35,768) Paramilitary 1,925 regt)
2 mech inf bde (1 armd cav regt, 1 armd inf regt, 1 mech
RESERVE 33,686 (Army 18,500, Navy 6,012, Air inf regt, 1 SP arty regt, 1 engr regt)
5,186, Other Staffs 3,988) Paramilitary 40,000 1 mech BG (Djibouti)
112 The Military Balance 2012

2 mech regt (Djibouti & New Caledonia) HELICOPTERS


2 mech bn (incl 1 bn in Gabon) ATK 36 EC665 Tiger
Light MRH 173 SA342M Gazelle (all variants)
1 regt (French Guyana) TPT 124: Heavy 8 EC725AP Caracal (CSAR); Medium
1 regt (French West Indies) 116: 23 AS532UL Cougar; 93 SA330 Puma
1 regt (French Guyana) UAV • ISR • Medium 20 SDTI (Sperwer)
1 regt (Polynesia) AD • SAM 897
1 bn (French West Indies) TOWED 15 MIM-23B (I-HAWK)
1 bn (Mayotte) MANPAD 882 Mistral
Air Manoeuvre RADAR • LAND 66: 10 Cobra; 56 RASIT/RATAC
1 AB bde (1 armd cav regt, 4 para regt, 1 arty regt, 1 AEV 71 AMX-30 EBG
engr regt, 1 spt regt) ARV 20+: AMX-1-ECH; 134 AMX-30D; 20 Leclerc DNG;
1 regt (Réunion) VAB-EHC
Mountain VLB 57: 39 EFA; 18 PTA
1 mtn bde (1 armd cav regt, 3 mech inf regt, 1 arty regt, MW AMX-30 B/B2; 20 Minotaur
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

1 engr regt)
Aviation Navy 40,353 (incl 2,200 opcon Strategic
3 avn regt Nuclear Forces); 7,091(civilian)
Other EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
4 SMA regt (French Guiana, French West Indies & SUBMARINES 9
Indian Ocean) STRATEGIC • SSBN 4:
5 SMA coy (French Polynesia & New Caledonia) 3 Le Triomphant opcon Strategic Nuclear Forces with
COMBAT SUPPORT 16 M45 SLBM with 6 TN-75 nuclear warheads, 4 single
1 AD regt 533mm TT with F17 Mod 2 HWT/SM-39 Exocet AShM
1 CBRN regt 1 Le Triomphant opcon Strategic Nuclear Forces with
1 sigs bde (5 sigs regt) 16 M51 SLBM with 6 TN-75 nuclear warheads, 4 single
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT 533mm TT with F17 Mod 2 HWT/SM-39 Exocet AShM
1 spt regt TACTICAL • SSN 6:
1 trg regt 6 Rubis each with 4 single 533mm TT with F-17 HWT/
SM-39 Exocet AShM
Special Operation Forces 2,200 PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 25
FORCES BY ROLE AIRCRAFT CARRIERS 1:
SPECIAL FORCES CVN 1 Charles de Gaulle with 4 octuple VLS with
2 SF regt Aster 15 SAM, 2 sextuple Sadral lnchr with Mistral
MANOEUVRE SAM (capacity: 35–40 Super Etendard/Rafale M/E-2C
Aviation Hawkeye/SA360 Dauphin)
DESTROYERS • DDGHM 13:
1 avn regt
2 Cassard with 2 quad lnchr with MM-40 Exocet AShM,
Reserves 18,500 1 Mk 13 GMLS with SM-1MR SAM, 2 single 533mm
Reservists form 79 UIR (Reserve Intervention Units) of ASTT with L5 HWT, 1 100mm gun, (capacity: 1
about 75 to 152 troops, for ‘Proterre’ – combined land AS565SA Panther ASW hel)
projection forces bn, and 23 USR (Reserve Specialised 2 Forbin with 2 quad lnchr with MM-40 Exocet AShM,
Units) of about 160 troops, in specialised regt. 1 48-cell VLS with Aster 15/Aster 30 SAM, 2 sextuple
Sadral lnchr with Mistral SAM, 2 twin 324mm ASTT
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
with MU-90, 2 76mm gun, (capacity: 1 NH90 TTH hel)
MBT 254 Leclerc 2 Georges Leygues with 2 twin lnchr with MM-40 Exocet
RECCE 2,050: 256 AMX-10RC; 160 ERC-90F4 Sagaie; 40 AShM, 1 octuple lnchr with Crotale SAM, 2 single
VAB Reco NBC; 1,594 VBL M-ll 533mm ASTT with L5 HWT, 1 100mm gun, (capacity:
AIFV 563: 232 VBCI; 331 AMX-10P/PC 2 Lynx hel)
APC (W) 3,586: 3,500 VAB; 60 VAB BOA; 26 VAB NBC 2 Georges Leygues with 2 quad lnchr with MM-40 Exocet
LFV 506 PVP AShM, 1 octuple lnchr with Crotale SAM, 2 single
ARTY 375 533mm ASTT with L5 HWT, 1 100mm gun, (capacity:
SP 155mm 114: 37 AU-F-1; 77 CAESAR 2 Lynx hel)
TOWED 155mm 43 TR-F-1 3 Georges Leygues (mod) with 2 quad lcnhr with MM-
MRL 227mm 26 MLRS 40 Exocet AShM, 1 octuple lnchr with Crotale SAM,
MOR 120mm 192 RT-F1 2 single 533mm ASTT with L5 HWT, 1 100mm gun,
AT • MSL (capacity: 2 Lynx hel)
SP 325: 30 VAB HOT; 110 VAB Milan; 185 VAB Eryx 2 Tourville with 6 single lnchr with MM-38 Exocet
MANPATS 550 Milan AShM, 1 octuple lnchr with Crotale SAM, 2 single
AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 13: 5 PC-6B Turbo-Porter; 8 533mm ASTT with L5 HWT, 2 100mm gun, (capacity:
TBM-700 2 Lynx hel)
Europe 113

FRIGATES • FFGHM 11: FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK


6 Floreal with 2 single lnchr with MM-38 Exocet AShM, 2 sqn with Super Etendard Modernisé
1 twin Simbad lnchr with Mistral SAM, 1 100mm gun, ANTI-SURFACE WARFARE
(capacity: 1 AS565SA Panther) 1 sqn with AS565SA Panther
5 La Fayette with 2 quad lnchr with MM-40 Exocet ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE
AShM, 1 octuple lnchr with Crotale SAM, (space for 1 sqn with Lynx Mk4
fitting 2 8-cell VLS lnchr for Aster 15/30), 1 100mm MARITIME PATROL
gun, (capacity 1 AS565SA Panther/SA321 Super Frelon) 2 sqn with Atlantique 2
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 22 AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL
FSG 9 D’Estienne d’Orves with 4 MM-40 Exocet AShM, 4 1 sqn with E-2C Hawkeye

Europe
single ASTT, 1 100mm gun SEARCH & RESCUE
PCC 10: 7 L’Audacieuse (all deployed in the Pacific or 1 sqn with AS365F Dauphin 2
Caribbean); 3 Flamant 1 sqn with EC225
PCO 2: 1 Lapérouse; 1 Le Malin TRAINING
PSO 1 Albatros 1 sqn with SA319B Alouette III
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 18 1 unit with Falcon 10 M
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

MCS 7: 3 Antares (used as route survey vessels); 4 Vulcain 1 unit with CAP 10; EMB 121 Xingu; MS-880 Rallye
(used as mine diving tenders) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MHO 11 Éridan AIRCRAFT 88 combat capable
AMPHIBIOUS FGA 54: 20 Rafale M F3; 34 Super Etendard Modernisé;
PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS 3 (10 Rafale M F1 in store)
LHD 2 Mistral (capacity mixed air group of up to 16 ASW 25 Atlantique 2
NH90/SA330 Puma/AS532 Cougar/EC665 Tiger hel; 2 AEW&C 3 E-2C Hawkeye
LCAC or 4 LCM; 60 AVs; 450 troops) (1 further vessel TPT 17: Light 11 EMB-121 Xingu; PAX 6 Falcon 10 MER
in sea trials; expected ISD 2012) TRG 16: 7 CAP 10; 9 MS-880 Rallye*
LPD 1 Foudre (capacity 4 AS532 Cougar; either 2 LCT or HELICOPTERS
10 LCM; 22 tanks; 470 troops) ASW 25 Lynx Mk4
LANDING SHIPS • LST 3 Batral (capacity 12 trucks; 140 MRH 52: 9 AS365F Dauphin 2; 16 AS565SA Panther; 25
troops) SA319B Alouette III
LANDING CRAFT 21: TPT • Medium 2 EC225 Super Puma
LCT 6: 2 Edic 700; 2 CDIC; 2 EDA-R (2 further vessels MSL
in build; expected ISD 2012) AAM • IR R-550 Magic 2; IIR Mica IR; ARH Mica RF
LCM 15 CTMS AShM AM-39 Exocet
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 115: ASM ASMP-A; AS-30 Laser; AASM
AORH 4 Durance (capacity: 1 SA319 Alouette III/AS-365
Dauphin/Lynx) Marines 2,500
AF 3
Commando Units
AG 3 Chamois
AGE 1 Corraline FORCES BY ROLE
AGI 1 Dupuy de Lome MANOEUVRE
AGOR 1 Reconnaissance
AGM 1 Monge 1 recce gp
Amphibious
AGS 3 Lapérouse
3 aslt gp
ATA 2
1 atk swimmer gp
AXL 11: 8 Léopard; 2 Glycine; 1 other
1 raiding gp
AXS 4: 2 La Belle Poule; 2 other
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
YAG 2 Phaéton (towed array tenders)
1 spt gp
YD 5
YDT 11: 1 Alize; 1 Le Malin; 9 VIP 21 Fusiliers-Marin 1,600
YFRT 2
FORCES BY ROLE
YGS 7 VH8
MANOEUVRE
YTB 3 Bélier
Other
YTL 30: 4 PSS 10; 26 P4
9 (force protection) sy unit
YTM 21: 3 Maïto; 16 Fréhel; 2 Esterel
14 (Naval Base) sy gp
Naval Aviation 6,500 Public Service Force
Flying hours 180–220 hrs/yr on Super Etendard strike/
Naval personnel performing general coast guard, fishery
FGA ac
protection, SAR, anti-pollution and traffic surveillance
FORCES BY ROLE duties. Command exercised through Maritime
STRIKE/FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK Prefectures (Premar): Manche (Cherbourg), Atlantique
1 sqn with Rafale M F3 (Brest), Méditerranée (Toulon)
114 The Military Balance 2012

FORCES BY ROLE MSL


MARITIME PATROL AAM • IR R-550 Magic 2; IIR Mica IR; SARH Super
1 sqn with Falcon 50M; Falcon 200 Gardian 530D; ARH Mica RF
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE ASM ASMP-A; AS-30L; Apache; AASM
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6 LACM SCALP EG
PSO 1 Albatros BOMBS
PCO 1 Arago Laser-guided: GBU-12 Paveway II
PCC 4: 3 Flamant; 1 Grèbe
AIRCRAFT • MP 9: 4 Falcon 50M; 5 Falcon 200 Gardian
Air Mobility Brigade
HELICOPTERS • MRH 4 AS365 Dauphin 2 FORCES BY ROLE
SEARCH & RESCUE/TRANSPORT/TRAINING
Reserves 6,012 reservists 7 lt sqn with CN-235M; DHC-6 Twin Otter; Falcon
7X (VIP); Falcon 50 (VIP); Falcon 900 (VIP); TBM-700;
Air Force 52,669; 7,517 (civilian) EC725 Caracal; AS555 Fennec
Flying hours 180 hrs/year TANKER/TRANSPORT
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

6 sqn with C-130H/H-30 Hercules; C-160/C-160NG


Strategic Forces Transall
TRANSPORT
FORCES BY ROLE
1 hvy sqn with A310-300; A319; A340-200 (on lease)
STRIKE TRAINING
1 sqn with Mirage 2000N with ASMP/ASMP-A msl 1 OCU sqn with SA330 Puma; AS555 Fennec
1 sqn with Rafale B F3 with ASMP/ASMP-A msl 1 OCU unit with C-160 Transall
TANKER TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 sqn with C-135FR; KC-135 Stratotanker 5 sqn with AS332 Super Puma; SA330 Puma; AS532
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Cougar (tpt/VIP); AS555 Fennec
AIRCRAFT 60 combat capable EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FGA 60: 40 Mirage 2000N; 20 Rafale B F3 AIRCRAFT
TKR/TPT 11 C-135FR TKR/TPT 15 C-160NG Transall
TKR 3 KC-135 Stratotanker TPT 125: Medium 56: 5 C-130H Hercules; 9 C-130H-30
Hercules; 42 C-160 Transall; Light 55: 17 CN-235M; 4
Combat Brigade
DHC-6 Twin Otter; 25 EMB-121 Xingu; 9 TBM-700;
FORCES BY ROLE PAX 14: 3 A310-300; 2 A319 (VIP); 2 A340-200 (on
FIGHTER lease); 2 Falcon 7X; 3 Falcon 50 (VIP); 2 Falcon 900 (VIP)
1 sqn with Mirage 2000-5 HELICOPTERS
2 sqn with Mirage 2000B/C MRH 37 AS555 Fennec
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
TPT 36: Heavy 6 EC725 Caracal; Light 30: 5 AS332
3 sqn with Mirage 2000D
Super Puma; 3 AS532 Cougar (tpt/VIP); 22 SA330 Puma
1 (composite) sqn with Mirage 2000C/D (Djibouti)
2 sqn with Rafale B/C F3 Air Space Control Brigade
1 sqn with Rafale B/C F3 (UAE) FORCES BY ROLE
ISR SPACE
1 sqn with Mirage F-1CR * 1 (satellite obs) sqn with Helios
ELECTRONIC WARFARE AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL
1 flt with C-160G Gabriel (ESM) 1 (Surveillance & Control) sqn with E-3F Sentry
TRAINING AIR DEFENCE
1 OCU sqn equipped with Mirage 2000D 3 sqn with Crotale NG; SAMP/T
1 OCU sqn with Rafale 2 sqn with SAMP/T
1 sqn with Alpha Jet*
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
ISR UAV
SATELLITES see Space
1 sqn with Harfang AIRCRAFT• AEW&C 4 E-3F Sentry
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE AD
AIRCRAFT 331 combat capable SAM Crotale NG; SAMP/T
FTR 73: 22 Mirage 2000-5; 12 Mirage 2000B; 39 Mirage GUNS 20mm 76T2
2000C SYSTEMS STRIDA (Control)
FGA 138: 62 Mirage 2000D; 6 F-1B Mirage; 22 F-1CT
Mirage; 17 Rafale B F3; 31 Rafale C F3 Security and Intervention Brigade
ISR 29 Mirage F-1CR* FORCES BY ROLE
ELINT 2 C-160G Gabriel (ESM) MANOEUVRE
TRG 91 Alpha Jet* Other
UAV • ISR • Heavy 3 Harfang 24 protection units
Europe 115

30 fire fighting and rescue scn para regt; 8 AMX 10 RC; 10 VBCI; 449 VAB APC; 76 VBL;
3 intervention paratroop cdo 15 PVP; 3 Rafale C; 3 Mirage 2000D; 3 Harfang UAV; 1
cbt hel bn (3 EC665 TigerAH, 2 AS532 Cougar, 3 EC725; 3
Air Training Command Gazelle AHl)
Over 6,000 personnel
Bosnia-Herzegovina
FORCES BY ROLE
TRAINING EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea (Operation Astrée) 1
Some sqn with CAP 10; Grob G120A-F; TB-30 Epsilon OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 2
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

Europe
AIRCRAFT Operation Boali 240; 1 inf coy; 1 spt det
TRG 48: 5 CAP 10; 18 Grob G120A-F; 25 TB-30 Epsilon
(incl many in storage) Chad
Operation Epervier 950; 1 armd cav BG; 1 air unit with 3
Reserves 5,186 reservists Mirage 2000C; 2 C-160 Transall; 1 CN-235M; 1 C-135FR; 1
hel det with 4 SA330 Puma
Paramilitary 103,376
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Côte D’Ivoire
Gendarmerie 103,376, 1,925 civilians. 40,000 Operation Licorne 700; 1 armd cav BG (to reduce to 450
reservist men by end 2011)
3,193 (Headquarters); 4,092 (Administration); 2,051 (Mar- UN • UNOCI 6 
itime Air (personnel drawn from other departments));
Democratic Republic of the Congo
16,754 (Mobile); 4,999 (Republican Guard, Air Tpt,
Arsenals); 5,444 (Schools); 63,162 (Territorial); 1,925 (civil- EU • EUSEC RD Congo 14
ians); 3,640 (Overseas); 41 opcon Strategic Nuclear Forces UN • MONUSCO 5 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Djibouti
LT TK 28 VBC-90 Army 1,048; 1 (Foreign Legion) BG with (1 engr coy, 1 arty
APC (W) 153 VBRG-170 bty, 2 recce sqn, 2 inf coy); 1 (Marine) combined arms regt
ARTY MOR 157+ 60mm; 81mm with (1 engr coy, 1 arty bty, 2 recce sqn, 2 inf coy)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 40 Navy: 1 LCT
PCO 1 Fulmar Air Force: 1 Air unit with 10 Mirage 2000C/D; 1 C-160
PB 39: 4 Géranium; 3 VSC 14; 24 VSCM; 8 EBSLP Transall; 2 SA330 Puma; 1 AS555 Fennec
HELICOPTERS • TPT 35: 20 EC135; 15 EC145
Egypt
Cyber MFO 2
The French Network and Information Security Agency French Guiana
(ANSSI), under the authority of the prime minister and Army 1,619 1 (Foreign Legion) inf regt; 1 (Marine) inf regt;
attached to the office of the secretary general for national 1 SMA regt
security and defence, was established in 2009 to conduct Navy 150; 2 PCC
surveillance on sensitive government networks and re- Air Force 1 tpt unit; 1 DHC-6; 4 SA330 Puma; 3 AS555 Fennec
spond to cyber attacks. The 2008 White Paper called for Gendarmerie 3 coy; 1 AS350 Ecureuil
programmes in offensive and defensive cyber-war capa-
bilities. The White Paper noted that part of the offensive French Polynesia
capability, ‘will come under the Joint Staff and the other Army 429 (incl Centre d’Expérimentation du Pacifique); 1
part … developed within specialised services’. The CALID (Marine) inf regt; 3 SMA coy
(Analysis and combat centre for computer defence) moni- Navy 710; 1 HQ at Papeete; 1 FFGHM with 1 AS565SA
tors military networks and counters intrusions in coordina- Panther ASW hel; 4 PCC; 2 LST; 1 AOT; 3 Falcon 200 Gardian
tion with ANSSI. In July 2011, the MoD produced a classi- Air Force 1 tpt unit; 3 CN-235M; 1 AS332 Super Puma; 1
fied Joint Cyber-defence Concept. AS555 Fennec
French West Indies
Deployment Army 607; 1 (Marine) inf regt; 1 (Marine) inf bn; 2 SMA
Legal provisions for foreign deployment: regt
Constitution: Codified constitution (1958) Navy 450; 1 FFGHM; 1 PCC; 1 LST: 1 naval base at Fort de
Specific legislation: ‘Order of 7 January 1959’ France (Martinique)
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: De jure: by Air Force 1 tpt unit; 3 CN-235M; 2 SA330 Puma; 1 AS555SN
the minister of defence, under authority of the PM and Fennec
on agreement in council of ministers (‘Order of 7 January Gendarmerie 4 coy; 2 AS350 Ecureuil
1959’, Art. 16, Art.20-1 of constitution)
Gabon
Afghanistan Army 762; 1 recce pl with ERC-90F1 Lynx; 1 (Marine) inf bn;
NATO • ISAF/OEF-A 3,932; 1 AB bde HQ; 1 inf regt; 1 4 SA330 Puma
116 The Military Balance 2012

Germany Foreign Forces


Army 2,800 (incl elm Eurocorps and FRA/GER bde Belgium Air Force: 29 Alpha Jet trg ac located at Cazaux/
(2,500)); 1 (FRA/GER) army bde (1 army HQ, 1 armd cav Tours
regt, 1 mech inf regt)
Germany Army: 209 (GER elm Eurocorps)
Gulf of Aden & Indian Ocean Singapore Air Force: 200; 1 trg sqn with 5 A-4SU Super
EU • Operation Atalanta 1 FFGHM Skyhawk; 11 TA-4SU Super Skyhawk

Gulf of Guinea
Operation Corymbe 1 LPD Georgia GEO
HAITI Georgian Lari 2010 2011 2012
UN • MINUSTAH 2 GDP lari 20.8bn 23.6bn
US$ 11.7bn 14.0bn
Indian Ocean
Army 988 (incl La Réunion and TAAF); 1 (Marine) para per capita US$ 2,535 3,042
regt; 1 (Foreign Legion) inf det; 1 SMA regt Growth % 6.38 5.55
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Navy 1 base at Dzaoudzi (Mayotte), 1 HQ at Port-des- Inflation % 7.1 9.6


Galets (La Réunion); 1 FFGHM with 2 AS555 Fennec; 1 Def exp lari 862m
PSO; 1 LST US$ 484m
Air Force 1 tpt unit; 2 C-160 Transall; 2 AS555 Fennec Def bdgt lari 667m 667m 647m
Gendarmerie 5 coy; 1 SA319 Alouette III US$ 374m 395m
Lebanon FMA (US) US$ 16.0m 16.0m
UN • UNIFIL 1,439; 1 mech inf BG; Leclerc; AMX-10P; US$1=lari 1.78 1.69
VBCI; PVP; VAB; CAESAR; AU-F1 155mm; Mistral
Population 4,585,874
Liberia
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
UN • UNMIL 1
Male 8.4% 3.5% 4.1% 3.7% 21.7% 6.4%
Middle East Female 7.3% 3.3% 4.0% 3.9% 24.2% 9.7%
UN • UNTSO 3 obs
MOLDOVA Capabilities
OSCE • Moldova 1 Georgia’s armed forces continue to make efforts to address
lessons from the conflict with Russia in 2008. Overall, the
New Caledonia
army’s performance was lacklustre, and the brief war re-
Army 757; 1 (Marine) mech inf regt; 2 SMA coy; 6 ERC-
vealed significant shortcomings in key areas including anti-
90F1 Lynx
armour and air-defence capabilities, though performance in
Navy 510; 1 base with 2 Falcon 200 Gardian at Nouméa air defence was better. A substantial number of Georgia’s
Air Force some air det; 1 tpt unit; 3 CN-235 MPA; 4 SA330 T-72 MBTs were destroyed during the short conflict. Cur-
Puma; 1 AS555 Fennec rent plans call for the small air force, comprising Soviet-
Gendarmerie 4 coy; 2 AS350 Ecureuil era ground-attack aircraft and combat-support helicopters
Senegal as well as transport and utility helicopters, to merge with
the army. Georgia currently deploys personnel to ISAF in
Army 165
Afghanistan, and has aspirations for NATO membership.
Navy 230; 1 LCT; 1 Atlantique
Training activity involves international forces, including
Air Force 1 C-160 Transall; 1 AS555 Fennec
the US. Moves are underway to generate a pool of four-year
Serbia contract servicemen to boost professionalisation.
NATO • KFOR 303; 1 armd cav sqn; 1 log coy ACTIVE 20,655 (Army 17,767 Air 1,310 National
OSCE • Serbia 2 Guard 1,578) Paramilitary 11,700
OSCE • Kosovo 3 Terms of service conscription, 18 months
UAE
Army 800: 1 (Foreign Legion) BG (2 recce coy, 2 inf coy, 1 Organisations by Service
arty bty, 1 engr coy)
Air Force: 6 Rafale, 1 KC-135F at al-Dhafra (To operate Army 14,000; 3,767 conscript (total 17,767)
alongside UAE Mirage 2000-9s) FORCES BY ROLE
UGANDA SPECIAL FORCES
EU • EUTM 37 1 SF bde
MANOEUVRE
Western Sahara Light
UN • MINURSO 13 obs 5 inf bde
Europe 117

Amphibious PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 17


2 mne bn (1 cadre) PBF 1 Kaan 33
COMBAT SUPPORT PB 16: 7 Zhuk (3 ex-UKR); 2 Point; 2 Dauntless; 2 Dilos
2 arty bde (ex-GRC); 1 Akhmeta (up to 20 patrol launches also in
1 engr bde service)
1 sigs bn AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT • LCU 1 Vydra
1 SIGINT bn (ex-BUL)
1 MP bn LOGISTIC AND SUPPORT • YTL 1
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
1 med bn Ministry of Interior Troops 6,300

Europe
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 93 T-72; (3 T-72 & 23 T-55 in store) Deployment
AIFV 63: 17 BMP-1; 45 BMP-2; 1 BRM-1K; (8 BMP-1 & 1 Legal provisions for foreign deployment of armed
BMP-2 in store) forces:
APC 137 Constitution: Codified constitution (1995)
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

APC (T) 45 MT-LB; (21 MT-LB in store) Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By the presi-
APC (W) 92: 25 BTR-70 (1 in store); 17 BTR-80 (2 in dency upon parliamentary approval (Art. 100)
store); 50 Ejder (15 in store)
ARTY 185 Afghanistan
SP 35: 152mm 32 DANA; 13 2S3; 1 2S19; 203mm 1 2S7 NATO • ISAF 937; 1 inf bn
TOWED 68: 122mm 55 D-30; (3 D-30 in store); 152mm
Serbia
13: 3 2A36; 10 2A65
OSCE • Serbia 1
MRL 122mm 37: 13 BM-21; 6 GRADLAR; 18 RM-70
MOR 120mm 43: 13 2S12; 21 M-75; 9 M-120; (1 2S12, 13 OSCE • Kosovo 5
M-75 & 9 M-120 in store)
AT ε50 TERRITORY WHERE THE GOVERNMENT
MSL ε10 DOES NOT EXERCISE EFFECTIVE CONTROL
GUNS ε40
Following the August 2008 war between Russia and
AD • SAM • SP 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher)
Georgia, the areas of Abkhazia and South Ossetia declared
themselves independent. Data presented here represent
Air Force 1,310 (incl 290 conscript)
the de facto situation and do not imply international
1 avn base, 1 hel air base
recognition as sovereign states.
AIRCRAFT 12 combat capable
ATK 12: 3 Su-25 Frogfoot; 7 Su-25K Frogfoot A; 2 Su-25UB
Frogfoot B FOREIGN FORCES
TPT • Light 9: 6 An-2 Colt; 1 Tu-134A Crusty (VIP); 2 Russia Army 6,900; 2 MR bde; at locations incl Gudauta
Yak-40 Codling (Abkhazia), Djava and Tskhinvali (S. Ossetia)
TRG 9 L-29 Delfin
HELICOPTERS
TPT 29 Medium 17 Mi-8T Hip Light 12 Bell 205 (UH-1H Germany GER
Iroquois) Euro € 2010 2011 2012
AD • SAM 1–2 bn 9K37 Buk-M1 (SA-11 Gadfly), 8 9K33
GDP € 2.48tr 2.57tr
Osa-AK (SA-8B Gecko) (two bty), 6-10 9K33 Osa-AKM
updated SAM systems. US$ 3.28tr 3.60tr
per capita US$ 40,187 44,197
National Guard 1,578 active reservists opcon Growth % 3.56 2.73
Army Inflation % 1.2 2.2
FORCES BY ROLE Def expa € 33.3bn
MANOEUVRE US$ 44.1bn
Light Def bdgt € 32.0bn 31.5bn 30.9bn
1 inf bde
US$ 42.3bn 44.2bn

Paramilitary 11,700 US$1=€ 0.75 0.71


a
including military pensions
Border Guard 5,400
Population 81,471,834
Coast Guard Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
HQ at Poti. The Navy was subsequently merged with the
Male 6.9% 2.6% 3.1% 3.0% 25.0% 8.6%
Coast Guard in 2009 under the auspices of the Georgian
Border Guard, within the Ministry of the Interior. Female 6.5% 2.5% 2.9% 2.9% 24.2% 11.8%
118 The Military Balance 2012

Air Manoeuvre
Capabilities 1 spec ops div (RF) (1 SF bde, 2 AB bde (1 recce coy, 2
The armed forces are undergoing a period of re-structur- para bn, 1 engr coy, 1 log bn), 1 AD bn, 1 sigs bn)
ing, and substantial down-sizing, as defence expenditure 1 air mob div (RF) (1 air mob bde (1 air mob inf regt, 1
is trimmed out to 2015. Overall personnel numbers will fall atk hel bn, 1 tpt hel bn); 1 avn bde (2 tpt hel regt, 1 lt
by some 37,000, and conscription has been replaced with tpt hel regt, 1 sigs bn); 1 cbt spt bde with (1 arty regt, 1
‘voluntary conscription’. Land forces will be restructured AD bn, 1 NBC regt))
to provide three division-level units rather than the pre- COMBAT SUPPORT
vious five, with brigades down from eleven to eight. Up 1 arty bn (GER/FRA bde)
to 20,000 civilian posts are also being cut. The air force is 1 engr coy (GER/FRA bde)
being re-organised around operational unit and support 1 cbt spt bde (1 arty trg regt, 1 AD bn, 1 NBC regt)
unit commands, replacing its divisional structure, with the COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
navy similarly being organised into capability areas. Late 1 log bn (GER/FRA bde)
in 2011, a further round of defence cuts were announced,
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
leading to base closures in Germany and reductions in
MBT 350 Leopard 2A6
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

equipment holdings beyond initial announcements. The


armed forces are supporting ISAF in Afghanistan with RECCE 311: 221 Fennek (incl 24 engr recce, 19 fires spt); 65
army and air force units deployed, though the intent was Tpz-1 Fuchs (CBRN); 25 Wiesel (16 recce; 9 engr)
to begin to draw down numbers starting at the end of 2011. AIFV 523: 410 Marder 1A2/A3; 5 Puma (test); 108 Wiesel
While the armed forces remain constrained politically in (with 20mm gun)
terms of out of area operations, they will increasingly have APC 1,753+
the ability for power projection in a multinational context, APC (T) 670: 354 Bv-206D/S; 316 M113 (inc variants)
supported by the eventual introduction into service of the APC (W) 1,083+: 353 APV-2 Dingo II; 726 TPz-1 Fuchs
A400M military airlifter. (incl variants); 4+ Boxer
ARTY 288
ACTIVE 251,465 (Army 105,291 Navy 19,179 Air SP • 155mm 136 PzH 2000
44,565 Joint Support Service 57,495 Joint Medical TOWED • 105mm 10 M101
Service 24,935) MRL • 227mm 55 MLRS
Terms of service Mandatory conscription suspended 1 July MOR • 120mm 87 Tampella
2011; voluntary conscripts can serve up to 23 months.
AT • MSL 483
RESERVE 40,396 (Army 15,351 Navy 1,867 Air 4,914 SP 128 Wiesel (TOW)
Joint Support Service 12,871 Joint Medical Service MANPATS 355 Milan
4,970 MoD 423) AMPHIBIOUS 27 LCM (river engr)
HELICOPTERS
ATK 13 EC665 Tiger
Organisations by Service MRH/ISR 93 Bo-105M/Bo-105P PAH-1 (with HOT)
TPT: 241 Heavy 80 CH-53G Stallion; Medium 16 NH90;
Space Light 145: 85 Bell 205 (UH-1D Iroquois); 46 Bo-105; 14
SATELLITES 7 EC135
COMMUNICATIONS 2 COMSATBw (1 & 2)
UAV • ISR 12 Medium 6 KZO; Light 9 LUNA
ISR 5 SAR-Lupe
AD • SAM
SP 50 ASRAD Ozelot (with FIM-92A Stinger)
Army 105,291 MANPAD: some FIM-92A Stinger
The German army is currently divided into response forces RADARS 103: 8 Cobra; 7 LÜR; 3 NBR; 68 RASIT (veh,
(RF) and stabilisation forces (StF). arty); 17 RATAC (veh, arty)
FORCES BY ROLE AEV 185: 149 Dachs; 36 Leopard A1
MANOEUVRE ARV 77: 75 Büffel; 2 M88A1
Armoured VLB 169: 104 Biber; 30 M3; 35 Panzerschnellbrücke 2
1 (1st) armd div (RF) (1 armd bde (1 armd recce coy, MW 124+: 100 Area Clearing System; 24 Keiler; Minelayer
2 armd bn, 1 armd inf bn, 1 SP arty bn, 1 log bn); 1
5821; Skorpion Minelauncher
armd bde (1 recce coy, 1 armd bn, 1 armd inf bn, 1 SP
arty bn, 1 log bn); 1 armd recce bn; 1 arty regt; 1 engr
regt; 1 AD regt; 1 sigs bn, 1 NBC bn, 1 log bn)
Navy 19,179
Previous Type Comds have been merged into two Flotillas.
1 (10th) armd div (StF) (1 armd bde (1 recce bn, 1 armd
Flotilla I combines SS, MCM, PBF and SF whilst Flotilla II
bn, 2 armd inf bn, 1 engr bn, 1 sigs bn, 1 log bn); 1 mtn
inf bde (1 recce bn, 3 mtn inf bn, 1 engr bn, 1 log bn)) comprises 2 FF and Aux squadrons.
1 (13th) mech div (StF) (2 mech bde (1 recce bn, 1 armd EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
bn, 2 armd inf bn, 1 engr bn, 1 sig bn, 1 log bn)) SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 4:
Light 4 Type 212A (2 further vessels on order) with 6 single
2 bn (GER/FRA bde) 533mm TT with 12 A4 Seehecht DM2 HWT
Europe 119

PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 20 Air Force Command


DESTROYERS • DDGHM 7 FORCES BY ROLE
4 Brandenburg with 2 twin lnchr with MM-38 Exocet FIGHTER
AShM, 1 16 cell Mk 41 VLS with RIM-7M/P, 2 Mk49 1 wg (2 sqn with F-4F Phantom II)
GMLS with RIM-116 RAM SAM, 4 single 324mm ASTT 2 wg (4 sqn with Eurofighter Typhoon)
with Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity: 2 Sea Lynx FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
Mk88/Mk88A ASW hel) 1 wg (2 sqn with Tornado IDS)
3 Sachsen with 2 quad Mk 141 lnchr with RGM-84F 1 wg (2 sqn with Tornado ECR/IDS)
Harpoon AShM, 1 32 cell Mk 41 VLS with SM-2MR/ 1 wg (2 sqn forming with Eurofighter Typhoon)

Europe
RIM-162B Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 Mk 49 GMLS each with ISR
21 RIM-116 RAM SAM; (capacity; 2 NH-90/Lynx hel) 1 wg (1 ISR sqn with Tornado IDS; 1 UAV sqn (ISAF
FRIGATES 11 only) with Heron)
FFGHM 8 Bremen with 2 quad Mk 141 lnchr with AIR DEFENCE
RGM-84A/C Harpoon AShM, 1 octuple Mk29 GMLS 3 wg (each 2 SAM gp) with Patriot
with RIM-7M/P Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 Mk 49 GMLS with 1 AD gp with C-RAM MANTIS
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

RIM-116 RAM SAM, 2 twin 324mm ASTT with Mk 46 3 (tac air ctrl) radar gp
LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity either 2 MK88 Sea Lynx EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
ASW hel or 2 Sea Lynx MK88A ASW) AIRCRAFT 160 combat capable
FFGM 2 Braunschweig (K130) with 2 twin lnchr with FTR 89: 73 Eurofighter Typhoon; 16 F-4F Phantom II
RBS-15 AShM, 2 M49 GMLS each with RIM-116 RAM FGA 51 Tornado IDS
SAM, 1 76mm gun, 1 hel landing platform (3 more EW/FGA 20 Tornado ECR*
vessels to be commissioned in 2012) UAV • ISR • Heavy 3 Heron
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PCGM 10 AD • SAM • TOWED 26: 24 Patriot PAC-3, 2 C-RAM
10 Gepard with 2 twin lnchr with MM-38 Exocet AShM, MANTIS
1 Mk 49 GMLS with RIM-116 RAM SAM, 1 76mm gun MSL
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 35: AAM • IR AIM-9L/Li Sidewinder; IIR Iris-T; ARH
MHO 15: 10 Frankenthal (one used as diving support); 5 AIM 120A/B AMRAAM
Kulmbach LACM KEPD 350 Taurus
MSO 5 Ensdorf ARM AGM-88B HARM
MSD 15 Seehund BOMBS
LGB: GBU-24 Paveway III, GBU-54 JDAM
AMPHIBIOUS 2
LCU 2 Type 520 Transport Command
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 30
FORCES BY ROLE
AO 2 Walchensee Type 703
TANKER/TRANSPORT
AOT 2 Spessart Type 704
1 (special air mission) wg with A310 MRT; A310
AFH 2 Berlin Type 702 (capacity either 2 NH90 utl hel or MRTT; A340; AS532U2 Cougar II (VIP); CL-601 Chal-
2 Sea King MK41 SAR hel; 2 RAMs) lenger
AG 6: 3 Schwedeneck Type 748; 3 Stollergrund Type 745 TRANSPORT
AGOR 1 Planet Type 751 4 wg (total: 2 sqn with Bell 205 (UH-1D Iroquois); 3 sqn
AGI 3 Oste Type 423 with C-160 Transall; 1 unit forming with NH-90)
AT 5
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AX 1 AIRCRAFT
SPT 6 Elbe Type 404 (2 specified for PFM support; 1 TKR/TPT 4 A310 MRTT
specified for SSK support; 3 specified for MHC/MSC TPT 89: Medium 80 C-160 Transall; PAX 9: 2 A310
support) MRT; 1 A340 (VIP); 2 A319; 4 CL-601 Challenger (VIP)
Trial Ship 2 HELICOPTERS • TPT 52: Medium 8: 4 AS532U2 Cougar
II (VIP); 4 NH90; Light 44 Bell 205 (UH-1D Iroquois)
Naval Aviation 2,227 (SAR, Tpt)
AIRCRAFT 8 combat capable
ASW 8 AP-3C Orion Training Command
TPT • Light 2 Do-228 (pollution control) FORCES BY ROLE
HELICOPTERS TRAINING
ASW 22 Lynx Mk88A 1 sqn located at Holloman AFB (US) with Tornado IDS
SAR 21 Sea King Mk41 1 unit (ENJJPT) located at Sheppard AFB (US) with
MSL AShM Sea Skua T-6 Texan II; T-38A
1 hel unit located at Fassberg
Air Force 44, 565 (plan figure) 1 AD unit located at Fort Bliss (US) with Patriot
Flying hours 140 hrs/year (plus 40 hrs high-fidelity EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
simulator) AIRCRAFT 14 combat capable
120 The Military Balance 2012

FGA 14 Tornado IDS Democratic Republic of the Congo


TRG 109: 69 T-6 Texan TII, 40 T-38A EU • EUSEC RD Congo 3
AD • SAM Patriot
France
Army 400 (incl GER elm Eurocorps)
Joint Support Services 57,495
FORCES BY ROLE Gulf of Aden & indian Ocean
COMBAT SUPPORT EU • Operation Atalanta 1 DDGHM; 1 FFGHM; 1 P-3C
6 MP bn LEBANON
3 sigs regt
UN • UNIFIL 232; 2 PC; 1 SPT
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
1 log bde Mediterranean Sea
3 log regt NATO • SNMCMG 2: 1 MHO
Poland
Joint Medical Services 24,935 Army 67 (GER elm Corps HQ (multinational))
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

FORCES BY ROLE
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT Serbia
7 med regt NATO • KFOR 1,451; 1 MRL bn HQ; 1 inf coy; 1 sigs coy;
5 fd hospital 1 spt bn; elm 1 MP coy; 1 med unit; elm 1 hel gp; 16 TPz-1
Fuchs; 7 UH-1D Iroquois
Cyber OSCE • Serbia 1
Germany established a Department of Information OSCE • Kosovo 8
and Computer Network Operations in 2009 under the south Sudan
guidance of the then chief of the Bundeswehr’s Strategic UN • UNMISS 5; 8 obs
Reconnaissance Command. Bundeswehr units maintain
organic IT monitoring capability: a Bundeswehr CERT team Sudan
(CERTBw) is available. Germany issued a Cyber Security UN • UNAMID 4
Strategy in February 2011. A National Cyber Response Uganda
Centre, involving Police, Customs, Federal Intelligence EU • EUTM 3
Service and the Bunderswehr, began operations on 1
April 2011. It reports to the Federal Office for Information United States
Security. A National Cyber Security Council has also Air Force: trg units at Goodyear AFB (AZ)/Sheppard AFB
been established, with high-level representatives from (TX) with 40 T-38 Talon trg ac; 69 T-6A Texan II; 1 trg sqn
government and, as associate members, business. Holloman AFB (NM) with 24 Tornado IDS; NAS Pensacola
(FL); Fort Rucker (AL) • Missile trg located at Fort Bliss (TX)

Deployment UZBEKISTAN
Legal provisions for foreign deployment: NATO • ISAF 106
Constitution: Codified constitution (‘Basic Law’, 1949)
Specific legislation: ‘Parlamentsbeteiligungsgesetz’ (2005) Foreign Forces
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: a) By Canada NATO 287
parliament: in general and in the case of military France Army: 1 (FRA/GER) army bde (1 army HQ, 1 armd
intervention; b) by government: in urgent cases of threat cav rgt, 1 mech inf regt); 2,800 (incl elm Eurocorps and
or emergency (parliamentary consent a posteriori), or for FRA/GER bde (2,500))
preparatory measures or humanitarian interventions; c) United Kingdom Army 17,870; 1 armd div (2 armd bde)
simplified procedure for ‘missions of low intensity’ or if the Royal Navy 40; Air Force 240
government seeks an extension of parliamentary approval United States
(§§ 1–5 of the 2005 law)
US Africa Command: Army; 1 HQ at Stuttgart USAF; 1
Afghanistan HQ (17th Air Force) at Ramstein AB.
NATO • ISAF 5,150; 1 div HQ; 1 inf BG; 1 AB BG; Marder US European Command: 54,198; 1 combined service HQ
AIFV; Fennek (Recce); TPz-1 Fuchs APC; Dingo II APC; (EUCOM) at Stuttgart-Vaihingen
PzH 2000 155mm SP arty; Wiesel (TOW) SP AT; KZO UAV; Army 38,625; 1 HQ (US Army Europe (USAREUR)
LUNA UAV Air Force: 6 Tornado ECR (SEAD); CH-53 tpt at Heidelberg; 1 cav SBCT; (2 armd inf bde currently
hel; C-160 tpt ac; Heron UAV deployed to AFG); 1 cbt avn bde; 1 engr bde; 1 int bde;
UN • UNAMA 1 obs 2 sigs bde; 1 spt bde; 1 (APS) armd HBCT eqpt. set
(transforming); M1 Abrams; M2/M3 Bradley; Stryker;
Bosnia-Herzegovina M109; M777; M270 MLRS; AH-64 Apache; CH-47
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 13 Chinook; UH-60 Black Hawk
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 4 Navy 470
Europe 121

USAF 14,726; 1 HQ (US Airforce Europe (USAFE)) at Field army to re-org. Units are manned at 3 different levels
Ramstein AB; 1 HQ (3rd Air Force) at Ramstein AB; 1 ftr – Cat A 85% fully ready, Cat B 60% ready in 24 hours, Cat
wg at Spangdahlem AB with (1 atk sqn with 18 A-10C C 20% ready in 48 hours (requiring reserve mobilisation).
Thunderbolt II; 1 ftr sqn with 24 F-16CJ Fighting Falcon); 3 military regions.
1 airlift wg at Ramstein AB with 16 C-130E/J Hercules; 2 FORCES BY ROLE
C-20 Gulfstream; 9 C-21 Learjet; 1 CT-43 Boeing 737 COMMAND
USMC 377 4 corps HQ (incl NDC-GR)
1 armd div HQ
Greece GRC 3 mech inf div HQ

Europe
1 inf div HQ
Euro € 2010 2011 2012 1 log corps HQ
GDP € 230bn 221bn SPECIAL FORCES
US$ 305bn 310bn 1 comd (1 amph bde, 1 cdo/para bde)
per capita US$ 28,364 28,777 MANOEUVRE
Reconnaissance
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Growth % -4.35 -5.00


5 recce bn
Inflation % 4.7 2.9 Armoured
Def expa € 6.01bn 4 armd bde (2 armd bn, 1 mech inf bn, 1 SP arty bn)
US$ 7.96bn Mechanised
Def bdgta € 6.09bn 4.87bn 4.73bn 8 mech inf bde (1 armd bn, 2 mech bn, 1 SP arty bn)
US$ 8.07bn 6.83bn Light
2 inf div
US$1=€ 0.75 0.71
7 inf bde (1 armd bn, 3 inf regt, 1 arty regt)
a
Excludes military pensions
Air Manoeuvre
Population 10,760,136 1 air mob bde
Amphibious
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus 1 mne bde
Male 7.3% 2.5% 2.7% 3.2% 24.7% 8.6% Aviation
Female 6.9% 2.3% 2.6% 3.2% 25.0% 11.0% 1 avn bde (1 hel regt with (2 atk hel bn), 2 tpt hel bn, 4
hel bn)
Capabilities COMBAT SUPPORT
1 arty regt (1 arty bn, 2 MRL bn)
Significant procurement plans have been shelved. The ex- 3 AD bn (2 with I-HAWK, 1 with Tor M1)
tent of the delays will be determined by how long it takes 3 engr regt
the domestic economy to begin a sustained recovery. A 2 engr bn
new National Security and Defence Policy has been un- 1 EW regt
veiled, and the Future Force Structure 2011–2025 is due for 10 sigs bn
approval, in a bid to match capability requirements with COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
financial constraints. The mid-term programme for pro- 1 log div (3 log bde)
curements 2011–2025 has been capped at €14.5bn. It was
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
against this backdrop that Defence Minister Panos Begli-
MBT 1,460: 170 Leopard 2A6HEL; 181 Leopard 2A4; 526
tis moved in September 2011 to assure President Karolos
Leopard 1A4/5; 208 M60A1/A3; 375 M48A5
Papoulias that ‘despite the economic crisis, we maintain a
RECCE 229 VBL
high level of operational preparedness’. Regional tensions
AIFV 401 BMP-1
with Turkey and (FYR) Macedonia remain. Tasked with as-
APC (T) 1,872: 89 Leonidas Mk1/2; 1,685 M113A1/A2; 98
suring the territorial integrity of Greece, and also support
M577
to Cyprus, the armed forces has been trading quantity for
ARTY 3,353
quality in several areas over the past decade, though it has
SP 547: 155mm 442: 418 M109A1B/A2/A3GEA1/A5; 24
little organic ability to deploy other than regionally.
PzH 2000; 203mm 105 M110A2
ACTIVE 145,647 (Army 87,441, Navy 20,000 Air TOWED 410: 105mm 281: 263 M101; 18 M-56; 155mm
26,606, Joint 11,600) Paramilitary 4,000 129 M114
MRL 147: 122mm 111 RM-70 Dana; 227mm 36 MLRS
Terms of service: Conscripts in all services up to 9 months (incl ATACMS)
RESERVE 216,650 (Army 177,650 Navy 5,000, Air MOR 2,249: 81mm 1,629; 107mm 620 M-30 (incl 231 SP)
34,000) AT
MSL 1,008
SP 528: 196 9M133 Kornet-E (AT-14); 290 M901; 42
Organisations by Service Milan HMMWV
MANPATS 580: 262 9K111 Fagot (AT-4 Spigot); 248
Army 47,966; 39,475 conscripts (total 87,441) Milan; 70 TOW
122 The Military Balance 2012

RCL 3,927: 4 Elli Batch III (NLD Kortenaer Batch 2) with 2 quad Mk
SP 106mm 581 M40A1 141 lnchr with RGM-84A/C Harpoon AShM, 1 octuple
MANPATS 3,346 84mm 2,000 Carl Gustav; 90mm 1,346 Mk29 lnchr with RIM-7M/P Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 twin
EM-67 324mm ASTT with Mk46 LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity
AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 41: 3 Beech 200 King Air 2 Bell 212 (AB-212) hel)
(C-12C/R/AP Huron); 38 Cessna 185 (U-17A) 4 Hydra (GER MEKO 200) with 2 quad lnchr with
HELICOPTERS RGM-84G Harpoon AShM, 1 16 cell Mk48 Mod 5 VLS
ATK 29: 19 AH-64A Apache; 10 AH-64D Apache with RIM-162 ESSM SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT each
TPT 124: Heavy 15 CH-47D Chinook; Light 109: 95 Bell with Mk46 LWT, 1 127mm gun, (capacity 1 S-70B
205 (UH-1H Iroquois); 14 Bell 206 (AB-206) Jet Ranger Seahawk ASW hel)
UAV • ISR • Medium 4 Sperwer PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 33
AD CORVETTES • FSGM 5 Roussen (Super Vita) with 2
SAM 1,722 quad lnchr with MM-40 Exocet AShM, 1 Mk49 GMLS
SP 113: 21 9K331 Tor-M1 (SA-15 Gauntlet); 38 9K33 with RIM-116 RAM SAM, 1 76mm gun (2 additional
Osa-M (SA-8B Gecko); 54 ASRAD HMMWV vessels in build)
TOWED 42 I-HAWK
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

PCFG 12:
MANPAD 1,567 FIM-92A Stinger
5 Kavaloudis (FRA La Combattante II, III, IIIB) with 6
GUNS • TOWED 747: 20mm 207 Rh 202; 23mm 523 ZU-
RB 12 Penguin AShM, 2 single 533mm TT with SST-4
23-2
HWT, 2 76mm gun
RADAR • LAND 76: 3 ARTHUR, 5 AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder
4 Laskos (FRA La Combattante II, III, IIIB) with 4 MM-38
(arty, mor); 8 AN/TPQ-37(V)3; 40 BOR-A; 20 MARGOT
Exocet AShM, 2 single 533mm TT with SST-4 HWT, 2
ARV 268: 12 Büffel; 43 Leopard 1; 95 M88A1; 113 M578
76mm gun
VLB 12+: 12 Leopard 1; Leguan
1 Votsis (FRA La Combattante) with 2 twin Mk-141 lnchr
MW Giant Viper
with RGM-84C Harpoon AShM, 1 76mm gun 

2 Votsis (FRA La Combattante IIA) with 4 MM-38 Exocet
National Guard 32,988 reservists
Internal security role AShM, 1 76mm gun
PCO 8:
FORCES BY ROLE
2 Armatolos (DNK Osprey) each with 1 76mm gun
MANOEUVRE
2 Kasos each with 1 76mm gun
Light
4 Machitis each with 1 76mm gun
1 inf div
PB 8: 4 Andromeda (NOR Nasty); 2 Stamou; 2 Tolmi
Air Manoeuvre
MINE COUNTERMEASURES 7
1 para regt
MHO 4: 2 Evropi (UK Hunt); 2 Evniki (US Osprey)
Aviation
1 avn bn MSC 3 Alkyon (US MSC-294)
COMBAT SUPPORT AMPHIBIOUS
8 arty bn LANDING SHIPS • LST 5:
4 AD bn 5 Chios (capacity 4 LCVP; 300 troops) with 1 hel landing
platform (for med hel)
Navy 16,900; 3,100 conscript; (total 20,000) LANDING CRAFT 7
LCU 4
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
LCAC 3 Kefallinia (Zubr) (capacity either 3 MBT or 10
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 8:
APC (T); 230 troops)
4 Poseidon (GER T-209/1200) with 8 single 533mm TT
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 44:
with SUT HWT
AORH 1 Prometheus (ITA Etna)
3 Glavkos (GER T-209/1100) with 8 single 533mm TT with
UGM-84C Harpoon AShM/SUT HWT AOT 4
1 Papanikolis (GER T-214) with 8 single 533mm TT with AG 2 (ex-GER Luneburg)
UGM-84C Harpoon AShM/SUT HWT (5 additional AWT 6
vessels in build) AE 1
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 14 ABU 2
FRIGATES • FFGHM 14: AXL 1
4 Elli Batch I (NLD Kortenaer Batch 2) with 2 quad Mk YPT 3
141 lnchr with RGM-84A/C Harpoon AShM, 1 octuple YFU 4
Mk29 GMLS with RIM-7M/P Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 twin YNT 1
324mm ASTT with Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity: YTM 19
2 Bell 212 (AB-212) hel)
2 Elli Batch II (NLD Kortenaer Batch 2) with 2 quad Mk Naval Aviation
141 lnchr with RGM-84A/C Harpoon AShM, 1 octuple FORCES BY ROLE
Mk29 GMLS with RIM-7M/P Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 twin ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE
324mm ASTT with Mk46 LWT, 2 76mm gun, (capacity 1 div with S-70B Seahawk; Bell 212 (AB-212) ASW;
2 Bell 212 (AB-212) hel) SA319 Alouette III
Europe 123

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Air Support Command


AIRCRAFT • ASW (5 P-3B Orion in store)
FORCES BY ROLE
HELICOPTERS
SEARCH & RESCUE/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
ASW 19: 8 Bell 212 (AB-212) ASW; 11 S-70B Seahawk
1 sqn with AS-332 Super Puma (SAR/CSAR)
MRH 2 SA319 Alouette III
1 sqn with AW109; Bell 205A (AB-205A) (SAR); Bell
MSL
212 (AB-212 - VIP, tpt)
ASM AGM-119 Penguin, AGM-114 Hellfire
TRANSPORT
Air Force 22,069; 4,537 conscripts (total 26,606) 1 sqn with C-27J Spartan (being delivered)
1 sqn with C-130B/H Hercules

Europe
Tactical Air Force 1 sqn with EMB-135; Gulfstream V
FORCES BY ROLE EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK AIRCRAFT
1 sqn with A/TA-7E/H Corsair II TPT 30: Medium 27: 12 C-27J Spartan (being delivered;
2 sqn with F-4E Phantom II 8 AT and 4 AAR); 5 C-130B Hercules; 10 C-130H
4 sqn with F-16CG/DG Block 30/50 Fighting Falcon
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Hercules; Light 2 EMB-135; PAX 1 Gulfstream V


4 sqn with F-16CG/DG Block 52+ Fighting Falcon HELICOPTERS
1 sqn with F-16C/D Blk 52+ ADV Fighting Falcon TPT 31: Medium 11 AS332 Super Puma; Light 20: 13
1 sqn with Mirage 2000-5 Mk2 Bell 205A (AB-205A) (SAR); 4 Bell 212 (AB-212) (VIP,
1 sqn with Mirage 2000E/BGM
Tpt); 3 AW109
ISR
1 sqn with RF-4E Phantom II Air Training Command
AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING
FORCES BY ROLE
1 sqn with EMB-145H Erieye
TRAINING
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
5 sqn with T-2C/E Buckeye; T-6A/B Texan II; T-41D
AIRCRAFT 283 combat capable
FGA 235: 35 F-4E Phantom II; 70 F-16CG/DG Block EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
30/50 Fighting Falcon: 56 F-16CG/DG Block 52+; 30 F- 16 AIRCRAFT • TRG 94: 30 T-2C/E Buckeye; 20 T-6A Texan
C/D Block 52+ ADV Fighting Falcon; 25 Mirage 2000-5 II; 25 T-6B Texan II; 19 T-41D
Mk2; 19 Mirage 2000EG/BG
ATK 33 A/TA-7E/H Corsair II Paramilitary • Coast Guard and Customs
ISR 15 RF-4E Phantom II* 4,000
AEW 4 EMB-145AEW (EMB-145H) Erieye EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MSL PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 128: PCC 3;
AAM • IR AIM-9L/AIM-9P Sidewinder; R-550 Magic PBF 54; PB 71
2 IIR Iris-T; Mica IR; SARH Super 530; ARH AIM- AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 4: 2 Cessna 172RG Cutlass; 2
120B/C; Mica RF TB-20 Trinidad
ASM AGM-65A/B/G Maverick
LACM SCALP EG
AShM AM 39 Exocet Deployment
ARM AGM-88 HARM Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
BOMBS Constitution: Codified constitution (1975/1986/2001)
Conventional: GBU-8B HOBOS; AGM-154C JSOW; Specific legislation: ‘Law 2295/95’ (1995))
GBU-31 JDAM Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By the
Laser-guided: GBU-12/GBU-16 Paveway II; GBU-24 Government Council on Foreign Affairs and Defence
Paveway III
Afghanistan
Air Defence NATO • ISAF 153; 1 engr coy Air Force: 1 C-130
FORCES BY ROLE Bosnia-Herzegovina
AIR DEFENCE
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 25
6 sqn/bty with PAC-3 Patriot (MIM-104 A/B SOJC/D
GEM) OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 3
2 sqn/bty with S-300PMU-1 (SA-10C Grumble) Cyprus
12 bty with Skyguard/Sparrow RIM-7/guns; Crotale NG/ Army 950 (ELDYK army); ε200 (officers/NCO seconded to
GR; Tor M-1 (SA-15 Gauntlet) Greek-Cypriot National Guard) (total 1,150)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 1 mech bde (1 armd bn, 2 mech inf bn, 1 arty bn); 61
AD M48A5 MOLF MBT; 80 Leonidas APC; 12 M114 arty; 6
SAM • TOWED 61+: 36 PAC-3 Patriot; 12 S-300 M110A2 arty
PMU-1 (SA-10C Grumble); 9 Crotale NG/GR; 4 9K331
Tor-M1 (SA-15 Gauntlet); some Skyguard/Sparrow LEBANON
GUNS 35+ 35mm UN • UNIFIL 52; 1 PB
124 The Military Balance 2012

MEDITERRANEAN SEA Joint Component 7,637


NATO • Operation Active Endeavour 1 FFGHM FORCES BY ROLE
Serbia COMBAT SUPPORT
NATO • KFOR • Joint Enterprise 207; 1 mech inf bn 1 (HQ) sigs regt
OSCE • Serbia 1
OSCE • Kosovo 5
Land Component 9,911 (incl riverine element)
FORCES BY ROLE
south SUDAN SPECIAL FORCES
UN • UNMISS 1 obs 1 SF bn
MANOEUVRE
Foreign Forces Mechanised
2 mech inf bde (total: 4 mech inf, 1 lt inf, 1 mixed bn, 2
United States US European Command: 378; 1 naval
log bn)
base at Makri; 1 naval base at Soudha Bay; 1 air base at
COMBAT SUPPORT
Iraklion
1 engr regt
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

1 EOD/rvn regt
Hungary HUN 1 CBRN regt
1 sigs bn
Hungarian Forint f 2010 2011 2012
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
GDP f 27.1tr 28.3tr 1 spt bde
US$ 130bn 145bn EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
per capita US$ 13,033 14,511 MBT 30 T-72
Growth % 1.20 1.80 RECCE 24 K90 CBRN Recce; PSZH-IV CBRN Recce
Inflation % 4.9 3.7 AIFV/APC (W) 380 BTR-80/BTR-80A
Def exp f 281bn ARTY 68
US$ 1.35bn TOWED 152mm 18 D-20
MOR 82mm 50
Def bdgt f 279bn 275bn
AT • MSL • MANPATS 130: 30 9K111 Fagot (AT-4 Spigot);
US$ 1.34bn 1.41bn
100 9K113 Konkurs (AT-5 Spandrel)
FMA (US) US$ 1.0m 1.0m PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PBR 2
US$1=f 208.25 195.57 AEV BAT-2
Population 9,976,062 ARV BMP-1 VPV; T-54/T-55; VT-55A
VLB BLG-60; MTU; TMM
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 7.7% 3.1% 3.2% 3.2% 24.2% 6.2% Air Component 5,039
Female 7.2% 2.9% 3.1% 3.1% 25.4% 10.6% Flying hours 50 hrs/yr
FORCES BY ROLE
Capabilities COMMAND
Hungary’s armed forces have fared better than most in the 1 (comd and air surv) rgt
former Soviet bloc since the end of the Cold War, transi- FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
tioning from a conscript-based to a professional structure, 1 sqn with Gripen C/D
with a much smaller but better equipped and trained, order TRANSPORT
of battle. However, budgetary pressures may place some 1 sqn with An-26 Curl; (NATO Hy Airlift Wg with 3 C-
doubt on future procurement plans. Hungary’s defence 17A Globemaster based at Papa)
policy provides for deployed operations under NATO TRAINING
and EU. It has contributed troops to ISAF operations in 1 sqn with Yak-52
Afghanistan. The armed forces conduct regular training ATTACK HELICOPTER
exercises with bilateral and multinational partners. The 1 (cbt) bn with Mi-24 Hind
country is host to NATO’s C-17 airlift unit. TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 bn with Mi-8 Hip; Mi-17 Hip H
ACTIVE 22,587 (Army 9,911, Air 5,039 Joint 7,637) AIR DEFENCE
Paramilitary 12,000 1 regt (9 bty with Mistral; 3 bty with 2K12 Kub (SA-6
Gainful))
RESERVE 44,000 (Army 35,200 Air 8,800)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 14 combat capable
Organisations by Service FGA 14: 12 Gripen C; 2 Gripen D
Hungary’s armed forces have reorganised into a joint TPT • Light 5 An-26 Curl
force. TRG 9 Yak-52
Europe 125

HELICOPTERS Uganda
ATK 12 Mi-24 Hind EU • EUTM 4
MRH 7 Mi-17 Hip H
Western Sahara
TPT • Medium 10 Mi-8 Hip
AD • SAM 61 UN • MINURSO 7 obs
SP 16 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful)
MANPAD 45 Mistral Iceland ISL
RADAR: 3 RAT-31DL, 6 P-18: 6 SZT-68U; 14 P-37
MSL Icelandic Krona K 2010 2011 2012
AAM • IR AIM-9 Sidewinder; R-73 (AA-11 Archer) GDP K 1.54tr 1.63tr

Europe
SARH R-27 (AA-10 Alamo A); ARH AIM-120C US$ 12.3bn 14.1bn
AMRAAM per capita US$ 39,915 45,266
ASM 250: 20 AGM-65 Maverick; 150 3M11 Falanga (AT-2
Growth % −3.47 2.55
Swatter); 80 9K113 Shturm-V (AT-6 Spiral)
Inflation % 5.4 4.2
Paramilitary 12,000
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Sy Bdgta K
US$
Border Guards 12,000 (to reduce) US$1=K 124.86 115.70
Ministry of Interior a
Iceland has no armed forces. Budget is mainly for Coast Guard.
FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE Population 311,058
Other Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
1 (Budapest) paramilitary district (7 rapid reaction coy)
Male 10.3% 3.8% 3.8% 3.5% 22.9% 5.8%
11 (regt/district) paramilitary regt
Female 10.0% 3.7% 3.6% 3.5% 22.4% 6.9%
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
APC (W) 68 BTR-80
Capabilities
Deployment The country has no armed forces, though there is a Coast
Guard that operates ships, fixed-wing and rotary aircraft.
Legal provisions for foreign deployment: A NATO member, the country is reliant on other alliance
Constitution: Codified constitution (1949) members for air policing and air defence.
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By gov in case
of NATO/EU operations (Art. 40/C para 1). Otherwise, by ACTIVE NIL Paramilitary 130
parliament (Art. 19, para 3 point j)
Afghanistan Organisations by Service
NATO • ISAF 415; 1 lt inf coy
Paramilitary
ARMENIA/AZERbaijan
OSCE • Minsk Conference 1 Iceland Coast Guard 130
Bosnia-Herzegovina EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 171; 1 inf coy PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PSOH: 2
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 Aegir
PSO 1 Thor
Cyprus LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • AGS 1 Baldur
UN • UNFICYP 77; 1 inf pl AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 1 DHC-8-300
HELICOPTERS
Democratic Republic of the Congo
MRH 1 AS365N Dauphin 2
EU • EUSEC RD Congo 2 TPT • Medium 2 AS332L1 Super Puma
Egypt
MFO 38; 1 MP unit Foreign Forces
Iraq NATO • Iceland Air Policing: Aircraft and personnel from
NATO • NTM-I 3 various NATO members on a rotating basis.

Lebanon
UN • UNIFIL 4
Serbia
NATO • KFOR 245; 1 inf coy (KTM)
OSCE • Serbia 2
OSCE • Kosovo 4
126 The Military Balance 2012

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Ireland IRL LT TK 14 Scorpion
RECCE 52: 15 Piranha IIIH; 18 AML-20; 19 AML-90
Euro € 2010 2011 2012
APC (W) 67: 65 Piranha III; 2 XA-180 Sisu
GDP € 156bn 157bn ARTY 495
US$ 207bn 221bn TOWED 24: 105mm 24 L-118 Light Gun
per capita US$ 44,700 47,220 MOR 495: 81mm 400; 120mm 95
Growth % −0.43 0.36 AT
MSL • MANPATS 57: 36 Javelin; 21 Milan
Inflation % −1.6 1.1
RCL 84mm 444 Carl Gustav
Def exp € 965m AD
US$ 1.28bn SAM • MANPAD 7 RBS-70
Def bdgt € 953m 933m GUNS • TOWED 40mm 32 L/70 each with 8 Flycatcher
US$ 1.26bn 1.31bn MW Aardvark Mk 2
US$1=€ 0.75 0.71 Reserves 14,500 reservists
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Population 4,670,976 FORCES BY ROLE


SPECIAL FORCES
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus 1 SF coy (2 aslt pl, 1 spt pl)
Male 10.8% 3.0% 3.2% 4.0% 23.6% 5.3% MANOEUVRE
Female 10.4% 2.9% 3.2% 4.1% 23.2% 6.3% Reconnaissance
3 (integrated) cav tp
Capabilities Light
3 (non integrated) inf bde (1 cav recce sqn, 3 inf bn, 1 fd
The country’s armed forces have been further trimmed as arty regt (2 fd arty bty), 1 fd engr coy, 1 log bn)
a result of Dublin’s economic difficulties, while some pro- 9 (integrated) inf coy
curement programmes are being extended over a longer COMBAT SUPPORT
period to spread costs. The armed forces have been asked 3 (integrated) arty bty
to cut $146.5m from their spending plans from 2011–14 as 3 AD bty
part of a broader package of government funding reduc- COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
tions. The armed forces’ primary task is to ‘defend the 1 log bn
state against armed aggression’ while there also remains
emphasis on participating in UN-led ‘peace support, crisis Navy 1,015
management and humanitarian relief operations’. Military EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
forces are also routinely called upon to conduct EOD op- PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 8
erations within Ireland due to paramilitary activity. The PSOH 1 Eithne
army is by far the largest of the military services, support- PSO 2 Roisin with 1 76mm gun
ed by a small air corps and naval service PCO 5: 3 Emer; 2 Orla (UK Peacock) with 1 76mm gun
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 6
ACTIVE 9,650 (Army 7,850 Navy 1,015 Air 785) AXS 2
RESERVE 14,875 (Army 14,500 Navy 300 Air 75) YFL 3
YTM 1

Organisations by Service Air Corps 785


2 ops wg; 2 spt wg; 1 comms and info sqn
Army ε7,850 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FORCES BY ROLE AIRCRAFT
SPECIAL FORCES MP 2 CN-235 MPA
1 ranger coy TPT 9: Light 8: 1 Beech 200 King Air; 1 BN-2 Defender
MANOEUVRE 4000 (police spt); 5 Cessna FR-172H; 1 Learjet 45 (VIP);
Reconnaissance PAX 1 Gulfstream GIV
1 armd recce sqn TRG 8 PC-9M
Light HELICOPTERS:
MRH 6 AW139
3 inf bde (1 cav recce sqn, 3 inf bn, 1 fd arty regt (3 fd
TPT • Light 4: 1 AS355N Twin Squirrel (police spt); 2
arty bty), 1 fd engr coy, 1 sigs coy, 1 MP coy, 1 log bn)
EC135 P2 (incl trg/medevac); 1 EC135 T2
COMBAT SUPPORT
1 AD regt (1 AD bty)
several EOD teams Deployment
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
1 construction engr coy Constitution: Codified constitution (1937)
Europe 127

Specific legislation: ‘Defence (Amendment) Act’ 2006


Decision on deployment of troops abroad: a) By Capabilities
parliament; b) by government if scenario for deployment Funding pressure continued to be exerted on the defence
corresponds with conditions laid out in Art.3 of 2006 ministry during 2011 as the government implemented
‘Defence (Amendment) Act’ which exempts from fiscal-reform packages intended to alleviate debt concerns.
parliamentary approval deployments for purposes of The armed forces have been undergoing a process of re-
participation in exercises abroad; monitoring, observation, form for over a decade in terms of force reductions and
advisory or reconnaissance missions; and ‘humanitarian modernising capabilities. Planned defence spending from
operations ‘in response to actual or potential disasters or 2012–14 had already been reduced prior to an additional
emergencies.

Europe
package of cuts announced in August 2011. The armed
Afghanistan forces’ primary role is territorial defence and participation
NATO • ISAF 7 in NATO operations, with the ability for extended deploy-
ment as part of a multinational force. The belated arrival of
Bosnia-Herzegovina its air-to-air refuelling aircraft will help in this role, which
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 44 is also supported by the navy’s amphibious capability. Ital-
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 4 ian forces participate in ISAF, though a troop drawdown is
due to begin in the second quarter of 2012. The armed forc-
Côte D’Ivoire
es were also involved in Operation Unified Protector, both
UN • UNOCI 2 obs
in terms of deploying assets, and hosting foreign forces at
Democratic Republic of the Congo Italian military bases. They train to a high standard nation-
UN • MONUSCO 3 obs ally and with bilateral and multinational partners.

Lebanon ACTIVE 184,532 (Army 107,500 Navy 34,000 Air


UN • UNIFIL 445; 1 mech inf bn 43,032) Paramilitary 186,112
Middle East Terms of service all professional
UN • UNTSO 12 obs
RESERVES 42,095 (Army 38,284 Navy 3,811)
Serbia
NATO • KFOR 12 Organisations by Service
OSCE • Serbia 2
OSCE • Kosovo 4 Space
Uganda SATELLITES 6
EU • EUTM 5 COMMUNICATIONS 2 Sicral
IMAGERY 4 Cosmo (Skymed)
Western Sahara
UN • MINURSO 3 obs Army 107,500
FORCES BY ROLE
COMMAND
Italy ITA 1 (NRDC-IT) corps HQ (1 sigs bde, 1 spt regt)
SPECIAL FORCES
Euro € 2010 2011 2012 1 SF regt (4th Alpini paracadutisti)
GDP € 1.55tr 1.59tr MANOEUVRE
US$ 2.05tr 2.23tr Mechanised
per capita US$ 33,774 36,522 1 (Mantova) div (1st FOD)
Growth % 1.30 0.64 (1 (Ariete) armd bde (3 tk regt, 2 mech inf regt, 1 arty
regt, 1 engr regt, 1 log bn); 1 (Pozzuolo del Friuli) cav
Inflation % 1.6 2.6
bde (3 cav regt, 1 amph regt, 1 arty regt); 1 (Folgore)
Def expa € 16.5bn
AB bde (1 SF regt, 1 SF RSTA regt, 3 para regt, 1 cbt
US$ 21.9bn engr regt); 1 (Friuli) air mob bde (1 cav regt, 1 air mob
Def bdgta € 16.5bn 15.0bn 15.4bn regt, 2 avn regt))
US$ 21.9bn 21.0bn 1 (Acqui) div (2nd FOD)
US$1=€ 0.75 0.71 (1 (Pinerolo) mech bde (1 tk regt, 3 mech inf regt, 1 SP
a
Excludes military pensions arty regt, 1 cbt engr regt); 1 (Granatieri) mech bde (1
cav regt, 2 mech inf regt, 1 SP arty regt); 1 (Garibaldi
Population 61,016,804 Bersaglieri) mech bde (1 cav regt, 1 tk regt, 2 hy mech
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus inf regt, 1 SP arty regt, 1 cbt engr regt); 1 (Aosta) mech
bde (1 cav regt, 3 mech inf regt, 1 SP arty regt, 1 cbt
Male 6.9% 2.4% 2.5% 2.8% 25.8% 8.6%
engr regt); 1 (Sassari) lt mech bde (2 mech inf regt, 1
Female 6.5% 2.3% 2.4% 2.6% 25.2% 12.0% cbt engr regt))
128 The Military Balance 2012

Mountain 2 Salvatore Todaro (Type U212A) with 6 single 533mm TT


1 (Tridentina) mtn div with Type A-184 HWT/DM2A4 HWT
(1 (Taurinense) mtn bde (1 cav regt, 3 mtn inf regt, 1 PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 18
arty regt, 1 mtn cbt engr regt, 1 spt bn); 1 (Julia) mtn AIRCRAFT CARRIERS • CVS 2:
bde with (3 mtn inf regt, 1 arty regt, 1 mtn cbt engr 1 G. Garibaldi with 2 octuple Albatros lnchr with Aspide
regt, 1 spt bn); 1 mtn inf trg regt)) SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT with Mk46 LWT, (capacity:
Aviation mixed air group of either 12–18 AV-8B Harrier II; 17
1 avn bde (3 avn regt, 1 avn bn) SH-3D Sea King or AW101 Merlin – LHA role planned
COMBAT SUPPORT post 2013–14 refit)
1 arty comd (1 hy arty regt, 2 arty regt, 1 psyops regt, 1 1 Cavour with 1 32-cell VLS with Aster 15 SAM, 2
NBC regt) 76mm gun, (capacity: mixed air group of 18–20 AV-8B
1 AD comd (2 (HAWK) AD regt, 2 (SHORAD) AD regt) Harrier II; 12 AW101 Merlin)
1 engr comd (3 engr regt, 1 CIMIC regt) DESTROYERS • DDGHM 4:
1 EW/sigs comd (1 EW/ISTAR bde (1 ISTAR bn, 1 EW 2 Andrea Doria with 2 quad lnchr with Otomat Mk2A
bn, 1 (HUMINT) int bn); 1 sigs bde with (6 sigs bn)) AShM, 1 48-cell VLS with Aster 15/Aster 30 SAM, 2
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

twin 324mm ASTT with MU-90, 3 76mm gun, (capacity


COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
1 AW101 Merlin/NH90 hel)
1 log comd (4 (manoeuvre) log regt, 4 tpt regt)
2 Luigi Durand de la Penne (ex-Animoso) with 2 quad
1 spt regt
lnchr with Milas AS/Otomat Mk 2A AShM, 1 Mk13
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE GMLS with SM-1MR SAM, 1 octuple Albatros lnchr
MBT 320: 200 C1 Ariete; 120 Leopard 1A5 with Aspide SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT with Mk46
RECCE 300 B-1 Centauro; 14 VAB-RECO NBC LWT, 1 127mm gun (capacity: 1 Bell 212 (AB-212) hel)
AIFV 264: 200 VCC-80 Dardo; 64 VBM 8×8 Freccia FRIGATES • FFGHM 12:
APC 3,015 4 Artigliere with 8 single lnchr with Otomat Mk 2
APC (T) 2,398: 230 Bv-206; 396 M113 (incl variants); 1,772 AShM, 1 octuple Albatros lnchr with Aspide SAM, 1
VCC-1 Camillino/VCC-2 127mm gun (capacity: 1 Bell 212 (AB-212) hel)
APC (W) 617: 57 Fiat 6614; 560 Puma 8 Maestrale with 4 single lnchr with Otomat Mk2
AAV 16: 14 AAVP-7; 1 AAVC-7; 1 AAVR-7 AShM, 1 octuple Albatros lnchr with Aspide SAM, 2
ARTY 953 triple 324mm ASTT with Mk46 LWT, 1 127mm gun
SP 155mm 186: 124 M109L; 62 PzH 2000 (capacity: 2 Bell 212 (AB-212) hel)
TOWED 155mm 164 FH-70 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 22
MRL 227mm 22 MLRS CORVETTES • FS 8 Minerva with 1 76mm gun
MOR 581: 81mm 253; 120mm 328: 183 Brandt; 145 RT-F1 PSOH 6:
AT 4 Comandante Cigala Fuligosi with 1 76mm gun,
MSL • MANPATS 1,032: 32 Spike; 1,000 Milan (capacity 1 Bell 212 (AB-212)/NH90 hel)
RCL 80mm 482 Folgore 2 Comandante Cigala Fuligosi (capacity 1 Bell 212 (AB-
RL 110mm 2,000 Pzf 3 Panzerfaust 3 212)/NH-90 hel)
AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 6: 3 Do-228 (ACTL-1); 3 P-180 PCO 4 Cassiopea with 1 76mm gun (capacity: 1 Bell 212
Avanti (AB-212) hel)
HELICOPTERS PB 4 Esploratore
ATK 59 AW129 ESS Mangusta MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 12
MRH 42: 20 AW109; 22 Bell 412 (AB-412) Twin Huey MHO 12: 8 Gaeta; 4 Lerici
TPT 151: Heavy 18 CH-47C Chinook; Medium 15 NH90 AMPHIBIOUS
TTH; Light 118: 60 Bell 205 (AB-205); 40 Bell 206 Jet PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS • LPD 3
Ranger (AB-206); 18 Bell 212 (AB-212) 2 San Giorgio with 1 76mm gun (capacity 3-5 AW101/
AD NH90/SH3-D/Bell 212; 1 CH-47 Chinook tpt hel; 3 LCM
2 LCVP; 30 trucks; 36 APC (T); 350 troops)
SAM 132
1 San Giusto with 1 76mm gun (capacity 4 AW101
TOWED 44: 12 MIM-23 HAWK; 32 Skyguard/Aspide
Merlin; 1 CH-47 Chinook tpt hel; 3 LCM 2 LCVP; 30
MANPAD 64 FIM-92A Stinger
trucks; 36 APC (T); 350 troops)
GUNS • SP 25mm 64 SIDAM
LANDING CRAFT 29: 17 LCVP; 12 LCM
AEV 40 Leopard 1; M113
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 90
ARV 137 Leopard 1
AORH 3: 1 Etna (capacity 1 AW101/NH90 hel); 2
VLB 64 Biber
Stromboli (capacity 1 AW101/NH90 hel)
MW Aardvark Mk2; Belarty UOS-155 AOT 4
ARS 1
Navy 33,000 AKSL 6
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE AWT 3
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 6: AG 2
4 Pelosi (imp Sauro, 3rd and 4th series) with 6 single AGI 1
533mm TT with Type A-184 HWT AGS 3: 1; 2 (coastal)
Europe 129

ABU 5 FORCES BY ROLE


ATS 7 FIGHTER
AT 9 (coastal) 3 sqn with Eurofighter Typhoon
TRG 12: 4 AXL; 8 AXS 1 sqn with F-16A/B Fighting Falcon on lease
YDT 2 FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
YTL 32 2 sqn with AMX Ghibli
1 (SEAD/EW) sqn with Tornado ECR
Naval Aviation 2,200 2 sqn with Tornado IDS
FORCES BY ROLE FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK/ISR
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK 1 sqn with AMX Ghibli

Europe
1 sqn with AV-8B Harrier II MARITIME PATROL
ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE 1 sqn (opcon Navy) with BR1150 Atlantic
5 sqn with AW101 ASW Merlin; Bell 212 ASW (AB- TANKER/TRANSPORT
212AS); SH-3D Sea King; NH90 NFH 1 sqn with B-767MRTT; G-222/G-222VS (EW)
TRAINING COMBAT SEARCH & RESCUE
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

1 flt with TAV-8B Harrier 4 sqn with HH-3F Pelican


TRANSPORT HELICOPTER SEARCH & RESCUE
Some (aslt) sqn with Bell 212 (AB-212); SH-3D Sea 1 det with Bell 212 (AB-212)
King; AW101 Merlin; P-180 TRANSPORT
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 2 (VIP) sqn with A319CJ; Falcon 50; Falcon 900 Easy;
AIRCRAFT 16 combat capable Falcon 900EX; SH-3D Sea King
FGA 16: 14 AV-8B Harrier II; 2 TAV-8B Harrier 2 sqn with C-130J Hercules
MPA 3 P-180 1 sqn with C-27J Spartan
HELICOPTERS 1 (calibration) sqn with P-166-DL3; P-180 Avanti
ASW 26: 8 AW101 ASW Merlin; 17 Bell 212 ASW; 1 TRAINING
NH90 NFH 1 sqn with Eurofighter Typhoon
AEW 4 AW101 Merlin 1 sqn with MB-339A (aerobatic team)
TPT 20: Medium 13: 8 AW101 Merlin; 5 SH-3D Sea 1 sqn with MD-500D (NH-500D)
King; Light 7 Bell 212 (AB-212) 1 sqn with Tornado
MSL 1 sqn with AMX-T Ghibli
AAM • IR AIM-9L Sidewinder; ARH AIM-120 AMRAAM 1 sqn with MB-339A
ASM AGM-65 Maverick 1 sqn with MB-339CD*
AShM Marte Mk 2/S 1 sqn with SF-260EA
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
Marines 2,000 1 sqn with AB-212 SAR ICO
FORCES BY ROLE ISR UAV
MANOEUVRE 1 sqn with RQ-1B Predator
Amphibious AIR DEFENCE
1 mne regt (1 SF coy, 1 aslt bn, 1 log bn) 6 bty with Spada towed SAM
1 landing craft gp EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT AIRCRAFT 247 combat capable
1 log regt (1 log bn) FTR 71: 57 Eurofighter Typhoon; 13 F-16A Fighting Falcon;
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 1 F-16B Fighting Falcon (F-16A/B on lease to 2012)
APC (T) 40 VCC-2 FGA 127: 55 Tornado IDS; 64 AMX Ghibli; 8 AMX-T Ghibli
AAV 18 AAV-7 (training sqn)
ARTY • MOR 12: 81mm 8 Brandt; 120mm 4 Brandt EW/SEAD 15 Tornado ECR
AT • MSL• MANPATS 6 Milan ASW 6 BR1150 Atlantic
AD • SAM • MANPAD FIM-92A Stinger TKR/TPT 2 B-767MRTT
ARV 1 AAV7RAI TPT 76: Medium 35: 21 C-130J Hercules; 12 C-27J Spartan;
2 G-222; Light 31: 6 P-166-DL3; 15 P-180 Avanti; 10 S-208
Special Forces Command (liason) PAX 10: 3 A319CJ; 2 Falcon 50 (VIP); 2 Falcon 900
FORCES BY ROLE Easy; 3 Falcon 900EX (VIP)
SPECIAL FORCES TRG 106: 48 MB-339A (16 aero team, 32 trg); 28 MB-
1 SF gp 339CD*; 30 SF-260EA
1 diving gp HELICOPTERS
MRH 48 MD-500D (NH-500D)
Air Force 43,032 SAR 20 HH-3F Pelican
4 Commands – Air Sqn Cmd (air defence, attack, recce, TPT 31: Light 29 Bell 212 (AB-212)/AB-212 SAR ICO (of
mobility, support, force protection, EW ops); Training; which 26 for SAR); Medium 2 SH-3D Sea King (liaison/VIP)
Logistics; Operations (national and international exercises) UAV • ISR • Heavy 5 RQ-1B Predator
130 The Military Balance 2012

AD • SAM Deployment
TOWED Spada
Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
MSL
Constitution: Codified constitution (1949)
AAM • IR AIM-9L Sidewinder; IIR IRIS-T; ARH AIM-
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By the govern-
120 AMRAAM
ment upon approval by the parliament
ARM AGM-88 HARM
LACM SCALP EG/Storm Shadow Afghanistan
BOMBS NATO • ISAF 4,213; 1 mech bde HQ; 3 mech inf regt; 1
Laser-guided/GPS: Enhanced Paveway II; Enhanced mne regt; some AIFV Dardo; some A-129 Mangusta; some
Paveway III CH-47; some Tornado; some C-130
Albania
Paramilitary 186,112
Delegazione Italiana Esperti (DIE) 18
Carabinieri 106,716 Bosnia-Herzegovina
The Carabinieri are organisationally under the MoD.
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 5
They are a separate service in the Italian Armed Forces
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

as well as a police force with judicial competence. OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 5
Egypt
Mobile and Specialised Branch MFO 75; 4 coastal patrol unit
FORCES BY ROLE
SPECIAL FORCES Gulf of Aden & SOMALI BASIN
1 spec ops gp (ROS) NATO • Operation Ocean Shield 1 DDGHM
MANOEUVRE India/Pakistan
Aviation
UN • UNMOGIP 4 obs
1 hel gp
Other Iraq
1 (mobile) paramilitary div NATO • NTM-I 67
(1 bde (1st) with (1 horsed cav regt, 11 mobile bn);
1 bde (2nd) with (1 (1st) AB regt, 1 (Special Inter- Lebanon
vention) GIS gp, 2 (7th & 13th) mobile regt)) UN • UNIFIL 1,686; 1 inf bde HQ; 1 armd recce bn; 1
1 (specialised) paramilitary div armd inf bn; 1 hel bn; 1 sigs coy; 1 CIMIC coy(-)
(1 Ministry of Foreign Affairs Carabinieri HQ; 9 Malta
Carabinieri HQ (spt to Civil Ministries)) Air Force 25; 2 Bell 212 (AB-212)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
RECCE 18 Fiat 6616 Mediterranean sea
APC 37 NATO • SNMCMG 2: 1 MHO
APC (T) 25: 10 VCC-1 Camillino; 15 VCC-2 MIDDLE EASt
APC (W) 12 Puma UN • UNTSO 8 obs
AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light: 1 P-180 Avanti
HELICOPTERS MOLDOVA
MRH 33 Bell 412 (AB-412) OSCE • Moldova 1
TPT • Light 40 AW109
Serbia
Customs 68,130 NATO • KFOR 583; 1 arty BG HQ; 1 engr unit; 1 hel unit;
(Servizio Navale Guardia Di Finanza) 1 sigs unit; 1 CSS unit; 1 Carabinieri regt
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 163: OSCE • Serbia 1
PCF 1 Antonio Zara OSCE • Kosovo 17
PBF 123: 24 Bigliani; 24 Corrubia; 9 Mazzei; 34 V-2000;
SUDAN
32 V-5000/V-6000
UN • UNAMID 1
PB 39: 23 Buratti; 16 Meatini
UGANDA
Coast Guard 11,266 EU • EUTM 15
(Guardia Costiera – Capitanerie Di Porto)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 134: Western Sahara
PCC 1 Saettia UN • MINURSO 5 obs
PBF 124
PB 9
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • TRG 1 (ex-US Bannock)
Foreign Forces
AIRCRAFT United States US European Command: 10,771
MP 4 ATR-42 MP Surveyor, 2 P-180 Army 3,088; 1 AB IBCT; some M119; some M198
TPT • Light 7 P-166-DL3 Navy 3,396; 1 HQ (US Navy Europe (USNAVEUR)) at
HELICOPTERS • MRH 9 Bell 412SP (AB-412SP Griffin) Naples; 1 HQ (6th Fleet) at Gaeta; 1 MP Sqn eq. with 9
Europe 131

P-3C Orion at Sigonella COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT


USAF 4,181; 1 ftr wg with (2 ftr sqn with 21 F-16C/D 1 log bn
Fighting Falcon) at Aviano 1 tpt bn
USMC 106
Army 1,137
Latvia LVA FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE
Latvian Lat L 2010 2011 2012 Light
GDP L 12.7bn 13.6bn 1 inf bde (2 inf bn, 1 cbt spt bn HQ, 1 CSS bn HQ)

Europe
US$ 23.7bn 26.9bn National Guard 579; 10,666 part-time (11,445 in
per capita US$ 10,695 12,212 total)
Growth % −0.34 3.96 FORCES BY ROLE
Inflation % −1.2 4.2 MANOEUVRE
Def exp L 138m Light
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

US$ 257m 14 inf bn


Def bdgt L 146m 148m 147m COMBAT SUPPORT
US$ 272m 292m 1 fd arty bn
FMA (US) US$ 2.5m 3.0m 1 AD bn
1 engr bn
US$1=L 0.54 0.51
1 NBC bn
Population 2,204,708 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus MBT 3 T-55 (trg)
ARTY 56
Male 6.9% 2.8% 4.1% 4.0% 23.0% 5.5%
TOWED 100mm 26 K-53
Female 6.6% 2.7% 4.0% 3.9% 25.0% 11.4%
MOR 54: 81mm 24 L16; 120mm 30 M120
AT
Capabilities MANPATS 12 Spike-LR
Latvia’s small army is essentially a light infantry force, GUNS 90mm 132
supported by a small number of utility aircraft. The navy AD
operates a handful of patrol and mine-countermeasures SAM • MANPAD 24 RBS-70
vessels, and there are plans for multipurpose patrol ves- GUNS • TOWED 40mm 22 L/70
sels. Other procurement plans include air surveillance ra-
dars and SHORAD. Latvian forces completed structural Navy 485 (incl Coast Guard)
reforms in 2009–10, and now plan to improve education, 1 Naval HQ commands a Naval Forces Flotilla separated
supply and maintenance, as well as to develop internation- into two squadrons: an MCM squadron and a Patrol Boat
al cooperation. Latvia participates in NATO and EU mis- squadron. LVA, EST and LTU have set up a joint Naval unit*
sions, and the country has deployed personnel with ISAF. BALTRON with bases at Liepaja, Riga, Ventspils (LVA),
Forces train regularly with NATO partners and in other Tallinn (EST), Klaipeda (LTU). *Each nation contributes
multilateral exercises. NATO provides substantial assur- 1–2 MCMVs
ance of the country’s security from external threat, and air EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
policing is provided by NATO states on a rotational basis, PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 5
although Latvia has a long-term ambition to address this PB: 5: 4 Storm (NOR) each with 1 76mm gun; 1 Skrunda
requirement in concert with Estonia and Lithuania. (GER Swath) (4 more vessels in build)
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 6
ACTIVE 4,600 (Army 1,137 Navy 485 Air 284 Joint
MHO 5 Imanta (NLD Alkmaar/Tripartite)
Staff 2,115 National Guard 579) MCCS 1 Vidar (NOR)
RESERVE 10,666 (National Guard 10,666) LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 2
AXL 1 Varonis (C3 and support ship, ex-Buyskes, NLD)
Organisations by Service Coast Guard
Under command of the Latvian Naval Forces.
Joint 2,115 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS
FORCES BY ROLE PB 6: 1 Astra; 5 KBV 236 (SWE)
SPECIAL FORCES
1 SF unit Air Force 284
COMBAT SUPPORT Main tasks are air space control and defence, maritime and
1 MP bn land SAR and air transportation.
132 The Military Balance 2012

FORCES BY ROLE
TRANSPORT Capabilities
1 sqn Like its Baltic neighbours Estonia and Latvia, Lithuania is a
AIR DEFENCE NATO member with small armed forces. The army is by far
1 AD bn the largest of the three, supported by smaller air and naval
1 radar sqn (radar/air ctrl) arms. Reform and re-equipment programmes intended to
AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 5: 4 An-2 Colt; 1 L-410 provide deployable land forces drawn from a motorised
Turbolet infantry brigade are underway, but are being slowed by
HELICOPTERS funding constraints, which have also restricted training.
MRH 4 Mi-17 Hip H Discussions continue on the formation of the Lithuanian–
TPT • Light 2 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite Polish–Ukrainian trilateral army brigade, first proposed in
2009 and planned for 2013. The air force provides a light
Paramilitary transport capability while the naval focus is on mine coun-
termeasures. Lithuania contributes troops to ISAF.
State Border Guard
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS ACTIVE 10,640 (Army 8,200 Navy 530 Air 980 Joint
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

PB 3: 1 Valpas (FIN); 1 Lokki; 1 Baltic Patrol 24 (est) 1,804) Paramilitary 14,600


Terms of service 12 months.
Deployment RESERVE 6,700 (Army 6,700)
Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
Constitution: Codified constitution (1922)
Specific legislation: ‘Law on Participation of the National
Organisations by Service
Armed Forces of Latvia in International Operations’ (1995)
(Annex of 21 Jan 2009 allows Latvian armed forces to take Army 3,500; 4,700 active reserves (total 8,200)
part in quick response units formed by NATO/EU) FORCES BY ROLE
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: a) By MANOEUVRE
parliament (Section 5 I of the 1995 ‘Law on Participation’, Mechanised
in combination with Art. 73 of constitution); b) by cabinet, 1 rapid reaction bde (2 mech inf bn, 2 mot inf bn, 1 arty
for rescue or humanitarian operations (Section 5 II of the bn)
1995 law) or military exercises in non-NATO states (Section COMBAT SUPPORT
9 of the 1995 law); c) by defence minister for rescue and 1 engr bn
humanitarian aid operations in NATO/EU states. 1 MP bn
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
Afghanistan 1 trg regt
NATO • ISAF 174 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Moldova RECCE 10 BRDM-2
APC (T) 187 Bv 206/M113A1
OSCE • Moldova 1
ARTY 133
TOWED 105mm 72 M101
Lithuania LTU MOR 120mm 61 M-43
AT • MSL
Lithuanian Litas L 2010 2011 2012
SP 10 M1025A2 HMMWV with Javelin
GDP L 94.6bn 106bn MANPATS Javelin
US$ 36.2bn 42.8bn RCL 84mm Carl Gustav
per capita US$ 10,219 12,097 AD • SAM • MANPAD Stinger
Growth % 1.32 5.98 AEV 10 MT-LB
ARV 8 M113
Inflation % 1.2 4.2
Def exp L 1.2bn Reserves
US$ 458m National Defence Voluntary Forces 4,700 active
Def bdgt L 990m 1.05bn 1.74bn reservists
US$ 379m 425m FORCES BY ROLE
FMA (US) US$ 2.7m 3.3m MANOEUVRE
US$1=L 2.61 2.47 Aviation
1 avn sqn
Population 3,535,547
Other
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus 5 (territorial) def regt
36 (territorial) def bn
Male 7.1% 3.2% 4.0% 3.9% 23.2% 5.7%
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
Female 6.7% 3.1% 3.8% 3.8% 24.8% 10.8% 1 trg bn
Europe 133

Special Operation Force Deployment


FORCES BY ROLE Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
SPECIAL FORCES Constitution: Codified constitution (1992)
1 SF gp (1 CT unit; 1 Jaeger bn, 1 cbt diver unit) Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By parliament
(Art. 67, 138, 142)
Navy 410; 120 conscript (total 530) Afghanistan
LVA, EST and LTU established a joint naval unit BALTRON
NATO • ISAF 236
with bases at Liepaja, Riga, Ventpils (LVA), Tallinn (EST),
Klaipeda (LTU), HQ at Tallinn Armenia/Azerbaijan

Europe
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE OSCE • Minsk Conference 1
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 4 Iraq
PCC 3 Standard Flex 300 (DNK Flyvefisken) with 1 76mm
NATO • NTM-I 2
gun
PB 1 Storm (NOR)
FOREIGN FORCES
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 5


MHC 4: 2 Sūduvis (GER Lindau); 2 Skulvis (UK Hunt) Denmark NATO Baltic Air Policing 4 F-16 Fighting Falcon
MCCS 1 Vidar (NOR)
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 4
AG 1 (FSU)
Luxembourg LUX
AAR 1 Euro € 2010 2011 2012
YDT 1 Lokys (DNK) GDP € 41.6bn 44.5bn
YTL 1 (FSU)
US$ 55.1bn 62.5bn
per capita US$ 110,754 124,088
Air Force 980 (plus 190 civilian)
Growth % 3.52 3.58
Flying hours 120 hrs/year
Inflation % 2.3 3.6
FORCES BY ROLE Def exp € 201m
AIR DEFENCE
US$ 267m
1 AD bn
Def bdgt € 201m 201m 204m
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US$ 267m 281m
AIRCRAFT
TPT 5: Medium 3 C-27J Spartan; Light 2 L-410 Turbolet US$1=€ 0.75 0.71
TRG 2 L-39ZA Albatros Population 503,302
HELICOPTERS • TPT • Medium 9 Mi-8 Hip (tpt/SAR) Foreign citizens: ε124,000
AD • SAM RBS-70
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Joint Logistics Support Command 1,070 Male 9.4% 3.2% 3.1% 3.2% 24.1% 6.2%
FORCES BY ROLE Female 8.8% 3.0% 3.1% 3.2% 23.9% 8.7%
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
1 log bn Capabilities
Luxembourg maintains a small army, with no air or naval
Joint Training and Doctrine Command capacity. In 2011 the government funded a private compa-
(TRADOC) 734 ny to operate two Fairchild SW3A Merlin maritime patrol
FORCES BY ROLE aircraft out of the Seychelles in support of EU NAVFOR
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT counter-piracy missions. Luxembourg is also part of the
1 trg regt SALIS consortium to meet shortfalls in NATO airlift ca-
pacities.
Paramilitary 14,600
ACTIVE 900 (Army 900) Paramilitary 612
Riflemen Union 9,600
Organisations by Service
State Border Guard Service 5,000
Ministry of Internal Affairs
Army 900
Coast Guard 540 FORCES BY ROLE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 3: 1 MANOEUVRE
Lokki (FIN); 1 KBV 041 (SWE); 1 KBV 101 (SWE) Reconnaissance
AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT • UCAC 1 2 recce coy (1 to Eurocorps/BEL div, 1 to NATO pool of
Christina (Griffon 2000) deployable forces)
134 The Military Balance 2012

Light
1 lt inf bn Macedonia, Former Yugoslav
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Republic FYROM
APC (W) 48 Dingo II
ARTY • MOR 81mm 6 Macedonian Denar d 2010 2011 2012
AT • MSL• MANPATS 6 TOW GDP d 427bn 464bn
US$ 9.13bn 10.5bn
Air Force per capita US$ 4,407 5,048
None, but for legal purposes NATO’s E-3A AEW ac have
Growth % 1.80 3.05
LUX registration
Inflation % 1.5 4.4
FORCES BY ROLE
Def exp d 6.51bn
AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL
1 sqn with B-707 (trg); E-3A Sentry (NATO standard) US$ 139m
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Def bdgt d 6.52bn 6.05bn
AIRCRAFT US$ 139m 137m
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

AEW&C 17 E-3A Sentry (NATO standard) FMA (US) US$ 4.0m 5.0m
TPT • PAX 3 B-707 (trg) US$1=d 46.78 44.22
Population 2,077,328
Paramilitary 612
Age 0–1 4 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Gendarmerie 612
Male 9.6% 3.7% 3.9% 4.0% 23.7% 5.0%
Female 8.9% 3.5% 3.7% 3.8% 23.7% 6.6%
Deployment
Legal provisions for foreign deployment: Capabilities
Constitution: Codified constitution (1868)
Specific legislation: ‘Loi du 27 juillet 1992 relatif à la Ambitious reform plans spelled out in its 2003 Defence
participation du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg à des Concept and reiterated in its 2005 Defence White Paper
opérations pour le maintien de la paix (OMP) dans le cadre have so far only partly been realised, though the armed
d’organisations internationales’ forces have been re-organised. The services as of 2006
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By govern- moved from a conscript-based to a professional structure.
ment after formal consultation of relevant parliamentary The 2003 Defence Concept calls for armed forces to sup-
committees and the Council of State (Art. 1–2 of the 1992 port territorial integrity, regional stability, peace support
law) missions and deployed operations. The country contin-
ues to aspire to NATO membership, having joined the
Afghanistan
NATO Membership Action Plan in 1999. The impasse with
NATO • ISAF 11 Greece over the state’s name is one element that hinders
Bosnia-Herzegovina full NATO status. While it deploys forces to ISAF in Af-
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 1 ghanistan, the armed forces have a small air arm consisting
mainly of transport and armed support helicopters, but has
Democratic Republic of the Congo no organic fixed-wing airlift.
EU • EUSEC RD Congo 1
ACTIVE 8,000 (Joint 8,000)
Lebanon
UN • UNIFIL 3 RESERVE 4,850
Serbia
NATO • KFOR 22 Organisations by Service

Joint Operational Command 8,000


Army
FORCES BY ROLE
COMMAND
2 corps HQ (cadre)
SPECIAL FORCES
1 (Special Purpose) SF unit (1 SF bn; 1 Ranger bn)
MANOEUVRE
Armoured
1 tk bn
Mechanised
2 inf bde (with 1 engr coy each)
Europe 135

COMBAT SUPPORT HELICOPTERS


1 (mixed) arty regt ATK 14: 2 Mi-24K Hind G2; 12 Mi-24V Hind E
1 AD coy MRH 6: 4 Mi-8MTV Hip; 2 Mi-17 Hip H
1 engr bn TPT • Light 2 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois)
1 MP bn
1 NBC coy Paramilitary
1 sigs bn
Police 7,600 (some 5,000 armed)
Logistic Support Command incl 2 SF units

Europe
FORCES BY ROLE EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
COMBAT SUPPORT APC BTR APC (W)/M-113A APC (T)
1 engr bn (1 active coy) HELICOPTERS 3
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT MRH 1 Bell 412EP Twin Huey
3 log bn
TPT • Light 2: 1 Bell 206B (AB-206B) JetRanger II; 1
Bell 212 (AB-212)
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Reserves
FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE Deployment
Light Legal provisions for foreign deployment of armed
1 inf bde forces:
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Constitution: Codified constitution (1991)
MBT 31: 31 T-72A Specific legislation: ‘Defence Law’ (2005)
RECCE 51: 10 BRDM-2; 41 M1114 HMMWV Decision on deployment of troops abroad: a) by the
AIFV 11: 10 BMP-2; 1 BMP-2K government is deployment is for humanitarian missions or
APC 201 military exercises; b) by the parliament if for peacekeeping
APC (T) 47: 9 Leonidas; 28 M113A; 10 MT-LB operations (‘Defence Law’, Art. 41)
APC (W) 154: 58 BTR-70; 12 BTR-80; 84 TM-170
Hermelin Afghanistan
ARTY 126 NATO • ISAF 163
TOWED 70: 105mm 14 M-56; 122mm 56 M-30 M-1938 Bosnia-Herzegovina
MRL 17: 122mm 6 BM-21; 128mm 11
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 12
MOR 39: 120mm 39
AT • MSL • MANPATS 12 Milan LEbanon
RCL 57mm; 82mm M60A UN • UNIFIL 1
AD
SAM 8 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher) Serbia
MANPAD 5 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet) OSCE • Kosovo 8
Guns 40mm 36 L20

Marine Wing
Malta MLT
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PBR 2 Maltese Lira ML 2010 2011 2012
Botica GDP ML 6.23bn 6.6bn
US$ 8.26bn 9.26bn
Air Wing
per capita US$ 20,299 22,676
Air Wg is directly under Joint Operational Cmd
Growth % 3.15 2.45
FORCES BY ROLE
Inflation % 2.0 2.6
TRANSPORT
1 (VIP) sqn with An-2 Colt Def exp ML 44m
TRAINING US$ 59m
1 sqn with Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois) Def bdgt ML 43m 43m 47m
1 sqn with Z-242 US$ 57m 60m
ATTACK HELICOPTER FMA (US) US$ 0.455m 0.6m
1 sqn with Mi-24K Hind G2; Mi-24V Hind E US$1=ML 0.75 0.71
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 sqn with Mi-8MTV Hip; Mi-17 Hip H Population 408,333
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
AIRCRAFT
Male 8.0% 3.3% 3.6% 3.7% 24.3% 6.9%
TPT • Light 1 An-2 Colt
TRG 3 Z-242 Female 7.6% 3.1% 3.4% 3.4% 23.9% 8.9%
136 The Military Balance 2012

Uganda
Capabilities EU • EUTM 7
The armed forces consist of a limited number of army per-
sonal supported by small naval and air units. There are FOREIGN FORCES
plans to procure another maritime surveillance aircraft.
Following Malta’s accession to the European Union in Italy 25; 2 Bell 212 (SAR) hel
2004, there was a renewed focus on the country’s armed
services to support its ability to participate in any EU-led Moldova MDA
peace-support or crisis-management deployment. Malta
deploys personnel to the headquarters of EUNAVFOR, and Moldovan Leu L 2010 2011 2012
also a ship-protection team; it also deploys personnel to EU GDP L 71.8bn 84.1bn
FRONTEX activities in Greece. US$ 5.7bn 7.05bn
ACTIVE 1,954 (Armed Forces 1,954) per capita US$ 1,529 1,908

RESERVE 173 (Emergency Volunteer Reserve Force Growth % 6.90 7.00


Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

120 Individual Reserve 53) Inflation % 7.4 7.9


Def exp L 227m
Organisations by Service US$ 18m
Def bdgt L 205m 448m
Armed Forces of Malta 1,954 US$ 16m 38m
FORCES BY ROLE FMA (US) US$ 0.75m 1.5m
MANOEUVRE
Light US$1=L 12.59 11.93
1 (1st) inf regt (2 inf coy, 1 AD/spt coy)
Population 3,694,121
COMBAT SUPPORT
1 (3rd) cbt spt regt (1 engr sqn, 1 EOD sqn, 1 maint sqn) Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
1 (4th) cbt spt regt (1 CIS coy, 1 sy coy (Revenue Secu-
Male 8.0% 3.5% 4.6% 4.8% 22.9% 3.8%
rity Corps))
Female 7.6% 3.4% 4.5% 4.7% 25.5% 6.6%
Maritime Squadron
The AFM maritime element is organised into 5 Divisions: Capabilities
Offshore Patrol; Inshore Patrol; Rapid Deployment and Moldova has only a limited capacity for military opera-
Training; Marine Engineering and Logistics. tions. While its government recognises the need for mili-
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE tary restructuring and re-equipment, adequate financial
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 8 support has not been forthcoming. The conscript-based
PCC 1 Diciotti army’s primary focus is on the disputed territory of Trans-
PB 7: 4 Austal 21m; 2 Marine Protector; 1 Bremse (GER) dniestr. A Russian army garrison still remains there, as
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 2 well as a peackeeping contingent. With UK assistance,
AAR 2 Cantieri Vittoria
Moldova has developed a Strategic Defence Review docu-
ment, which was presented to the Upper Security Council
Air Wing
in April 2011. Moldova’s air capability is limited to a small
1 Base Party. 1 Flt Ops Div; 1 Maint Div; 1 Integrated Logs
fixed- and rotary-wing transport fleet. Moldovan forces are
Div; 1 Rescue Section
deployed in small numbers on UN operations.
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT ACTIVE 5,354 (Army 3,231 Air 826 Logistic Support
TPT • Light 3: 1 Beech 200 King Air; 2 BN-2B Islander 1,297) Paramilitary 2,379
TRG 5 Bulldog T MK1 Terms of service 12 months
HELICOPTERS
MRH 7: 2 Hughes 500M; 5 SA316B Alouette III RESERVE 57,971 (Joint 57,971)
TRG 1 Bell 47G2
Organisations by Service
Deployment
Legal provisions for foreign deployment: Army 1,297; 1,934 conscript (total 3,231)
Constitution: Codified constitution (1964) FORCES BY ROLE
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: The
SPECIAL FORCES
government decides on a case-by-case basis on the
1 SF bn
deployment of Maltese military personnel abroad (Malta
MANOEUVRE
Armed Forces Act, Chapter 220 of the Laws of Malta).
Light
Serbia 3 mot inf bde
OSCE • Kosovo 1 1 mot inf bn
Europe 137

Other Liberia
1 gd bn UN • UNMIL 2 obs
COMBAT SUPPORT
SERBIA
1 arty bn
1 engr bn OSCE • Serbia 1
1 NBC coy
1 sigs coy Foreign Forces
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Bulgaria OSCE 1
AIFV 44 BMD-1 Czech Republic OSCE 1

Europe
APC 164
Estonia OSCE 2
APC (T) 64: 9 BTR-D; 55 MT-LB
France OSCE 1
APC (W) 100: 11 BTR-80; 89 TAB-71
Italy OSCE 1
ARTY 148
TOWED 69: 122mm 17 (M-30) M-1938; 152mm 52: 21 Latvia OSCE 1
2A36; 31 D-20 Sweden OSCE 1
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

GUN/MOR • SP 120mm 9 2S9 Anona Russia ε1,500 (including 355 peacekeepers) Military Air
MRL 220mm 11 9P140 Uragan Forces 7 Mi-24 Hind/Mi-8 Hip
MOR 59: 82mm 52; 120mm 7 M-120 Ukraine 10 mil obs (Joint Peacekeeping Force)
AT United Kingdom OSCE 1
MSL • MANPATS 120: 72 9K111 Fagot (AT-4 Spigot); 21 United States OSCE 3
9K113 Konkurs (AT-5 Spandrel); 27 9K114 Shturm (AT-6
Spiral)
RCL 73mm 138 SPG-9 Montenegro MNE
GUNS 100mm 36 MT-12 Euro € 2010 2011 2012
AD • GUNS • TOWED 39: 23mm 28 ZU-23; 57mm 11
GDP € 3.02bn 3.11bn
S-60
US$ 4.0bn 4.36bn
RADAR • LAND 4: 2 ARK-1; 2 SNAR-10
per capita US$ 6,006 6,591
Air Force 826 (incl 259 conscripts) Growth % 1.08 2.02
FORCES BY ROLE Inflation % 0.5 3.1
TRANSPORT Def exp € 56m
2 sqn with An-2 Colt; An-26 Curl; An-72 Coaler; Mi-8PS US$ 75m
Hip; Yak-18 Def bdgt € 40m 38m 44m
AIR DEFENCE US$ 53m 54m
1 regt with S-125 Neva (SA-3 Goa) FMA (US) US$ 1.2m 1.8m
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE US$1=€ 0.75 0.71
AIRCRAFT
Population 661,807
TPT • Light 6: 2 An-2 Colt; 1 An-26 Curl; 2 An-72 Coaler
1 Yak-18 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
HELICOPTERS
Male 7.6% 2.7% 3.7% 4.6% 25.9% 5.4%
MRH 4 Mi-17-1V Hip
Female 8.0% 2.9% 3.5% 3.8% 23.9% 8.1%
TPT • Medium 2 Mi-8PS Hip
AD • SAM 12 S-125 Neva SA-3 (Goa)
Capabilities
Paramilitary 2,379 In the wake of its separation from Serbia in 2006, Montene-
Ministry of Interior gro shifted from a conscript to professional armed services.
Force and organisational changes are in train that will like-
OPON 900 (riot police) ly see a further reduction in numbers, mainly in the army.
Ministry of Interior The naval capability consists of two patrol boats, while the
air element is limited to a small number of fixed-wing and
Deployment rotary aircraft. Most of these, however, were as of late 2011
Legal provisions for foreign deployment: not in operational use, in part as a result of maintenance
Constitution: Codified constitution (1994) issues, or for modernisation. The country participates in
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By the parlia- NATO’s Membership Action Plan, with the aim of becom-
ment (Art. 66) ing a member of the Alliance.

Côte D’Ivoire ACTIVE 2,984 (Army 2,356 Navy 402 Air Force 226)
UN • UNOCI 4 obs Paramilitary 10,100
138 The Military Balance 2012

Organisations by Service Paramilitary ε10,100

Army 2,356 Montenegrin Ministry of Interior Personnel


ε6,000
FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE Special Police Units ε4,100
Light
1 mot inf bde (1 SF coy, 2 inf regt (2 inf bn), 1 arty bty)
COMBAT SUPPORT
DEPLOYMENT
2 engr coy Afghanistan
3 sigs platoon NATO • ISAF 39
1 MP coy
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Liberia
APC (W) 8 BOV-VP M-86 UN • UNMIL 2 obs
ARTY 149 SErbia
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

TOWED 122mm 12 D-30 OSCE • Kosovo 1


MRL 128mm 18 M63 Plamen/M94 Plamen
MOR 119: 82mm 76; 120mm 43
AT
SP 10 BOV-1 Netherlands NLD
MSL • MANPATS 117: 71 9K111 Fagot (AT-4 Spigot); 19 Euro € 2010 2011 2012
9K113 Konkurs (AT-5 Spandrel); 27 9K114 Shturm (AT-6
Spiral) GDP € 588bn 607bn
GUNS 100mm 36 MT-12 US$ 779bn 852bn
per capita US$ 47,025 51,142
Navy 402 Growth % 1.63 1.63
A new armed forces organisational structure is under Inflation % 0.9 2.5
development (1 Naval Cmd HQ with 4 Operational Def exp € 8.46bn
Naval Units (Patrol Boat; Coastal Surveillance; Maritime
US$ 11.2bn
Detachment and SAR) with additional Sig, Log and Trg
Def bdgt € 8.51bn 8.38bn 7.87bn
units with a separate Coast Guard Element). Some listed
units are in the process of decommissioning or sale. US$ 11.3bn 11.7bn
US$1=€ 0.75 0.71
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SUBMARINES • SDV 2 † (Mala) Population 16,653,734
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 5
PSO 1 Kotor with 1 twin 76mm gun (1 further vessel in Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
reserve) Male 8.7% 3.1% 3.2% 3.0% 24.7% 6.8%
PCFG 2 Rade Končar with 2 single lnchr with P-15 Termit Female 8.3% 3.0% 3.1% 3.0% 24.4% 8.8%
(SS-N-2B Styx) AShM
PB 2 Mirna (Type 140) (Police units) Capabilities
AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT 5
LCU 5: 3 (Type 21); 2 (Type 22) Government spending cuts unveiled in the second quarter
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 3 of 2011 resulted in significant reductions in all three servic-
AOTL 1 Drina; AET 1 Lubin; AXS 1 Jadran es. Army, navy and air force units were trimmed, though
there were some revisions as the year progressed. This in-
Air Force 226 cluded a reprieve for some of the air force’s AS532 Cougar
transport helicopters. The navy saw its mine-hunter and
Golubovci (Podgorica) air base under army command.
patrol vessel fleets reduced, while the army lost heavy ar-
FORCES BY ROLE
mour. The air force’s F-16 fleet was also reduced. A NATO
TRAINING
member, the Netherlands is an active participant in out-of-
1 (mixed) sqn with G-4 Super Galeb; Utva-75 (none
area operations, is part of ISAF, and was involved in the
operational)
Alliance-led operation in Libya. Mid-2011, however, saw
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
the defence minister caution that the Alliance ‘must be
1 sqn with SA341/SA342L Gazelle
more selective in future missions’. In spite of the cuts, the
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE armed forces remain a motivated and professional force
AIRCRAFT • TRG 8: 4 G-4 Super Galeb (none serviceable); capable of participating in demanding joint operations in
4 Utva-75 (none serviceable) an Alliance context.
HELICOPTERS
MRH 15 SA 341/SA 342L Gazelle (7 serviceable) ACTIVE 37,368 (Army 20,836; Navy 8,502; Air 8,030)
TPT • Medium (1 Mi-8T stored awaiting overhaul) Military Constabulary 5,911
Europe 139

CIVILIAN 3,485 (Army 2,336; Navy 650; Air 499) AD


Military Constabulary 543 SAM
SP 36: 18 Fennek with FIM-92A Stinger; 18 MB with
RESERVE 3,189 (Army 2,686; Navy 82; Air 421) FIM-92A Stinger
Military Constabulary 84 MANPAD 18 FIM-92A Stinger
Soldiers/sailors to age 35, NCOs to 40, officers to 45 GUNS• SP35mm 60 Gepard (in store for sale)
RADAR • LAND 6+: 6 AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty, mor);
Organisations by Service WALS; SQUIRE 
UAV • ISR • Medium 14 Sperwer
AEV 76+: 41 Boxer; 10 Kodjak; 25 Leopard 1; YPR-806 A1
ARV 77+: 25 Bueffel; 52 Leopard 1; YPR-809

Europe
Army 20,836 MW Bozena
FORCES BY ROLE MED 58 Boxer; 5 fd hospitals
COMMAND
elm 1 (GER/NLD) Corps HQ Navy 8,502 (incl Marines)
SPECIAL FORCES
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
5 SF coy (4 land; 1 maritime)
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 4:


MANOEUVRE
4 Walrus each with 4 single 533mm TT each with Mk48
Reconnaissance
Sea Arrow HWT (equipped for UGM-84C Harpoon AShM,
1 ISTAR bn (2 armd recce sqn, 1 EW coy, 1 arty bty, 1
but none embarked)
UAV bty)
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 6
Armoured
DESTROYERS • DDGHM 4:
2 (13th & 43rd) mech bde (1 armd recce sqn, 2 armd
4 Zeven Provinciën with 2 quad Mk 141 lnchr with
inf bn, 1 SP arty bn (2 bty), 1 engr bn, 1 maint coy, 1
RGM-84F Harpoon AShM, 1 40 cell Mk41 VLS with
medical coy)
SM-2MR/ESSM SAM, 2 twin 324mm ASTT with Mk46
Air Manoeuvre
LWT, 1 127mm gun, (capacity 1 Lynx/NH-90 hel)
1 (11th) air mob bde (3 air mob inf bn, 1 mor coy, 1 AD
FRIGATES • FFGHM 2:
coy, 1 engr coy, 1 med coy, 1 supply coy, 1 maint coy)
2 Karel Doorman with 2 quad Mk 141 lnchr with RGM-
COMBAT SUPPORT
84A/C Harpoon AShM, 1 Mk 48 VLS with RIM-7P Sea
1 AD comd (3 AD bty)
Sparrow SAM, 2 twin 324mm ASTT with Mk46 LWT, 1
1 CIMIC bn
76mm gun, (capacity 1 Lynx/NH-90 hel)
1 engr bn
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PSOH (2
48 EOD teams
Holland-class underwent sea trials in 2011; expected ISD
1 (CIS) sigs bn
2012. 2 further vessels in build but wll be sold without
1 CBRN coy
commissioning.)
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES •
1 med bn
MHO 6 Alkmaar (tripartite)
3 maint coy
AMPHIBIOUS
2 tpt bn
PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS • LPD 2:
Reserves 2,686 reservists 1 Rotterdam (capacity either 6 Lynx hel or 4 NH-90/AS-
532 Cougar hel; either 6 LCVP or 2 LCU and 3 LCVP;
National Command either 170 APC (T) or 33 MBT; 538 troops)
Cadre bde and corps tps completed by call-up of 1 Johan de Witt (capacity 6 NH-90 utl hel or 4 AW-
reservists (incl Territorial Comd) 101 Merlin/AS-532 Cougar hel; either 6 LCVP or 2
FORCES BY ROLE LCU and 3 LCVP; either 170 APC (T) or 33 MBT; 700
MANOEUVRE troops)
Light LANDING CRAFT 25: 5 LCU; 20 LCVP: 11 Mk2/3; 9
5 inf bn (could be mob for territorial def) Mk5
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 16
RECCE 305: 296 Fennek; 9 Fuchs tpz 1 CBRN recce AORH 1 Amsterdam (capacity: 4 Lynx or 2 NH-90 hel)
AIFV 192 CV9035 AGS 2
APC • APC (W) 86: 16 M577A1; 70 XA-188 AX 2
LFV 85 Bushmaster IMV SPT 1 Pelikaan
ARTY 61: TRV 1 Mercuur
SP 155mm 18 PzH 2000 YDT 4
MOR 43: 81mm 27 L16/M1 120mm 16 Brandt YFS 4
AT Marines 2,654
FORCES BY ROLE
MSL MANOEUVRE
SP 96 Fennek MRAT Amphibious
MANPATS 297 Spike-MR (Gil) 2 mne bn (1 integrated with UK 3 Cdo Bde to form
RL 1,381 Pzf UK/NLD Amphibious Landing Force)
140 The Military Balance 2012

COMBAT SUPPORT Paramilitary


1 amph cbt spt bn (some SF units, 1 recce coy, 1 AD
pl, 2 amph beach units, 1 (Maritime Joint Effect) bty) Royal Military Constabulary 5,911
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT Subordinate to the Ministry of Defence, but performs
1 spt bn (2 spt units, 1 sea-based spt gp, 2 medical most of its work under the authority of other ministries.
facility)
FORCES BY ROLE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
APC (T) 151: 87 Bv-206D; 73 BvS-10 Viking MANOEUVRE
ARTY • MOR 18: 81mm 12 L16/M1; 120mm 6 Brandt Other
AT • MSL • MANPATS 24 MRAT Gil 6 paramilitary district (total: 60 paramilitary ‘bde’)
RL 84mm 144 Pantserfaust III Dynarange 2000 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AD • SAM • MANPAD 4 FIM-92A Stinger AIFV 24 YPR-765
ARV 5 BvS-10
MED 4 BvS-10
Cyber
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Air Force 8,030 In early 2011, the Dutch defence minister indicated that cy-
Flying hours 180 hrs/year ber defence would attract some of the Netherlands declin-
ing budget and, between 2011–15 around €30m plus staff
FORCES BY ROLE
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK would be allocated, with full capability by 2016. A National
5 sqn (being reduced to 4 sqn) with F-16AM/BM Fight- Cyber Security Strategy was published in 2011.
ing Falcon
ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE/SEARCH & RESCUE Deployment
1 sqn with Lynx SH-14D
Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
SEARCH & RESCUE
1 sqn with Bell 412SP (AB-412SP Griffin) Constitution: Codified constitution (1815)
TANKER/TRANSPORT Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By the
1 sqn with C-130H-30 Hercules; DC-10/KDC-10; Gulf- government (Art. 98)
stream IV
Afghanistan
TRAINING
1 sqn with PC-7 Turbo Trainer NATO • ISAF 183
ATTACK HELICOPTER Bosnia-Herzegovina
1 sqn with AH-64D Apache
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 76
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 sqn with AS532U2 Cougar II; 1 sqn with CH-47D Chinook OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1
AIR DEFENCE
Democratic Republic of the Congo
4 sqn (total: 7 AD Team. 4 AD bty with MIM-104 Patriot
(TMD capable)) EU • EUSEC RD Congo 3
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Gulf of Aden & indian Ocean
AIRCRAFT 72 combat capable EU • Operation Atalanta 1 AORH
FTR 72 F-16AM/BM Fighting Falcon
TKR 2 KDC-10 Iraq
TPT 6: Medium 4 C-130H-30 Hercules; PAX 2: 1 DC-10; NATO • NTM-I 7
1 Gulfstream IV
TRG 13 PC-7 Turbo Trainer MIDDLE EAST
HELICOPTERS UN • UNTSO 12 obs
ATK 29 AH-64D Apache
ASW 5 Lynx SH-14D (to be replaced by NH-90) North Sea
MRH 7: 3 Bell 412 (AB-412SP Griffin); 4 SA316 Alouette III NATO • SNMCMG 1: 1 MHO
TPT 28: Heavy 11 CH-47D Chinook; Medium 8 AS532U2
SERBIA
Cougar II
AD • SAM NATO • KFOR 7
TOWED 20 MIM-104 Patriot (TMD Capable/PAC-3 msl) OSCE • Serbia 2
MANPAD FIM-92A Stinger
SUDAN
MSL
AAM • IR AIM-9L/M/N ARH AIM-120B AMRAAM UN • UNAMID 1
ASM AGM-114K Hellfire; AGM-65D/G Maverick
BOMBS Foreign Forces
Conventional Mk 82; Mk 84
Laser-guided GBU-10/GBU-12 Paveway II; GBU-24 United Kingdom Air Force 120
Paveway III (all supported by LANTIRN) United States US European Command: 477
Europe 141

Organisations by Service
Norway NOR
Norwegian Kroner kr 2010 2011 2012 Army 4,500; 4,400 conscript (total 8,900)
GDP kr 2.50tr 2.65tr The mechanised brigade – Brigade North – trains new
US$ 413bn 476bn personnel of all categories, provides units for international
per capita US$ 88,249 101,425 operations, and is a low readiness brigade. At any time
around one-third of the brigade will be trained and ready
Growth % 0.35 1.68
to conduct operations. The brigade includes one high-
Inflation % 2.4 1.7 readiness mechanised battalion (Telemark Battalion) with

Europe
Def exp kr 35.9bn combat support and combat service support units on high
US$ 5.93bn readiness.
Def bdgt kr 34.9bn 35.8bn FORCES BY ROLE
US$ 5.77bn 6.43bn SPECIAL FORCES
US$1=kr 6.05 5.57 1 SF regt
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

MANOEUVRE
Population 4,691,849 Reconnaissance
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus 1 (Border Guard) lt bn (3 coy (HQ/garrison, border
control & trg))
Male 9.2% 3.4% 3.3% 3.0% 23.7% 7.0%
Mechanised
Female 8.8% 3.3% 3.2% 2.9% 23.2% 9.0% 1 mech inf bde (1 ISTAR bn, 2 mech inf bn, 1 lt inf bn, 1
arty bn, 1 engr bn, 1 MP coy, 1 CIS bn, 1 spt bn, 1 med
Capabilities bn)
Norway maintains small but capable armed forces that are Light
1 bn (His Majesty The King’s Guards)
well equipped for its primary missions, though the force
relies on conscripts. The military is focused largely on ter- EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
ritorial defence, particularly in the High North, which en- MBT 52 Leopard 2A4
sures that the armed forces possess skills in cold-weather RECCE Fuchs tpz 1 CBRN recce
AIFV 104 CV9030N
warfare. Recent acquisitions, including destroyers, demon-
APC 390
strate an investment in the kind of equipment necessary
APC (T) 315 M113 (incl variants)
to sustain Norway’s presence in the Arctic region. How-
APC (W) 75 XA-186 Sisu/XA-200 Sisu
ever, these have also added a new element to the country’s
ARTY 240
maritime capabilities. During the Cold War, Norway relied SP 155mm 54 M109A3GN
on small attack craft and submarines to pursue a policy MOR 186:
of sea denial; now, Norway is able to deploy further from SP 36: 81mm 24 M106A1; 12 M125A2
its coast with a more muscular surface platform. Norway 81mm 150 L-16
places importance on its alliances, particularly with Euro- AT
pean states and NATO. Given the small size of the armed MANPATS 90 Javelin
forces, Norway relies on conscription for current person- RCL 84mm 2,300 Carl Gustav
nel levels and reserves for crisis deployment. Conscripts RADAR • LAND 12 ARTHUR
comprise approximately one-third of the armed forces at AEV 22 Alvis
any one point, affecting the level of training and readiness. ARV 3 M88A1; M578; 6 Leopard 1
While the focus of organisational attention has been on VLB 26 Leguan; 9 Leopard 1
adjusting army structures and introducing new naval plat- MW 9 910 MCV-2
forms, the MOD has conducted a study that will inform
a new long-term defence plan, due to reach parliament in Navy 2,450; 1,450 conscripts (total 3,900)
early 2012. Joint Command – Norwegian National Joint Headquarters.
The Royal Norwegian Navy is organised into four elements
ACTIVE 24,450 (Army 8,900, Navy 3,900, Air 3,650, under the command of the chief of staff of the Navy; the
Central Support 7,500, Home Guard 500) naval units ‘Kysteskadren’, the schools ‘Sjoforsvarets Skoler’,
Terms of service: conscription with maximum 18 months of the naval bases and the coast guard ‘Kystvakten’.
duty. Conscripts initially serve 12 months at the age of 19 FORCES BY ROLE
to 21, and then up to 4–5 refresher training periods until SPECIAL FORCES
the age of 35, 44, 55 or 60 depending on rank and function. 1 SF sqn
Numbers above include conscripts during initial service. MANOEUVRE
Reconnaissance
RESERVE 45,250 (Army 270, Navy 320, Central 1 ISTAR coy (Coastal Rangers)
Support 350, Home Guard 44,250) COMBAT SUPPORT
Reserves: readiness varies from a few hours to several days 1 EOD pl
142 The Military Balance 2012

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE TPT • Medium 4 C-130J Hercules


SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 6 Ula with 8 single TRG 16 MFI-15 Safari
533mm TT with A3 Seal DM2 HWT HELICOPTERS
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • ASW 6 Lynx Mk86 (to be replaced by 14 NH90 from 2012)
DESTROYERS 5 SAR 12 Sea King Mk43B
DDGHM 5 Fridjof Nansen with 2 quad lnchr with NSM MRH 18 Bell 412SP
AShM (under acquisition), 1 8 cell Mk41 VLS with ESSM AD
SAM, 2 twin 324mm ASTT with Sting Ray LWT, 1 76mm, SAM
(capacity NH-90 TTH hel) TOWED NASAMS II
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PCFGM 6 MSL
6 Skjold with 8 NSM AShM; 1 twin lnchr with Mistral AAM • IR AIM-9L Sidewinder; IIR IRIS-T; ARH AIM-
SAM; 1 76mm gun 120B AMRAAM
MINE WARFARE 6 BOMBS
MINE COUNTERMEASURES • MSC 3 Alta; MHC 3 Laser-guided: EGBU-12 Paveway II
Oksoy INS/GPS guided: JDAM
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT 12


LCP 12 S90N Central Support, Administration and
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 14 Command 6,750; 1,000 conscripts (total 7,750)
ATS 1 Valkyrien
Central Support, Administration and Command includes
AGOS 1 Tyr
military personnel in all joint elements and they are
AGI 1 Marjata
responsible for logistics and CIS in support of all forces in
AGS 1 HU Sverdrup II
Norway and abroad
YAC 1 Norge
AXL 2 Hessa
YDT 7
Home Guard 500 (total 500 with 46,000
reserves)
Coast Guard The Home Guard is a separate organisation, but closely
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 14 cooperates with all services. The Home Guard can be
PSO 8: 3 Barentshav; 1 Svalbard with 1 hel landing mobilised on very short notice for local security operations.
platform; 1 Harstad; 3 Nordkapp with 1 hel landing
platform Land Home Guard 42,650 with reserves
PCO 6: 1 Aalesund; 5 Nornen; 11 Home Guard Districts with mobile Rapid Reaction
Forces (5,000 troops in total) as well as reinforcements
Air Force 2,800; 850 conscript (total 3,650) and follow-on forces (37,150 troops in total).
Joint Command – Norwegian National HQ
Flying hours 180 hrs/year Naval Home Guard 1,900 with reserves
Consisting of Rapid Reaction Forces (500 troops), and 17
FORCES BY ROLE
‘Naval Home Guard Areas’. The Naval Home Guard is
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
equipped with 2 vessels of the Reine class and 12 smaller
3 sqn with F-16AM/BM Fighting Falcon
vessels. In addition, a number of civilian vessels can be
MARITIME PATROL
requisitioned as required.
1 sqn with P-3C Orion; P-3N Orion (pilot trg)
ELECTRONIC WARFARE Air Home Guard 1,450 with reserves
1 sqn with Falcon 20C (EW, Flight Inspection Service)
Provides force protection and security detachments for
SEARCH & RESCUE
air bases.
1 sqn with Sea King Mk43B
TRANSPORT
1 sqn with C-130J Hercules Cyber
TRAINING The MOD has said work is being carried out on an as-yet-
1 sqn with MFI-15 SAAB Safari unpublished national cyber-defence strategy.
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
2 sqn with Bell 412SP Twin Huey Deployment
1 sqn with Lynx Mk86
Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
AIR DEFENCE
Constitution: Codified constitution (1814)
1 bty(+) with NASAMS II
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By royal
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE prerogative exercised by the government (Art. 25, 26)
AIRCRAFT 63 combat capable
FTR 57 F-16AM/F-16BM Fighting Falcon Afghanistan
ASW 6: 4 P-3C Orion; 2 P-3N Orion (pilot trg) NATO • ISAF 562; 1 mech inf coy; 1 spt coy
EW 3 Falcon 20C UN • UNAMA 1 obs
Europe 143

BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA over the next 25 years. NATO membership is a key pillar of


OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 Polish defence policy, and Poland is a notable participant
in NATO and EU operations, including in Afghanistan. So-
Democratic Republic of the Congo
viet-era equipment is being phased out as part of a broad
UN • MONUSCO 1 obs re-equipment programme. There are 14 Major Operational
Egypt Programmes in the armed forces’ 2012 Technical Moderni-
MFO 3 sation Plan. Within the army the emphasis is on expanding
deployable forces, with increased helicopter support. Mo-
Gulf of Aden & Somali Basin bility is supported by involvement in NATO’s C-17 unit,
NATO • Ocean Shield 1 P-3

Europe
with the air force also operating its own tactical transport
Middle East aircraft. The navy is presently structured around a fleet of
UN • UNTSO 12 obs frigates and corvettes, with longer-term plans looking to
a multirole corvette. It is a member of NATO’s 11-nation
North Sea Multinational Corps Northeast, and its armed forces par-
NATO • SNMCMG 1: 1 MHC ticipate in bilateral and multilateral exercises.
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Serbia ACTIVE 100,000 (Army 46,900, Navy 8,100,


NATO • KFOR 3 Air 17,200, Special Forces 3,000, Joint 24,800)
OSCE • Serbia 1 Paramilitary 21,400
UN • UNMIK 1
south Sudan Organisations by Service
UN • UNMISS 3; 5 obs
Land Forces Command 46,900
Foreign Forces Land Forces Command directly controls airmobile bdes
and their avn. Transition to lighter forces is continuing but
United States US European Command: 1 (APS) 155mm
is hampered by lack of funds.
SP Arty bn eqpt set
FORCES BY ROLE
COMMAND
Poland POL 1 (2nd) mech corps HQ
Polish Zloty z 2010 2011 2012 elm 1 (MNC NE) corps HQ
GDP z 1.42tr 1.50tr MANOEUVRE
Reconnaissance
US$ 468bn 517bn
3 recce regt
per capita US$ 12,176 13,462
Armoured
Growth % 3.80 3.81 1 (11th) armd cav div (1 recce bn, 2 armd bde, 1 mech
Inflation % 2.6 4.0 bde, 1 arty bn, 2 AD regt, 1 engr bn)
Def exp z 25.0bn Mechanised
US$ 8.27bn 1 (1st) mech div (1 recce bn, 1 armd bde, 1 mech bde, 1
Def bdgt z 25.5bn 27.3bn 29.3bn mtn bde, 1 arty regt, 1 AD regt, 1 engr bn)
US$ 8.43bn 9.43bn 1 (12th) div with (2 mech bde, 1 (coastal) mech bde, 1
FMA (US) US$ 47.0m 42.0m arty regt, 2 AD regt, 1 engr bn)
1 (16th) div (1 recce bn, 1 armd bde, 2 mech bde, 1 arty
US$1=z 3.02 2.89
regt, 1 AD regt, 1 AT regt, 1 engr bn)
Population 38,441,588 Air Manoeuvre
1 (6th) air aslt bde (2 air aslt, 1 para bn)
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Aviation
Male 7.6% 3.1% 3.6% 4.3% 24.6% 5.2% 1 (25th) air cav bde (2 tpt hel bn, 2 air cav bn, 1 (casevac)
Female 7.1% 3.0% 3.5% 4.2% 25.3% 8.4% med unit)
1 (49th) cbt regt (3 atk hel sqn with Mi-24, 1 ISR sqn
Capabilities with Mi-2)
Poland continues to restructure its armed forces, with the 1 (56th) cbt regt (1 atk hel sqn with Mi-24V; 2 ISR sqn
focus now on capability rather than mass. As such it is a with Mi-2; 1 tpt hel sqn with Mi-2)
force in transition, though still able to provide territorial de- COMBAT SUPPORT
fence and act as a contributor to NATO operations. Quan- 2 arty bde
tity is being traded for quality, most notably in the army, 2 engr bde
which is now only a quarter of its numerical strength of 1 engr regt
two decades ago. The April 2011 Strategic Defence Review 1 chem regt
set out the general aims and development of the military 1 chem bn
144 The Military Balance 2012

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MHO 3 Krogulec


MBT 944: 128 Leopard 2 2A4; 232 PT-91 Twardy; 584 T-72/T- MHI 4 Mamry
72M1D/T-72M1 MSI 13 Goplo
RECCE 406 BRDM-2 AMPHIBIOUS 8
AIFV 1,670: 1,297 BMP-1; 373 Rosomak (Patria) LANDING SHIPS • LSM 5 Lublin (capacity 9 tanks; 135
APC • PPV 40 Cougar troops)
ARTY 1,102 LANDING CRAFT • LCU 3 Deba (capacity 50 troops)
SP 635: 122mm 524 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 111 M-77 Dana LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 33
MRL 122mm 259: 172 BM-21; 30 RM-70; 57 WR-40 AORL 1
Langusta AOL 1
MOR 208: 98mm 99 M-98; 120mm 109 M120 MRV 1 Project 890
AT • MSL • MANPATS 276: 30 9K11 Malyutka (AT-3 ARS 4
Sagger); 6 9K111 Fagot (AT-4 Spigot); 240 Spike-LR AGI 2 Moma
AD AGS 8: 2; 6 (coastal)
SAM 1,013 ATF 3
SP 64 9K33 Osa-AK (SA-8 Gecko) AX 6: 1 AXS
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

MANPAD 949: 783 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail), 166 YDG 2


GROM YTM 5
GUNS 441
SP 23mm 37: 36 ZSU-23-4; 1 SPAAG
Naval Aviation 1,350
TOWED 23mm 404 ZU-23-2 FORCES BY ROLE
RADAR • LAND SNAR-10 Big Fred (veh, arty) ANTI SUBMARINE WARFARE/SEARCH & RESCUE
HELICOPTERS 1 sqn with MI-14PL Haze A; MI-14PS Haze C
ATK 30 Mi-24D Hind D 1 sqn with PZL W-3RM Anakonda; SH-2G Super
MRH 35: 16 Mi-17T/U Hip H; 19 PZL Mi-2URP Hoplite Seasprite
MRH/TPT 39: 35 PZL W-3A Sokol (med tpt)/W-3W Sokol TRANSPORT
(MRH); 4 PZL W-3PL Gluszec 1 sqn with An-28B1R; An-28E
TPT 44: Medium 17 Mi-8T/U Hip Light 27 PZL Mi-2 1 sqn with An-28TD; Mi-17 Hip H; PZL Mi-2 Hoplite;
Hoplite PZL W-3RM; PZL W-3TT
AEV IWT; MT-LB EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
ARV 50+: 10 Leopard 1; MT-LB; T-54/T-55; WPT-TOPAS; 40 AIRCRAFT
WZT-3 MP 10: 8 An-28B1R Bryza; 2 An-28E Bryza (ecological
VLB 132+: 6 Biber; 126 MLG67M2; SMT-1 monitoring)
MW 42: 14 Bozena; 24 Kalina SUM; 4 Keiler TPT • Light 2 An-28TD Bryza
HELICOPTERS
Navy 8,100 ASW 12: 8 Mi-14PL Haze; 4 SH-2G Super Seasprite
MRH 2 Mi-17 Hip H
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SAR 9: 2 Mi-14PS Haze C; 7 PZL W-3RM Anakonda
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL 5
TPT 4: Medium 2 PZL W-3T Sokol; Light 2 PZL Mi-2
SSK 5:
Hoplite
4 Sokol (Type-207) with 8 single 533mm TT
1 Orzel (ex-Kilo) with 6 single 533mm TT each with
T-53/T-65 HWT
Air Force 17,200
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 2 Flying hours 160 to 200 hrs/year
FRIGATES 2 • FFGHM 2 Pulaski (US Oliver Hazard Perry FORCES BY ROLE
class) with 1 Mk 13 GMLS with RGM-84D/F Harpoon FIGHTER
AShM/SM-1MR SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT with A244 2 sqn with MiG-29A/UB Fulcrum
LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity: 2 SH-2G Super Seasprite FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
ASW hel) 3 sqn with F-16C/D Block 52+ Fighting Falcon
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6: FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK/ISR
CORVETTES • FSM 1 Kaszub with 1 quad lnchr with 2 sqn with Su-22M-4 Fitter
9K32 Strela-2 (SA-N-5 Grail) SAM, 2 twin 533mm ASTT TRANSPORT
with SET-53 HWT, 2 RBU 6000 Smerch 2, 1 76mm gun 4 sqn with C-130E; C-295M; PZL M-28 Bryza
PCFGM 5: 1 regt with Tu-154M; Yak-40
3 Orkan (GDR Sassnitz. Refit programme in progress) TRAINING
with 2 quad lnchr each with RBS-15 Mk2 AShM 1 quad Some units with An-28 Cash; PZL-130 Orlik; TS-11 Iskra
lnchr (manual aiming) with Strela-2 (SA-N-5 Grail) TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
SAM, 1 76mm gun 3 sqn with Bell 412 Twin Huey; Mi-2; Mi-17; PZL W-3
2 Tarantul with 2 twin lnchr with P-21/22Termit-M (SS- Sokol; SW-4 Puszczyk (trg)
N-2C/D Styx) AShM, 1 quad lnchr (manual aiming) AIR DEFENCE
with 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-N-5 Grail) SAM, 1 76mm gun 1 bde with S-125 Neva SC (SA-3 Goa); S-200 Angara (SA-5
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 20 Gammon)
Europe 145

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Bosnia-Herzegovina


AIRCRAFT 112 combat capable EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 47
FTR 32: 26 MiG-29A Fulcrum; 6 MiG-29UB Fulcrum OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 2
FGA 80: 36 F-16C Block 52+ Fighting Falcon; 12 F-16D
Block 52+ Fighting Falcon; 32 Su-22M-4 Fitter Côte D’Ivoire
TPT 37: Medium 3 C-130E Hercules; Light 33: 11 C-295M; UN • UNOCI 3 obs
16 M-28 Bryza TD; 4 Yak-40 Codling; PAX 1 Tu-154 Careless Democratic Republic of the Congo
TRG 72: 28 PZL-130 Orlik; 44 TS-11 Iskra
UN • MONUSCO 3 obs
HELICOPTERS
MRH 13: 1 Bell 412 Twin Huey; 12 Mi-17 Hip H Iraq

Europe
TPT 55: Medium 17 PZL W-3 Sokol; Light 38: 14 PZL NATO • NTM-I 17
Mi-2 Hoplite; 24 SW-4 Puszczyk (trg)
Liberia
AD • SAM
SP 78; 51 S-125 Neva SC (SA-3 Goa); STATIC 6 S-200C UN • UNMIL 1 obs
Vega (SA-5 Gammon) Serbia
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

MSL NATO • KFOR 295; 1 inf coy


AAM • IR R-60 (AA-8 Aphid); R-73 (AA-11 Archer), OSCE • Kosovo 4
AIM-9 Sidewinder, R-27T (AA-10B Alamo); ARH AIM-
UN • UNMIK 1 obs
120C AMRAAM
ASM AGM-65J/G Maverick, Kh-25 (AS-10 Karen), Kh-29 south Sudan
(AS-14 Kedge) UN • UNMISS 2 obs
WESTERN SAHARA
Special Forces 3,000
UN • MINURSO 1 obs
FORCES BY ROLE
SPECIAL FORCES
4 SF units (GROM, AGAT, FORMOZA & cdo) Foreign Forces
COMBAT SUPPORT/COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT Germany Army: 67 (elm Corps HQ (multinational))
1 cbt spt/spt unit

Paramilitary 21,400
Portugal PRT
Euro € 2010 2011 2012
Border Guards 14,100 GDP € 173bn 171bn
Ministry of Interior and Administration
US$ 229bn 240bn
Maritime Border Guard per capita US$ 21,310 22,310
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 19: 2 Growth % 1.33 -2.16
PCC; 6 PBF; 8 PB Inflation % 1.4 3.4
AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT • UCAC 2
Def bdgt € 2.27bn 2.02bn
Prevention Units of Police 6,300; 1,000 US$ 3.01bn 2.83bn
conscript (total 7,300) US$1=€ 0.75 0.71
OPP–Ministry of Interior
Population 10,760,305

Deployment Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Legal provisions for foreign deployment: Male 8.5% 3.0% 3.2% 3.5% 23.3% 7.4%
Constitution: Codified constitution (1997); Act on Prin- Female 7.8% 2.6% 2.8% 3.1% 24.3% 10.6%
ciples of Use or External Deployment of the Polish Armed
Forces (17/12/1998) Capabilities
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: a) By Portugal’s military is moderately equipped and bolstered
president on request of prime minister in cases of direct by a substantial force of well-trained reserves and the air
threat (Art. 136); force retains adequate strike capabilities, but the navy suf-
b) in general, specified by ratified international agreement fers from an ageing surface fleet (the sub-surface fleet has
or statute (both must be passed by parliament, Art. 117) seen a considerable improvement with two new Type 209
Afghanistan submarines commissioned since 2010).
NATO • ISAF 2,580; 1 mech inf bde (2 inf BG); 125 There is good joint training among the services and
Rosomak; 103 other IFV; 5 Mi-24 Hind; 4 Mi-17 Hip joint readiness is relatively high. However, there is only
UN • UNAMA 1 obs limited power projection, with six C-130H Hercules aircraft,
making sustainment of overseas deployments challenging
Armenia/Azerbaijan unless part of an alliance structure. The country’s difficult
OSCE • Minsk Conference 1 economic situation means that it will be hard for the gov-
146 The Military Balance 2012

ernment to maintain Portugal’s military capabilities. The EQUIPMENT BY TYPE


planned modernisation of the armed forces will probably MBT 113: 37 Leopard 2A6; 72 M60A3; 4 M48A5
be limited, with key future capabilities such as new ar- RECCE 44: 15 V-150 Chaimite; 31 ULTRAV M-11
moured vehicles, offshore patrol craft and upgrades likely APC 450
to come under scrutiny. APC (T) 261: 180 M113A1; 34 M113A2; 47 M577 A2
APC (W) 189: 31 V-200 Chaimite; 158 Pandur II
ACTIVE 42,634 (Army 25,701 Navy 9,715 Air 7,218) ARTY 360
Paramilitary 47,700 SP 155mm 23: 6 M109A2; 17 M109A5
TOWED 33: 105mm 33: 19 L-119; 9 M101; 5 M-56
RESERVE 211,957 (Army 210,000 Navy 1,267, Air COASTAL • 150mm 1
Force 690) MOR 303: 81mm 190 (incl 21 SP); 107mm 53 M-30 (incl
Reserve obligation to age 35 20 SP); 120mm 60 Tampella
AT
Organisations by Service MSL • MANPATS 182: 87 Milan (incl 6 ULTRAV-11);
95 TOW (incl 18 M-113, 4 M-901)
RCL 182: 106mm 58 M40; 84mm 89 Carl Gustav; 90mm
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Army 25,701 35
5 Territorial Comd (2 mil region, 1 mil district, 2 mil zone)
AD
FORCES BY ROLE SAM • MANPAD 58: 32 Chaparral; 26 FIM-92A Stinger
SPECIAL FORCES AEV M728
1 SF unit ARV 6 M88A1, 7 Pandur
MANOEUVRE VLB M48
Reconnaissance
1 ISTAR bn Navy 9,715 (incl 1,563 Marines)
Mechanised EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 mech bde (1 cav tp, 1 tk regt, 2 mech inf bn, 1 arty bn. SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 2 Tridente (GER Type
1 AD bty, 1 engr coy, 1 sigs coy, 1 spt bn) 209) with 8 533mm TT
1 (intervention) bde (1 cav tp, 1 recce regt, 2 mech inf PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES •
bn, 1 arty bn, 1 AD bty, 1 engr coy, 1 sigs coy, 1 spt FFGHM 5
bn) 3 Vasco Da Gama with 2 Mk141 quad lnchr with RGM-
Air Manoeuvre 84C Harpoon AShM, 1 octuple Mk 29 GMLS with RIM-
7M Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 Mk36 triple 324mm ASTT
1 (rapid reaction) bde (1 cav tp, 1 cdo bn, 2 para bn, 1
with Mk46 LWT, 1 100mm gun, (capacity 2 Lynx Mk95
arty bn, 1 AD bty, 1 engr coy, 1 sigs coy, 1 spt bn)
(Super Lynx) hel)
Other
2 Bartolomeu Dias (ex-NLD Karel Doorman) with 2 quad
1 (Madeira) inf gp (2 inf bn, 1 AD bty)
Mk141 lnchr with RGM-84C Harpoon AShM, 1 Mk48
1 (Azores) inf gp (1 inf bn, 1 AD bty) VLS with RIM-7M Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 Mk32 twin
COMBAT SUPPORT 324mm ASTT with Mk46 LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity:
1 STA bty 1 Lynx Mk95 (Super Lynx) hel)
1 AD bn PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 24
1 engr bn CORVETTES • FS 7
1 EOD unit 3 Baptista de Andrade with 1 100mm gun, 1 hel landing
1 ptn br coy platform
1 EW coy 4 Joao Coutinho with 1 twin 76mm gun, 1 hel landing
2 MP coy platform
1 CBRN coy PSO 2 Viana do Castelo with 1 hel landing platform (2
1 psyops unit additional vessels in build)
1 CIMIC coy (joint) PCC 3 Cacine
1 sigs bn PBR 12: 2 Albatroz; 5 Argos; 4 Centauro; 1 Rio Minho
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT • LCU 1 Bombarda
1 construction coy LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 10:
AORL 1 Bérrio (ex UK Rover) with 1 hel landing platform
1 maint coy
(for medium hel)
1 log coy
AGS 4: 2 D Carlos I (US Stalwart); 2 Andromeda
1 tpt coy
ABU 2
1 med unit AXL 1
AXS 2
Reserves 210,000
FORCES BY ROLE Marines 1,563
MANOEUVRE FORCES BY ROLE
Light SPECIAL FORCES
3 (territorial) def bde (on mobilisation) 1 SF det
Europe 147

MANOEUVRE Public Security Police 21,600


Light
2 lt inf bn
COMBAT SUPPORT
Deployment
1 mor coy
1 MP det Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Constitution: Codified constitution (1976) (revised in
APC(W) 4 Pandur II 2005)
ARTY •MOR 30 120mm Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By government
Afghanistan
Naval Aviation

Europe
NATO • ISAF 229
HELICOPTERS • ASW 5 Lynx Mk95 (Super Lynx)
UN • UNAMA 1 obs
Air Force 7,218 Bosnia-Herzegovina
Flying hours 180 hrs/year on F-16 Fighting Falcon EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 18
FORCES BY ROLE OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 2
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
Democratic Republic of the Congo
2 sqn with F-16 MLU Fighting Falcon
EU • EUSEC RD Congo 3
MARITIME PATROL
1 sqn with P-3P/C Orion Gulf of Aden & Somali Basin
ISR/TRANSPORT NATO • Operation Ocean Shield 1 FFGHM
1 sqn with C-295M
COMBAT SEARCH & RESCUE LEBANON
1 sqn with with AW101 Merlin UN • UNIFIL 150; 1 engr coy
TRANSPORT
Serbia
1 sqn with C-130H Hercules
NATO • KFOR 160; 1 inf coy (KTM)
1 sqn with Falcon 50
1 (liaison) sqn with FTB-337 OSCE • Kosovo 2
TRAINING Timor Leste
1 sqn with Alpha Jet* UN • UNMIT 3 obs
1 sqn with SA316 Alouette III
1 sqn with TB-30 Epsilon Uganda
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE EU • EUTM 17
AIRCRAFT 43 combat capable
FTR 30: 27 F-16A MLU Fighting Falcon; 3 F-16B MLU Foreign Forces
Fighting Falcon
United States US European Command: 731; 1 spt facility
ASW 6: 5 P-3C Orion, 1P-3P Orion (due to be withdrawn
at Lajes
end 2011)
ISR: 7: 5 C-295M (maritime surveillance), 2 C-295M
(photo recce) Romania ROM
TPT 14: Medium 6 C-130H Hercules (tpt/SAR); Light 5
New Lei 2010 2011 2012
C-295M; PAX 3 Falcon 50 (tpt/VIP)
TRG 23: 7 Alpha Jet*, 16 TB-30 Epsilon GDP lei 514bn 543bn
HELICOPTERS US$ 161bn 180bn
MRH 12 SA316 Alouette III (trg, utl) per capita US$ 7,336 8,231
TPT • Medium 12 AW101 Merlin (6 SAR, 4 CSAR, 2 Growth % −1.27 1.49
fishery protection) Inflation % 6.1 6.4
MSL
Def exp lei 7.86bn
AAM • IR AIM-9L/I Sidewinder; ARH AIM-120
US$ 2.46bn
AMRAAM
ASM AGM-65A Maverick Def bdgt lei 8.22bn 8.05bn 8.34bn
AShM AGM-84A Harpoon US$ 2.58bn 2.67bn
BOMBS FMA (US) US$ 13.0m 16.5m
Enhanced Paveway II, GBU-49, GBU-31 JDAM US$1=lei 3.19 3.01
Population 21,904,551
Paramilitary 47,700
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
National Republican Guard 26,100
Male 7.6% 2.8% 3.8% 3.8% 24.7% 6.0%
APC (W): some Commando Mk III (Bravia)
HELICOPTERS • MRH 7 SA315 Lama Female 7.2% 2.7% 3.6% 3.6% 25.3% 8.8%
148 The Military Balance 2012

AT
Capabilities MSL • SP 138: 12 9P122 Malyutka (AT-3 Sagger); 78
NATO membership is at the heart of Romania’s defence 9P133 Malyutka (AT-3 Sagger); 48 9P148 Konkurs (AT-5
posture, and the country has moved from a conscript to a Spandrel). All on BRDM-2
professional military as it attempts to restructure its armed GUNS 100mm 231: 208 M1977 Gun 77; 23 SU-100 SP
forces to perform NATO and EU missions. Since 2008 AD • GUNS 78
however, modernisation efforts have increasingly been SP 35mm 36 Gepard
hampered by funding difficulties. The army has been re- TOWED 42: 35mm 24 GDF-203; 37mm 18
structured to support deployed operations, with Romanian RADARS • LAND 8 SNAR-10 Big Fred
contingents joining in NATO, EU and UN missions. An
ageing fighter fleet undermines air force combat capability, Navy 6,900
with the replacement programme constrained by budget EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
shortfalls. There are a small number of tactical airlifters PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 3
and Romania is a member of NATO’s C-17 unit. Romania’s DESTROYERS 3:
armed forces exercise regularly on a national and a multi- DDGH 1 Marasesti with 4 twin lnchr with P-15M
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

national basis. Termit-M (SS-N-2C Styx) AShM, 2 triple 533mm ASTT


with RUS 53–65 ASW, 2 RBU 6000 Smerch 2, 2 twin
ACTIVE 73,900 (Army 41,500, Navy 6,900, Air 9,500,
76mm gun, (capacity 2 SA-316 (IAR-316) Alouette III
Joint 16,000) Paramilitary 79,900
hel)
RESERVE 45,000 (Joint 45,000) DDH 2 Regele Ferdinand (ex UK Type-22), with 1 76mm
gun (capacity 1 SA330 (IAR-330) Puma – platforms
undergoing upgrades)
Organisations by Service PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 21
CORVETTES 4:
Army 41,500 FSH 2 Tetal II with 2 twin 533mm ASTT, 2 RBU 6000
Readiness is reported as 70–90% for NATO-designated Smerch 2, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 1 SA-316 (IAR-316)
forces and 40–70% for other forces) Alouette III hel)
FORCES BY ROLE FS 2 Tetal I with 2 twin 533mm ASTT with RUS 53-65
COMMAND ASW, 2 RBU 2500 Smerch 1, 2 twin 76mm gun
3 div HQ (1 NATO designated) PCFG 3 Zborul with 2 twin lnchr with P-15M Termit-M
MANOEUVRE (SS-N-2C Styx) AShM, 1 76mm gun
Mechanised PCR 8:
5 mech bde (1 NATO designated) 1 Brutar I with 1 BM-21 MRL RL, 1 100mm gun
Light 4 Brutar II with 1 BM-21 MRL RL, 1 100mm gun
2 inf bde (1 NATO designated) 3 Kogalniceanu with 2 100mm gun
Mountain PBR 6 VD 141 (ex MSI now used for river patrol)
2 mtn inf bde (1 NATO designated) MINE WARFARE 11
COMBAT SUPPORT MINE COUNTERMEASURES 10
1 arty bde MSO 4 Musca
3 arty regt MSI 6 VD 141 (used for river MCM)
3 AD regt MINELAYERS • ML 1 Corsar with up to 100 mines
1 engr bde LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 12: 3 AOL; 2 AGF; 1 AGOR;
3 sigs bn 1 AK; 1 AXS; 1 ADG; 1 ARS; 2 YTL
1 MI bn
3 MP bn Naval Infantry
3 CBRN bn FORCES BY ROLE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MANOEUVRE
MBT 345: 249 T-55; 42 TR-580; 54 TR-85 M1 Light
AIFV 99 MLI-84 1 naval inf bn
APC 1,616 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
APC (T) 75 MLVM APC (W) 14: 11 ABC-79M; 3 TABC-79M
APC (W) 988: 69 B33 TAB Zimbru; 31 Piranha III; 374
TAB-71; 150 TAB-77; 364 TABC-79 Air Force 9,500
TYPE VARIANTS 553 APC
Flying hours 120 hrs/year
ARTY 870
SP 122mm 24: 6 2S1 Carnation; 18 Model 89 FORCES BY ROLE
TOWED 388: 122mm 40 (M-30) M-1938 (A-19); 152mm FIGHTER
348: 245 M-1981 Model 81; 103 M-1985 2 sqn with MiG-21 Lancer C
MRL 122mm 187: 133 APR-40; 54 LAROM FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
MOR 120mm 271 M-1982 1 sqn with MiG-21 Lancer A/B
Europe 149

TRANSPORT Iraq
1 sqn with An-26 Curl; An-30 Clank; C-27J Spartan NATO • NTM-I 2
1 sqn with C-130B/H Hercules
TRAINING Liberia
1 sqn with An-2 Colt UN • UNMIL 2 obs
1 sqn with IAR-99 Soim*
Serbia
1 sqn with SA316B Alouette III (IAR-316B)
1 sqn with Yak-52 (Iak-52) NATO • KFOR 58
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER OSCE • Kosovo 1
2 (multirole) sqn with IAR-330 SOCAT Puma UN • UNMIK 1 obs

Europe
3 sqn with SA330 Puma (IAR-330)
AIR DEFENCE south Sudan
1 AD bde UN • UNMISS 2 obs
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
1 engr regt Serbia SER
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 70 combat capable Serbian Dinar d 2010 2011 2012
FGA 49: 29 MiG-21 Lancer A/B; 20 MiG-21 Lancer C GDP d 2.99tr 3.36tr
ISR 2 An-30 Clank US$ 38.2bn 46.0bn
TPT 21: Medium 7: 3 C-27J Spartan (4 more on order); per capita US$ 5,204 6,292
3 C-130B Hercules; 2 C-130H Hercules; Light 13: 9 An-2
Growth % 0.95 2.01
Colt; 4 An-26 Curl
TRG 33: 10 IAR-99 Soim*; 11 IAR-99C Soim*; 12 Yak-52 Inflation % 6.2 11.3
(Iak-52) Def exp d 65.9bn
HELICOPTERS US$ 844m
MRH 29: 23 IAR-330 SOCAT Puma; 6 SA316B Alouette III Def bdgt d 70.7bn 71.2bn 73.9bn
(IAR-316B) US$ 905m 975m
TPT • Medium 35 SA330 Puma (IAR-330)
FMA (US) US$ 1.0m 2.5m
AD • SAM 6 S-75M3 Volkhov (SA-2 Guideline); 8 HAWK
PIP III US$1=d 78.14 73.03
MSL Population 7,310,555
AAM • IR R-550 Magic 2; Python 3
ASM Spike-ER Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 7.8% 3.0% 3.3% 3.5% 24.5% 6.7%
Paramilitary 79,900 Female 7.3% 2.8% 3.1% 3.4% 24.9% 9.7%

Border Guards 22,900 (incl conscripts) Capabilities


Ministry of Interior
The beginning of 2011 saw a shift from conscript to profes-
Gendarmerie ε57,000 sional armed forces as part of a near decade-long restruc-
Ministry of Interior
turing process. Following the conflicts of the 1990s and the
political turmoil of the turn of the century the armed forces
Deployment have been reduced in size, but with the long-term aim of
Legal provisions for foreign deployment: crafting a capable and modern force. The land forces are
Constitution: Codified constitution (1991) built around four combined-arms brigades, supported by
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By parliament an army aviation unit run by the air force. The latter has a
(Art. 62); or b) by president upon parliamentary approval small number of combat aircraft in-service, and had been
(Art. 92)
aiming to procure one or two squadrons of a modern mul-
Afghanistan tirole type. Funding constraints have meant that this proj-
NATO • ISAF 1,947; 2 inf bn; some TAB-77; some TABC- ect has been delayed. Serviceability and platform availabil-
79; some Piranha IIIC ity is likely to be a problem for the air force. It also has no
Bosnia-Herzegovina long-range transport capacity. The navy has a very limited
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 59 coastal and river patrol capability only. A new Strategic
Defence Review was due to be adopted by the end of 2011.
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 2
Côte D’Ivoire ACTIVE 28,184 (Army 13,228, Air Force and Air
UN • UNOCI 6 obs Defence 5,117, Training Command 3,013, MoD 6,826)
Democratic Republic of the Congo RESERVE 50,171
UN • MONUSCO 22 obs Terms of service 6 months (voluntary)
150 The Military Balance 2012

Organisations by Service River Flotilla


The Serbian-Montenegrin navy was transferred to
Army 10,460; 1,800 conscripts (12,260 in total) Montenegro upon independence in 2006, but the
Reconstruction continues Danube flotilla remained in Serbian control. The flotilla
is subordinate to the Land Forces.
FORCES BY ROLE
SPECIAL FORCES EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 SF bde (1 CT bn, 1 cdo bn, 1 para bn) PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PBR 5
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES •
MANOEUVRE
MSI 4 Nestin
Mechanised
AMPHIBOUS • LANDING CRAFT • LCU 5 Type 22
1 (1st) bde (2 mech inf bn, 1 inf bn, 1 SP arty bn, 1 MRL
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 4:
bn, 1 AD bn, 1 engr bn, 1 spt bn)
ADG 1 Šabac
3 (2nd, 3rd & 4th) bde (1 tk bn, 2 mech inf bn, 1 inf bn, 1
AGF 1 Kozara
SP arty bn, 1 MRL bn, 1 AD bn, 1 engr bn, 1 spt bn) AOL 1
Amphibious YTL 1
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

2 rvn det (under review)


Other Air Force and Air Defence 3,785 (plus 477
1 (ceremonial) gd bde (1 CT bn, 2 MP bn) conscripts) Total 4,262
COMBAT SUPPORT
Flying hours: Ftr – 40 per yr
1 (mixed) arty bde (3 arty bn, 1 MRL bn)
FORCES BY ROLE
7 arty bn
FIGHTER
2 ptn bridging bn
1 sqn with MiG-21bis Fishbed; MiG-29 Fulcrum
1 NBC bn
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
1 sigs bn
1 sqn with G-4 Super Galeb*; J-22 Orao
2 MP bn ISR
2 flt with IJ-22 Orao 1*; MiG-21R Fishbed H*
Reserve Organisations
TRANSPORT
FORCES BY ROLE 1 sqn with An-2; An-26; Do-28; Yak-40 (Jak-40)
MANOEUVRE TRAINING
Light 1 sqn with G-4 Super Galeb* (adv trg/light atk);
8 (territorial) inf bde SA341/342 Gazelle; Utva-75 (basic trg)

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE ATTACK HELICOPTER
MBT 212: 199 M-84; 13 T-72 1 sqn with HN-42/45; Mi-24 Hind
RECCE 46: 46 BRDM-2 TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
AIFV 323 M-80 1 sqn with Mi-8 Hip; Mi-17 Hip H; Mi-24 Hind
APC 39 BOV VP M-86 AIR DEFENCE
ARTY 515 1 bde (5 bn (2 msl, 3 SP msl) with S-125 Neva (SA-3 Goa);
SP 122mm 67 2S1 Carnation 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful); 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail);
TOWED 204: 122mm 78 D-30; 130mm 18 M-46; 152mm 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet))
2 radar bn (for early warning and reporting)
36 M-84; 155mm 72: 66 M-1; 6 M-65
COMBAT SUPPORT
MRL 81: 128mm 78: 18 M-63 Plamen; 60 M-77 Organj;
1 sigs bn
262mm 3 Orkan
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
MOR 163: 82mm 106 M-69; 120mm 57: M-74/M-75
1 maint bn
AT • MSL
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SP 48 BOV-1 (M-83) AT-3 9K11 Sagger
AIRCRAFT 84 combat capable
MANPATS 168: 99 AT-3 9K11 Sagger; 69 AT-4 9K111
FTR 30: 20 MiG-21bis Fishbed L & N; 6 MiG-21UM
Fagot (Spigot)
Mongol B; 3 MiG-29 Fulcrum; 1 MiG-29UB Fulcrum
RCL 6: 90mm 6 M-79;
FGA 18 J-22 Orao 1
AD • SAM 156 ISR 12: 10 IJ-22R Orao 1*; 2 MiG-21R Fishbed H*
SP 77 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful); 12 S-1M (SA-9 Gaskin); TPT •Light 9: 1 An-2 Colt; 4 An-26 Curl; 2 Do-28
5 SAVA S10M Skyservant; 2 Yak-40 (Jak-40)
MANPADS 62: 8 S-2M (SA-7 Grail); 54 Šilo (SA-16 TRG 28: 24 G-4 Super Galeb*; 11 Utva-75
Gimlet) HELICOPTERS
GUNS 36 ATK 2 Mi-24 Hind
TOWED 40mm: 36 L70 Bofors MRH 51: 2 Mi-17 Hip H; 2 SA341H Gazelle (HI-42); 34
AEV IWT SA341H Gazelle (HN-42)/SA342L Gazelle (HN-45); 13
ARV M84A1; T-54/T-55 SA341H Gazelle (HO-42)/SA342L1 Gazelle (HO-45)
VLB MT-55; TMM TPT • Medium 7 Mi-8T Hip (HT-40)
Europe 151

AD TERRITORY WHERE THE GOVERNMENT


SAM 15: 6 S-125 Pechora (SA-3 Goa); 92K12 Kub (SA-6 DOES NOT EXERCISE EFFECTIVE CONTROL
Gainful)
Data presented here represent the de facto situation in
MANPAD 156; 120 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail); 36 9K310
Kosovo. This does not imply international recognition as
Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet)
a sovereign state. In February 2008 Kosovo declared itself
GUNS • 40mm 24 L-70 Bofors
 independent. Serbia remains opposed to this, and while
MSL Kosovo has not been admitted to the United Nations, a
AAM • IR R-60 (AA-8 Aphid) number of states have recognised Kosovo’s self-declared
ASM AGM-65 Maverick; A-77 Thunder status.

Europe
Deployment Kosovo Security Force 2,500; reserves 800
The Kosovo Security Force was formed in January 2009 as
Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
a non-military organisation with responsibility for crisis
Constitution: Codified constitution (2006)
response, civil protection and explosive ordnance disposal.
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By parliament
The force is armed with small arms and light vehicles only.
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

(Art. 140) A July 2010 law created a reserve force.


Côte D’Ivoire
UN • UNOCI 3 obs Foreign Forces
CYPRUS All under Kosovo Force (KFOR) comd. unless otherwise
UN • UNFICYP 45 specified.
Albania 4
Democratic Republic of the Congo Armenia 56 • OSCE (Kosovo) 1
UN • MONUSCO 6 (Air Medical Evacuation Team); 2 Austria 592; 1 recce coy, 1 inf coy; elm 1 MP coy • OSCE
obs (Kosovo) 14
Lebanon Azerbaijan OSCE (Kosovo) 1
UN • UNIFIL 5 Belarus OSCE (Kosovo) 1
Belgium OSCE (Kosovo) 1
Liberia Bosnia-Herzegovina OSCE (Kosovo) 10
UN • UNMIL 4 obs Bulgaria 10
Canada 5 • OSCE (Kosovo) 9
Foreign Forces Croatia 20 • OSCE (Kosovo) 7
All OSCE. Czech Republic 107 • OSCE (Kosovo) 1 • UNMIK 1 obs
Austria 1 Denmark 35 • UNMIK 1 obs
Bosnia-Herzegovina 1 Estonia 1
Finland 21
Bulgaria 1
France 303; 1 armd cav sqn; 1 log coy • OSCE (Kosovo) 3
Canada 1
Georgia OSCE (Kosovo) 5
Croatia 1
Germany 1,451; 1 MRL bn HQ; 1 inf coy; 1 sigs coy; 1 spt
France 2
bn; elm 1 MP coy; 1 med unit elm 1 hel gp; 26 C2 Leopard
Georgia 1 MBT; 17 SPz-2 Luchs recce; 25 Marder 1 AIFV; 21 APC (T);
Germany 1 54 TPz-1 Fuchs APC (W); 10 M109A3G 155mm SP; 6 Wiesel
Greece 1 (TOW) msl; 3 CH-53G Stallion hel; 9 UH-1D Iroquois hel •
Hungary 2 OSCE (Kosovo) 8
Ireland 2 Greece 207; 1 mech inf bn • OSCE (Kosovo) 5
Italy 1 Hungary 245; 1 inf coy (KTM) • OSCE (Kosovo) 4
Moldova 1 Ireland 12 • OSCE (Kosovo) 4
Italy 583; 1 arty BG HQ; 1 engr unit;1 hel unit; 1 sigs unit;
Netherlands 2
1 CSS unit; 1 Carabinieri regt • OSCE (Kosovo) 17
Norway 1
Luxembourg 22
Russia 1
Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of OSCE
Slovenia 2 (Kosovo) 8
Spain 1 Malta OSCE (Kosovo) 1
Sweden 3 Montenegro OSCE (Kosovo) 1
Ukraine 1 Morocco 162; 1 inf coy
United Kingdom 5 Netherlands 7
United States 4 Norway 3 • UNMIK 1 obs
152 The Military Balance 2012

Poland 295; 1 inf coy • UNMIK 1 obs • OSCE (Kosovo) 4 Organisations by Service
Portugal 160; 1 inf coy (KTM) • OSCE (Kosovo) 2
Romania 58 • UNMIK 1 obs • OSCE (Kosovo) 1 Army 6,230
Russia OSCE (Kosovo) 1 FORCES BY ROLE
Slovakia OSCE (Kosovo) 1 MANOEUVRE
Slovenia 318; 1 mot inf coy; 1 CBRN coy Reconnaissance
Spain OSCE (Kosovo) 4 • UNMIK 1 obs 1 (5th Special) recce regt
Sweden 66 • OSCE (Kosovo) 3 Mechanised
1 (1st) mech bde (3 mech inf bn, 1 engr coy, 1 log spt bn)
Switzerland 220; 1 inf coy; elm 1 MP coy; elm 1 hel gp
1 (2nd) mech bde (1 tk bn, 2 mech inf bn, 1 mixed SP
Turkey 357; 1 inf coy; elm 1 MP coy • OSCE (Kosovo) 9 arty bn, 1 ISTAR coy, 1 engr coy, 1 log spt bn)
Ukraine 136; 1 inf coy • UNMIK 2 obs • OSCE (Kosovo) 1 COMBAT SUPPORT
United Kingdom 1 • OSCE (Kosovo) 9 1 MRL bn
United States 783; 1 ARNG cbt spt bde • OSCE (Kosovo) 1 engr bn
18 1 MP bn
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Uzbekistan OSCE (Kosovo) 1 1 NBC bn


EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 69 T-72M
Slovakia SVK AIFV 253: 162 BMP-1; 91 BMP-2
Slovak Koruna Ks 2010 2011 2012 APC 99:
APC (T) 78 OT-90
GDP Ks 65.9bn 68.8bn
APC (W) 21: 7 OT-64; 14 Tatrapan (6×6)
US$ 87.3bn 96.5bn ARTY 122
per capita US$ 15,960 17,618 SP 38: 152mm 22 M-77 Dana; 155mm 16 M-2000 Zuzana
Growth % 4.02 3.25 TOWED 122mm 48 D-30
Inflation % 0.7 3.6 MRL 30: 122mm 4 RM-70; 122/227mm 26 RM-70/85
Def exp Ks 853m MODULAR
MOR 120mm 6 M-1982
US$ 1.13bn
AT
Def bdgt Ks 855m 760m 754m
SP 9S428 with Malyutka (AT-3 Sagger) on BMP-1; 9P135
US$ 1.13bn 1.07bn Fagot (AT-4 Spigot) on BMP-2; 9P148 (AT-5 Spandrel) on
FMA (US) US$ 1.25m 1.5m BRDM-2
US$1=Ks /€ from 2009 0.75 0.71 MANPATS 425 9K11 Malyutka (AT-3 Sagger)/9K113
Shturm (AT-6 Spandrel)
Population 5,477,038
AD
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus SAM • TOWED
SP 48 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher)
Male 8.0% 3.2% 3.7% 4.1% 24.7% 4.8%
MANPADS 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail); 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-
Female 7.6% 3.1% 3.6% 3.9% 25.3% 8.0% 16 Gimlet)
RADAR • LAND SNAR-10 Big Fred (veh, arty)
Capabilities ARV MT-55; VT-55A; VT-72B; WPT-TOPAS
In late 2010, the Slovak defence authorities began a Stra- VLB AM-50; MT-55A
tegic Defence Review process, with the findings of this MW Bozena; Belarty UOS-155
document due to be implemented by 2014. This process
was partly driven by financial factors likely to lead to de-
Air Force 3,944
creasing defence resources, but also by the desire to map Flying hours 90 hrs/yr for MiG-29 pilots (NATO
out a path for Slovak military development. The army has Integrated AD System); 90 hrs/yr for Mi-8/17
seen reductions in inventory, notably in tanks, APCs and crews (reserved for EU & NATO)
artillery. Nonetheless, Slovak forces still retain a focus on FORCES BY ROLE
contributions to international operations, and maintain FIGHTER
forces in Afghanistan. With a view to funding difficulties, 1 wg with MiG-29/Mi-29UB/MiG-29AS/MiG-29SD
the NATO secretary-general on a visit to Bratislava focused Fulcrum
on his concept of ‘smart defence’, which is intended to help ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
countries facing fiscal difficulties to make better use of re- 1 wg with Mi-8 Hip; Mi-17 Hip H; Mi-24D Hind D/Mi-
sources. 24V Hind E; PZL MI-2 Hoplite
AIR DEFENCE
ACTIVE 15,799 (Army 6,230, Air 3,944, Central Staff 1 bde with 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful); 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7
2,545, Support and Training 3,080) Grail); S-300 (SA-10B Grumble)
Terms of service 6 months EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Europe 153

AIRCRAFT 22 combat capable


FTR 22 MiG-29/MiG-29UB Fulcrum (12 MiG-29SD/AS Capabilities
modernised to NATO standard) A NATO member since 2004, the country has been mov-
TRG 15 L-39 Albatross ing to reshape its armed forces so that they are fully ca-
HELICOPTERS pable of operating within the Alliance. While progress is
ATK 15 Mi-24D Hind D/Mi-24V Hind E being made, including the shift from a conscript-based to a
MRH 14 Mi-17 Hip H
 smaller professional military, funding limitations continue
TPT 7: Medium 1 Mi-8 Hip; Light 6 PZL MI-2 Hoplite to dictate the pace of change, particularly in equipment
AD • SAM modernisation. The military’s role is to support territorial
integrity and participate in peace-support and stabilisation

Europe
SP S-300 (SA-10B Grumble); 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful)
MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail) operations. Its continuing participation in ISAF, however,
MSL became a domestic political issue during the course of
AAM • IR R-60 (AA-8 Aphid); R-73 (AA-11 Archer); 2011. The air force lacks any fighter aircraft, with air polic-
ing supplied by the Italian air force. Aspirations to procure
SARH R-27R (AA-10A Alamo)
aircraft to fulfil this role nationally are likely to remain that
ASM S5K/S5KO (57mm rockets); S8KP/S8KOM (80mm
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

for some time, given funding constraints. The armed forces


rockets)
have no organic ability to deploy forces beyond the coun-
try’s borders.
Deployment ACTIVE 7,600 (Army 7,600) Paramilitary 4,500
Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
Constitution: Codified constitution (1992) RESERVE 1,700 (Army 1,600, Air Element 100)
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By the
parliament (Art. 86) Organisations by Service
Afghanistan
Army 7,600
NATO • ISAF 326
FORCES BY ROLE
Bosnia-Herzegovina SPECIAL FORCES
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 46 1 SF unit
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 MANOEUVRE
Reconnaissance
Cyprus 1 ISTAR bn
UN • UNFICYP 159; elm 1 inf coy; 1 engr pl Light
3 mot inf bn
Middle east
COMBAT SUPPORT
UN • UNTSO 3 obs 1 arty bn
Serbia 1 engr bn
1 MP bn
OSCE • Kosovo 1
1 CBRN bn
1 sigs bn
Slovenia SVN Reserves
Euro € 2010 2011 2012 FORCES BY ROLE
GDP € 36.0bn 37.1bn
MANOEUVRE
Armoured
US$ 47.7bn 52.0bn
1 tk bn
per capita US$ 23,790 26,013 Mountain
Growth % 1.21 1.90 1 mtn inf bn (6 coy)
Inflation % 1.8 1.8 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Def exp € 553m MBT 45 M-84
US$ 732m RECCE 10 Cobra CBRN
APC (W) 112: 85 Pandur 6×6 (Valuk); 27 Patria 8×8 (Svarun)
Def bdgt € 573m 412m
ARTY 74
US$ 760m 578m TOWED • 155mm 18 TN-90
FMA (US) US$ 0.5m 0.75m MOR 120mm 56: 8 M-52; 16 M-74; 32 MN-9
US$1=€ 0.75 0.71 AT • MSL
SP 24: 12 BOV-3 9K11 Malyutka (AT-3 Sagger); 12 BOV-3
Population 2,000,092
9K111 Fagot (AT-4 Spigot)
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus MANPATS 9K11 Malyutka (AT-3 Sagger); 9K111 Fagot
(AT-4 Spigot)
Male 6.9% 2.5% 3.1% 3.5% 26.0% 6.6%
ARV VT-55A
Female 6.5% 2.4% 3.0% 3.4% 25.9% 10.2% VLB MTU
154 The Military Balance 2012

Army Maritime Element 47 Middle East


FORCES BY ROLE UN • UNTSO 3 obs
MANOEUVRE Serbia
Amphibious NATO • KFOR 318; 1 mot inf coy; 1 CBRN coy
1 maritime bn (part of Sp Comd)
OSCE • Serbia 2
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 2
PBF 1 Super Dvora MkII Spain ESP
PCC 1 Triglav III (RUS Svetlyak) Euro € 2010 2011 2012
Air Element 530 (+100 reserve) GDP € 1.06tr 1.09tr
FORCES BY ROLE US$ 1.41tr 1.53tr
TRANSPORT per capita US$ 30,268 32,610
1 sqn with L-410 Turbolet; PC-6 Turbo-Porter; PC-9; 9 Growth % −0.15 0.78
PC-9M*
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Inflation % 2.0 2.9


TRANSPORT HELICOPTER Def expa € 11.1bn
1 sqn with AS532AL Cougar; Bell 206 Jet Ranger (AB-
US$ 14.7bn
206); Bell 412 Twin Huey (some armed)
Def bdgt € 10.6bn 10.9bn
AIR DEFENCE
1 bn US$ 14.1bn 15.3bn
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT US$1=€ 0.75 0.71
1 maint coy a
including military pensions plus extra budgetary expenditure
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Population 46,754,784
AIRCRAFT 9 combat capable
TPT • Light 3: 1 L-410 Turbolet; 2 PC-6 Turbo-Porter Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
TRG 11: 2 PC-9; 9 PC-9M* Male 7.8% 2.4% 2.8% 3.4% 25.7% 7.2%
HELICOPTERS Female 7.3% 2.3% 2.6% 3.1% 25.5% 9.9%
MRH 8 Bell 412 Twin Huey (some armed)
TPT 8: Medium 4 AS532AL Cougar; Light 4 Bell 206 Jet Capabilities
Ranger (AB-206)
AD • SAM 138 Defence spending has suffered significantly since the
SP 6 Roland II global financial crisis, with this likely to have an impact
MANPAD 132: 36 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet); 96 on Spanish military capabilities. The country retains an ad-
9K38 Igla (SA-18 Grouse) vanced arsenal and combat experience has been gained in
overseas deployments. The armed forces remain adaptable
Paramilitary 4,500 and with high-readiness capabilities. Spain provides one of
the six corps-level headquarters for NATO’s High Readi-
Police 4,500 (armed); 5,000 reservists (total ness Forces (Land).
9,500) The Spanish armed forces have been involved in a variety
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PBF 1 of multinational coalitions in recent years, from Afghanistan
HELICOPTERS to the Gulf of Aden, and regularly participate in peacekeep-
MRH 2: 1 Bell 412 Twin Huey, 1 Bell 212 (AB-212) ing operations. The armed forces are well versed in com-
TPT • Light 4: 1 AW109; 2 Bell 206 (AB-206) Jet Ranger; bined operations with other militaries. Spain also retains
1 EC135 modest global power-projection capabilities. As with some
other European nations, it lacks strategic transport aircraft,
Deployment making sizeable overseas deployments problematic, but
Legal provisions for foreign deployment: the country can deploy and sustain at least a small brigade-
Constitution: Codified constitution (1991) sized unit in theatre. Spain will continue to retain advanced
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By equipment and well-trained personnel, but its forces will
government (Art. 84 of Defence Act) likely shrink in their capabilities and may struggle to retain
the ability to deploy globally in the longer term.
Afghanistan
NATO • ISAF 87 ACTIVE 143,006 (Army 78,121 Navy 22,200, Air
21,172 Joint 21,313) Paramilitary 80,210
Bosnia-Herzegovina
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 15 CIVILIAN 17,439 (Army 8,029 Navy 4,000 Air Force
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 5,410)
Lebanon RESERVE 319,000 (Army 265,000 Navy 9,000 Air
UN • UNIFIL 14; 1 inf pl 45,000)
Europe 155

Organisations by Service EQUIPMENT BY TYPE


MBT 436: 108 Leopard 2A4; 190 Leopard 2A5E (29 more on
order); 138 M60A3TTS
Space
RECCE 293: 84 B-1 Centauro; 209 VEC-3562 BMR-VEC
SATELLITES • COMMUNICATIONS 2: 1 Spainsat; 1
AIFV 144 Pizarro (incl 22 comd; 190 more on order)
Xtar-Eur
APC 1,985
APC (T) 1,313 M113 (incl variants)
Army 78,121; 8,029 civilian
APC (W) 672 BMR-600/BMR-600M1
The Land Forces High Readiness HQ Spain provides one
ARTY 2,030
NATO Rapid Deployment Corps HQ (NRDC-SP).
SP 155mm 227 M109A5

Europe
FORCES BY ROLE TOWED 304: 105mm 226: 56 L118 light gun; 170 Model
Infantry regiments usually comprise 2 bn. Spain deploys 56 pack howitzer; 155mm 78: 44 M114; 34 SBT 155/52
its main battle tanks within its armd/mech inf formations, SIAC (30 more on order)
and its armd cav regt COASTAL 155mm 19 SBT 155/52 APU SBT V07
COMMAND
MRL 140mm 14 Teruel
1 corps HQ (CGTAD) (1 int regt, 1 MP bn)
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

MOR 1,466: 81mm 996; 120mm 470


2 div HQ (coordinative role)
AT
SPECIAL FORCES
MSL
1 comd (3 Spec Ops bn, 1 sigs coy)
SP 187: 113 Milan; 74 TOW
MANOEUVRE
MANPATS 500: 39 Spike-LR (197 more on order); 335
Reconnaissance
Milan; 126 TOW
1 (2nd) bde (3 lt armd cav regt, 1 fd arty regt, 1 engr bn,
HELICOPTERS
1 sigs coy, 1 log bn)
ATK 6 EC665 Tiger (18 more on order)
Armoured
MRH 23 Bo-105 HOT
1 (12th) bde (1 recce sqn, 1 armd inf regt, 1 mech inf regt,
TPT 89: Heavy 17 CH-47D Chinook (HT-17D); Medium
1 SP arty bn, 1 engr bn, 1 sigs coy, 1 log bn)
35: 16 AS332 Super Puma (HU-21); 19 AS532UL Cougar;
Mechanised
Light 37: 26 Bell-205 (HU-10B Iroquois); 6 Bell 212
2 (10th & 11th) bde (1 recce sqn, 1 armd inf bn, 1 mech inf
(HU.18); 5 Bo-105
regt, 1 SP arty bn, 1 engr bn, 1 sigs coy, 1 log bn)
UAV • ISR • Medium 4 Searcher Mk II-J (PASI)
Light
AD 360
2 (2nd/La Legion & 7th) bde (1 recce bn, 2 inf regt, 1 fd
SAM 269
arty bn, 1 engr bn, 1 sigs coy, 1 log bn)
SP 18 Roland
1 (5th) bde (2 lt inf regt)
TOWED 71: 42 I-HAWK Phase III MIM-23B; 13
Air Manoeuvre
Skyguard/Aspide; 8 NASAMS; 8 PAC-2 Patriot
1 (6th) bde (2 para bn, 1 air mob bn, 1 fd arty bn, 1 engr
MANPAD 180 Mistral
bn, 1 sigs coy, 1 log bn)
GUNS • TOWED 35mm 91 GDF-005
Mountain
RADAR • LAND 6: 4 ARTHUR; 2 AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder
1 (1st) comd (3 mtn inf regt)
AEV 38 CZ-10/25E
Other
ARV 38+: 16 Büffel; BMR 3560.55; 22 M47-VR; 1 M88A1;
1 (Canary Islands) comd (1 lt inf bde (3 lt inf regt, 1 fd
M578; 9 Pizarro
arty regt, 1 engr bn, 1 sigs coy, 1 log bn); 1 spt hel bn; 1
AD regt) VLB 12 M60
1 (Balearic Islands) comd (1 inf regt)
Reserves 265,000 reservists
2 (Ceuta and Melilla) comd (1 cav regt, 2 inf regt, 1 arty
Cadre units
regt, 1 engr bn, 1 sigs coy, 1 log bn)
Aviation FORCES BY ROLE
1 (FAMET) avn comd (1 atk hel bn, 2 spt hel bn, 1 tpt hel MANOEUVRE
bn, 1 sigs bn, 1 log unit (1 spt coy, 1 supply coy)) Reconnaissance
COMBAT SUPPORT 1 armd cav bde
1 arty comd (3 arty regt) Light
1 coastal arty comd (1 coastal arty regt, 1 sigs unit) 3 inf bde
1 AD comd (5 ADA regt, 1 sigs unit) COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
1 engr comd (2 engr regt, 1 bridging regt) 1 railway regt
1 EW/sigs bde with (3 EW regt, 3 sigs regt)
1 EW regt Navy 22,200 (incl Naval Aviation and Marines);
1 sigs regt 4,000 civilian
1 CIMIC bn HQ located at Madrid
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 log bde (5 log regt) SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 3:
1 med bde (1 log unit, 3 medical regt, 1 field hospital unit) 4 Galerna with 4 single 533mm TT with F17 Mod 2/L5
1 NBC regt HWT
156 The Military Balance 2012

PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 12 Naval Aviation 814


AIRCRAFT CARRIERS • CVS 1 Principe de Asturias Flying 150 hrs/year on AV-8B Harrier II FGA ac; 200
(capacity: 10 AV-8B Harrier II/AV-8B Harrier II Plus FGA hours hrs/year on hel
ac; 8 SH-3 Sea King ASW hel; 2 Bell 212 (HU-18) hel)
FORCES BY ROLE
DESTROYERS • DDGHM 4
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
4 Alvaro de Bazan with Baseline 5 Aegis C&C, 2 quad
1 sqn with AV-8B Harrier II; AV-8B Harrier II Plus
Mk 141 lnchr with RGM-84F Harpoon AShM, 1 48 cell
ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE
Mk 41 VLS (LAM capable) with SM-2MR/RIM-162B 1 sqn with SH-60B Seahawk
Sea Sparrow SAM (quad packs), 2 twin 324mm ASTT AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING
with Mk46 LWT, 1 127mm gun, (capacity 1 SH-60B 1 sqn with SH-3H AEW Sea King
Seahawk ASW hel) TRANSPORT
FRIGATES • FFGHM 6: 1 (liaison) sqn with Cessna 550 Citation II; Cessna 650
6 Santa Maria with 1 Mk 13 GMLS with RGM-84C Citation VII
Harpoon AShM/SM-1MR SAM, 2 Mk32 triple 324mm TRAINING
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

ASTT with Mk46 LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 2 SH- 1 sqn with Hughes 500MD
60B Seahawk ASW hel) 1 flt with TAV-8B Harrier
AMPHIBIOUS TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS 3 1 sqn with Bell 212 (HU-18)
LHD 1 Juan Carlos I (capacity 4 LCM; 42 APC; 46 MBT; 1 sqn with SH-3D Sea King
700 troops; able to operate as alternate platform for EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
CVS aviation group) AIRCRAFT 24 combat capable
LPD 2 Galicia (capacity 6 Bell-212 or 4 SH-3D Sea King; FGA 17: 4 AV-8B Harrier II; 12 AV-8B Harrier II Plus; 1
4 LCM or 6 LCVP; 130 APC or 33 MBT; 450 troops) TAV-8B Harrier (on lease from USMC)
LANDING SHIPS • LST 1 Pizarro (2nd of class in ASW 7 P-3 Orion
reserve) TPT • Light 4: 3 Cessna 550 Citation II; 1 Cessna 650
LANDING CRAFT • LCM 14 Citation VII
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 3 HELICOPTERS
AORH 2: 1 Patino; 1 Cantabria ASW 20: 8 SH-3D Sea King (transport); 12 SH-60B
AO 1 Marques de la Ensenada Seahawk
MRH 9 Hughes 500MD
Navy – Maritime Action Force AEW 3 SH-3H AEW Sea King
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 24 TPT • Light 8 Bell 212 (HU-18)
PSO 8: MSL
3 Alboran each with 1 hel landing platform AAM • IR AIM-9L Sidewinder; ARH AIM-120
1 Chilreu AMRAAM
4 Descubierta ASM AGM-65G Maverick
PSOH 3 Meteoro (Buquesde Accion Maritime – 6 AShM AGM-119 Penguin
additional vessels on order, of which 4 are PSOH, 1 ASR
and 1 AGS) Marines 5,300
PCO 4 Serviola FORCES BY ROLE
PCC 4 Anaga MANOEUVRE
PB 2 Toralla Amphibious
PBR 3 1 mne bde (1 spec ops unit, 1 recce unit, 1 mech inf
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 7 bn, 2 inf bn, 1 arty bn, 1 log bn)
MCCS 1 Diana 5 mne garrison gp
MHO 6 Segura EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 29: MBT 16 M60A3TTS
AGOR 2 (with ice-strengthened hull, for polar research APC (W) 22 Piranha
duties in Antarctica) AAV 18: 16 AAV-7A1/AAVP-7A1; 2 AAVC-7A1
AGHS 4 ARTY 18
AGI 1 SP 155mm 6 M-109A2
ATF 3 TOWED 105mm 12 M-56 (pack)
AK 3 AT • MSL • MANPATS 24 TOW-2
YDT 1 RL 90mm C-90C
AXL 8 AD • SAM • MANPAD 12 Mistral
AXS 7 ARV 1 AAVR-7A1
Europe 157

Air Force 21,172; 5,410 civilian HELICOPTERS


The Spanish Air Force is organised in 3 commands – TPT 46: Medium 23: 15 AS-332 Super Puma (HU-21); 2
General Air Command, Combat Air Command and Canary AS-532 Cougar (VIP); 6 SA-330 Puma (AS-330); Light 23:
Islands Air Command 15 EC-120 Colibri; 8 S-76C
AD
Flying hours 120 hrs/year on hel/tpt ac; 180 hrs/year on
SAM Mistral; R-530
FGA/ftr
TOWED Skyguard/Aspide
FORCES BY ROLE MSL
FIGHTER AAM • IR AIM-9L/AIM-9JULI/AIM-9P Sidewinder;
2 sqn with Eurofighter Typhoon SARH AIM-7P Sparrow; ARH AIM-120B/C AMRAAM

Europe
2 sqn with Mirage F-1C (F-1CE); Mirage F-1E (F-1EE); ARM AGM-88A HARM
Mirage F-1EDA ASM AGM-65A/G Maverick
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK AShM AGM-84C/D Harpoon
5 sqn with F/A-18A/B MLU Hornet (EF-18A/B MLU) LACM Taurus KEPD 350
MARITIME PATROL BOMBS
1 sqn with CN-235 Conventional: Mk 82; Mk 83; Mk 84; BLU-109; BPG-
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

1 sqn with P-3A/B Orion 2000; BR-250; BR-500; BME-330B/AP; CBU-100 (anti-
ELECTRONIC WARFARE tank)
3 sqn with B-707; C- 212 Aviocar; Falcon 20 Laser-guided: GBU-10/16 Paveway II; GBU-24 Paveway
SEARCH & RESCUE III; EGBU-16 Paveway II
1 sqn with AS332 Super Puma (HU-21); C-212 Aviocar
1 sqn with AS332 Super Puma (HU-21); F-27 Friendship Emergencies Military Unit (UME)
1 sqn with C-212 Aviocar; SA330 Puma (AS330) FORCES BY ROLE
1 sqn with CN-235 (maritime surv/SAR) COMMAND
TANKER/TRANSPORT 1 div HQ
1 sqn with B-707 tkr MANOEUVRE
1 sqn with KC-130H Hercules Aviation
TRANSPORT 1 gp with firefighting planes belonging to the Air
1 sqn with A310; Falcon 900 Force; 1 emergency hel bn belonging to Army
1 sqn with AS332 Super Puma (HU-21); Beech C90 King Aviation (FAMET)
Air (VIP) Other
1 sqn with B-707 5 Emergency Intervention bn
1 sqn with C-130H/C-130H-30 Hercules
1 sqn with C-212 Aviocar Paramilitary 80,210
1 (spt) sqn with C-212 Aviocar; Canadair CL-215; Cessna
550 Citation V (ISR)
Guardia Civil 79,950
9 regions, 56 Rural Comds
2 sqn with C-295
TRAINING FORCES BY ROLE
1 OCU unit with Eurofighter Typhoon SPECIAL FORCES
1 OCU sqn with F/A-18A/B (EF-18A/B MLU) Hornet 10 (rural) gp
1 sqn with Beech F33C Bonanza MANOEUVRE
2 sqn with C-101 Aviojet Other
1 sqn with C-212 Aviocar 17 (Tercios) paramilitary regt
1 sqn with T-35 Pillan (E-26) 6 (traffic) sy gp
2 (LIFT) sqn with F-5B Freedom Fighter 1 (Special) sy bn
2 hel sqn with EC120 Colibri; S-76C EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE APC (W) 18 BLR
AIRCRAFT 185 combat capable HELICOPTERS
FTR 59: 39 Eurofighter Typhoon; 20 F-5B Freedom Fighter MRH 26 Bo-105ATH
FGA 119: 86 F/A-18A/B Hornet (EF-18A/B – 67 being TPT • Light 12: 8 BK-117; 4 EC-135P2
given MLU); 33 Mirage F-1C (F-1CE)/F-1E (F-1EE)
Guardia Civil Del Mar 760
ASW 7: 2 P-3A Orion; 3 P-3B Orion; 2 P-3M Orion
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 53
MP 6 CN-235 MPA
PCC 15
TKR 7: 5 KC-130H Hercules, 2 B-707 Tkr
PCI 1
TPT 97: Medium 7 C-130H/H-30 Hercules; Light 77: 4
PBF 22
Beech C90 King Air; 22 Beech F33C Bonanza; 18 C-212
PB 15
Aviocar; 13 C-295; 14 CN-235 (12 tpt, 2 VIP); 3 Cessna
550 Citation V (recce); 3 F-27 Friendship (SAR); PAX 13:
2 A310; 4 B-707 (incl EW); 2 Falcon 20 (EW, NAVAID); 5 Deployment
Falcon 900 (VIP) Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
TRG 108: 71 C-101 Aviojet; 37 T-35 Pillan (E-26) Constitution: Codified constitution (1978)
158 The Military Balance 2012

Specific legislation: ‘Ley Orgánica de la Defensa


Nacional’ (2005) Capabilities
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: a) By While the army and air force are relatively well equipped,
the government (Art. 6 of the ‘Defence Law’); b) the navy retains limited capabilities and is unable to op-
parliamentary approval is required for military operations erate beyond Sweden’s territorial waters and the Baltic
‘which are not directly related to the defence of Spain or Sea.
national interests’ (Art. 17 of the ‘Defence Law’) Sweden retains a policy of formal neutrality. The coun-
Afghanistan try regularly participates in peacekeeping operations, and
NATO • ISAF 1,526; 1 lt inf bde has sent troops to participate in the NATO-led coalition
in Afghanistan even though the country remains outside
Bosnia-Herzegovina NATO. Nonetheless, the primary role of the armed forces
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 17 is territorial defence and Sweden’s power-projection capa-
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 bilities are limited. Two Stockholm-class corvettes that par-
ticipated in Operation Atalanta in 2009 were transported by
Democratic Republic of the Congo
a dock ship as they were unable to make the journey inde-
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

EU • EUSEC RD Congo 1
pendently. The air force has only one tanker to support its
UN • MONUSCO 2 obs
aircraft when on operations.
Gulf of Aden & Indian Ocean Swedish forces are well trained and professional, with
EU • Operation Atalanta 1 PSO; 1 LPD; 1 P-3A compulsory military service having been formally abol-
ished in July 2010. A reform process since the 1990s has
LEBANON
attempted to transform the armed forces into a more agile
UN • UNIFIL 1,069; 1 mech bde HQ; 1 armd inf bn force, but they would only likely be able to fully mobilise
Mediterranean SEA and deploy 2,000–3,000 troops within ten days. Budget cuts
NATO • SNMCMG 2: 1 MHO are gradually affecting Sweden’s procurement programme,
with upgrades for the country’s capable JAS39 Gripen air-
Serbia craft likely to be reduced significantly. Nevertheless, Swe-
OSCE • Serbia 1 den’s armed forces will likely continue to fulfil one of their
OSCE • Kosovo 4 main goals of contributing small units and support to mul-
UN • UNMIK 1 obs tinational coalitions.
UGANDA ACTIVE 20,363 (Army 6,718 Navy 2,796 Air 3,069
EU • EUTM 38 Staff 7,780) Paramilitary 800 Voluntary Auxiliary
Organisations 30,000
Foreign Forces Terms of service: conscription abolished 2010
United States US European Command: 1,483 1 air base at RESERVE 200,000
Morón; 1 naval base at Rota

Organisations by Service
Sweden SWE
Swedish Krona Skr 2010 2011 2012 Army 6,718
The army has been transformed to provide brigade-
GDP Skr 3.31tr 3.56tr
sized task forces depending on the operational
US$ 459bn 553bn
requirement.
per capita US$ 50,540 60,846
FORCES BY ROLE
Growth % 5.69 4.39
COMMAND
Inflation % 1.9 3.0 1 div HQ (on mobilisation)
Def exp Skr 40.4bn 2 bde HQ
US$ 5.6bn MANOEUVRE
Def bdgta Skr 40.6bn 40.0bn 40.4bn Armoured
US$ 5.63bn 6.21bn 2 armd bn
US$1=Skr 7.21 6.44 Mechanised
a
Excluding Civil Defence 8 mech bn
COMBAT SUPPORT
Population 9,088,728 2 arty bn
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus 2 AD bn
2 engr bn
Male 8.0% 3.3% 3.6% 3.1% 22.8% 8.8%
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
Female 7.5% 3.2% 3.4% 3.0% 22.5% 10.9% 3 log bn
Europe 159

Reserves LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 16:


ARS 1 Furusund (former ML)
FORCES BY ROLE
AG 2: 1 Carlskrona with 1 hel landing platform (former
MANOEUVRE
ML); 1 Trosso (Spt ship for corvettes and patrol vessels
Other
but can also be used as HQ ship)
40 Home Guard bn
AGI 1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE AGS 2 (Government Maritime Forces)
MBT 280: 120 Leopard 2 (Strv 122); 160 Leopard 2A4 (Strv- AX 7: 5 AXS; 2 (other)
121) YPT 1
AIFV 354 CV9040 (Strf 9040) YDT 2

Europe
APC 489
APC (T) 286: 214 Pbv 302; 72 Pbv 401A Amphibious 728
APC (W) 203: 34 XA-180 Sisu; 20 XA-202 Sisu; 149 XA- FORCES BY ROLE
203 Sisu MANOEUVRE
ARTY 280 Amphibious
SP 155mm 24 Archer (being delivered) 1 amph bn
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

TOWED 155mm 49 FH-77B
MOR 120mm 207


EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AT
ARTY • MOR 81mm 12
MSL • MANPATS RB-55; RB-56 Bill
MSL • SSM 8 RBS-17 Hellfire
RCL 84mm Carl Gustav
AD
Air Force 3,069
SAM
SP 16 RBS-70 Flying hours  100–150 hrs/year
TOWED RBS-90 FORCES BY ROLE
MANPAD RBS-70 FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK/ISR
GUNS • SP 40mm 30 Strv 90LV 4 sqn with JAS 39A/B/C/D Gripen
RADAR • LAND ARTHUR (arty); M113 A1GE Green SIGINT
Archer (mor) 1 sqn with Gulfstream IV SRA-4 (S-102B)
UAV • ISR • Medium 3 Sperwer AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL
AEV 6 Kodjak, MT-LB 1 sqn with S-100B Argus
ARV 14 Büffel; Bgbv 81; 24 Bgbv 82; 26 CV90 TRANSPORT
VLB 17 Brobv 1 sqn with C-130E/H Hercules (Tp-84)
MW Aardvark Mk2; 33 Area Clearing System AIR DEFENCE
1 (fighter control and air surv) bn
Navy 2,068; 728 Amphibious; (total 2,796) 1 trg unit with SK 60 Radar
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SUBMARINES 6 AIRCRAFT 115 combat capable
TACTICAL • SSK 5: FGA 115 JAS39A/B/C/D Gripen
3 Gotland (AIP fitted) with 2 single 400mm TT with ELINT 2 Gulfstream IV SRA-4 (S-102B)
Tp432/Tp 451, 4 single 533mm TT with Tp613/Tp62 AEW&C 2 S-100B Argus
2 Sodermanland (AIP fitted) with 6 single 533mm TT with TPT 12: Medium 8 C-130E Hercules/C-130H Hercules
Tp432/Tp451/Tp613/Tp62 (Tp-84) (7 tpt, 1 tkr); Light 2 Saab 340 (Tp-100A – 1 VIP);
SSW 1 Spiggen II PAX 2 Gulfstream IV (Tp-102A)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 19 TRG 80 SK-60
CORVETTES • FSG 5 Visby with 8 RBS-15 AShM, MSL
4 single 400mm ASTT with Tp45 LWT, 1 hel landing ASM RB-75 (AGM-65) Maverick
plaform; (2 operational; 3 remaining vessels expected AShM RB-15F
ISD 2012–13) AAM • IR AIM-9L Sidewinder (RB-74); ARH AIM-120B
PCG 2: AMRAAM (RB-99))
2 Göteborg with 4 twin lnchr with RBS-15 Mk2 AShM, BOMB BK-39
4 single 400mm ASTT with Tp431 LWT, 4 Saab 601 A/S
mor Armed Forces Hel Wing (included in Air
2 Stockholm with 4 twin lnchr with RBS-15 Mk2 AShM, Force figures)
4 Saab 601 mortars, 4 single ASTT with Tp431 LWT FORCES BY ROLE
PBR 12 Tapper TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 7 1 bn with AS332 Super Puma (HKP-10); AW109M
MCC 5 Koster (HKP-15); UH-60M Black Hawk
MCD 2 Styrso EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT 164 HELICOPTERS
LCM 17 Trossbat TPT 33: Medium 13: 9 AS332 Super Puma (HKP-10 -
LCPL 147 Combatboat 90 SAR); 4 UH-60M Black Hawk; (3 NH90 TTH (HKP-14)
160 The Military Balance 2012

by end 2011 – not yet in service); Light 20 AW-109M


(HKP-15) Switzerland CHE
Swiss Franc fr 2010 2011 2012
Paramilitary 800 GDP fr 551bn 567bn

Coast Guard 800 US$ 528bn 644bn


PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 30 per capita US$ 69,223 84,312
PSO 5: 3 KBV-001; 1 KBV-181 (fishery protection) Growth % 2.71 2.15
PCC 2 KBV-201 Inflation % 0.7 0.7
PB 23: 3 KBV-101; 6 KBV-281; 3 KBV-288; 11 KBV-301 Def exp fr 4.29bn
AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT • LCAC 3 Griffon US$ 4.11bn
2000 TDX (KBV-591) Def bdgt fr 4.81bn 4.82bn 4.52bn
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 12 AG (MARPOL- US$ 4.61bn 5.48bn
CRAFT) US$1=fr 1.04 0.88
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Population 7,639,961
Air Arm
AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 3 DHC-8Q-300 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 7.9% 3.1% 3.2% 3.1% 24.7% 7.1%
Deployment Female 7.3% 2.9% 3.0% 3.2% 24.5% 9.8%
Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
Constitution: Constitution consists of four fundamental
Capabilities
laws; the most important is ‘The Instrument of The Swiss armed forces are almost entirely reliant on
Government’ (1974) conscripts for their active personnel and reserves for full
mobilisation, with professional, volunteer personnel com-
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By the
prising just 5% of the total armed forces. With conscripts
government upon parliamentary approval (Ch. 10, Art. 9)
and reserves serving for short periods of time (the average
AFGHANISTAN service time per conscript in 2010 was 260 days), the armed
forces’ lack adaptability and readiness. The only rapid-
NATO • ISAF 614
reaction force is a small (fewer than 100 personnel) Army
UN • UNAMA 1 obs Reconnaissance Detachment. The armed forces’ equipment
Bosnia-Herzegovina is largely aimed at protecting Switzerland’s territorial sov-
ereignty, with limited power-projection capabilities (only
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 1
light transport aircraft and no tankers). However, Switzer-
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 land is neutral, so the armed forces are more than sufficient
to fulfil its roles of territorial defence in a benign environ-
Democratic Republic of the Congo
ment, and international peace-support operations.
UN • MONUSCO 6 obs The size of Switzerland’s armed forces is likely to be
India/Pakistan severely reduced in forthcoming years. Current plans sug-
gest a reduction to 100,000 personnel (still largely conscript
UN • UNMOGIP 6 obs
and reserves), despite an increasing defence budget in the
Korea, republic of near term. These extra funds will likely go towards equip-
ment replacement, in particular new fighter aircraft to re-
NNSC • 5 obs
place F-5s.
Middle East
ACTIVE 25,287 (Joint 25,287)
UN • UNTSO 6 obs
RESERVE 172,330 (Army 123,720, Air 22,503,
Moldova Armed Forces Logistic Organisation 9,103, Command
OSCE • Moldova 1 Support Organisation 17,004)
Serbia Civil Defence 76,000
NATO • KFOR 66 Terms of service 18 weeks compulsory recruit trg at age
OSCE • Serbia 3 19–20 (19,000 (2006)), followed by 7 refresher trg courses
OSCE • Kosovo 3 (3 weeks each) over a 10-year period between ages 20–30.
(189,000 continuation trg (2006))
south Sudan
UN • UNMISS 3; 2 obs Organisations by Service
Uganda Joint 3,587 active; 21,700 conscript (197,511 on
EU • EUTM 7 mobilisation)
Europe 161

Land Forces (Army) 123,720 on mobilisation TRANSPORT


4 Territorial Regions. With the exception of military 1 sqn with Beech 350 King Air; Beech 1900D; Cessna
security all units are non-active. 560XL Citation; DHC-6 Twin Otter; Falcon 50; PC-6
FORCES BY ROLE Turbo-Porter; PC-12
COMMAND TRAINING
4 regional comd (2 engr bn, 1 sigs bn) 1 sqn with PC-7 Turbo Trainer; PC-21; 1 sqn with PC-9
MANOEUVRE (tgt towing)
Armoured TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 (1st) bde (1 recce bn, 2 armd bn, 2 armd inf bn, 1 sp 6 sqn with AS332 Super Puma; AS532 Cougar; EC635;

Europe
arty bn, 2 engr bn, 1 sigs bn) ISR UAV
1 (11th) bde (1 recce bn, 2 armd bn, 2 armd inf bn, 1 1 bn with ADS 95 Ranger
inf bn, 2 SP arty bn, 1 engr bn, 1 sigs bn) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Light AIRCRAFT 87 combat capable
1 (2nd) bde (1 recce bn, 4 inf bn, 2 SP arty bn, 1 engr FTR 54: 42 F-5E Tiger II; 12 F-5F Tiger II
bn, 1 sigs bn) FGA 33: 26 F/A-18C Hornet; 7 F/A-18D Hornet
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

1 (5th) bde (1 recce bn, 3 inf bn, 2 SP arty bn, 1 engr TPT 22: Light 21: 1 Beech 350 King Air; 1 Beech1900D;
bn, 1 sigs bn) 1 Cessna 560XL Citation; 1 DHC-6 Twin Otter; 15 PC-6
1 (7th) reserve bde (3 recce bn, 3 inf bn, 2 mtn inf bn, Turbo-Porter; 1 PC-6 (owned by armasuisse, civil
1 sigs bn) registration); 1 PC-12 (owned by armasuisse, civil
Mountain registration); PAX 1 Falcon 50
1 (9th) bde (5 mtn inf bn, 1 SP Arty bn, 1 sigs bn) TRG 47: 30 PC-7 Turbo Trainer; 11 PC-9; 6 PC-21
1 (12th) bde (2 inf bn, 3 mtn inf bn, 1 (fortress) arty bn, HELICOPTERS
1 sigs bn) TPT 47: Medium 27: 15 AS332 Super Puma; 12 AS532
1 (10th) reserve bde (1 recce bn, 2 armd bn, 3 inf bn, 2
Cougar; Light 20 EC635
mtn inf bn, 2 SP arty bn, 2 sigs bn)
UAV • ISR • Medium 4 ADS 95 Ranger systems
Other
MSL • AAM • IR AIM-9P/9X Sidewinder; ARH AIM-
1 sy bde
120B AMRAAM
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
1 armd/arty trg unit Ground Based Air Defence (GBAD)
1 inf trg unit GBAD assets can be used to form AD clusters to be
1 engr rescue trg unit deployed independently as task forces within Swiss
1 log trg unit territory.
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 344 Leopard 2 (Pz-87 Leo)
AD
RECCE 458: 446 Eagle II; 12 Piranha IIIC CBRN
SAM
AIFV 154 CV9030
TOWED Rapier
APC • APC (W) 346 Piranha II
MANPAD FIM-92A Stinger
AIFV/APC look-a-likes 581: M113/Piranha I/II(8×8)/
GUNS 35mm
IIIC(8×8)/CV 9030 CP
RADARS • AD RADARS Skyguard
ARTY 497
SP 155mm 200 M109 Armed Forces Logistic Organisation 9,103
MOR SP 81mm 297 M113 with M72/91
on mobilisation
AT
MSL • SP 110 TOW-2 SP Piranha I 6×6 FORCES BY ROLE
AD • SAM • MANPAD FIM-92A Stinger COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PBR 10 1 log bde
Aquarius
Command Support Organisation 17,004 on
AEV 12 Kodjak
ARV 25 Büffel
mobilisation
VLB 14 Brueckenlegepanzer 68/88 FORCES BY ROLE
MW 46: 26 Area Clearing System; 20 M113 A2 COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
1 spt bde
Air Force 22,503 (incl air defence units and
military airfield guard units) Civil Defence 80,000
Flying hours 200–250 hrs/year (not part of armed forces)

FORCES BY ROLE
FIGHTER Deployment
3 sqn with F-5E/F Tiger II Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
3 sqn with F/A-18C/D Hornet Constitution: Codified constitution (1999)
162 The Military Balance 2012

Decision on deployment of troops abroad: mobile force able to fight across the spectrum of conflict.
Peace promotion (66, 66a, 66b Swiss Mil Law): UN.OSCE The air force is well equipped and trained, and is intro-
mandate. Decision by govt; if over 100 tps deployed or ducing airborne early warning aircraft. It already operates
op over 3 weeks Fed Assembly must agree first, except in tanker aircraft and will bolster its transport fleet with the
emergency. A400M airlifter. Rotary-wing procurement projects will
Support service abroad (69, 60 Swiss Mil Law): Decision benefit the army’s air arm with new light attack and trans-
by govt; if over 2,000 tps or op over 3 weeks Fed Assembly port helicopters in the pipeline. The navy is the smallest of
must agree in next official session the three services, and operates a mix of frigates, corvettes,
Bosnia-Herzegovina fast attack craft and amphibious vessels. Turkish forces are
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 20 deployed to ISAF, and Ankara sent ships to take part in
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 Operation Unified Protector in 2011. Single and inter-service
training is carried out regularly, as is mobilisation training,
BURUNDI and the armed forces participate in multinational exercises
UN • BNUB 1 mil advisor with NATO partners. They also exercised with China for
Democratic Republic of the Congo the first time in 2010, when PLAAF aircraft visited Turkey.
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

UN • MONUSCO 3 obs This reflects Ankara’s increasingly multi-directional for-


eign policy. However, Turkey’s relations with Israel, with
Korea, Republic of
which it had deepened defence ties during the 1990s and
NNSC • 5 officers the early part of this century, deteriorated during 2011.
Middle East
ACTIVE 510,600 (Army 402,000 Navy 48,600 Air
UN • UNTSO 11 obs
60,000) Paramilitary 102,200
Serbia Terms of service 15 months. Reserve service to age of 41 for
NATO • KFOR 220 (military volunteers); 1 inf coy; elm 1 all services. Active figure reducing.
MP coy; elm 1 hel gp; 2 hel
RESERVE 378,700 (Army 258,700 Navy 55,000 Air
65,000) Paramilitary 50,000
Turkey TUR
New Turkish Lira L 2010 2011 2012 Organisations by Service
GDP L 1.11tr 1.26tr
US$ 733bn 761bn Army ε77,000; ε325,000 conscript (total
per capita US$ 9,417 9,662 402,000)
Growth % 8.95 6.59 FORCES BY ROLE
Inflation % 8.6 6.0 COMMAND
Def expa L 26.3bn 4 army HQ
US$ 17.4bn 9 corps HQ
Def bdgt L 15.1bn 17.0bn 18.2bn SPECIAL FORCES
4 cdo bde
US$ 10.0bn 10.3bn
1 mtn cdo bde
FMA (US) US$ – –
1 cdo regt
US$1=L 1.51 1.65
MANOEUVRE
a
including coast guard and gendarmerie Armoured
Population 78,785,548 1 (52nd) armd div (2 armd bde, 1 mech bde)
7 armd bde
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Mechanised
Male 13.6% 4.4% 4.4% 4.5% 20.6% 2.9% 2 (28th & 29th) mech div
Female 13.0% 4.2% 4.3% 4.3% 20.4% 3.4% 14 mech inf bde
Light
Capabilities 1 (23rd) mot inf div (3 mot inf regt)
Turkey has capable armed forces intended to meet national 11 mot inf bde
defence requirements and its NATO obligations. The role Aviation
of the armed forces has been recast since the end of the 4 avn regt
Cold War, with internal security and regional instability 4 avn bn
providing major challenges. The armed forces, and particu- COMBAT SUPPORT
larly the army, continue a reform process reflecting chang- 2 arty bde
ing security concerns. The army is becoming smaller but 1 trg arty bde
more capable with the aim of improving its ability to meet 3 arty regt
a full range of NATO missions while providing a highly 2 engr regt
Europe 163

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 8 Preveze/Gür (GER Type 209/1400) with 8 single


MBT 4,503: 298 Leopard 2A4; 170 Leopard 1A4; 227 Leopard 533mm ASTT with UGM-84 Harpoon AShM/Tigerfish
1A3; 274 M60A1; 658 M60A3; 2,876 M48A5 T1/T2 (1,300 to HWT
be stored) PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES •
RECCE 310+: ε250 Akrep; 60+ ARSV Cobra FFGHM 18:
AIFV 650 2 Barbaros (mod GER MEKO 200 F244 & F245) with 2
APC (T) 3,643: 830 AAPC; 2,813 M113/M113A1/M113A2 quad Mk141 lnchr with RGM-84C Harpoon AShM, 1
ARTY 7,787+ octuple Mk29 lnchr with Aspide SAM, 2 Mk32 triple
SP 1,068: 105mm 391: 26 M108T; 365 M-52T; 155mm 422: 324mm ASTT with Mk46 LWT, 1 127mm gun, (capacity:
222 M-44T1; ε200 T-155 Firtina (K-9 Thunder); 175mm 36 1 Bell 212 (AB-212) hel)

Europe
M107; 203mm 219 M110A2 2 Barbaros (mod GER MEKO 200 F246 & F247) with 2
TOWED 760+: 105mm 75+ M101A1; 155mm 523: 517 quad Mk141 lnchr with RGM-84C Harpoon AShM, 1 8
M114A1/M114A2; 6 Panter; 203mm 162 M115 cell Mk 41 VLS with Aspide SAM, 2 Mk32 triple 324mm
MRL 146+: 107mm 48; 122mm ε36 T-122; 227mm 12 ASTT with Mk 46 LWT, 1 127mm gun (capacity: 1 Bell
MLRS (incl ATACMS); 302mm 50+ TR-300 Kasirga (WS-1) 212 (AB-212) hel)
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

MOR 5,813+ 8 Gaziantep (ex-US Oliver Hazard Perry-class) with 1 Mk13


SP 1,443+: 81mm; 107mm 1,264 M-30; 120mm 179 GMLS with RGM-84C Harpoon AShM/SM-1MR SAM, 2
TOWED 4,370: 81mm 3,792; 120mm 578 Mk32 triple 324mm ASTT with Mk46 LWT, 1 76mm gun,
AT (capacity: 1 S-70B Seahawk ASW hel)
MSL 1,363 1 Muavenet (ex-US Knox-class) with 1 octuple Mk16 lnchr
SP 365 TOW with ASROC/RGM-84C Harpoon AShM, 2 twin 324mm
MANPATS 998: 80 Kornet; 186 Cobra; ε340 Eryx; 392 ASTT with Mk46 LWT, 1 127mm gun, (capacity: 1 Bell
Milan 212 (AB-212) utl hel)
RCL 3,869: 106mm 2,329 M40A1; 57mm 923 M18; 75mm 4 Yavuz (GER MEKO 200TN) with 2 quad Mk141 lnchr
617 with RGM-84C Harpoon AShM, 1 octuple Mk29 GMLS
AIRCRAFT with Aspide SAM, 2 Mk32 triple 324mm ASTT with Mk46
TPT • Light 105: 4 Beech 200 Super King Air; 98 Cessna LWT, 1 127mm gun, (capacity: 1 Bell 212 (AB-212) hel)
185 (U-17B); 3 Cessna 421 1 Ada with 2 quad lnchr with RCM-84C Harpoon AShM,
TRG 63: 34 Citabria; 25 T-41D Mescalero; 4 T-42A Cochise 1 21-cell lnchr with RIM-116 SAM, 1 Mk32 triple324mm
HELICOPTERS ASTT with Mk46 LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity: 1 S-70B
ATK 37 AH-1P/W Cobra Seahawk hel) (1 further vessel in build)
MRH 37: 9 Bell 412 Twin Huey; 28 Hughes 300C PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 52
ISR 3 OH-58B Kiowa CORVETTES • FSGM 6
TPT 237: Medium 75: 25 AS532UL Cougar; 50 S-70B Black 6 Burak (FRA d’Estienne d’Orves) with 2 single lnchr
Hawk; Light 162: 12 Bell 204B (AB-204B); ε45 Bell 205 with MM-38 ExocetAShM, 1 twin Simbad lnchr (manual
(UH-1H Iroquois); 64 Bell 205A (AB-205A); 20 Bell 206 Jet aiming) with Mistral SAM, 4 single 533mm ASTT with
Ranger; 2 Bell 212 (AB-212) L5 HWT, 1 100mm gun
UAV • ISR Heavy some Falcon 600/Firebee; Medium 196+: PCFG 26:
some CL-89; some Gnat; Light some Harpy 8 Dogan (GER Lurssen-57) with 2 quad lnchr with
AD RGM-84A/C Harpoon AShM, 1 76mm gun
SAM SP 148: 70 Altigan PMADS octuple Stinger, 78 8 Kartal (GER Jaguar) with 4 single lnchr with RB 12
Zipkin PMADS quad Stinger lnchr Penguin AShM, 2 single 533mm TT
MANPAD 935: 789 FIM-43 Redeye (being withdrawn); 8 Kilic with 2 quad Mk 141 lnchr with RGM-84C
146 FIM-92A Stinger Harpoon AShM, 1 76mm gun (1 additional vessels in
GUNS 1,664 build)
SP 40mm 262 M42A1 2 Yildiz with 2 quad lnchr with RGM-84A/C Harpoon
TOWED 1,402: 20mm 439 GAI-D01; 35mm 120 GDF- AShM, 1 76mm gun
001/GDF-003; 40mm 843: 803 L/60/L/70; 40 T-1 PCC 8: 1 Hisar; 6 Karamursel (GER Vegesack); 1 Trabzon;
RADAR • LAND AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder PBF 2 Kaan 15
AEV 12 M48; M113A2T2 PB 10: 4 PGM-71; 6 Turk
ARV 150: 12 Leopard 1; 105 M48T5; 33 M88A2 MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 27
VLB 52 Mobile Floating Assault Bridge MCM SPT 8 (tenders)
MW Tamkar MHO 10: 5 Edineik (FRA Circe); 5 Aydin (additional vessel
on order)
Navy 14,100; 34,500 conscript (total 48,600 MSC 5 Silifke (US Adjutant)
including 2,200 Coast Guard and 3,100 Marines) MSI 4 Foca (US Cape)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE AMPHIBIOUS
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 14: LANDING SHIPS • LST 5:
6 Atilay (GER Type 209/1200) with 8 single 533mm 2 Ertugrul (capacity 18 tanks; 400 troops) (US Terrebonne
ASTT with SST-4 HWT Parish) (with 1 hel landing platform)
164 The Military Balance 2012

1 Osman Gazi (capacity 4 LCVP; 17 tanks; 980 troops) SEARCH & RESCUE
(with 1 hel landing platform) 1 sqn with AS532 Cougar
2 Sarucabey (capacity 11 tanks; 600 troops) (with 1 hel TANKER
landing platform) 1 sqn with KC-135R Stratotanker
LANDING CRAFT 45: 29 LCT; 16 LCM TRANSPORT
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 61: 1 sqn with C-130B/E Hercules
AORH 2 1 sqn with C-160 Transall
AORL 1 1 (VIP) sqn with Cessna 560 Citation (UC-35); CN-235
AOT 2 2 sqn with CN-235; Gulfstream III (C-20)
AOL 1 10 (liaison) flt with Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois); CN-235
AO 1 (harbour) TRAINING
AGS 3 1 sqn with F-4E Phantom II; F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
AKL 1 1 sqn with F-5A/B Freedom Fighter
ARS 1 1 OCU sqn with F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
ASR 1
1 sqn with SF-260D
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

AWT 12: 9; 3 (harbour)


1 sqn with T-37B/C Tweet; KT-IT
ABU 2
1 sqn with T-38A/M Talon
ATA 1
1 sqn with T-41 Mescalero
ATR 1
AIR DEFENCE
ATS 2
4 sqn with 92 MIM-14 Nike Hercules
AP 1
2 sqn with 86 Rapier
AX 2
AXL 8 8 (firing) unit with MIM-23 HAWK
YPT 3 MANOEUVRE
YTM 16 Air Manoeuvre
1 AB bde
Marines 3,100 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FORCES BY ROLE AIRCRAFT 338+ combat capable
MANOEUVRE FTR 54 F-5A/B Freedom Fighter; (48 being upgraded as
Amphibious LIFT)
1 mne bde (3 mne bn; 1 arty bn) FGA 284+: 70 F-4E Phantom II (52 upgraded to Phantom
2020); 213 F-16C/D Fighting Falcon (all being upgraded
Naval Aviation to Block 50 standard); 1+ F-16D Block 50 Fighting Falcon
FORCES BY ROLE (total of 30 F-16C/D Block 50 to be delivered by end 2012)
ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE ISR 35 RF-4E Phantom II
Some sqn with Bell 204AS (Bell 204AS); Bell 212 (AB- AEW&C 1 B-737 AEW&C (3 more on order)
212); S-70B Seahawk TKR 7 KC-135R Stratotanker
TRAINING TPT 77+ Medium 29: 13 C-130B/E Hercules; 16 C-160D
1 sqn with CN-235; ATR-72 Transall; Light 48: 2 Cessna 560 Citation (UC-35 - VIP); 46
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE CN-235 (tpt/EW) PAX some Gulfstream III (C-20);
AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 7: 1 ATR-72 (additional ac on TRG 203+: 40 SF-260D; 60 T-37B/C Tweet; 70 T-38A/M
order); 6 CN-235 Talon; 28 T-41 Mescalero; 5+ KT-IT
HELICOPTERS HELICOPTERS
ASW 10: 3 Bell 204AS (AB-204AS); 7 S-70B Seahawk TPT 40 Medium 20 AS532 Cougar (14 SAR/6 CSAR)
TPT • Light 11 Bell 212 (AB-212) Light 20 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois)
UAV • ISR 28: Heavy 10 Heron Medium 18 Gnat 750
Air Force 60,000 AD
2 tac air forces (divided between east and west) SAM 178+: 86 Rapier
Flying hours 180 hrs/year TOWED: MIM-23 HAWK
FORCES BY ROLE STATIC 92 MIM-14 Nike Hercules
FIGHTER MSL
1 sqn with F-4E Phantom II AAM • IR AIM-9S Sidewinder; Shafrir 2(‡); SARH AIM-
2 sqn with F-16C/D Fighting Falcon 7E Sparrow; ARH AIM-120A/B AMRAAM
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK ARM AGM-88A HARM
2 sqn with F-4E Phantom II ASM AGM-65A/G Maverick; Popeye I
8 sqn with F-16C/D Fighting Falcon BOMBS
ISR Conventional BLU-107; GBU-8B HOBOS (GBU-15)
2 sqn with RF-4E Phantom II Infra-Red 40 AN/AAQ 14 LANTIRN; 40 AN/AAQ 13
AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL LANTIRN
1 sqn (forming) with B-737 AEW&C Laser-guided Paveway I; Paveway II
Europe 165

Paramilitary 450: 81mm 175; 107mm 148 M-30; 120mm 127 HY-12; (AT
MSL) 114: 66 Milan; 48 TOW; (RCL) 106mm 192 M40A1;
Gendarmerie/National Guard 100,000; 90mm M67; (AD towed) 20mm Rh 202; 35mm GDF 16
50,000 reservists (total 150,000) GDF-003; 40mm 48 M1; 3 U-17 ac; 1 AS532UL Cougar; 3
Ministry of Interior; Ministry of Defence in war UH-1H Iroquois hel; 1 PB
FORCES BY ROLE IRAQ
SPECIAL FORCES
NATO • NTM-I 2
1 cdo bde
MANOEUVRE LEBANON

Europe
Other UN • UNIFIL 357; 1 engr coy; 1 PB
1 (border) paramilitary div
Mediterranean sea
2 paramilitary bde
NATO • Operation Active Endeavour 1 FFGHM
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
NATO • SNMCMG 2: 1 MHO; 1 TRG
RECCE Akrep
APC (W) 560: 535 BTR-60/BTR-80; 25 Condor Serbia
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

AIRCRAFT NATO • KFOR 357; 1 inf coy; elm 1 MP coy


ISR Some O-1E Bird Dog OSCE • Kosovo 9
TPT • Light 2 Do-28D
HELICOPTERS
MRH 19 Mi-17 Hip H Foreign Forces
TPT 37: Medium 14 S-70A Black Hawk; Light 23: 8 Bell United States US European Command: 1,511; 4 MQ-1B
204B (AB-204B); 6 Bell 205A (AB-205A); 8 Bell 206A Predator UAV at Incirlik; 1 spt facility at Izmir; 1 spt facility
(AB-206A) Jet Ranger; 1 Bell 212 (AB-212) at Ankara; 1 air base at Incirlik
• US Strategic Command: 1 Spacetrack Radar at Incirlik
Coast Guard 800 (Coast Guard Regular
element); 1,050 (from Navy); 1,400 conscript
(total 3,250) Ukraine UKR
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 98: Ukrainian Hryvnia h 2010 2011 2012
PSOH 1 Dost with 1 76mm gun (3 further vessels in
GDP h 1.10tr 1.30tr
build; expected ISD 2012)
PBF 43 US$ 136bn 161bn
PB 53 per capita US$ 2,994 3,559
AIRCRAFT • MP 3 CN-235 MPA Growth % 4.19 4.70
HELICOPTERS • MRH 8 Bell 412EP (AB-412EP – SAR) Inflation % 9.4 9.3
Def bdgt ha 7.31bn 8.87bn
Deployment US$ 908m 1.1bn
Legal provisions for foreign deployment: FMA (US) US$ 11.0m 15.0m
Constitution: Codified constitution (1985) US$1=h 8.05 8.08
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: a) In general, a
excluding military pensions
by parliament (Art. 92); b) in cases of sudden aggression
and if parliament is unable to convene, by president (Art. Population 45,134,707
92, 104b) Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Afghanistan Male 7.1% 2.9% 3.9% 4.2% 22.8% 5.1%
NATO • ISAF 1,840; 1 inf bde HQ; 2 inf bn Female 6.7% 2.8% 3.7% 4.1% 26.3% 10.4%
ARABIAN SEA & Gulf of Aden
Combined Maritime Forces • CTF-151: 1 FFGHM Capabilities
Bosnia-Herzegovina Ambitious plans to reform Ukraine’s armed forces have
EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 288; 1 inf coy been hampered by inadequate funding, a problem recog-
nised in the country’ 2010 Defence White Paper. This has
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1
left the country with armed forces capable only of provid-
Cyprus (northern) ing limited territorial defence. The 2006–11 defence pro-
Army ε36,000 gramme was underfunded and the effect of this was felt
1 army corps HQ; some air det; 1 armd bde; 1 indep across the military. Ambitions to end conscription by the
mech inf bde; 2 inf div; 1 cdo regt; 1 arty bde; 1 avn end of 2011 have been shelved, though the aim is to in-
comd; 8 M-48A2 training; 441 M48A5T1/T2; 361 AAPC crease the number of contract personnel over the 2012–17
(incl variants); 266 M113 (incl variants); (towed arty) 102: period. There is at least a notional ability for limited force
105mm 72 M101A1; 155mm 18 M114A2; 203mm 12 M115; projection using airmobile troops. Aircraft availability and
(SP) 155mm 90 M-44T; (MRL) 122mm 6 T-122; (MOR) serviceability, however, remain low, as do aircrew flying
166 The Military Balance 2012

hours. The air force inventory is based on aircraft inher- ARTY 3,351
ited from the Soviet Union. Funding restrictions have SP 1,226: 122mm 600 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 527: 40 2S19
constrained naval ambitions, though the programme to re- Farm; 463 2S3; 24 2S5; 203mm 99 2S7
equip the fleet with a new class of corvette is proceeding TOWED 1,065: 122mm 371: 369 D-30; 2 (M-30) M-1938;
slowly. The armed forces take part in national and multi- 152mm 694: 287 2A36; 185 2A65; 215 D-20; 7 ML-70
national exercises , including with the US, Poland, Belarus, GUN/MOR 120mm 69:
Russia and Germany, while also providing personnel for SP 67 2S9 Anona
UN peacekeeping operations. TOWED 2 2B16 NONA-K
MRL 554: 122mm 335: 20 9P138; 315 BM-21; 132mm
ACTIVE 129,925 (Army 70,753 Navy 13,932 Air 2 BM-13; 220mm 137 9P140 Uragan; 300mm 80 9A52
45,240) Paramilitary 84,900 Smerch
Terms of Service Army, Air Force 18 months, Navy 2 years. MOR 120mm 437: 318 2S12; 119 PM-38
Currently contract servicemen comprise about 50% of the AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-4 9K111 Spigot/AT-5 9K113
Ukrainian armed forces. Spandrel/AT-6 9K114 Spiral
GUNS 100mm ε500 MT-12/T-12
RESERVE 1,000,000 (Joint 1,000,000)
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

HELICOPTERS
mil service within 5 years ATK 139 Mi-24 Hind
TPT • Medium 38 Mi-8 Hip
Organisations by Service AD • SAM • SP 435: 60 9K37 Buk-1 (SA-11 Gadfly); ε150
9K35 Strela-10(SA-13 Gopher); 100 2K11 Krug (SA-4 Ganef);
125 9K33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko); S-300V (SA-12 Gladiator)
Ground Forces (Army) 70,753 GUNS 470:
Transformation due to be completed by 2015. SP 30mm 70 2S6
FORCES BY ROLE: TOWED 57mm ε400 S-60
COMMAND RADAR • LAND Small Fred/Small Yawn/SNAR-10 Big
3 corps HQ Fred (arty)
SPECIAL FORCES MSL • SSM 212: 50 FROG; 90 Tochka (SS-21 Scarab); 72
2 SF regt Scud-B
MANOEUVRE AEV 53 BAT-2; MT-LB
Armoured ARV BREM-2; BREM-64; T-54/T-55
2 tk bde VLB MTU-20
Mechanised
8 mech bde Navy 11,932; 2,000 conscript (total 13,932 incl
1 mech regt Naval Aviation and Naval Infantry)
Air Manoeuvre After intergovernmental agreement in 1997, the Russian
1 AB bde Federation Fleet currently leases bases in Sevastopol and
2 air mob bde Karantinnaya Bays and also shares facilities jointly with
1 air mob regt Ukr warships at Streletskaya Bay. The overall serviceability
Aviation of the fleet is assessed as low.
2 avn regt EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
COMBAT SUPPORT SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 1 Foxtrot (T-641)†
3 arty bde PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES 1
3 arty regt FFHM 1 Hetman Sagaidachny (RUS Krivak III) with 1 twin
1 SSM bde lnchr with Osa-M (SA-N-4 Gecko) SAM, 2 quad 533mm
3 AD regt ASTT with T-53 HWT, 1 100mm gun, (capacity 1 Ka-27
4 engr regt Helix ASW hel)
1 EW regt PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 10
1 CBRN regt CORVETTES • FSM 3 Grisha (II/V) with 1 twin lnchr
4 sigs regt with Osa-M (SA-N-4 Gecko) SAM, 2 twin 533mm ASTT
with SAET-60 HWT, 1 to 2 RBU 6000 Smerch 2, 1 76mm
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE gun
MBT 2,988: 10 T-84 Oplot (development complete); 167 PCFGM 2 Tarantul II (FSU Molnya) with 2 twin lnchr
T-80; 1,032 T-72; 1,667 T-64; 112 T-55 with P-15 Termit-R (SS-N-2D Styx) AShM; 1 quad lnchr
RECCE 600+ BRDM-2 (manual aiming) with 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-N-5 Grail); 1
AIFV 3,028: 60 BMD-1, 78 BMD-2; 994 BMP-1; 1,434 BMP- 76mm gun
2; 4 BMP-3; 458 BRM-1K PHG 2 Matka (FSU Vekhr) with 2 single lnchr with P-15
APC 1,432 Termit-M/R (SS-N-2C/D Styx) AShM, 1 76mm gun
APC (T) 44 BTR-D PCMT 2 Pauk I (FSU Molnya II) with 1 quad lnchr
APC (W) 1,398: up to 10 BTR 4; 136 BTR-60; 857 BTR-70; (manual aiming) with 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-N-5 Grail) SAM,
395 BTR-80 4 single 406mm TT, 2 RBU-1200, 1 76mm gun
Europe 167

PB 1 Zhuk (FSU Grif) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE


MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 5 AIRCRAFT 211 combat capable
MHI 1 Yevgenya (FSU Korund) FTR 126 MiG-29 Fulcrum; 36 Su-27 Flanker
MSO 2 Natya FGA 36 Su-24 Fencer
MSC 2 Sonya (FSU Yakhont) ATK 36 Su-25 Frogfoot
AMPHIBIOUS ISR 26: 3 An-30 Clank; 23 Su-24MR Fencer-E*
LANDING SHIPS 2: TPT 46: Heavy 20 Il-76 Candid; Medium 26: 3 An-24
LSM 1 Polnochny C (capacity 6 MBT; 180 troops) Coke; 21 An-26 Curl; 2 Tu-134 Crusty
LST 1 Ropucha with 4 quad lnchr with 9K32 Strela-2 TRG 39 L-39 Albatros
(SA-N-5 Grail) SAM, 92 mine, (capacity either 10 MBT

Europe
HELICOPTERS
or 190 troops; either 24 APC (T) or 170 troops) C&C 4 Mi-9
LANDING CRAFT • LCAC 1 Pomornik (Zubr) with TPT 34: Medium 31 Mi-8 Hip; Light 3 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite
2 quad lnchr with 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-N-5 Grail) SAM, AD • SAM 825 S-300PS (SA-10 Grumble) (quad)/SA-
(capacity 230 troops; either 3 MBT or 10 APC (T)) 11 Gadfly/S-75 Volkhov (SA-2 Guideline) (towed)/S-125
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 31 Pechora (SA-3 Goa) (towed)/S-200V Angara (SA-5 Gammon)
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

AGF 2: 1 Bambuk; 1 Amur (static)


AR 1 Amur (can also act as a comd. ship or as a spt ship MSL
for surface ships and submarines) ASM: Kh-25 (AS-10 Karen); Kh-59 (AS-13 Kingbolt); Kh-
AWT 1 29 (AS-14 Kedge);
AGS 2: 1 Moma (mod); 1 Biya ARM: Kh-58 (AS-11 Kilter); Kh-25MP (AS-12 Kegler);
ABU 1 Kh-28 (AS-9 Kyle)
AXL 3 AAM • IR R-60 (AA-8 Aphid); R-73 (AA-11 Archer)
YDG 1 SARH R-27 (AA-10A Alamo)
YDT 13: 1 Yelva; 12
YTM 6 Paramilitary
YTR 1
MVS ε39,900 active
Naval Aviation ε2,500 (Ministry of Internal Affairs)
AIRCRAFT 10 combat capable
FORCES BY ROLE
ASW 10 Be-12 Mail
MANOEUVRE
TPT 16: Medium 5 An-12 Cub; Light 10: 1 An-24 Coke;
Other
8 An-26 Curl; 1 Tu-134 Crusty; PAX 1 Il-18 Coot
4 paramilitary tp
HELICOPTERS
COMBAT SUPPORT
ASW 72: 28 Ka-25 Hormone; 2 Ka-27E Helix; 42 Mi-14
1 (Internal Security) MP tp
Haze
TPT • Heavy 5 Mi-6 Hook Border Guard 45,000 active
Naval Infantry 3,000 Maritime Border Guard
FORCES BY ROLE: The Maritime Border Guard is an independent
MANOEUVRE subdivision of the State Comission for Border Guards
Light and is not part of the navy.
1 inf bde FORCES BY ROLE
PATROL
Air Forces 45,240 4 (cutter) bde
Flying hours 40–50hrs/yr 2 rvn bde
MINE WARFARE
FORCES BY ROLE
1 MCM sqn
FIGHTER
TRANSPORT
5 bde with MiG-29 Fulcrum; Su-27 Flanker
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK 3 sqn
2 bde with Su-24M Fencer; Su-25 Frogfoot TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
ISR 1 sqn
2 sqn with Su-24MR Fencer-E* COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
TRANSPORT 1 trg div
3 bde with An-24; An-26; An-30; Il-76 Candid; Tu-134 1 (aux ships) gp
Crusty EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
TRAINING PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 26
Some sqn with L-39 Albatros PCFT 6 Stenka with 4 single 406mm TT
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER PCT 3 Pauk I with 4 single 406mm TT, 2 RBU-1200,
Some sqn with Mi-8; Mi-9; PZL Mi-2 Hoplite 1 76mm gun
168 The Military Balance 2012

PHT 1 Muravey with 2 single 406mm TT, 1 76mm


gun United Kingdom UK
PB 12 Zhuk
British Pound £ 2010 2011 2012
PBR 4
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • AGF 1 GDP £ 1.46tr 1.53tr
AIRCRAFT • TPT Medium An-8 Camp; Light An-24 US$ 2.25tr 2.47tr
Coke; An-26 Curl; An-72 Coaler per capita US$ 36,049 39,342
HELICOPTERS • ASW: Ka-27 Helix A Growth % 1.35 1.14

Civil Defence Troops 9,500+ (civilian) Inflation % 3.3 4.5


(Ministry of Emergency Situations) Def expa £ 37.4bn
FORCES BY ROLE US$ 57.8bn
MANOEUVRE Def bdgta £ 37.7bn 39.6bn 39.0bn
Other US$ 58.2bn 63.7bn
4 paramilitary bde US$1=£ 0.65 0.62
4 paramilitary regt
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

a
Net Cash Requirement figures. These will differ from official
figures based on Resource Accounting & Budgeting. Excludes
Deployment military pensions.
Legal provisions for foreign deployment: Population 62,698,362
Constitution: Codified constitution (1996)
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Specific legislation: ‘On the procedures to deploy Armed
Forces of Ukraine units abroad’ (1518-III, March 2000). Male 8.9% 3.2% 3.5% 3.5% 23.3% 7.3%
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: Parliament Female 8.5% 3.1% 3.4% 3.3% 22.9% 9.2%
authorised to approve decision to provide military
assistance, deploy troops abroad and allow foreign military Capabilities
presence in Ukraine (Art. 85, para 23); Also, in accordance
with Art. 7 of the specific legislation (above), president is Many capabilities are reducing by 20–30% as a result
authorised to take a decision to deploy troops abroad and of cuts made in the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security
Review. And some reductions, such as maritime patrol
at the same time to submit a draft law to the Parliament of
aircraft and NBC reconnaissance, reduce the overall flex-
Ukraine for approval.
ibility of British forces whilst increasing their dependence
AFGHANISTAN on NATO and multinational partners. The combination
NATO • ISAF 23 of a redundancy programme and constraints on pay and
allowances could trigger an outflow of experienced staff.
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Although both the government and key politicians have
OSCE• Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 stated an aspiration to rebuild capability after 2015, it is not
Democratic Republic of the Congo clear that this can be afforded. Indeed, unless the UK econ-
UN • MONUSCO 13 obs omy improves, sustaining existing capability may prove
problematic, particularly if equipment or personnel costs
IRAQ increase beyond current planning assumptions.
NATO • NTM-I 9 The culture and high standard of training of the UK
Liberia armed forces mean that they are willing and able to fight.
The RAF and Army are currently optimised for operations
UN • UNMIL 277; 2 obs; 1 avn coy
in Afghanistan, but their contribution and that of the Royal
MOLDOVA Navy to the unforeseen war in Libya displayed a high de-
10 mil obs gree of flexibility. And strategic planning and co-ordina-
tion of British security has been improved by the formation
Serbia of a National Security Council. The MOD plans that, as
NATO • KFOR 136; 1 inf coy force levels in Afghanistan reduce, capability for contin-
OSCE • Serbia 1 gency operations is regenerated.
OSCE • Kosovo 1
ACTIVE 174,030 (Army 99,950, Navy 34,680 Air
UN • UNMIK 2 obs 39,400) 
RESERVE 82,274 (Regular Reserve ε51,000
south SUDAN incl 5,420 RAF; Volunteer Reserve 31,274 (Army
UN • UNMISS 10 obs 27,010; Navy 2,785; Air 1,479)
Includes both trained and those currently under training
within the Regular Forces, excluding university cadet units.
Foreign Forces
Russia ε13,000 Navy 1 Fleet HQ at Sevastopol; 1 indep
naval inf regt; 102 AIFV/APC (T)/APC (W); 24 arty
Organisations by Service

Strategic Forces 1,000


Europe 169

Armed Forces Reserves


RADAR • STRATEGIC 1 Ballistic Missile Early Warning
System BMEWS at Fylingdales Moor
Territorial Army 27,010 reservists
The Territorial Army has been reorganised to enable
Royal Navy the regular army to receive relevant manpower support
SUBMARINES • STRATEGIC • SSBN 4: from their associated territorial unit.
4 Vanguard with 4 533mm TT with Spearfish HWT, up FORCES BY ROLE
to 16 UGM-133A Trident D-5 SLBM (Each boat will not MANOEUVRE
deploy with more than 48 warheads, but each missile Reconnaissance
2 recce regt

Europe
could carry up to 12 MIRV, some Trident D-5 capable of
being configured for sub-strategic role) Armoured
MSL • STRATEGIC 48 SLBM (Fewer than 160 declared 2 armd regt
operational warheads) Light
13 lt inf bn
Space Air Manoeuvre
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

SATELLITES • COMMUNICATIONS 6: 3 Skynet-4; 3 1 para bn


Skynet-5 Aviation
1 UAV regt
Army 96,950; 3,500 Gurkhas (total 99,950) COMBAT SUPPORT
Regt normally bn size 3 arty regt
1 STA regt
FORCES BY ROLE
1 MRL regt
COMMAND 1 AD regt
1 (ARRC) corps HQ (1 sigs bde) 5 engr regt; 1 engr sqn; 1 (cdo) engr sqn
MANOEUVRE 1 EOD regt
Armoured 5 sigs regt
1 (1st) armd div (2 (7th & 20th) armd bde (1 armd regt, COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
1 recce regt, 2 armd inf bn, 1 lt inf bn, 1 sigs sqn); 1 cbt 17 log regt
spt gp (3 SP arty regt, 1 AD regt, 3 cbt engr regt, 1 ptn 2 maint bn
br regt, 1 MP regt, 2 log regt, 2 maint regt, 2 med regt);
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 sigs regt)
MBT 227 CR2 Challenger 2
Mechanised RECCE 735: 150 Jackal; 110 Jackal 2; 140 Jackal 2A; 327
1 (3rd) div (1 (1st) mech bde (1 armd regt, 1 armd recce Scimitar; 8 Tpz-1 Fuchs
regt, 1 armd inf bn, 1 mech inf bn, 2 lt inf bn, 1 sigs AIFV 526 Warrior
sqn); 1 (4th) mech bde (1 armd regt, 1 recce regt, 1 armd APC 1,636
inf bn, 1 mech inf bn, 2 lt inf bn, 1 (Gurkha) lt inf bn, 1 APC (T) 1,050: 541 Bulldog Mk3; 394 FV103 Spartan; 115
sigs sqn); 1 (12th) mech bde (1 armd regt, 1 recce regt, Warthog
1 armd inf bn, 1 mech inf bn, 3 lt inf bn, 1 sigs sqn); 1 PPV 586: 304 Mastiff (4×4); 157 Ridgeback; 125 Wolfhound
(19th) lt inf bde (4 lt inf bn, 1 sigs sqn); 1 cbt spt gp (2 SP (6×6)
arty regt, 1 arty regt, 3 cbt engr regt, 2 engr regt, 1 MP LFV 412 Panther
regt, 3 log regt, 3 med regt); 1 sigs regt) ARTY 621
Light SP 155mm 89 AS90 Braveheart
5 lt inf bn (3 in London, 2 in Cyprus); 1 (Gurkha) lt inf TOWED 105mm 126 L118 Light gun
bn (Brunei) MRL 227mm 35 M270 MLRS/GMLRS
Other MOR 371: 81mm SP 11; 81mm 360
1 trg BG (based on 1 armd inf bn) AT • MSL • MANPATS Javelin
COMBAT SUPPORT AD • SAM 70
1 arty bde (1 UAV regt, 1 STA regt, 1 MRL regt) SP 32 FV4333 Stormer 

1 (opcon RAF) AD bde (1 AD regt) TOWED 14 Rapier FSC
1 engr bde (3 EOD regt, 1 air spt bn) MANPAD 24 Starstreak (LML)
1 int bde AEV 33+: some Terrier; 33 Trojan
1 sigs bde ARV 256: 75 CRARRV; 4 Samson; 177 Warrior ARRV
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT MW 94: 64 Aadvark; 30 M139
3 log bde VLB 71: 38 M3; 33 Titan
7 log regt RADAR • LAND 150: 5–7 Cobra (to be withdrawn 2012); 4
7 maint bn Mamba; 139 MSTAR
1 med bde (3 bn) AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 12: 1 Beech King Air 350ER (3
more on order); 8 BN-2T-4S Defender; 3 BN-2 Islander
Home Service Forces • Gibraltar 200 UAV • ISR • Medium Hermes 450; Watchkeeper (in test –
reservists; 150 active reservists (total 350) ISD expected end 2011)
170 The Military Balance 2012

AMPHIBIOUS 6 LCVP approximately 2,500 personnel with type comd under


LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 5 RCL CINCFLEET.
AMPHIBIOUS • PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS
Royal Navy 34,680 LSD 3 Bay (capacity 4 LCU; 2 LCVP; 1 LCU; 24 CR2
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Challenger 2 MBT; 350 troops)
SUBMARINES 11 LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 16
STRATEGIC • SSBN 4: AORH 3: 2 Wave; 1 Fort Victoria
4 Vanguard, opcon Strategic Forces with up to 16 UGM- AOR 1 Leaf
133A Trident D-5 SLBM, 4 single 533mm TT each with AORLH 2 Rover
Spearfish HWT, (each boat will not deploy with more AFSH 2 Fort Rosalie
than 48 warheads, but each missile could carry up to 12 ARH 1 Diligence
MIRV; some Trident D-5 capable of being configured AG 1 Argus (aviation trg ship with secondary role as
for sub strategic role) primarily casualty receiving ship)
TACTICAL • SSN 7: AKR 6 Point (Not RFA manned)
6 Trafalgar with 5 single 533mm TT with Spearfish HWT/
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Tomahawk tactical LACM/UGM 84 Harpoon AShM Naval Aviation (Fleet Air Arm) 5,520
1 Astute with 6 single 533mm TT with Spearfish HWT/ FORCES BY ROLE
UGM-84 Harpoon AShM/Tomahawk tactical LACM ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE
(4 additional vessels in build; 2 additional vessels on 4 sqn with AW101 ASW Merlin (HM Mk1)
order) 1 sqn with Lynx HAS Mk3/Mk8
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 18 1 flt with Lynx Mk3
DESTROYERS • DDHM 5 AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING
3 Daring (Type-45) with 1 48 cell VLS with Aster 15/ 3 sqn with Sea King AEW Mk7
Aster 30 SAM, 1 114mm gun, (capacity 1 Lynx/AW101 SEARCH & RESCUE
Merlin hel – 3 additional vessels in build) 1 sqn (and detached flt) with Sea King HU Mk5
2 Sheffield (Type-42 Batch 3) with 1 twin lnchr with Sea TRANSPORT
Dart SAM, 2 single Mk15 Phalanx-1B CIWS, 1 114mm Some (Fleet) sqn with Beech 55 Baron (civil
gun, (capacity 1 Lynx hel) registration); Cessna 441 Conquest (civil registration);
FRIGATES • FFGHM 13 Falcon 20 (civil registration); G-115 (op under contract)
13 Norfolk (Type-23) with 2 quad Mk141 lnchr with TRAINING
RGM-84C Harpoon AShM, 1 32 cell VLS with Sea Wolf 1 (operational evaluation) sqn with AW101 ASW
SAM, 2 twin 324mm ASTT with Sting Ray LWT, 1 Merlin (HM Mk1); Sea King HC Mk4
114mm gun, (capacity either 2 Lynx or 1 AW101 Merlin 1 sqn with Jetstream T Mk2/3
hel) 1 sqn with Lynx Mk3
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 22
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PSO 4: 3 River; 1 River (mod) with 1 hel landing platform
AIRCRAFT 12 combat capable
PB 18: 16 Archer (trg); 2 Scimitar
TPT 21: Light 2: 1 Beech 55 Baron (civil registration);
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 16
1 Cessna 441 Conquest II (civil registration); PAX 19
MCO 8 Hunt (incl 4 mod Hunt)
Falcon 20 (civil registration)
MHC 8 Sandown (1 decommissioned and used in trg role)
TRG 27: 5 G-115 (op under contract); 12 Hawk T Mk1*;
AMPHIBIOUS
10 Jetstream T Mk2/T Mk3
PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS 3
HELICOPTERS
LPD 2 Albion (capacity 2 med hel; 4 LCVP; 6 MBT; 300
ASW 88: 13 Lynx HAS Mk3; 33 Lynx HMA Mk8; 42
troops) (1 to be kept at extended readiness from Nov
2011) AW101 ASW Merlin (HM Mk1)
LPH 2: 1 Ocean (capacity 18 hel; 4 LCU or 2 LCAC; AEW 13 Sea King AEW Mk7
4 LCVP; 800 troops); 1 Invincible with 3 single Mk15 TPT • Medium 16 Sea King HU Mk5
Phalanx-1B/Goalkeeper CIWS (capacity 22 hel; 600 MSL • AShM Sea Skua
troops)
Royal Marines 6,840
LANDING CRAFT 36: 13 LCU; 23 LCVP
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 5 FORCES BY ROLE
AGB 1 Protector (NOR Polarbjørn, chartered for three MANOEUVRE
years from April 2011) with 1 hel landing platform Amphibious
AGHS 3: 1 Scott; 2 Echo 1 (3rd Cdo) mne bde (1 ISTAR gp (1 EW sqn; 1 cbt spt
AGS 1 Gleaner (inshore/coastal) sqn; 1 sigs sqn; 1 log sqn), 3 cdo; 1 (army) lt inf bn; 1
amph aslt sqn; 1 (army) arty regt; 1 (army) engr regt;
Royal Fleet Auxiliary 1 log regt)
Support and Miscellaneous vessels are mostly manned 3 landing craft sqn opcon Royal Navy
and maintained by the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA), Other
a civilian fleet owned by the UK MoD, which has 1 Fleet Protestion sy gp
Europe 171

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE TPT 56: Heavy 7 C-17A Globemaster; Medium 32: 10


APC (T) 142: 118 BvS-10 Viking; 24 BvS-10 Mk2 Viking C-130J Hercules; 14 C-130J-30 Hercules; 8 C-130K/C-
ARTY 18+ 130K-30 Hercules; Light 9: 7 Beech 200 King Air (on lease);
TOWED 105mm 18 L-118 2 BN-2A Islander CC2/3; PAX 8: 6 BAe-125 CC-3 5; 2 BAe-
MOR 81mm some 146 MkII
AT • MSL • MANPATS Javelin TRG 375: 91 EMB-312 Tucano T1; 101 G-115E Tutor; 28
AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT • LCAC 4 Griffon Hawk 128*; 117 Hawk T Mk1/1A/1W*; 38 T67M/M260
2400TD Firefly
AD • SAM • HVM HELICOPTERS
RADAR • LAND 4 MAMBA (Arthur) MRH 47: 31 AS355 Squirrel; 4 Bell 412EP Griffin HAR-2;

Europe
12 Bell 412EP Griffin HT1
Royal Marines Reserve 600 TPT • Medium 25 Sea King HAR-3A
UAV • CBT/ISR • Heavy 5+ MQ-9 Reaper
Royal Air Force 39,400 MSL
Flying hours 210/yr on fast jets; 290 on tpt ac; 240 on AAM • IR AIM-9L/9L/I Sidewinder; IIR ASRAAM; ARH
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

support hels; 90 on Sea King AIM-120B/C5 AMRAAM


ARM ALARM
FORCES BY ROLE
ASM Brimstone; Dual-Mode Brimstone; AGM-65G2
FIGHTER
Maverick
2 sqn with Typhoon
LACM Storm Shadow
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
BOMBS
5 sqn with Tornado GR4/GR4A
Conventional Mk 82
1 sqn with Typhoon
Laser-Guided/GPS: Paveway II; GBU-10 Paveway III;
ISR
Enhanced Paveway II/III; GBU-24 Paveway IV
1 sqn with Beech 350 Shadow R1
1 sqn with Sentinel R1 (To be withdrawn from role post- Royal Air Force Regiment
Afghanistan)
FORCES BY ROLE
AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL
COMMAND
1 sqn with E-3D Sentry
3 (tactical Survive To Operate (STO)) sqn
SEARCH & RESCUE
MANOEUVRE
2 sqn with Sea King HAR-3A
Other
1 sqn with Bell 412EP Griffin HAR-2
7 field squadron
TANKER/TRANSPORT
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
1 sqn with Tristar C2; Tristar K1; Tristar KC1
1 (joint) AD trg unit with Rapier C
TANKER
1 sqn with VC-10C1K; VC-10K3; VC-10K4 Tri-Service Defence Hel School
TRANSPORT HELICOPTERS: 28 AS350 Ecureuil; 7 Bell 412EP Griffin
1 (comms) sqn with AS355 Squirrel; BAe-125; BAe-146; HT1
BN-2A Islander CC2
1 sqn with C-17 Globemaster Volunteer Reserve Air Forces
3 sqn with C-130J/C-130K Hercules (Royal Auxiliary Air Force/RAF Reserve)
TRAINING MANOEUVRE
1 OCU sqn with Tornado Other
1 OCU sqn with Typhoon 5 field sqn
2 OEU sqn with Typhoon, Tornado COMBAT SUPPORT
1 OCU sqn with E-3D Sentry; Sentinel R1 2 int sqn
1 OCU sqn with Sea King HAR-3A COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
1 sqn with Beech 200 King Air 1 med sqn
1 sqn with EMB-312 Tucano (T Mk1) 1 (air movements) sqn
3 sqn with Hawk T Mk1/1A/1W; Hawk 128 1 (HQ augmentation) sqn
3 sqn with Tutor 1 (C-130 Reserve Aircrew) flt
1 hel sqn with Bell 412EP Griffin HT1
COMBAT/ISR UAV Joint Helicopter Command
1 sqn with MQ-9 Reaper Includes Army, Royal Navy and RAF units
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 365 combat capable Army
FGA 220: 136 Tornado GR4/GR4A; 84 Typhoon FORCES BY ROLE
ISR 9: 4 Beech 350 Shadow R1; 5 Sentinel R1 MANOEUVRE
AEW&C 6 E-3D Sentry Air Manoeuvre
TKR/TPT 20: 8 Tristar C2/C2A/K1/KC1; 12 VC-10C1K/ 1 (16th) air aslt bde (1 recce pl, 2 para bn, 2 air aslt bn,
K3/K4 2 atk hel regt with AH-64D Apache, 1 hel regt with
172 The Military Balance 2012

Lynx, 1 arty regt, 1 engr regt, 1 MP coy, 1 log regt, 1 mative national programme to protect ourselves in cyber
med regt) space’. This ‘National Cyber Security Programme’ will be
Aviation supported by £650m – with programme management by
2 hel regt with Lynx OSCIA – and will lead to a new Cyber Security Strategy in
1 trg hel regt with AH-64D Apache, Bell 212, Lynx, 2011. A UK Defence Cyber Operations Group was set up
SA341 Gazelle in 2011 to place ‘cyber at the heart of defence operations,
3 hel flt with Lynx doctrine and training’.

Territorial Army Deployment


FORCES BY ROLE Legal provisions for foreign deployment:
MANOEUVRE Constitution: Uncodified constitution which includes
Aviation constitutional statutes, case law, international treaties and
1 hel regt with SA341 Gazelle unwritten conventions
Decision on deployment of troops abroad: By the
Royal Navy government
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

FORCES BY ROLE
Afghanistan
ATTACK HELICOPTER
NATO • ISAF 9,500;
1 lt sqn with Lynx AH7
Army: 1 (20th) armd bde (1 recce regt, 1 armd regt, 6 inf
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
bn, 1 engr regt); Jackal; Scimitar; Warrior; Spartan; Mastiff;
3 hel sqn with Sea King HC4
Ridgeback; Warthog Wolfhound; L-118; GMLRS; AH-64D
Royal Air Force Apache; Lynx; Hermes 450
Royal Navy: Sea King HC Mk4
FORCES BY ROLE
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER Air Force: Tornado GR4/GR4A; C-130 Hercules; CH-47
3 hel sqn with CH-47 Chinook Chinook; HC Mk3 Merlin; Beech King Air 350 Shadow R1;
2 hel sqn with AW101 Merlin MQ-9 Reaper
2 hel sqn with SA330 Puma Arabian sea & Gulf of Aden
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Combined Maritime Forces • CTF-151: 1 FFGHM
HELICOPTERS Armenia/Azerbaijan
ATK 66 AH-64D Apache
OSCE • Minsk Conference 1
MRH 91: 50 Lynx AH7; 22 Lynx AH9; 19 SA341 Gazelle
TPT 155: Heavy 46: 24 CH-47 (HC2/4) Chinook; 14 CH-47 Ascension Island
(HC2A/4A) Chinook; 8 CH-47 (HC3) Chinook; Medium 101: Air Force 23
28 AW101 Merlin (HC3/3A); 36 SA330 Puma (HC1); 37 Sea
ATLANTIC (NORTH)
King (HC4); Light 8 Bell 212
Royal Navy 1 DDHM/FFGHM; 1 AO
UK Special Forces ATLANTIC (SOUTH)
Includes Army, Royal Navy and RAF units Royal Navy 1 DDHM/FFGHM; 1 AO
FORCES BY ROLE
BAHRAIN
SPECIAL FORCES
Royal Navy 100; Air Force 1 BAe-125, 1 BAe-146
1 (SAS) SF regt
1 (SBS) SF regt Belize
1 (Special Reconnaissance) SF regt Army 60
1 SF spt gp (based on 1 para bn)
MANOEUVRE Bosnia-Herzegovina
Aviation EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 5
1 wg (includes assets drawn from 2 army hel sqn, 1 OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 4
army hel flt, 1 RAF tpt sqn and 1 RAF hel sqn) British Indian Ocean Territory
COMBAT SUPPORT Royal Navy 40; 1 Navy/Marine party at Diego Garcia
1 sigs regt
Brunei
Reserve Army 550; 1 (Gurkha) lt inf bn; 1 jungle trg centre; 1 hel flt
FORCES BY ROLE with 3 hel
SPECIAL FORCES
Canada
2 (SAS) SF regt
Army 400; 2 trg units Royal Navy 10: Air Force 10
Cyber Cyprus
The UK’s October 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Army 1,600; 2 inf bn
Review said that the country would ‘establish a transfor- Navy 30
Europe 173

Air Force 800; 1 SAR sqn with 4 Bell 412 Twin Huey; 1 North sea
radar (on det) NATO • SNMCMG1: 1 MHC
UN • UNFICYP 271; 1 inf coy
Oman
Democratic Republic of the Congo Army 40
EU • EUSEC RD Congo 4 Royal Navy 30
UN • MONUSCO 5 obs Air Force 20: 1 Sentinel; 1 Tristar tkr
Falkland Islands Persian Gulf
Army 420; 1 AD det with Rapier FSC Combined Maritime Forces • CTF-152: 1 FFGHM; 2

Europe
Navy 420; 1 OPV MCO; 2 MHC
Air Force 680; 1 ftr flt with 4 E-F Typhoon FGR.4; 1 SAR
Qatar
sqn with Sea King HAR-3A/Sea King HAR-3; 1 tkr/tpt flt
Air Force 4 C-130J
with C-130 Hercules; VC-10 K3/4
Serbia
Germany
NATO • KFOR 1
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Army 17,870; 1 armd div with (2 armd bde)


OSCE • Serbia 5
Navy 40
OSCE • Kosovo 9
Air Force 240
Sierra Leone
Gibraltar
IMATT 20
Army 300 (incl 175 pers of Gibraltar regt)
Air Force 70 some (periodic) AEW det South SUDAN
UN • UNMISS 2
Gulf of Aden & Somali BASIN
NATO • Operation Ocean Shield 1 AORH Sudan
UN • UNISFA 2 obs
Iraq
Uganda
NATO • NTM-I 15 EU • EUTM 3
UN • UNAMI 1 obs United States
Kenya Army/Royal Navy/Air Force ε560
Army trg team 120
Kuwait Foreign Forces
Army 30 United States
US European Command: 9,436; 1 ftr wg at RAF Lakenheath
Moldova with (1 ftr sqn with 24 F-15C/D Eagle, 2 ftr sqn with 23
OSCE • Moldova 1 F-15E Strike Eagle); 1 tkr wg at RAF Mildenhall with 15 KC-
Nepal 135R Stratotanker; 1 Special Ops gp at RAF Mildenhall with
Army 280 (Gurkha trg org) 5 MC-130H Combat Talon II; 5 MC-130P Combat Shadow; 1
C-130E Hercules
Netherlands US Strategic Command: 1 Ballistic Missile Early Warning
Air Force 100 System (BMEWS) at Fylingdales Moor; 1 Spacetrack radar
at Fylingdales Moor;
174 The Military Balance 2012

Table 15 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Europe


Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Albania (ALB)
AS532AL Tpt Hel 5 €78.6m Int’l Eurocopter 2009 2011 To be delivered by 2013
Cougar

Belgium (BEL)
Piranha IIIC APC (W) 242 €700m CHE General 2006 2010 Delivery in progress. Option on
(US$844m) Dynamics further 104
(MOWAG)
A400M Tpt ac 7 n.k. Int’l EADS 2003 2018 Prototypes now in flight test.
(Airbus) Delivery now likely in 2018–19.
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

NH90 ASW/Tpt 8 €293m Int’l NH 2007 2013 4 TTH, 4 NFH. Delivery expected
Hel (US$400m) Industries to begin mid-2013. Option on two
further NH90 TTH

Bulgaria (BLG)
AS565 Panther MRH Hel 6 See notes Int’l Eurocopter 2005 2010 For navy. Part of €360m (US$460m)
order incl 12 AS532. Order
reportedly cut from six to three as a
result of budget issues

Croatia (CRO)
Patria 8×8 APC (W) 126 €170m CRO/FIN Patria 2007 2009 Contract extended from 84 to 126
(US$218m) veh Jul 2010. Delivery extended
until 2012

Cyprus (CYP)
T-80 MBT 41 €115m RUS Rosoboron- 2010 2010 27 T-80U MBT and 14 T-80UK comd
(US$156m) export veh. Option on a further 41

Czech Republic (CZE)


Pandur II 8×8 APC (W) 107 US$828m AUT General 2008 2009 To replace OT-64 SKOT. Order
Dynamics reduced from 199 veh. Seventy-two
in IFV and APC role; 16 recce, 11 CP,
4 ARV and 4 armoured ambulance
variants. Final delivery due 2013
C-295M Tpt ac 4 CZK3.5 bn ESP EADS-CASA 2009 2009 Contract value incorporates an
(US$167m) aircraft exchange. First ac delivered
Jan 2010. Final delivery due 2011;
Entry into service delayed due to
software difficulties

Denmark (DNK)
Iver Huitfeldt- DDG 3 DKK4.3bn NLD n.k. 2006 2012 Projekt Patruljeskib. First delivery
class (US$471m) due 2012

Estonia (EST)
XA-188 APC (W) 80 €20m NLD n.k. 2010 2010 Second hand Dutch veh. Delivery to
be completed in 2015
Ground Master Radar 2 n.k. FRA/US Thales- 2009 2012 Acquired as part of agreement with
403 Raytheon FIN. Air surveillance for W and SE EST

Finland (FIN)
NASAMS SAM n.k. NOK3bn FIN/US Kongsberg/ 2009 2012 To replace Buk-M1 (SA-11 Gadfly).
(US$458m) Raytheon Delivery delayed; initial trg to
commence in 2012. Expected to
become operational by 2015
Europe 175

Table 15 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Europe


Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
2010 Project MCM 3 €244.8m GER/ITA Intermarine 2006 2012 First vessel, Katanpaa, launched Jun
vessel (US$315m) 2009. All three to be commissioned
in 2012
NH90 TTH Tpt Hel 20 €370m Int’l NH 2001 2004 Ten delivered by late 2011
Industries

Europe
France (FRA)
VBCI 8x8 AIFV 630 n.k. FRA Nexter 2000 2008 To replace AMX10P. Total
requirement of 630 VBCIs (520 VCIs,
110 VPCs), another 332 ordered in
2009. Final delivery due 2015
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

BvS10 Mk II APC (T) 53 n.k. UK/SWE BAE Systems 2009 2010 Options for further 76 vehicles
(Land &
Armaments)
Barracuda SSN 6 €8bn FRA DCNS 2006 2016 One SSN to be delivered every two
(US$10.5bn) years until 2027. First to enter service
2017
FREMM FFG 11 US$23.6bn FRA/ITA DCNS 2002 2012 Multi-mission FFG. First-of-class FNS
(Aquitaine- Aquitaine launched 2010; scheduled
class) for commissioning 2012. Further
three ordered in Oct 2009 (two anti-
air warfare, one ASW). Final delivery
due 2022
Mistral-class LHD 1 €420m FRA DCNS 2009 2012 Expected ISD 2012
(US$554m)
SCALP Naval LACM 200 See notes Int’l MBDA 2007 2013 Original contract value €910m
(US$1.2bn) for 250 msl (now 200).
Test fired Mar 2010. To be deployed
on Barracuda-class SSN and
Aquitaine-class FFG
Rafale F3 FGA ac 180 n.k. FRA Dassault 1984 2006 Order increased to 180 in 2009, but
annual production rate slowed
A400M Tpt ac 50 n.k. Int’l EADS 2003 2013 In development. France now
(Airbus) expected to receive first three of 50
aircraft in 2013
CN-235-300 Tpt ac 8 €225m Int’l EADS 2010 2011 Delivery to commence late 2011 and
(US$305m) (Airbus) be complete by mid-2013
EC665 Tiger Atk Hel 80 n.k. FRA/GER Eurocopter 1999 2005 Forty HAD, 40 HAP variant. Thirty-six
delivered by late 2011

NH90 NFH ASW Hel 27 n.k. Int’l NH 2000 2010 For navy. First delivery Apr 2010.
Industries Final delivery due 2019
NH90 TTH Tpt Hel 34 See notes Int’l NH 2007 2012 For army avn. Twelve ordered 2007
Industries with option for a further 56; 22
more ordered Jan 2009. €1.8bn if all
options taken. First flight Dec 2010
EC725 Super Tpt Hel 14 n.k. Int’l Eurocopter 2009 2010 Eight for army use delivered; six air
Cougar force due 2012
Harfang ISR UAV n.k. n.k. Int’l EADS 2001 2009 Formerly SIDM
Sperwer ISR UAV 3 n.k. FRA Sagem 2011 n.k. Option on five more
Meteor AAM 200 n.k. FRA MBDA 2011 2018 The first stage of missile integration
work for Rafale began in January
2011

Germany (GER)
Puma AIFV 405 €3 bn GER PSM 2007 2010 To replace Marder 1A3/A4/A5 AIFVs.
(US$4.3 bn) To be fitted with Spike LR ATGW
launcher. Final delivery 2020
176 The Military Balance 2012

Table 15 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Europe


Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Boxer (8×8) APC (W) 272 €1.5bn GER/NLD ARTEC 2006 2009 First delivery in Sept 2009; 135 APC,
(US$2.1bn) GmbH 65 CP variants, 72 heavy armoured
ambulances.
Fennek APC (W) 20 US$94m GER/NLD ARGE Fennek 2007 2009 Joint fire support role (JFSR)
configuration. Second batch ordered
in Aug 2009 (US$48m), to be
delivered in late 2011
Eagle IV PPV 195 US$164m CHE General 2011 n.k. -
Dynamics
(MOWAG)
IRIS-T SLS SAM _ €123m GER Diehl BGT 2007 2012 Surface-launched variant of infra-
(US$166m) red guided IRIS-T AAM. ISD from
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

2012. Defence review has delayed a


production decision
Type 212A SSK 2 €820m GER TKMS (HDW) 2006 2012 Due to enter service from 2013
(US$1.1bn)
F125 (Baden- DDGHM 4 €2bn GER TKMS 2007 2016 Final delivery due late 2018
Württem­berg-
class)
K130 (Braun­ FS 5 n.k. GER TKMS 2001 2012 Delivery delayed. Erfurt, Oldenburg,
schweig-class) and Ludwigshafen completed;
expected ISD 2012
Berlin-class AFH 1 €245m GER ARGE 2008 2013 _
(Type 702) US$330m shipbuilding
Eurofighter FGA 143 n.k. Int’l Eurofighter 1998 2008 Thirty-one aircraft Tranche 3A order
Typhoon GmbH signed in 2009
A400M Tpt ac 53 n.k Int’l EADS 2003 2010 First German aircraft now expected
(Airbus) 2014. Original order cut from 60
to 53, further cut to 40 aircraft
proposed in late 2011
A319/ Tpt ac 6 US$270m GER EADS 2007 2010 Two AC-319J delivered 2010, 4
Bombardier (Airbus) Global 5000 to be delivered by end
Global 5000 2011. To replace CL-601 fleet
EC665 Tiger Atk Hel 80 US$2.6bn GER Eurocopter 1984 2005 Late 2011 German defence review
(UHT variant) indicates procurement will be cut
to 40
NH90 TTH Tpt Hel 80 n.k. NLD NH 2000 2007 Fifty for army, 30 for air force.
Industries Deliveries in progress to trials and
test. Total order (80 plus 42) may be
cut to 80
NH90 TTH Tpt Hel 42 n.k. NLD NH 2007 n.k. Thirty for army air corps and 12 for
Industries air force. Total order (80 plus 42) may
be cut to 80
Eurohawk ISR UAV 5 €430m Int’l EADS/ 2007 2012 First UAV fitted with German SIGINT
(US$559m) Northrop system in third quarter 2011, with all
Grumman handed over by 2016

Greece (GRC)
Katsonis-class SSK 6 Est. €1.67bn GER TKMS/TKMS 2000 2010 First commissioned Dec 2010. All
(Type 214) (HDW) scheduled to be in service by 2018
Roussen/Super PFM 2 €299m GRC Elefsis/VT 2008 2012 Further order to bring total to seven.
Vita (US$405m) Delivery now expected 2012–13
NH90 TTH Tpt Hel 20 €657m NLD EADS 2002 2011 Sixteen tac tpt variants and four
Special Op variants. Option on
further 14. Delivery began Jun 2011

Italy (ITA)
PzH 2000 SP 70 n.k. GER OTO Melara/ 1999 2004 Sixty-five delivered by Sep 2011
155mm KMW
arty
Europe 177

Table 15 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Europe


Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Todaro-class SSK 2 €915m ITA Fincantieri 2008 2015 Second batch – option exercised
(Type 212A) (US$1.34 bn) from 1996 contract. With AIP
FREMM FFG 6 €3.8bn FRA/ITA Orizzonte 2002 2010 Batch 1 (two vessels) in production.
Sistemi Batch 2 (four vessels) had funding
Navali confirmed Mar 2008. First vessel to
be launched 2011; deliveries due

Europe
2014–17
Eurofighter FGA ac 96 n.k. Int’l Eurofighter 1998 2004 Twenty-one ac Tranche 3A order
Typhoon GmbH signed in 2009
KC-767A Tkr/Tpt 4 n.k. US Boeing 2002 2011 Programme suffered significant
ac delay, first two aircraft entered
service May 2011. Third due for
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

delivery late 2011, fourth in early


2012
ATR-72MP MP ac 4 €360–400m ITA Alenia 2009 2012 To be fitted with long-range surv
Aeronautica suite. Final delivery due 2014
M-346 Master Trg ac 6 €220m ITA Alenia 2009 2010 Part of agreement for 15. Two aircraft
(US$330m) now at air force flight test unit;
further 4 by end 2012
CH-47F Tpt Hel 16 €900m US Agusta 2009 2013 For army. Final delivery due 2017
Chinook Westland
NH90 ASW/Tpt 116 n.k. NLD Agusta 1987 2007 60 TTH for army; 46 NFH & 10 TTH for
Hel Westland navy. 15 delivered to army as of late
2011. 1 NFH delivered to Navy
RQ-7B ISR UAV 16 €80m US AAI 2010 2011
Shadow (US$109m)

Luxembourg (LUX)
A400M Tpt ac 1 n.k. Int’l EADS 2003 2010 In development. First deliveries
(Airbus) delayed

Netherlands (NLD)
CV90 AIFV 184 €749m SWE BAE Systems 2004 2007 CV9035NL version; 150 in IFV role
(US$981m (Land & and 34 in CP role. Final delivery due
Armaments) 2011
Boxer (8×8) APC (W) 200 €595m GER/NLD ARTEC 2006 2011 Nineteen cargo/C2, 27 cargo, 55 CP
(US$747m) GmbH variants, 58 ambulances and 41 engr.
To replace YPR 765
Walrus-class SSK 4 €50–150m NLD n.k. 2011 2018 SLEP. Incl combat systems and nav
Upgrade (US$77– upgrades
232m)
Holland-class PSOH 4 €365m NLD Damen 2007 2010 Holland and Zeeland commissioned
Schelde/ 2010; Groningen and Friesland to be
Thales sold after construction
Joint Logistics AFSH 1 €364m NLD Damen 2009 2014 To replace HrMS Zuiderkruis
Support Ship (US$545m) Schelde
(JSS) (DSNS)
NH90 ASW/Tpt 20 n.k. Int’l NH 1987 2010 Twelve NFH, eight TTH. First NFH
Hel Industries delivered Apr 2010. Four NFH
delivered as of late 2011. IOC
targeted for mid-2012
CH-47F Tpt Hel 6 US$335m US Boeing 2007 2011 Delivery delayed; now due late 2011
Chinook or early 2012

Norway (NOR)
Hisnorsat Sat 24 €300m ESP Hisdesat 2010 2013 Military communications satellite
(US$368m)
178 The Military Balance 2012

Table 15 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Europe


Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
FH-77 BW L52 155mm 24 £135m SWE/UK BAE Systems 2010 2011 Contract value is for combined 48
Archer 6×6 SP arty (US$200m) (Land & unit NWG/SWE order
Armaments)
Naval Strike AShM n.k. NOK2.27bn NOR KDA 2007 2010 Final delivery due 2014. For five
Missile (NSM) (US$466m) Fridtjof Nansen-class FF and six
Skjold-class fast strike craft
P-3 Orion ASW ac 6 US$95m US Lockheed 2007 2009 SLEP. Four P-3C & two P-3N. First
upgrade Martin flight in Aug 2011
NH90 ASW/Tpt 14 n.k. Int’l Eurocopter 2001 2012 Six for ASW, eight for coast guard.
Hel Now expected to enter service in
2012
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Poland (POL)
AMV XC-360P APC (W) 690 US$1.7bn FIN Patria 2003 2004 Final delivery due 2014
BM-21 MRL 36 PLN97m POL Centrum 2008 2010 Upgrade to WR-40 Langusta MRL
launchers upgrade (US$43.9m) Produkcji standard
Wojskowej
Spike-LR MANPAT 264 PLN1.5bn FRA Rafael/ZM 2003 2004 Manufactured under licence; 264
(US$512m) Mesko launchers and 2,675 msl
Project FFGM 2 PLN77m POL SMW 2004 2015 Based on GER MEKO A100. Project
621-Gawron (US$24.8m) suspended in Sept 2009; expected
ISD of first vessel in 2015, but status
unclear
RBS 15 Mk 3 AShM 36 PLN560m SWE ZM Mesko 2006 2009 For Orkan-class and Gawron-class.
(US$178m) Incl, spares, spt, trg and simulator.
Final delivery due 2012
Naval Strike AShM 12 NOK800m NOR Kongsberg 2008 2012 Contact value incl six firing veh
Missile (NSM) (US$115m) Defence &
Aerospace
C-130E Tpt ac 5 US$98.4m US SAIC 2006 2007 Refurbished ex-US aircraft. Third ac
Hercules delivered Jan 2011
M-28B/PT Tpt ac 8 PLN399m US Sikorsky (PZL 2008 2010 For air force. Order reduced from 12
Bryza Mielec) to eight ac in 2009 due to budget
cuts. Final delivery due 2013

Portugal (PRT)
Pandur II 8×8 APC (W) 260 €344.3m AUT General 2005 2006 240 for army in 11 config. Twenty for
(US$415m) Dynamics marines in four config. Final delivery
(GDLS Steyr) delayed from 2010 to 2013
Viana do PSO 10 n.k. PRT ENVC 2002 2011 Two Pollution Control Vessels, eight
Castelo-class PSOs. First two commissioned 2011.
(NPO2000) Final delivery due 2015

Romania (ROM)
C-27J Spartan Tpt ac 7 €220m ITA Alenia 2006 2010 To replace An-26. Incl log and trg
(US$293m) Aeronautica support. First two delivered April
2010. Three in service as of mid-2011

Serbia (SER)
Lasta 95 Trg ac 15 n.k. SER Utva n.k. 2010 Delivery to be complete by end 2012
Aviation
Industry

Slovakia (SVK)
C-27J Spartan Tpt ac 2 to 3 €120m ITA Alenia 2008 n.k. Procurement suspended due to
(US$167m) Aeronautica budget cuts
Europe 179

Table 15 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Europe


Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Slovenia (SVN)
Patria 8×8 APC (W) 135 US$365.9m FIN Patria 2007 2007 SVN seeking to reduce order total.
13 APCs and 3 Command Posts
delivered by Mar 2010. Final delivery
due 2013

Europe
Spain (ESP)
Paz satellite Sat 2 €160m ESP Hidesat/ 2008 2012 _
EADS CASA
Leopard 2E MBT 239 €1.94bn ESP/GER General 1998 2003 ESP version of 2A6. Incl 16 ARV and
(US$2.34bn) Dynamics four trg tk
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

(SBS)
Pizarro AIFV 212 €707m ESP General 2003 2005 In five variants. Delivery status
(US$853m) Dynamics unclear
(SBS)
Piranha IIIC APC (W) 21 n.k. CHE/ESP/US General 2007 2010 Delivery to be complete by 2013.
Dynamics First four delivered
(GDELS/
MOWAG)
RG-31 Mk 5E APC (W) 100 €75m RSA General 2008 2009 Eighty-five in APC role, ten
(US$118m) Dynamics ambulance and five CP versions.
(SBS) Delivery ongoing
SBT (V07) Towed 70 €181m ESP General 2005 n.k. Four 155/52 APU SBT (V07) how, plus
155mm (US$216m) Dynamics design and production of 66 how
arty (SIAC). Also retrofit of 12 APU SBT
how from V06 to V07 version and 82
towing vehicles
S-80A SSK 4 n.k. ESP Navantia 2003 2013 First vessel, S-81, due for delivery
Dec 2013. Keel laid 2010
Alvaro de DDGHM 1 €71.5m ESP Navantia 2005 2012 Cristóbal Colón. Option for one more
Bazan-class (US$105.4m) vessel. Launched Nov 2010 delivery
F-100 due summer 2012
Meteoro-class PSOH 9 ε€2.4bn ESP Navantia 2005 2011 Deliveries delayed by over a year.
(BAM) First delivery 2011. Batch 2 (three
PSOH, one ASR, one AG) ordered
2011
Eurofighter FGA 74 n.k. Int’l Eurofighter 1998 2004 Twenty-one aircraft Tranche 3A
Typhoon GmbH order signed 2009
A400M Tpt ac 27 See notes Int’l EADS 2003 2015 Spain will begin to take delivery of
(Airbus) the type in 2015
EC665 Tiger Atk Hel 24 €1.4bn FRA Eurocopter 2003 2007 Six delivered
(HAD)
NH90 TTH Tpt Hel 45 n.k. Int’l NH 2007 2010 First flight December 2010.
Industries Deliveries scheduled to begin in
2012
AS532AL Tpt Hel 5 €116m Int’l Eurocopter 2008 n.k. Three for army air wing. Two for
Cougar (US$171m) Emergencies Military Unit

Sweden (SWE)
RG32M APC (W) 60 €18m UK/RSA BAE Systems 2008 2010 _
(US$24m) (Land &
Armaments)
Armoured APC (W) 113 €240m FIN Patria 2009 2011 Seventy-nine APCs and 34 other
Modular (US$338m) variants. Further 113 req. To be
Vehicle (AMV) delivered 2011–13. Was subject to
contractual dispute
FH-77 BW L52 155mm 24 £135m UK/SWE BAE Systems 2010 2011 Contract value is for combined 48
Archer 6×6 SP Arty (US$200m) (Land & unit NOR/SWE order
155mm Armaments)
180 The Military Balance 2012

Table 15 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Europe


Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
CB 90H LCPL 145 n.k. SWE n.k. 2008 n.k. Upgrade from 90H to 90HS
Upgrade
JAS 39A/B FGA 31 SEK3.9bn SWE SAAB 2007 n.k. Eighteen to become JAS 39Cs and
Gripen Upgrade (US$611m) 13 to become JAS 39D two-seaters;
Upgrade in progress
NH-90 ASW/Tpt 18 n.k. Int’l Eurocopter 2001 2007 Thirteen TTT/SAR hel and five ASW
Hel variants. Option for seven further
hel. Deliveries ongoing
UH-60M Black Tpt Hel 15 n.k. US Sikorsky 2011 2011 Six to be delivered in 2011;
Hawk remainder in 2012
RQ-7 Shadow ISR UAV 8 SEK500m SWE/US Saab/AAI 2010 n.k. Delivery to be complete by end 2011
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

(US$63.5m)

Switzerland (CHE)
Piranha IIIC NBC 12 See notes CHE General 2008 2010 CHF260m (€167m) incl 232 DURO
Recce Dynamics IIIP. Final delivery due 2012
(MOWAG)

Turkey (TUR)
Gokturk (recce Sat 1 €270m ITA Telespazio/ 2009 2013 Thales Alenia Space responsible for
& SURV sat) (US$380m) Thales Alenia sat. Domestic companies involved in
Space design and development stage and
supply of subsystems
Altay MBT 250 See notes ROK/TUR Otokar 2007 n.k. Four prototypes by 2014 for approx
US$500m. To be followed by an
order for 250 units following testing
Firtina 155mm 350 n.k. ROK/TUR Samsung 2001 2003 ROK Techwin K9 Thunder. Total
155mm/52- SP arty Techwin requirement of 350. Deliveries
cal ongoing
Type-214 SSK 6 €1.96bn GER MFI/TKMS/ 2009 2015 To be built at Golcuk shipyard
(US$2.9bn) TKMS (HDW)
Ada-class FFGHM 8 See notes TUR Istanbul 1996 2011 First of class, TCG Heybeliada,
Naval commissioned Sep 2011. Part
Shipyard of Milgem project which incl
requirement for four F-100 class FFG.
Total expected Milgem cost to be
ε€3bn
Dost-class PSOH 4 €352.5m TUR RMK Marine 2007 2011 Based on Sirio-class PCO design. For
coast guard. First vessel launched
Jun 2010
Tuzla-class PCC 16 €402m TUR Dearsan 2007 2011 First delivered Jan 2011. Final
(US$545m) Shipyard delivery due 2015
F-16C/D Block FGA ac 30 US$1.78bn TUR/US Lockheed 2009 2011 Fourteen F-16C and 16 F-16D
50 Fighting Martin variants. Final assembly in TUR. First
Falcon delivery May 2011. Final delivery
due 2014
ATR-72 MP MP ac 10 US$210m ITA Alenia 2005 2010 First five deliveries by 2010. Final
Aeronautica delivery due 2012
B-737 AEW AEW&C 4 US$1bn US Boeing 2002 2012 Peace Eagle programme. Option for
ac a further two. First aircraft now to
be delivered 2012; remaining three
in 2013
A400M Tpt ac 10 See notes Int’l EADS 2003 2013 Turkey is now due to take the first of
(Airbus) its ten aircraft in 2013
KT-1 Woong- Trg ac 40 US$500m ROK/TUR KAI/TAI 2007 2009 To replace T-37 trg ac. Option for
Bee 15 further ac. First five ac delivered
from ROK; remainder assembled in
TUR. Delivery to be complete in 2012
Europe 181

Table 15 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Europe


Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
T129 (AW129 Atk Hel 51 US$3bn TUR TAI/Aselsan/ 2007 2013 Option on further 41. Serial
Mangusta) Agusta production planned for 2013
Westland
T129 (AW129 Atk Hel 9 €150m ITA/TUR/UK TAI/Aselsan/ 2010 2012 Interim measure to fill capability gap
Mangusta) (US$208m) Agusta until large scale production of T129
Westland begins

Europe
CH-47F Tpt Hel 6 See notes US Boeing 2011 2013 Original aim to acquire 14 for
Chinook US$1.2bn, but order cut to six: five
for the army and one for SF Comd
S-70i Black Tpt Hel 109 US3.5bn TUR/US TAI/Sikorsky 2011 n.k. Being acquired to meet military and
Hawk paramilitary utility needs. Aircraft to
be assembled by Turkish Aerospace
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012

Industries

Ukraine (UKR)
An-70 Tpt ac 5 n.k. UKR Antonov 1991 2010 Funding issues have again delayed
programme
Project 58250 FFGHM 10 UAH16.2bn UKR Cherno- 2011 2016 All vessels expected to be delivered
(US$2.01bn) morsky by 2016
Shipbuilding

United Kingdom (UK)


ASCOD 2 SV Recce 7 GBP500m UK General 2010 n.k. Prototype phase of FRES SV
Dynamics
(GDUK)
Ocelot APC (W) 200 GBP180m US Force 2010 2011 Initial delivery expected Autumn
(Foxhound) Protection 2011; Delivery to be complete by
Spring 2012
Astute-class SSN 6 GBP5.7bn UK BAE Systems 1994 2010 First vessel commissioned 2010. To
(US$9.2bn) (Maritime) be fitted with Tomahawk Block IV
SLCM
Queen CV 2 GBP5.1bn UK BAE Systems 2007 2014 ISD delayed until 2020 (HMS Queen
Elizabeth-class (US$8.3bn) (Maritime) Elizabeth) and 2022 (HMS Prince
of Wales) as a result of 2010 SDSR.
One to be fitted with catapults
and arrestor traps; other to be
mothballed
Daring-class DDGHM 6 See notes UK BAE Systems 2001 2008 Initial budget projection was
(Type 45) (Maritime) GBP5.47bn; overall cost now
expected to be GBP5.9bn. First three
vessels in service; remaining three to
be commissioned from 2012
Eurofighter FGA ac 160 GBP18.2bn Int’l Eurofighter 1998 2003 Forty aircraft order as part of Tranche
Typhoon (US$29.2bn) GmbH 3A, includes 24 to replace elements
of Tranche 2 order diverted to the
RSAF as part of Project Salam
F-35B FGA ac 3 US$600m US Lockheed 2009 n.k. UK shift from F-35B STOVL to
Lightning II Martin C-model has led to negotiations to
shift third test aircraft from B to C
variant
Voyager Tkr/Tpt 14 GBP12bn Int’l AirTanker 2008 2011 Cost for entire period of PFI contract,
(A330-200) ac (US$19bn) consortium including support
RC-135 Rivet ELINT ac 3 est GBP700m US Boeing 2010 2013 First of three aircraft to be delivered
Joint (US$1bn) in 2013
A400M Tpt ac 22 n.k. Int’l EADS 2003 2014 UK now due to take first of 22 aircraft
(Airbus) in 2014. Original order reduced by
three
AW159 Lynx MRH Hel 66 GBP1.6bn ITA/UK Agusta 2006 2012 38 for army, 28 for navy. Final
Wildcat (US$2.7bn) Westland delivery due 2017
182 The Military Balance 2012

Table 15 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Europe


Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Chinook Tpt Hel 48 US$656m UK Honeywell/ 2009 n.k. Engine and avionics upgrade. First
HC.2/2A Upgrade Thales aircraft now in test. Modified aircraft
(Project Julius) to be known as HC4/4A
SA330E Puma Tpt Hel 24 GBP326m UK Eurocopter 2009 2012 First upgraded helicopter flown
HC.1 Upgrade (US$526m) in Jun 2011. Delivery to begin in
2012 and be completed in 2014.
Procurement number cut by four
Hermes 450 ISR UAV n.k. US$110m Int’l Thales 2007 2010 Contract incl trg, log spt and
management services
MQ-9 Reaper Cbt ISR 5 GBP135m US General 2010 n.k. Delivery to be complete by 2013.
UAV (US$213m) Atomics Contract includes four ground
stations
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:05 06 August 2012
Chapter Five
Russia
Reform continues, unevenly Efforts continue to overhaul not only command
Chief of the Russian General Staff Nikolay Makarov structures, but also command philosophy. Initiative,
said in mid-September 2011 that most goals of the and devolution of command authority, are intended
modernisation process launched by President Dmitry to be written into field manuals. In June 2011, Makarov
Medvedev in late 2008 had already been achieved or told a course graduating from a higher military
were nearing completion. However, the reforms have academy that the armed forces had changed during
not always run smoothly. Changing requirements their two years of study, and now required ‘highly
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

and budgeting difficulties mean some ambitions have intellectual managers’. In September, his explanation

Russia
not been realised on schedule and others not at all. of the Centre 2011 strategic military exercise – with its
The army’s transformation to a combined-arms focus on independent action by brigade-level units
brigade-based structure is proceeding, albeit more and interoperability with other government agen-
slowly than the ministry initially envisaged. The cies practising post-conflict stabilisation – carried
internal composition of these units continues to echoes of the ‘Comprehensive Approach’ to stabili-
be refined in organisational terms, and the precise sation. The extent to which joint strategic commands
number of permanent-readiness brigades remains a are authorised to take action without reference to
matter of debate. Moscow remains the subject of debate; at the same
Personnel issues continue to bedevil the moderni- time, it is argued by senior Russian service personnel
sation process, with poor manpower planning that part of their purpose is to maintain closer control
and poor conditions for contract servicemen and over the troops in their areas, to prevent uncoordi-
conscripts, as well as difficulties in the creation and nated and unauthorised action such as occurred in
maintenance of an effective senior NCO cadre. Lack the early stages of the armed conflict with Georgia in
of foresight in the management of officer recruit- August 2008.
ment prompted a recruitment freeze last year, but Vladimir Putin’s decision to stand for election as
there is still a temporary glut of junior officers (see president again in 2012 is not expected to have a signif-
text box). However, there has been some progress in icant effect on the military transformation process;
modernising certain defence and ministry processes. the forcing through of reform against substantial
As noted in The Military Balance 2011 (p. 173), opposition has shown that Defence Minister Anatoliy
some commercial practices are being imposed. For Serdyukov enjoys considerable support across the
instance, base catering and other services have been Putin–Medvedev team.
outsourced, as has ground refuelling at air bases and
airfields. Meanwhile, the purchase, from France, of Administrative developments
Mistral amphibious-assault vessels was a significant By the end of 2010, reorganisation of central head-
development in Russian defence procurement. quarters and related staffs, including the work to
Modernising the equipment used by military reallocate responsibilities between the Ministry of
personnel is another challenge. President Medvedev Defence and the General Staff, was announced to be
criticised the failure to place several orders detailed largely complete. In broad terms, the MoD is now a
under the 2010 State Defence Order, and several offi- civilian-led supervisory and supporting body, while
cials in the ministry and some state enterprises were the General Staff is focused on planning, command
eventually sacked. In July, Medvedev apparently and control, and combat training. In large part, this
demanded a report from the defence minister on is designed to enable civilian control over financial
similar problems with the 2011 order. Administrative matters, particularly relating to procurement. The
delays such as this have compounded the often low appointment of civilians to head military depart-
rate of production seen across some defence industries, ments and directorates continues, with civilian staff
all hampering the ambition to field more ‘modern’ also now leading the Federal Special Construction
military hardware for changing military forces. Agency. (Once part of the MoD, this agency is
184 The Military Balance 2012

responsible for the construction of bases, garrisons, evaluate the officer’s motivation to continue serving,
command-and-control centres and similar facili- and to provide an opportunity for early retirement if
ties.) desired. The prospect of relocation outside Moscow
One significant administrative change came in has reportedly increased the numbers deciding to
late August 2011 with the appointment of Aleksandr retire rather than be posted outside the capital, while
Sukhorukov as first deputy minister of defence. others are reportedly unhappy with the appoint-
Sukhorukov worked under Defence Minister ments offered to them.
Serdyukov when the latter headed the Federal Tax The most high-profile requests to retire came from
Service. The first deputy position had been vacant for two-star General Andrei Tretyak, deputy chief of
several months in 2011 after the incumbent, retired the General Staff and chief of the Main Operations
General Vladimir Popovkin, was appointed to lead Directorate of the General Staff; two-star General
the Federal Space Agency. The post is an important Sergei Skokov, first deputy army commander-in-
one for the reform process because the first deputy chief and chief of staff of ground forces; and one-star
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

minister is responsible for the implementation of General Oleg Ivanov, chief of the Electronic Warfare
defence contracts including the State Defence Order. Directorate of the General Staff. The first two of these
As noted above, the conclusion of many contracts were key allies of Makarov and supporters of reform;
was delayed, due both to administrative inertia and their resignations prompted Deputy Minister of
in some cases to failure to reach agreement between Defence Nikolai Pankov (and Tretyak) to say that this
the MoD and production companies over pricing. was not a protest against the reform process and that
Serdyukov has also created an international mili- the generals had been offered senior posts outside
tary cooperation branch in the MoD after a similar Moscow, and in the Military Academy in Moscow,
directorate in the General Staff was abolished. This but they chose retirement instead.
new branch is led by Anatoliy Antonov, deputy
minister of defence since 2 February 2011. Antonov Recruitment and manning
was previously director of the Department for Preliminary results from the October 2010 census
Security and Disarmament Affairs in the Ministry indicated that the overall resident population in
of Foreign Affairs and led the Russian delegation in Russia fell to 142.9 million, from 145.2m in 2002,
talks leading to the 2010 Strategic Arms Reduction a drop of just over 1.5%. This was despite hopes
Treaty. One of the first tasks for the new directorate among military planners that the census would show
during 2011 was to represent the MoD in discussions a slight increase in the population. The number of
over US plans to base ballistic-missile defence infra- 18-year-olds available for conscription continues to
structure in Europe. fall sharply year on year. During the period of demo-
The Antonov appointment shows the continuing graphic collapse from 1987–99, live male births in
process of appointing civilians previously uncon- Russia fell by more than 50%, meaning that the pool
nected with the MoD to senior posts that will utilise of available manpower will continue to shrink until
their specific expertise. There can be up to ten deputy the 2020s. The Russian population is only expected to
ministers of defence, but at least one – the chief of the start growing again after 2014.
General Staff, appointed deputy minister ex officio – This has obvious implications for conscription,
is always a serviceman. At the time of writing, six of especially as reports of poor health among conscripts
eight existing deputy ministers were civilians (and also continue. The ministry hopes that increasing
five of those six were former officers of the Federal contract personnel will offset the reduction in poten-
Tax Service). While this appears little different from tial conscripts. This, however, depends on attracting
the top-level situation in 2010, an increasing number and retaining the right number – and right type – of
of civilians have joined the lower levels of the central contract personnel.
military administration during 2011. Reportedly only The drive to increase contract personnel has been
around 3,000 of the 10,500 employees within the under way, with occasional reverses, for some years,
ministry are now serving officers. with target and actual figures varying widely. In
The process of ‘assessment’ of the professional late 2010, for instance, the official total was 150,000;
skills of officers at all levels has, as anticipated, and at that time it was expected to fall to 80,000 by
prompted significant numbers of resignations. 2015. But in light of difficulties relating to conscrip-
Indeed, part of the object of assessment reports was to tion – and notwithstanding the challenges involved
Russia 185

Officer and NCO posts be suspended altogether in 2010. This is a measure that,
Reorganisation plans continue to be made and unmade, because of the length of Russian officer courses, will only
affecting the careers of tens of thousands of servicemen, feed through into graduate numbers in 2014–16. Limited
and calling into question the underlying planning process. officer-cadet enlistment resumed in 2011, with 2,000
The transformation originally envisaged a reduction in cadets enrolled (as compared to an annual average of
officer numbers from 335,000 to 150,000. (Other figures 20,000 before transformation began). Forty percent of
have been quoted at various times.) This would come from these cadets are earmarked for other military and paramili-
the closure of cadre units, the slimming down of head- tary services such as the Interior Ministry or border guards.
quarters and the General Staff, adjustments to the ratio The surplus junior officers passing out have been
between officers and other ranks, and the civilianisation of assigned to NCO instead of officer positions. In March
some services. 2011, there were 7,000 officer graduates from the classes
But when these reductions were already under way, of 2009 and 2010 assigned to NCO ranks and posts. After
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

with officers released or awaiting out-processing, it was graduation in summer 2011, another 14,000 junior lieu-

Russia
announced in February 2011 that no fewer than 70,000 tenants had to be assigned to a much smaller number of
of the posts scheduled for deletion would be retained officer posts. This scenario will, if anything, further damage
– a decision linked to the creation of the new Air–Space Russia’s attempts to institute serious professional NCO
Defence Command. training, which continue to show little result because of
In a similar fashion, there was an apparent failure to cultural, institutional and financial factors. Senior officers
reconcile the number of future junior-officer posts with report that the thousands of servicemen who trained and
the number of officer cadets enrolling at military acad- graduated as officers, but are now serving as NCOs, are
emies. Indeed, such was the nature of this failure that, ‘content’ with their situation, but ‘looking forward to it
instead of a gradual reduction, officer recruitment had to being resolved’.

– the ministry has sharpened its focus on contract accommodation and terms of service would also be
personnel, and official numbers have increased. needed to attract good recruits. An overhaul of the
In late 2011, the number of contract personnel was entire pay and allowances system is promised for
reported at around 180,000, and the ministry aspired the beginning of 2012 (Medvedev was reported as
to some 425,000 by the end of 2017. However, there is having signed a law to this effect on 7 November
no reason to expect this highly ambitious aim to prove 2011), but it was not clear at the time of writing how
any more realistic than earlier targets, and attempts or whether this would address the imbalances and
to assess the real recruitment situation continue disparities that mean servicemen doing the same
to be hampered by confusion both in the public job at the same rank in different units or locations
presentation of MoD figures and in internal calcu- can earn vastly different amounts. It was reported
lations. For instance, all officers are still technically by Interfax that Medvedev indicated salaries ‘will
contract servicemen, and therefore can be added to or increase 2.5–3 times on average, while military
subtracted from the overall contract numbers at will pensions will increase 1.5–1.7 times.’ In the mean-
and without explanation. Officials continue to claim time, the officers’ financial bonus package known as
that the armed forces have one million personnel, to the ‘Order 400’ scheme, an interim measure designed
much scepticism. to address the salary issue by raising the pay of top
The MoD is keen to stress studies on foreign performers, has proved a powerful incentive to
militaries that have reduced their contingents of retention and performance as well as, on occasion,
conscripts and increased their contract personnel, discontent among those left out.
with former Warsaw Pact nations such as Poland
and the Czech Republic often mentioned. In public Air–Space Defence Command
at least, the ministry is also paying greater atten- President Medvedev announced the creation an
tion to the problems caused by uncompetitive pay Air–Space Defence Command in November 2010.
scales and poor conditions. Rectifying problems in The MoD has been tasked with placing air-defence,
these areas would require sustained funding and missile-defence, early-warning and the Space Forces’
consistent planning to enable a realistic expansion in space-monitoring systems under unified command.
numbers, training programmes and bases. Improved This is consistent with the 2010 Military Doctrine,
186 The Military Balance 2012

Tactical air-to-surface missile developments Kh-58UShK is also designed for internal carriage, with
Moscow aims to bolster its domestic guided-weapons folding fins.
inventory and to reinforce its presence in the export The successor to the Kh-25 (AS-10 Karen) family of air-
market with the conclusion of state tests of several key air- to-surface missiles is also due to complete trials around
launched systems, along with continued development of the end of 2013. The Kh-38 is a modular medium-range
weapons for its fifth-generation fighter aircraft. air-to-surface missile with several guidance options.
Between late 2011 and 2013, Russian guided- These include the laser-guided Kh-38ML, the imaging
weapons manufacturer Tactical Missile Corporation will infrared guided Kh-38MT, the radar-guided Kh-38MA and
either complete state trials or begin series production the Kh-38MK, which uses satellite navigation. With an
of several systems. These include the development of increasing emphasis on development, the Russian air force
the Kh-58 (AS-11 Kilter) anti-radiation missile into the is now trying to considerably increase its inventory of air-
Kh-58UShK and probably the development of the Kh-31P launched precision weaponry, of which the Kh-38 is likely
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

(AS-17A Krypton) anti-radiation missile into the Kh-31PM. to be a significant element. The Kh-38 and the Kh-58UShK
Both upgrades include the replacement of discrete are intended to form part of the air-to-surface weapons
frequency-specific passive seekers with a single broad- inventory of the air force’s fifth-generation combat aircraft,
band seeker providing greater operational flexibility. The the requirement for which is being met by Sukhoi’s T-50.

which emphasises the danger to Russia of the milita- Air force and strategic rocket forces
risation of space and the deployment of strategic non- Assets and personnel of the air-force air regiments and
nuclear high-precision weapons systems. squadrons that existed prior to the reforms are now
Organisationally, the Air–Space Defence organised into 15 ‘air bases’. The largest air bases, also
Command is intended to unify Russia’s Space Forces, occasionally referred to as ‘air wings’, have 150–200
Air–Space Defence Strategic Command (which fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft assigned to them. The
supersedes the defunct Special-Purpose Command air bases are organised as a varying number of squad-
of Moscow Military District Air Defence), as well as rons combined as an air group, distributed across a
air force air-defence units – although at the time of central air station and several satellite airfields. Each
writing the precise composition of the new command air base also now controls independent airfield and
had not become clear. The command’s mission is to radio-technical support units as well as communica-
protect the country from ballistic-missile, medium- tions units.
range-missile, and air-, sea- or ground-launched Military district commanders (who also lead
cruise-missile attacks, including attacks from low Russia’s joint strategic commands, see The Military
altitudes. Some analysts believe that US and NATO Balance 2011, p. 175) are in charge of four air-force and
developments in ballistic-missile defence, consis- air-defence commands (1st to 4th, consisting of air
tently characterised as a threat to Russia’s nuclear bases and air–space defence brigades), while air-force
deterrent potential, have been key in prompting the headquarters organises and controls military training
creation of the new organisation. for these commands. Meanwhile, combat-training
The major air- and missile-defence systems to be centres for frontal aviation, army aviation, long-range
used by the command include the S-300, the S-400 aviation, military transport aviation and unmanned
when it fully enters service, and the S-500 when it is aviation are reportedly commanded by the air
fielded. Officials from manufacturer Almaz-Antey force’s newly organised Fourth State Training and
and the MoD have said that the S-500 is planned Operational Test Centre, headquartered at Lipetsk,
to enter service by 2015–16, although independent the Russian air force’s long-established air-combat-
assessments predict further delay. According to training centre. Air force R&D establishments are also
unconfirmed information, three command-and- under this centre’s command.
control centres are planned for the air–space defence Surface-to-air missile (SAM) and radar and elec-
forces: Zarya, an existing air-defence headquar- tronic warfare (EW) regiments are now led by the
ters north of Moscow; Krasnoznamensk, the loca- commanders of air–space defence brigades. Reform
tion of the outer-space observation control station in has only affected these units organisationally; they
Kaliningrad; and the headquarters of Russian Space have not been relocated, given the need to maintain
Forces in Moscow. wide geographical coverage for effective employ-
Russia 187

ment of their systems. Some of these regiments are Navy


said by analysts to be deployed at constant readiness, The command of naval fleets is planned to be reas-
having been brought up to strength from cadre units. signed to military district commanders (barring the
The intensity of training in air- and space-defence Central Military District), although the timescale
brigades has also been increased significantly; the for this is uncertain. Naval administrative forma-
units located in the Eastern Military District now tions in the military districts will assume some tasks
carry out 40­–50 exercises annually. While there currently carried out by naval high command, and it
have been no organisational changes in the strategic has been reported that there will be staffing cuts in
rocket forces, the long-term development of a new the naval General Staff as a result. A budget of R4.7
liquid-fuelled heavy MIRV-equipped ICBM, referred trillion (about US$160 billion) has been allocated to
to in The Military Balance 2011 (p. 177), reportedly refit naval vessels in the period up to 2020. The Black
continues. Sea Fleet, containing the oldest ships in the navy,
will require the most work and it is planned that 15
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Army vessels (mainly frigates and submarines) will join this

Russia
The desired number of constant-readiness combined- fleet within a decade. Sixteen corvettes are planned
arms brigades continues to be adjusted, but 47 were for deployment in the Caspian Sea Flotilla.
planned at the time of writing. Development of The contract for Russia’s acquisition of four Mistral-
the concept of three categories of brigade – heavy, class amphibious-assault ships was signed with France
medium and light – apparently continues, although in June. The second two are to be built in Russia by the
there has been little further reporting on ‘test’ brigades United Shipbuilding Corporation, with the relevant
noted in The Military Balance 2011 ( p. 176). contracts due to be signed in 2012. The vessels will be
Heavy brigades are intended to be primarily assigned to the Northern and Pacific Fleets. Russian
armed with main battle tanks (MBTs) and infantry media have reported the testing of Ka-52 helicopters
fighting vehicles (IFVs). Medium brigades will be in maritime conditions, as a likely prelude to deploy-
armed mainly with IFVs and armoured personnel ment on the Mistrals when in service. Meanwhile, it
carriers (APCs) mounted on a planned new Universal has been announced that the Borey-class ballistic-
Combat Vehicle platform. Light brigades will be missile submarine Yuriy Dolgorukiy will be posted to
armed with APCs and other light armoured combat the Pacific Fleet. Although it was indicated that this
vehicles. Two new Arctic brigades are also planned, would take place when tests of the Bulava SLBM had
in light of Russia’s economic and political interests been completed, the slow progress seen in the Bulava
in the region, and in pursuance of the Russian state test schedule has led some to argue that the service
policy for the Arctic to 2020 and beyond, which was induction of the submarine should not be delayed.
published in 2008. These brigades are likely to be Three more Borey-class boats are expected, one of
based around Murmansk or Archangelsk, but even which has already been launched and two that are
in the early stages of their establishment concerns under construction in Severodvinsk. Three Delta-III
have arisen over mobility, equipment and the loss of submarines remain in service in the Pacific Fleet, but
extreme cold-weather skills. due to their age are scheduled to be decommissioned
One view is that the delay in the adoption of the as soon as Borey-class submarines arrive.
new brigade structures is the result of the MoD’s not
yet having selected the new combat-vehicle platform: Military police
one option is based on a modification of the chassis After repeated announcements and cancellations,
developed as part of the Armata new-generation MBT the creation of a military-police service was finally
programme. There has been no apparent progress decreed in 2011. The service is to be 20,000 strong and
towards the goal of attaching a helicopter regiment will be led by Lt-Gen. Sergei Surovikin, a much-deco-
to air-assault brigades to aid tactical mobility (see The rated officer with a colourful career, and lately chief
Military Balance 2011, p. 177). Meanwhile, Makarov of staff of the Central Military District. The service
announced at the end of September that the armed is to be created in two stages. Firstly, traffic control
forces would cease purchasing Kalashnikov AK-74 sub-units (‘regulators’) and commandants’ offices
assault rifles. The army had too many automatic (broadly equivalent to the UK concept of regimental
weapons, Makarov was reported as saying, and they police) will be combined into a temporary ‘provost
no longer suited the military. and control’ service. Subsequently, following the
188 The Military Balance 2012

drafting of legal statutes, this service will be devel- Russia of the global financial crisis, military expen-
oped into a fully fledged military-police force respon- diture saw a real-terms hike in 2009 to above 3% of
sible for patrols, security of detention quarters, GDP. This level was broadly maintained during 2010
general law enforcement in garrisons and barracks, and 2011, but defence spending is set to rise further
assistance in preventing humiliating or violent treat- as a proportion of GDP from 2012 onwards, to at
ment of junior ranks (‘hazing’), assisting the civil least 3.8% of GDP by 2014. This projected increase,
police in combatting crime among service personnel, contained in the draft three-year budget for 2012–
and apprehending deserters. 14, comes despite the continued underperformance
It has been confirmed that the service is to be sepa- of the Russian economy, with growth in 2010 and
rate from the garrison chain of command, after it was 2011 running at a modest 4%, because of persistent
argued that this was essential to its independence weaknesses in the banking sector (which remains
and credibility. But analysts point out that a serious burdened by a large stock of non-performing loans)
impediment to creating an effective military-police and the generally uncertain business climate which
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

force will be the recruitment of necessary specialists, has resulted in chronic underinvestment. (Fixed
and that no relevant training has yet been arranged investment in Russia is considerably lower than
in Russia. When he met German Defence Minister many other emerging economies.)
Thomas de Maizière in September, Serdyukov was The projected increase in defence spending can
reported as expressing interest in Germany’s experi- be explained by two factors. Firstly, pay rates for
ence in creating military-police units. Similar struc- MoD servicemen will increase from the beginning
tures in other countries have been studied as part of 2012. Secondly, spending will increase sharply
of the MoD’s renewed efforts to learn from overseas because of increased budget allocations under the
practice. new state armaments programme (see below). It is
estimated that full implementation of the armaments
Russian defence ECONOMICS programme could lead to spending on national
defence of more than 4% of GDP by 2015. In addi-
From 2000–07, Russia’s economy grew at an average tion, analysis must not omit expenditure on Russia’s
annual rate of some 7%, while export earnings from other armed forces, notably the interior troops of the
oil and gas generated healthy budget surpluses. In Ministry of Internal Affairs, and on items of military
this period, military spending began to recover from spending under other budget chapters.
the very low levels seen during the 1990s. However, If present trends are maintained, Russia could
careful analysis is required to assess real spending soon be spending at least 5% of GDP on defence.
trends. With rapidly escalating costs of weapons and However, it is debatable whether Moscow will be
other materials, the consumer price index does not able to sustain such a substantial commitment to
provide an adequate deflator for assessing spending military spending increases, given other urgent
in real terms; a more realistic perspective can be claims on the budget, such as pensions and other
obtained by using the annual GDP deflator, a broader social costs, as well as infrastructure spending and
index that more fully reflects price trends relating to the demands of ‘modernisation’ promoted by both
goods and services purchased by government agen- President Medvedev and his likely successor, Putin.
cies. Spending under the budget chapter ‘national It cannot, therefore, be ruled out that the new arma-
defence’ includes outlays on MoD forces, nuclear ments programme will be amended or replaced at an
weapons and various other categories of direct mili- early date.
tary support. As shown in Table 16, this grew much
in line with GDP growth during Vladimir Putin’s Procurement
first term as president (2000–04). However, things Since 2009, the system of arms procurement for the
changed during Putin’s second term, as growth in Russian armed forces – and, above all, the MoD – has
defence spending started to lag behind GDP growth. been undergoing a potentially significant change.
In 2007, it fell to 2.5% of GDP. Under the system inherited from the Soviet Union the
This declining trend was dramatically reversed military customer had very limited market power.
after the August 2008 war with Georgia. Military Instead, the defence industry was the dominant party,
reform and modernisation became a national able to dictate the range of weapons available, the
priority. Notwithstanding the severe impact on volumes supplied and the prices demanded. Under
Russia 189

Table 16 Russia National Defence Expenditure Trends (2000–14)


Real GDP National Defence % Change in Real National Defence
Year GDP (R bn) Change (%) Expenditure1 (R bn) Defence Expenditure as a % of GDP
2000 7,305.6 10.05% 191.72 20.50% 2.62%
2001 8,943.6 5.09% 247.70 10.91% 2.77%
2002 10,819.2 4.74% 295.39 3.26% 2.73%
2003 13,208.2 7.25% 355.69 5.79% 2.69%
2004 17,027.2 7.15% 429.99 0.48% 2.53%
2005 21,609.8 6.39% 581.14 13.29% 2.69%
2006 26,917.2 8.15% 681.80 1.87% 2.53%
2007 33,247.5 8.54% 831.87 7.21% 2.50%
2008 41,276.8 5.25% 1,040.85 6.07% 2.52%
2009 38,786.4 −7.80% 1,188.17 12.01% 3.06%
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

2010 44,939.2 4.00% 1,276.51 −3.57% 2.84%

Russia
2011 53,274.0 4.29% 1,532.80 5.12% 2.88%
2012 58,683.0 4.08% 1,853.34 12.94% 3.16%
2013 64,803.0 4.05% 2,329.41 17.39% 3.59%
2014 72,493.0 4.00% 2,737.44 10.23% 3.78%
Sources: Federal Service of State Statistics (Rosstat), Russian Ministry of Finance, Kremlin Annual Laws on Budget
Implementation, 2011 budget and 2012–14 draft budget.
1
National defence expenditure figures 2000–10 reflect actual expenditure, figure for 2011 reflects the amended federal
budget, and 2012–14 figures reflect the draft national budget.

Serdyukov, the MoD has at last addressed these prob- from the initial year. Thus it overestimates the rise
lems. As part of a more general reform of the armed in procurement expenditure by failing to take into
forces, it has reorganised the acquisition process, account inflationary effects. Simulations based on
effectively reviving a relatively new civilian agency likely estimates of future GDP growth and inflation
for ordering armaments and other military hardware, suggest that total funding is more likely to be in the
Rosoboronpostavka, which will work alongside the region of around R14tr at constant 2011 prices.
control agency, Rosoboronzakaz. Rosoboronpostavka The placing of military orders in 2011 was compli-
was set up by former Defence Minister Sergey Ivanov cated by the reform of the acquisitions system; a delay
in 2007 but remained moribund until the 2010 in the replacement of Vladimir Popovkin, first deputy
appointment, by Serdyukov, of Nadezhda Sinikova defence minister for procurement, by Aleksandr
to lead the body. Its precise relationship with the Sukhorukov, formerly head of Rosoboronzakaz; the
military’s organisation for material and technical transition to longer, three-year, orders; and the adop-
provision (MTO) remains unclear, with the latter tion of a new system of state-guaranteed credits for
believed to be focused more the maintenance of mili- arms producers. But perhaps the most significant
tary hardware and armament than orders (see The factor was a tough new approach by the MoD, which
Military Balance 2011, p. 179). This development coin- for the first time acted as a demanding customer,
cided with the elaboration and approval, at the end of insisting on a supply of modern weapons meeting its
2010, of a new ten-year state armaments programme requirements, and on acceptable prices justified by
to 2020. This highly ambitious programme provides actual costs incurred.
for a total budget funding of R23tr (around US$7.5bn
at 2011 exchange rates) for the entire armed forces Defence industry
(including R19–20tr allocated to the MoD), and it will The Russian defence industry has exhibited rela-
shape the annual state defence order over the coming tively strong growth in recent years, with much of
decade. Of the total funding, 31% has been allocated this driven by exports. However, it has contracted
to the period 2011–15, the remaining 69% to 2016–20. since the Soviet era. Output levels of armaments and
However, the projected volume of funding may not other military hardware remain significantly below
be as large as it first appears. Unlike earlier Russian 1991 levels, and many of the remaining enterprises
armaments programmes, to 2010 and 2015, the new and R&D organisations operate with obsolete equip-
programme is calculated at current prices, not prices ment and relatively aged employees. According
190 The Military Balance 2012

3.5
3.06
3.0 2.77 2.73 2.69 2.84
2.69
2.53 2.53 2.50 2.52
2.5
% of GDP

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Figure 6 Estimated Russian Defence Expenditure as % of GDP

to Russian data, by the first half of 2011 military to both Boeing and Airbus; and Russia’s largest truck
output was little more than half its 1991 level, while plant, KamAZ, whose products include an expanding
the civilian output of the defence industry was just range of vehicles for the military.
over three-quarters. Because of a change of defini- Of the other corporate structures, the three
tion a few years ago, the precise scale of the defence largest after Rostekhnologii are the United Aircraft
industry is now difficult to establish. Since the mid- Corporation, incorporating all the main developers
2000s, there has been an official register of organisa- and manufacturers of fixed-wing aircraft; the United
tions engaged in military work. This includes some Shipbuilding Corporation, which now includes most
1,380 enterprises and R&D organisations, including of Russia’s naval R&D, design organisations and
683 overseen by the Ministry of Industry and Trade, shipyards; and Almaz-Antey, bringing together more
290 in the Rostekhnologii (Russian Technologies) than 40 entities responsible for air-defence systems.
corporation (see below), 197 under the MoD, 84 These corporations are all state owned. The present-
belonging to the Russian Space Agency and 49 under day Russian defence industry now has relatively few
Rosatom, the nuclear industry agency. Of the organ- fully private companies; many enterprises, if not fully
isations formerly belonging to the Soviet defence state owned, have large enough state shareholdings
industry, some 1,700 remain. They employ around to secure effective state control.
2m people (1.5m in manufacturing and 500,000 in Since the early 1990s, the Russian defence industry
R&D), compared with 5.5m in 1991. has received little new investment, and today those
A recent development has been a process of corpo- companies with relatively modern production equip-
ratisation, whereby formerly independent companies ment tend to be those with regular export orders.
have been grouped into large corporate structures. Enterprises mainly serving the domestic market,
The largest is the state corporation Rostekhnologii, fulfilling orders for the MoD, are often in a less satis-
created at the end of 2007. In terms of scale, this is factory state, raising questions as to their ability to
comparable to a Soviet-era industrial ministry. It now manufacture the modern systems now demanded
has almost 600 enterprises and R&D organisations, by the armed forces. Furthermore, many enterprises,
including 330 from the defence complex, grouped especially those without an export orientation, are
into 25 holding companies, with a total employment unable to offer high wages and salaries. They find
of some 600,000. At the heart of the corporation is it difficult to recruit young personnel and often
the state arms-export company Rosoboronexport, continue to employ many specialists and skilled
whose former general director, Sergei Chemezov, is workers beyond the normal male retirement age of 60.
now director of Rostekhnologii. Its constituent units Whereas in 1990 the average age of defence industry
also include the diversified group Oboronprom personnel was 39 years, by 2008 it had reached 50.
(which includes Vertolety Rossii, Russia’s successful For R&D and design personnel, the average age is
producer of military and civil helicopters, and United now probably much higher. Again, export-orientated
Aero-Engine Corporation); the ‘VSMPO-AVISMA’ companies are often in a position to offer competitive
titanium plant, which has become a major supplier rates of pay and recruit young employees.
Russia 191

Another problem facing the industry is that growing volume of helicopters. Naval equipment,
many enterprises lack modern quality-manage- air-defence systems and armour for ground forces
ment systems. There is mounting evidence that also feature heavily.
both domestic and foreign customers have been Russia now faces two main problems. Firstly, it
experiencing quality problems with armaments needs to develop a new generation of armaments
delivered. with export prospects, as most systems now offered
Notwithstanding these and other problems, represent modernised variants of Soviet-era weapons.
Russia occupies a significant position in the world Secondly, it needs to develop new export markets, as
armaments market, second only to the US by annual several important existing export markets, notably
volume of sales. According to the Russian Federal China and India, seek to increase their own arms-
Service for Military–Technical Cooperation, the manufacturing capabilities. Venezuela, some North
government oversight agency for arms exports, the African and some Middle Eastern countries have
volume of exports increased from US$3.7bn in 2000 become important clients, although political change
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

to US$10.4bn in 2010, with a forecast of more than wrought by the Arab Awakening may open some

Russia
US$11.5bn for 2011. Sales are dominated by aircraft, former markets for Russian defence material to other
notably Sukhoi combat aircraft, but also by a steadily producers.
192 The Military Balance 2012

Organisations by Service
Russia RUS
Russian Rouble r 2010 2011 2012 Strategic Deterrent Forces ε80,000 (incl
GDP r 44.9tr 53.5tr personnel assigned from the Navy and Air Force)
US$ 1.48tr 1.84tr Navy
US$ a 2.23tr 2.38tr SUBMARINES • STRATEGIC • SSBN 12
per capita US$ 10,593 13,270 3 Kalmar (Delta III) with 16 RSM-50 (SS-N-18 Stingray)
Growth % 4.00 4.29 strategic SLBM;
Inflation % 6.9 8.9
5 Delfin (Delta IV) with 16 RSM-54 (SS-N-23 Skiff)
strategic SLBM;
Def exp r 1.98tr
1 Delfin (Delta IV) in refit with 16 RSM-52 (SS-N-23
US$ 65.2bn Skiff) strategic SLBM;
US$a 98.5bn 2 Akula (Typhoon) in reserve awaiting decommissioning
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Def bdgt r 1.28tr 1.53tr 1.85tr with 20 RSM-52 (SS-N-20 Sturgeon) strategic SLBM;
US$ 41.9bn 52.7bn 1 Akula (Typhoon)† in reserve with capacity for 20
RSM-52 (SS-N-20) Sturgeon strategic SLBM/Bulava (SS-
US$ a 63.4bn 68.0bn
N-X-32) strategic SLBM (trials/testing);
US$1=r MER 30.43 29.08 (2 Borey limited OC undergoing sea trials; 2 additional
PPP 20.14 22.53 units in build)
a
PPP estimate
Strategic Rocket Force Troops
Population 138,739,892 3 Rocket Armies operating silo and mobile launchers
Ethnic groups: Tatar 4%; Ukrainian 3%; Chuvash 1%; Bashkir 1%; organised in 12 divs (reducing to 8). Launcher gps
Belarussian 1%; Moldovan 1%; Other 8% normally with 10 silos (6 for SS-18) and one control centre
MSL • STRATEGIC 292
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
ICBM 292: 60 RS-20 (SS-18 Satan) (mostly mod 5, 10
Male 7.8% 2.7% 4.1% 4.2% 23.1% 3.9% MIRV per msl); 120 RS12M (SS-25 Sickle) (mobile single
Female 7.4% 2.6% 4.0% 4.2% 26.7% 9.1% warhead); 40 RS18 (SS-19 Stiletto) (mostly mod 3, 6
MIRV per msl.); 52 Topol-M (SS-27) silo-based/18 Topol
Capabilities M (SS-27) road mobile (single warhead); 12 RS-24 (ε3
Russia remains a significant power, with a substantial MIRV per msl)
nuclear arsenal. All three elements of the nuclear triad
are being revamped. Russia’s land and air forces continue
Long-Range Aviation Command
to draw lessons from its armed incursion into Georgia in FORCES BY ROLE
2008, which highlighted areas of comparative weakness. BOMBER
Within the army there is a recognition of the need for 1 sqn with Tu-160 Blackjack
greater networking and digital communications, while the 3 sqn with Tu-95MS Bear
air force is attempting to bolster its inventory of precision- EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
guided tactical air-to-surface weaponry. The defence AIRCRAFT •
reform process initiated in 2008 continues. 2012 is due LRSA 79: 16 Tu-160 Blackjack each with up to 12 Kh-
to see new pay and pension scales, to make military pay 55 SM (AS-15A/B Kent) nuclear ALCM; 32 Tu-95MS6
more competitive with the civilian sector and try to ensure (Bear H-6) each with up to 6 Kh-55/SM (AS-15A/B Kent)
recruitment and retention of more contract servicemen. nuclear ALCM; 31 Tu-95MS16 (Bear H-16) each with up
Meanwhile, Russia will retain conscription. Not all defence to 16 Kh-55 (AS-15A Kent) nuclear ALCM
budget funding has materialised, while industry has not
always been able to fulfil orders. Moscow continues to Warning Forces 3rd Space and Missile
exercise its armed forces regularly, including medium- and Defence Army
large-scale all-arms training. The state remains capable of ICBM/SLBM launch-detection capability: 3 operational
deploying a significant force regionally and a smaller force satellites
at greater range. RADAR (9 stations) 1 ABM engagement system
ACTIVE 956,000 (Army 270,000 Airborne 35,000 located at Sofrino (Moscow). Russia leases ground-
Navy 154,000 Air 167,000 Strategic Deterrent Forces based radar stations in Baranovichi (Belarus); Balkhash
80,000 Command and Support 250,000) Paramilitary (Kazakhstan); Gaballa (Azerbaijan). It also has radars on
its own territory at Lekhtusi, (St Petersburg); Armavir,
474,000
(southern Russia); Olenegorsk (northwest Arctic);
Terms of service: 12 months conscription.
Pechora (northwest Urals); Mishelevka (east Siberia).
RESERVE 20,000,000 (all arms) MISSILE DEFENCE 2,064: 32 SH-11 Gorgon (stored
Some 2,000,000 with service within last 5 years; Reserve or withdrawn); 68 SH-08 Gazelle; 1,900 S-300 (SA-10
obligation to age 50. Grumble); 64 S-400 (SA-21 Growler)
Russia 193

Space Forces 40,000 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE


Formations and units to detect missile attack on the RF MBT 2,800+: 1,500 T-72B/BA; 1,000 T-80BV/U; 300+ T-90/T-
and its allies, to implement BMD, and to be responsible 90A; (18,000 in store: 2,800 T-55; 2,500 T-62; 2,000 T-64A/T-
for military/dual-use spacecraft launch and control. May 64B; 7,500 T-72/T-72A/T-72B; 3,000 T-80B/T-80BV/T-80U;
become part of new Air-Space Defence Command. 200 T-90)
SATELLITES 58 RECCE 1,200+: 100+ Dozor, 100+ Tigr, 1,000 BRDM-2/2A;
(1,000+ BRDM-2 in store)
COMMUNICATIONS 24: 1 Geizer (Potok); 1 Globus
AIFV 7,360+: 700 BMD-1; 600 BMD-2; 100 BMD-3; 60+ BMD-
(Raduga-1); 2 Mod Globus (Raduga-1M); 11 Strela; 7 Rodnik
4; 1,000 BMP-1; 3,500 BMP-2; 500+ BMP-3; 700 BRM-1K;
(Gonets-M); 2 Meridian
200+ BTR-80A; (8,500 in store: 7,000 BMP-1; 1,500 BMP-2)
NAVIGATION/POSITIONING/TIMING 27 GLONASS
APC 9,700+
ISR 1 Kobalt M APC (T) 5,700: 700 BTR-D; 5,000 MT-LB; (2,000 MT-LB
ELINT/SIGINT 2: 1 Liana (Lotos-S); 1 Tselina-2; in store)
EARLY WARNING 4 Oko APC (W) 4,000+ BTR-60/70/80; (4,000 BTR-60/70 in store)
ARTY 5,436+
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Army ε205,000 (incl 35,000 AB); ε100,000 SP 1,820: 122mm 400 2S1; 152mm 1,400: 800 2S3; 150 2S5;
conscript (total 305,000) 450 2S19; 203mm 20 2S7; (4,050 in store: 122mm 1,800 2S1;

Russia
Transformation process continues; previous 6 Military 152mm 1,950: 1,000 2S3; 800 2S5; 150 2S19; 203mm 300 2S7)
Districts have been consolidated into 4 (West (HQ St TOWED 550: 122mm 400 D-30; 152mm 150 2A65; (12,215
Petersburg), Centre (HQ Yekaterinburg), South (HQ in store: 122mm 7,950: 4,200 D-30; 3,750 M-30 M-1938;
Rostov-on-Don) & East (HQ Khabarovsk), each with a 130mm 650 M-46; 152mm 3,575: 1,100 2A36; 600 2A65;
unified Joint Strategic Command. Current plans call for the 1,075 D-20; 700 D-1 M-1943; 100 ML-20 M-1937; 203mm
establishment of 28 new bdes (6 MR; 2 air aslt; 1 engr; 1 AD 40 B-4M)
& 18 army avn), and for the restructuring of the existing MR GUN/MOR 970+
brigades into new light, medium and heavy formations. SP 120mm 870+: 790 2S9 NONA-S; 30 2S23 NONA-
SVK; 50+ 2S34
FORCES BY ROLE
TOWED 120mm 100 2B16 NONA-K
COMMAND
MRL 1,106+ 122mm 800 BM-21; 220mm 200 9P140
10 army HQ
Uragan; 300mm 106 9A52 Smerch; (2,920 in store: 122mm
SPECIAL FORCES 2,120: 1,700 BM-21; 420 9P138; 132mm 100 BM-13; 220mm
7 (Spetsnaz) SF bde 700 9P140 Uragan)
1 (AB Recce) SF regt MOR 990
MANOEUVRE SP 240mm 20 2S4; (410 2S4 in store)
Reconnaissance TOWED 970+: 120mm 970: 50+ 2B23; 920 2S12; (2,100
1 recce bde in store: 120mm 1,800: 900 2S12; 900 PM-38; 160mm
Armoured 300 M-160)
4 tk bde (1 armd recce bn; 3 tk bn; 1 MR bn; 1 arty bn; 1 AT
MRL bn; 2 AD bn; 1 engr bn; 1 EW coy; 1 NBC coy) MSL • SP & MANPATS 9K11/9K14 Malyutka (AT-3
Mechanised Sagger); 9K111 Fagot (AT-4 Spigot); 9K112 Kobra (AT-8
1 (201st) MR div Songster); 9K113 Konkurs (AT-5 Spandrel); 9K114 Shturm
31 MR bde (1 recce bn; 1 tk bn; 3 MR bn; 2 arty bn; 1 (AT-6 Spiral); 9K115 Metis (AT-7 Saxhorn); 9K115-1
MRL bn; 1 AT bn; 2 AD bn; 1 engr bn; 1 EW coy; 1 Metis-M (AT-13 Saxhorn 2); 9K116 Bastion/Basnya (AT-
NBC coy) 10 Stabber); 9K119 Reflex/Svir (AT-11 Sniper); 9K123
2 MR bde (4—5 MR bn; 1 arty bn; 1 AD bn; 1 engr bn) Khrisantema (AT-15 Springer); 9K135 Kornet (AT-14
3 (lt/mtn) MR bde (1 recce bn; 2 MR bn; 1 arty bn) Spriggan); 9M120 Ataka (AT-12 Swinger)
1 (18th) MGA div (2 MGA regt; 1 arty regt; 1 tk bn; 2 RCL 73mm SPG-9
AD bn) RL 105mm RPG-27/RPG-29
GUNS 562+
Air Manoeuvre
SP: 125mm 36+ 2S25
4 (VdV) AB div (2 para/air aslt regt; 1 arty regt; 1 AD
TOWED 100mm 526 MT-12; (100mm 2,000 T-12/
regt)
MT-12 in store)
1 (VdV) indep AB bde
AD 
SAM 1,570+
3 (army) air aslt bde SP 1,320+: 350+ 9K37/9K317 Buk (SA-11 Gadfly); 400
COMBAT SUPPORT 9K33M3 Osa-AKM (SA-8 Gecko); 400 9K35M3 Strela-10
8 arty bde (SA-13 Gopher); 120+ 9K330/9K331 Tor (SA-15 Gauntlet)
4 MRL bde SPAAGM 250+ 2K22 Tunguska (SA-19 Grison)
2 MRL regt MANPAD Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet); 9K38 Igla (SA-18
1 SSM bde with Iskander-M (SS-26 Stone) Grouse): 9K338 Igla-S (SA-24 Grinch); 9K34 Strela-3 (SA-
8 SSM bde with Tochka (SS-21 Scarab — to be replaced 14 Gremlin)
by Iskander-M) GUNS
10 AD bde SP 23mm ZSU-23-4
1 engr bde TOWED 23mm ZU-23-2; 57mm S-60
194 The Military Balance 2012

UAV • Heavy Tu-143 Reys; Tu-243 Reys/Tu-243 Reys-D; Tu- 4 Schuka (Victor III) (of which 1 in reserve) with 4
300 Korshun Light BLA-07; Pchela-1; Pchela-2 single 533mm TT each with 3M10 Granat (SS-N-21
MSL • SSM 200+: 200 Tochka (SS-21 Scarab); some Sampson) SLCM, 2 single 650mm TT with T-65 HWT
Iskander-M (SS-26 Stone); (some FROG in store; some Scud SSK 20:
in store) 15 Paltus (Kilo) with 6 single 533mm TT with T-53
AEV BAT-2; IMR; IMR-2; IRM; MT-LB HWT
ARV BMP-1; BREM-1/64/D/K/L; BREhM-D; BTR-50PK(B); 4 Varshavyanka (Kilo) with 6 single 533mm TT
M1977; MTP-LB; RM-G; T-54/55; VT-72A 1 Lada with 6 single 533mm TT (2 additional vessels
VLB KMM; MT-55A; MTU; MTU-20; MTU-72; PMM-2 in build)
MW BMR-3M; GMX-3; MCV-2 (reported); MTK; MTK-2 SUPPORT 8
SSAN 7: 1 Orenburg (Delta III Stretch) (undergoing
Reserves maintenance in late 2011); 1 Losharik; 2 Project 1851
Cadre formations, on mobilisation form (Paltus); 3 Kashalot (Uniform)
MANOEUVRE SSA 1 Sarov
Armoured PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 32
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

1 tk bde AIRCRAFT CARRIERS • CV 1 Orel (Kuznetsov) with 1


Mechanised 12 cell VLS with 3M45 Granit (SS-N-19 Shipwreck) AShM,
13 MR bde 4 sextuple VLS with 3K95 Kindzhal (SA-N-9 Gauntlet)
SAM (capacity 18-24 Su-33 Flanker D FGA ac; 4 Su-
Navy ε154,000 25UTG Frogfoot ac, 15 Ka-27 Helix ASW hel, 2 Ka-31 Helix
4 major fleet organisations (Northern Fleet, Pacific Fleet, AEW hel)
Baltic Fleet, Black Sea) and Caspian Sea Flotilla CRUISERS 6
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE CGHMN 2:
SUBMARINES 65 2 Orlan (Kirov) with 10 twin VLS with 3M45 Granit
STRATEGIC • SSBN 12: (SS-N-19 Shipwreck) AShM, 2 twin lnchr with Osa-M
3 Kalmar (Delta III) with 16 RSM-50 (SS-N-18 Stingray) (SA-N-4 Gecko) SAM, 12 single VLS with Fort/Fort M
strategic SLBM (SA-N-6 Grumble/SA-N-20 Gargoyle) SAM, 2 octuple
5 Delfin (Delta IV) with 16 RSM-54 (SS-N-23 Skiff) VLS with 3K95 Kindzhal (SA-N-9 Gauntlet) SAM, 10
strategic SLBM single 533mm ASTT, 1 twin 130mm gun, (capacity
1 Delfin (Delta IV) in refit (expected return to service 3 Ka-27 Helix ASW hel) (2nd Orlan undergoing
2012) with 16 RSM-52 (SS-N-23 Skiff) strategic SLBM extensive refit currently non operational; expected
2 Akula (Typhoon) in reserve awaiting refit with 40 return to service in 2012)
RSM-52 (SS-N-20 Sturgeon) strategic SLBM CGHM 4:
1 Akula (Typhoon)† in reserve for training with 1 Berkot-B (Kara), with 2 quad lnchr with Rastrub (SS-
capacity for 20 RSM-52 (SS-N-20 Sturgeon) strategic N-14 Silex) AShM/ASW, 2 twin lnchr (4 eff.) each
SLBM/Bulava (SS-N-X-32) strategic SLBM (trials/ with 4K60 Shtorm (SA-N-3 Goblet) SAM, 2 twin lnchr
testing) with Osa-M (SA-N-4 Gecko) SAM, 2 quintuple 533mm
(2 Borey sea trials completed in September 2010; ASTT, 2 RBU 6000, 2 twin 76mm gun, (capacity 1 Ka-
Bulava (SS-N-X-32) SLBM not yet operational; 2 27 Helix ASW hel)
additional units in build) 3 Atlant (Slava) with 8 twin lnchr with 4K80 Bazalt
TACTICAL 45 (SS-N-12 Sandbox) AShM, 8 octuple VLS with 8 SA-
SSGN 8: N-6 Grumble SAM, 2 quintuple 533mm ASTT, 1 twin
8 Antyey (Oscar II) (of which 3 in reserve) with 130mm gun, (capacity 1 Ka-27 Helix ASW hel) (one
2 single 650mm TT each with T-65 HWT, 4 single Atlant entered repairs in June 2011, currently non-
553mm TT with 3M45 Granit (SS-N-19 Shipwreck) operational)
AShM DESTROYERS 18
SSN 17: DDGHM 17:
2 Schuka-B (Akula II) with 4 single 533mm TT each 8 Sarych (Sovremenny) (of which 3 in reserve) with
with 3M10 Granat (SS-N-21 Sampson) SLCM, 4 single 2 quad lnchr with 3M80 Moskit (SS-N-22 Sunburn)
650mm TT with T-65 HWT (one further boat leased AShM, 2 twin lnchr with 3K90 Uragan/9K37 Yezh (SA-
to India for 10 years from 2010) N-7 Gadfly/SA-N-12 Grizzly) SAM, 2 twin 533mm TT,
8 Schuka-B (Akula I) (of which 2 in reserve) with 2 twin 130mm gun, (capacity 1 Ka-27 Helix ASW hel)
4 single 533mm TT with 3M10 Granat (SS-N-21 8 Fregat (Udaloy I) each with 2 quad lnchr with
Sampson) SLCM, 4 single 650mm TT with T-65 HWT Rastrub (SS-N-14 Silex) AShM/ASW, 8 octuple VLS
2 Kondor (Sierra II) with 4 single 533mm TT each with 3K95 Kindzhal (SA-N-9 Gauntlet SAM), 2 quad
with 3M10 Granat (SS-N-21 Sampson) SLCM, 4 single 533mm ASTT, 2 100mm gun, (capacity 2 Ka-27 Helix
650mm TT with T-65 HWT ASW hel)
1 Barracuda (Sierra I) with 4 single 533mm TT with 1 Fregat (Udaloy II) with 2 quad lnchr with 3M80
3M10 (SS-N-21 Sampson) SLCM, RPK-2 (SS-N-15 Moskit (SS-N-22 Sunburn) AShM, 8 octuple VLS with
Starfish) and T-53 HWT, 4 single 650mm TT with 3K95 Kindzhal (SA-N-9 Gauntlet) SAM, 2 CADS-N-1
RPK-7 (SS-N-16 Stallion) AShM and T-65 HWT CIWS with 9M311 Kashtan (SA-N-11 Grisson) SAM,
Russia 195

10 single 533mm ASTT, 2 100mm gun, (capacity 2 2 Grachonok with 4 9K38 Igla SAM (one further vessel
Ka-27 Helix ASW hel) under construction; original design was as diving
DDGM 1: tender)
1 Komsomolets Ukrainy (Kashin mod) with 2 quad PHG 4 Vekhr (Matka) with 2 single lnchr with P-15M
lnchr with 3M24 Uran (SS-N-25 Switchblade) AShM, Termit (SS-N-2C/D Styx) AShM
2 twin lnchr with Volnya (SA-N-1 Goa) SAM, 5 single PHT 1 Sokol (Mukha) with 2 quad 406mm TT (currently
533mm ASTT, 1 twin 76mm gun in reserve following damage in 2007)
FRIGATES 8 MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 53
FFGHM 2: MHO 2 Rubin (Gorya) (of which one laid up in 2011 for
2 Jastreb (Neustrashimy) with 4 octuple VLS with repair)
3K95 Kindzhal (SA-N-9 Gauntlet) SAM, 6 single MSO 10 Akvamaren (Natya); 1 Agat (Natya II)
533mm ASTT, 1 RBU 12000, 1 100mm gun, (capacity MSC 23 Yakhont (Sonya); 2 Project 1258 (Yevgenya)
1 Ka-27 Helix ASW) (3rd in build) MHI 15: 9 Sapfir (Lida); 3 Project 696 (Tolya); 3 Malakhit
FFGM 6: (Olya)
1 Gepard with 2 quad lnchr with 3M24 Uran (SS-N-25 AMPHIBIOUS 39
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Switchblade) AShM, 1 twin lnchr (2 eff.) with Osa-M LANDING SHIPS 20


(SA-N-4 Gecko) SAM, 2 30mm CIWS, 1 76mm gun, LSM 1:

Russia
(2nd vessel on trials) 1 Project 771 (Polnochny B) (5 more in reserve)
1 Burevestnik (Krivak I mod) with 1 quad lnchr with (capacity 6 MBT; 180 troops)
Rastrub (SS-N-14 Silex) AShM/ASW, 1 twin lnchr LST 19:
with Osa-M (SA-N-4 Gecko) SAM, 2 quad 533mm 4 Tapir (Alligator) (capacity 20 tanks; 300 troops)
ASTT, 2 twin 76mm gun 12 Project 775 (Ropucha I) (capacity either 10 MBT
2 Burevestnik M (Krivak II) each with 1 quad lnchr with and 190 troops or 24 APC (T) and 170 troops)
RPK-3 Rastrub (SS-N-14 Silex) AShM/ASW, 2 twin 3 Project 775M (Ropucha II) (capacity either 10 MBT
lnchr with 10 Osa-M (SA-N-4 Gecko SAM), 2 quad and 190 troops or 24 APC (T) and 170 troops)
533mm ASTT, 2 RBU 6000 (24 eff.), 2 100mm gun (1 Tapir (Alligator (mod)) (capacity 1 Ka-29 Helix B; 13
2 Steregushchiy with 2 quad lnchr with Kashtan (SA-N- MBT; 300 troops) (expected ISD 2012)
11 Grisson) SAM, 1 100mm gun (4 additional vessels in LANDING CRAFT 19
build, of which one is an improved Steregushchiy II) LCU 5:
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 80 1 Dyagon (launched July 2009; expected ISD 2012;
CORVETTES 47: four more in build)
FSGM 15: 4 Project 11770 (Serna) (capacity 100 troops)
2 Sivuchi (Dergach) with 2 quad lnchr with 3M80 LCM 7 Akula (Ondatra) (capacity 1 MBT)
Moskit (SS-N-22 Sunburn) AShM, 1 twin lnchr with LCAC 7:
Osa-M (SA-N-4 Gecko) SAM, 1 76mm gun 2 Dzheryan (Aist) (capacity 4 lt tk)
12 Ovod (Nanuchka III) with 2 triple lnchr with P-120 2 Pomornik (Zubr) (capacity 230 troops; either 3 MBT
Malakhit (SS-N-9 Siren) AShM, 1 twin lnchr with or 10 APC (T)
Osa-M (SA-N-4 Gecko), 1 76mm gun 3 Kalmar (Lebed) (capacity 2 lt tk)
1 Ovod (Nanuchka IV) with 2 triple lnchr with 3M55 LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 249
Onix (SS-N-26) AShM, 1 twin lnchr with Osa-M (SA- A significant element of the RUS Auxiliary and Support
N-4 Gecko), 1 76mm gun Fleet (estimated at 370+ vessels) is either no longer active,
FSM 32: at extended readiness or awaiting disposal.
3 Albatros (Grisha III) with 1 twin lnchr with Osa-M AOR 5 Boris Chilikin
(SA-N-4 Gecko) SAM, 2 twin 533mm ASTT, 2 RBU AOL 13: 2 Dubna; 5 Uda; 6 Altay (mod)
6000 Smerch 2 AORL 3: 1 Kaliningradneft; 2 Olekma
21 Albatros (Grisha V) with 1 twin lnchr with Osa-M AWT 2 Manych
(SA-N-4 Gecko) SAM, 2 twin 533mm ASTT, 1 RBU AS 3: 1 Project 2020 (Malina); 2 Amga (msl spt ship)
6000 Smerch 2, 1 76mm gun ARS 14: 4 Mikhail Rudnitsky; 10 Goryn
8 Parchim II (one in reserve following a fire in 2008) AR 13 Amur
with 2 quad lnchr with Strela-2 (SA-N-5 Grail) SAM, 2 ARC 7: 4 Emba; 3 Klasma
twin 533mm ASTT, 2 RBU 6000 Smerch 2, 1 76mm gun AG 2 Vytegrales
PATROL CRAFT 33: ATF 48: 2 Baklazhan; 5 Katun; 3 Ingul; 2 Neftegaz; 14
PCFG 25: Okhtensky; 18 Prometey; 1 Prut; 3 Sliva
6 Molnya (Tarantul II) with 2 twin lnchr with P-15M AH 3 Ob †
Termit (SS-N-2C/D Styx) AShM AGOR 6: 2 Akademik Krylov; 2 Sibiriyakov, 2 Vinograd
19 Molnya (Tarantul III) with 2 twin lnchr with 3M80 AGE 2: 1 Tchusovoy; 1 Zvezdochka
Moskit (SS-N-22 Sunburn) AShM AGSH 4: 1 Samara; 3 Vaygach
PCM 3: AGI 12: 2 Alpinist; 2 Balzam; 2 Moma; 6 Vishnya
1 Astrakhan (Buyan) with some 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 AGM 1 Marshal Nedelin
Gimlet) SAM, 1 100mm gun (two more vessels in AGS 18: 3 BGK-797; 6 Kamenka; 9 Onega
build) AGS(I) 52: 8 Biya; 25 Finik; 7 Moma; 12 Yug
196 The Military Balance 2012

AGB 4 Dobrynya Mikitich EQUIPMENT BY TYPE


ABU 12: 8 Kashtan; 4 Sura MBT 160 T-55M/T-72/T-80
ATF 13 Sorum RECCE 60 BRDM-2 each with 9K11 (AT-3 Sagger)
AXL 12: 10 Petrushka; 2 Smolny AIFV 150+: ε150 BMP-2; BMP-3; BRM-1K
APC 750+
Naval Aviation ε28,000 APC (T) 250 MT-LB
4 Fleet Air Forces; most combat aircraft previously APC (W) 500+ BTR-60/BTR-70/BTR-80
assigned to Naval Aviation were transfered to Air Force ARTY 367
command by end 2011. SP 113: 122mm 95 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 18 2S3
Flying hours ε40 hrs/year TOWED 122mm 45 D-30
FORCES BY ROLE GUN/MOR 113
FIGHTER SP 120mm 95: 20 2S23 NONA-SVK; 75 2S9 SP
2 sqn with Su-33 Flanker D; Su-25UTG Frogfoot NONA-S
ANTI-SURFACE WARFARE/ISR TOWED 120mm 18 2B16 NONA-K
2 sqn with Su-24M/MR Fencer MRL 122mm 96 9P138
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE AT • MSL • MANPATS 72 9K11 (AT-3 Sagger)/9K113


2 sqn with Il-20RT Coot A; Il-38 May* (AT-5 Spandrel)
8 sqn with Ka-27/Ka-29 Helix GUNS 100mm T-12
1 sqn with Mi-14 Haze-A AD • SAM 320
2 sqn with Tu-142M/MR Bear F/J* SP 70: 20 Osa (SA-8 Gecko); 50 Strela-1/Strela-10
MARITIME PATROL/ELECTRONIC WARFARE (SA-9 Gaskin/SA-13 Gopher [200 eff])
1 sqn with An-12 Cub; Be-12 Mail*; Mi-8 Hip MANPAD 250 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)
TRANSPORT GUNS 23mm 60 ZSU-23-4
3 sqn with An-12 Cub; An-24 Coke; An-26 Curl; Tu-134 Coastal Defence Troops 2,000
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE (All units reserve status)
AIRCRAFT 116 combat capable FORCES BY ROLE
FTR 18 Su-33 Flanker D MANOEUVRE
FGA 18 Su-24M Fencer Other
ISR 4 Su-24MR Fencer E* 2 coastal def bde
ATK 5 Su-25UTG Frogfoot COMBAT SUPPORT
ASW 27 Tu-142M/MR Bear F/J 2 arty regt
MP 44: 15 Be-12 Mail*; 29 Il-38 May* 2 SAM regt
EW • ELINT 7: 2 Il-20RT Coot A; 5 An-12 Cub 1 bn with 3K60 Bal (SSC-6 Stooge)AShM
TPT 37 An-12 Cub/An-24 Coke/An-26 Curl/Tu-134
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
HELICOPTERS
MBT 350 T-64
ASW 90: 70 Ka-27 Helix; 20 Mi-14 Haze-A
AIFV 450 BMP
EW 8 Mi-8 Hip J
APC 320
SAR 62: 22 Ka-25PS Hormone C/Ka-27PS Helix D; 40
APC (T) 40 MT-LB
Mi-14PS Haze C
APC (W) 280 BTR-60/BTR-70/BTR-80
TPT 50 Heavy 10 Mi-6 Hook Medium 40: 28 Ka-29
ARTY 364
Helix; 12 Mi-8 Hip
SP 152mm 48 2S5
MSL
TOWED 280: 122mm 140 D-30; 152mm 140: 50 2A36;
ASM Kh-25 (AS-10 Karen); Kh-23 (AS-7 Kerry‡); Kh-59
50 2A65; 40 D-20
(AS-13 Kingbolt)
MRL 122mm 36 BM-21
ARM Kh-58 (AS-11 Kilter); Kh-25MP (AS-12 Kegler)
AD • SAM 50
AShM Kh-22 (AS-4 Kitchen)
AAM • IR R-27T/ET (AA-10B/D Alamo); R-60 (AA-8 Military Air Forces ε167,000 (incl conscripts —
Aphid); R-73 (AA-11 Archer) SARH R-27R/ER (AA- reducing to 148,000)
10A/C Alamo)
Flying hours 80 to 100 hrs/year
Coastal Defence • Naval Infantry (Marines) HQ at Balashikha, near Moscow. A joint CIS Unified Air
9,500 Defence System covers RUS, ARM, BLR, KAZ, KGZ, TJK,
FORCES BY ROLE TKM, UKR and UZB. The Russian Air Force is currently
SPECIAL FORCES undergoing a period of significant restructuring, both in
1 (fleet) SF bde (1 para bn, 2–3 underwater bn, 1 spt unit) terms of general organisation as well as air base and unit
2 (fleet) SF bde (cadre) (1 para bn, 2–3 underwater bn, structure.
1 spt unit) FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE BOMBER
Mechanised 6 sqn with Tu-22M3/MR Backfire C
1 indep naval inf bde 3 sqn with Tu-95MS Bear
3 indep naval inf regt 1 sqn with Tu-160 Blackjack
Russia 197

FIGHTER 50 An-12/An-12BK Cub; Light 105: 25 An-24 Coke; 80 An-


8 sqn with MiG-29 Fulcrum 26 Curl PAX 31: 30 Tu-134 Crusty; 1 Tu-154 Careless
2 sqn with MiG-29SMT Fulcrum TRG 201: 193 L-39 Albatros; 8 Yak-130
11 sqn with MiG-31/MiG-31BM Foxhound HELICOPTERS
10 sqn with Su-27 Flanker ATK 355+: 12 Ka-50 Hokum; 12 Ka-52A Hokum B; 291 Mi-
4 sqn with Su-27SM2 Flanker 24 Hind D/V/P; 40+ Mi-28N Havoc B
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK EW 60 Mi-8PPA Hip
1 sqn with Su-27SM3 Flanker; Su-30M2 TPT 574: Heavy 40: 32 Mi-26 Halo; 8 Mi-6 Hook; Medium
GROUND ATTACK 534 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/Mi-8 Hip
13 sqn with Su-24/Su-24M2 Fencer UAV • ISR Some Light Pchela-1T
13 sqn with Su-25/Su-25SM Frogfoot AD • SAM • SP 1,900+ S-300PS (SA-10 Grumble)/S-300PM
1 sqn (forming) with Su-34 Fullback (SA-20 Gargoyle)/S-400 (SA-21 Growler)
GROUND ATTACK/ISR MSL
1 sqn with Su-24M/Su-24MR Fencer* AAM • IR R-27T/ET (AA-10 Alamo B/D); R-73 (AA-11
ELECTRONIC WARFARE Archer); R-60T (AA-8 Aphid); SARH R-27R/ER (AA-10
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

1 sqn with Mi-8PPA Hip Alamo A/C); R-33/33S (AA-9 Amos A/B); ARH R-77 (A-12
ISR Adder) K-37M (AA-X-13) (due to complete development

Russia
1 sqn with MIG-25RB Foxbat* by end 2011); PRH R-27P/EP (AA-10 Alamo E/F)
8 sqn with Su-24MR Fencer*
ARM Kh-58 (AS-11 Kilter); Kh-25MP (AS-12 Kegler); Kh-
1 flt with An-30 Clank
15P (AS-16 Kickback) Kh-31P (AS-17A Krypton)
AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL
ASM Kh-25 (AS-10 Karen); Kh-59/Kh-59M (AS-13
1 sqn with A-50/A-50U Mainstay
Kingbolt/AS-18 Kazoo); Kh-29 (AS-14 Kedge); Kh-31A (AS-
TANKER
17 Krypton); Kh-38 (AS-XX — in development)
1 sqn with Il-78/Il-78M Midas
LACM Kh-22 (AS-4 Kitchen); Kh-55/55SM (AS-15 Kent
TRANSPORT
A/B); Kh-101; Kh-102 (in development); Kh-555 (AS-15C)
7 (mixed) sqn with An-12 Cub/An-24 Coke/An-26 Curl/
BOMBS • Laser-guided KAB-500; KAB-1500L • TV-guided
Mi-8 Hip/Tu-134 Crusty/Tu-154 Careless
2 sqn with An-124 Condor KAB-500KR; KAB-1500KR; KAB-500OD;UPAB 1500
1 flt with An-12BK Cub
1 sqn with An-22 Cock Russian Military Districts
13 sqn with Il-76MD Candid
ATTACK HELICOPTER
Western Military District
(ex-Leningrad & Moscow Military Districts & Kalinin-
1 sqn (forming) with Ka-52A Hokum B
13 sqn with Mi-24 Hind grad Special Region) HQ at St Petersburg
2 sqn (forming) with Mi-28N Havoc B
Army
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
17 sqn with Mi-8 Hip/Mi-26 Halo FORCES BY ROLE
AIR DEFENCE COMMAND
35 regt with S-300PS (SA-10 Grumble) (quad); S-300PM 2 army HQ
(SA-20 Gargoyle (quad) SPECIAL FORCES
2 regt with S-400 (SA-21 Growler) (two more planned in 2 (Spetsnaz) bde
2012). 1 (AB Recce) bn
MANOEUVRE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 1,793 combat capable Armoured
BBR 251: 172 Tu-22M/M-3/MR Backfire C; 32 Tu-95MS6 2 tk bde
Bear; 31 Tu-95MS16 Bear; 16 Tu-160 Blackjack Mechanised
FTR 786: 226 MiG-29 Fulcrum; 40 MiG-29UB Fulcrum; 218 5 MR bde
MiG-31/31BM Foxhound; 281 Su-27 Flanker; 21 Su-27UB Air Manoeuvre
Flanker 3 (VdV) AB div
FGA 356: 28 MiG-29 SMT Fulcrum; 6 MiG-29UBT COMBAT SUPPORT
Fulcrum; 232 Su-24/Su-24M Fencer; 12 Su-24M2 Fencer; 2 arty bde
1 MRL bde
48 Su-27SM2 Flanker; 12 Su-27SM3 (being delivered); 4 1 bde with Iskander-M
Su-30M2; 14 Su-34 Fullback 2 bde with Tochka (SS-21 Scarab)
ATK 256: 241 Su-25/Su-25SM Frogfoot; 15 Su-25UB 2 AD bde
Frogfoot
ISR 148: 4 An-30 Clank; 20 MiG-25RB Foxbat*; 124 Su- Reserves
24MR Fencer* FORCES BY ROLE
AEW&C 20 A-50 Mainstay/A-50U Mainstay MANOEUVRE
C&C 4 Il-87 Maxdome Armoured
TKR 20 Il-78/Il-78M Midas 1 tk bde
TPT 337: Heavy 151: 12 An-124 Condor; 21 An-22 Cock Mechanised
(Under MoD control); 118 Il-76MD/MF Candid; Medium 2 MR bde
198 The Military Balance 2012

Northern Fleet Naval Aviation


EQUIPMENT BY TYPE FORCES BY ROLE
SUBMARINES 40 ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE
STRATEGIC 9 SSBN 1 sqn with Ka-27/Ka-29 Helix
TACTICAL 23: 3 SSGN; 13 SSN; 7 SSK TRANSPORT
SUPPORT 8: 7 SSAN (other roles); 1 SSA 1 squadron with An-24 Coke; An-26 Curl; Tu-134
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 11: 2 CV; 1 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
CGHMN; 1 CGHM (in repair); 7 DDGHM (of which 1 AIRCRAFT
in refit) TPT An-24 Coke/An-26 Curl/Tu-134
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 12: 3 HELICOPTERS
FSGM; 9 FSM ASW Ka-27 Helix
MINE WARFARE 12: 1 MHSO (in repair); 3 MSO; 8 MSC
TPT • Medium Ka-29 Helix
AMPHIBIOUS 5: 4 LST; 1 LSM
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 20+ Naval Infantry
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Naval Aviation FORCES BY ROLE


MANOEUVRE
FORCES BY ROLE
Mechanised
FIGHTER
1 MR bde
2 sqn with Su-33 Flanker D; Su-25UTG Frogfoot
1 MR regt
ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE
1 naval inf bde
1 sqn with Il-20RT Coot A; Il-38 May*; Tu-134
COMBAT SUPPORT
3 sqn with Ka-27/Ka-29 Helix
1 arty bde
1 sqn with Tu-142M/MR Bear F/J
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Coastal Defence
AIRCRAFT
FORCES BY ROLE
FTR 18 Su-33 Flanker D
COMBAT SUPPORT
ATK 5 Su-25UTG Frogfoot
2 arty regt
ASW 13 Tu-142M/MR Bear F/J
1 AShM regt with P5/P-35 (SS-C-1B Sepal)
EW • ELINT Il-20RT Coot A
MP 14 Il-38 May* Military Air Forces
TPT Tu-134
HELICOPTERS 1st Air Force & Air Defence Command
ASW Ka-27 Helix A (ex-6th & 16th Air Army)
TPT Ka-29 Helix B; Mi-8 Hip
FORCES BY ROLE
Naval Infantry FIGHTER
1 sqn with MiG-29 Fulcrum
FORCES BY ROLE
2 sqn with MiG-29SMT Fulcrum
MANOEUVRE
4 sqn with MiG-31 Foxhound
Mechanised
8 sqn with Su-27/Su-27UB Flanker
1 naval inf regt
GROUND ATTACK
Coastal Defence 3 sqn with Su-24M Fencer
GROUND ATTACK/ISR
FORCES BY ROLE
1 sqn with Su-24M/MR Fencer*
MANOEUVRE
Other ISR
1 coastal def bde with 360 MT-LB; 134 arty 1 flt with A-30 Clank
COMBAT SUPPORT 1 sqn with MiG-25RB Foxbat*
1 AD regt 2 sqn with Su-24MR Fencer-E
ELECTRONIC WARFARE
Baltic Fleet 1 sqn with Mi-8PPA Hip
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE TRANSPORT
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL 3 SSK: 1 Lada; 2 Paltus (Kilo) 1 sqn with An-12 Cub/An-26 Curl/Tu-134 Crusty
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 7: 2 DDGHM; ATTACK HELICOPTER
4 FFGHM; 1 FFM 6 sqn with Mi-24 Hind
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 22: 4 TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
FSGM; 8 FSM; 8 PCFG; 2 PCM 5 sqn with Mi-8 Hip
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 15: EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
4 MSC; 11 MHI AIRCRAFT
AMPHIBIOUS 11: 4 LST; 5 LCM; 2 LCAC FTR 160: 51 MiG-31 Foxhound; 109 Su-27/Su-27UB
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 8+ Flanker
Russia 199

FGA 125: 28 MiG-29SMT Fulcrum; 20 MiG-29 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE


Fulcrum; 6 MiG-29UBT Fulcrum; 71 Su-24M/M2 AIRCRAFT
Fencer FTR 73 MiG-31 Foxhound
ISR 52: 4 An-30 Clank; 20 MiG-25RB Foxbat* 28 Su- FGA 32 Su-24 Fencer
24MR Fencer* ISR 13 Su-24MR Fencer E
TPT 12 An-12/An-26/Tu-134 TPT 36 An-12/An-26 Curl/Tu-134 Crusty
HELICOPTERS HELICOPTERS
ATK 60 Mi-24 Hind ATK 24 Mi-24 Hind
EW 10 Mi-8PPA Hip TPT 46: 6 Mi-26 Halo; 40 Mi-8 Hip
TPT • Medium 48 Mi-8 Hip AD • SAM S-300 (SA-10 Grumble)
AD • SAM 1,125 incl S-300V
Southern Military District
Central Military District (ex-North Caucasus Military District — including
(ex-Volga-Ural & part ex-Siberia Military Districts) HQ Trans-Caucasus Group of Forces (GRVZ)) HQ located at
at Yekaterinburg Rostov-on-Don
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Army Army

Russia
FORCES BY ROLE FORCES BY ROLE
COMMAND COMMAND
2 army HQ 2 army HQ
SPECIAL FORCES SPECIAL FORCES
1 (Spetsnaz) SF bde 2 (Spetsnaz) SF bde
MANOEUVRE MANOEUVRE
Armoured Reconnaissance
1 recce bde
1 tk bde
Mechanised
Mechanised
7 MR bde
1 (201st) MR div
2 MR bde (Armenia)
7 MR bde
1 MR bde (Abkhazia)
Air Manoeuvre
1 MR bde (South Ossetia)
1 (VdV) AB bde
3 (lt/mtn) MR bde
COMBAT SUPPORT
Air Manoeuvre
1 arty bde
1 (VdV) AB div
1 MRL regt
1 (army) air aslt bde
2 SSM bde with Tochka (SS-21 Scarab)
COMBAT SUPPORT
2 AD bde
1 arty bde
1 MRL bde
Reserves
1 MRL regt
FORCES BY ROLE 1 SSM bde with Tochka (SS-21 Scarab)
MANOEUVRE
Mechanised Black Sea Fleet
3 MR bde The RUS Fleet is leasing bases in Sevastopol and
Karantinnaya Bay, and is based, jointly with UKR
Military Air Force warships, at Streletskaya Bay.
2nd Air Force & Air Defence Command EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL 1 SSK (also 1 Som
(ex-5th & elm ex-14th Air Army)
(Tango) in reserve)
FORCES BY ROLE PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 5: 2 CGHM;
FIGHTER 1 DDGM; 2 FFGM
4 sqn with MiG-31 Foxhound PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 16: 4
GROUND ATTACK FSGM; 6 FSM; 1 PHM; 5 PCFG
2 sqn with Su-24 Fencer MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 9:
ISR 1 MCO; 6 MSO; 2 MSC
1 sqn with Su-24MR Fencer E AMPHIBIOUS 8: 7 LST; 1 LCU
TRANSPORT LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 6+
3 sqn with An-12 Cub; An-24 Coke; Il-86; Tu-134
Crusty; Tu-154; Mi-8 Hip Naval Aviation
ATTACK HELICOPTER FORCES BY ROLE
2 sqn with Mi-24 Hind FIGHTER
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER ANTI-SURFACE WARFARE/ISR
3 sqn with Mi-8 Hip/Mi-26 Halo 2 sqn with Su-24M/MR Fencer
200 The Military Balance 2012

ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE FGA 76: 62 Su-24M Fencer; 12 Su-27SM3 Flanker;


1 sqn with Ka-27 Helix 2 Su-30M2
1 sqn with Mi-14 Haze ATK 129 Su-25 Frogfoot
MARITIME PATROL/ELECTRONIC WARFARE ISR 24 Su-24MR Fencer*
1 sqn with An-12 Cub; Be-12 Mail*; Mi-8 TPT 12 An-12 Cub
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE HELICOPTERS
AIRCRAFT ATK 36: 24 Mi-24 Hind; 12+ Mi-28N Havoc B
FGA 18 Su-24M Fencer TPT 72 Heavy 10 Mi-26 Halo Medium 28 Mi-8
ISR 4 Su-24MR Fencer E Hip
MP 15 Be-12 Mail*
EW • ELINT An-12 Cub Eastern Military District
TPT An-12; An-26 (ex Far East & part ex-Siberia Military Districts) HQ
HELICOPTERS located at Khabarovsk
ASW Ka-27 Helix
Army
TPT • Medium Mi-8 Hip (MP/EW/Tpt)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

FORCES BY ROLE
Naval Infantry COMMAND
FORCES BY ROLE 4 army HQ
MANOEUVRE SPECIAL FORCES
Mechanised 2 (Spetsnaz) SF bde
1 naval inf bde MANOEUVRE
Armoured
Coastal Defence 1 tk bde
1 battalion with 3K60 Bal (SSC-6 Stooge) Mechanised
10 MR bde
Caspian Sea Flotilla 1 MGA div
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Air Manoeuvre
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 1 FFGM 2 (army) air aslt bde
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6: 2 COMBAT SUPPORT
PCFG; 3 PHG; 1 PCM 4 arty bde
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 7: 2 MRL bde
5 MSC; 2 MHI 3 SSM bde with Tochka (SS-21 Scarab)
AMPHIBIOUS 10: 2 LCM; 3 LCU; 5 LCAC 4 AD bde
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 5+
Reserves
Military Air Force FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE
4th Air Force & Air Defence Command Mechanised
(ex 4th Air Army)
8 MR bde
FORCES BY ROLE
FIGHTER Pacific Fleet
3 sqn with MiG-29 Fulcrum EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 sqn with MiG-29 Fulcrum (Armenia) SUBMARINES 21
3 sqn with Su-27 Flanker STRATEGIC 3 SSBN
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK TACTICAL 18: 5 SSGN; 4 SSN; 9 SSK
1 sqn with Su-27SM3 Flanker; Su-30M2 PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 9: 1 CGHM;
GROUND ATTACK 8 DDGHM (of which one in reserve)
4 sqn with Su-24M Fencer PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 23: 4
6 sqn with Su-25 Frogfoot FSGM; 9 FSM; 10 PCFG
ISR MINE WARFARE 8: 2 MSO; 5 MSC; 1 MHI
2 sqn with Su-24MR Fencer-E AMPHIBIOUS 4 LST
TRANSPORT LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 15+
1 sqn with An-12 Cub/Mi-8 Hip
ATTACK HELICOPTER Naval Aviation
3 sqn with Mi-24 Hind FORCES BY ROLE
2 sqn (forming) with Mi-28N Havoc B ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER 3 sqn with Ka-27/Ka-29 Helix
6 sqn with Mi-8 Hip/Mi-26 Halo 1 sqn with Il-38 May*
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 1 sqn with Tu-142M/MR Bear F/J*
AIRCRAFT TRANSPORT
FTR 121: 63 MiG-29 Fulcrum; 58 Su-27 Flanker 2 sqn with An-12 Cub; An-26 Curl
Russia 201

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Direct Reporting Commands


AIRCRAFT
ASW 14 Tu-142M/MR Bear F/J* Long-Range Aviation Command
MP 15 Il-38 May* Flying hours: 80–100 hrs/yr
TPT An-12 Cub (MR/EW); An-26 Curl FORCES BY ROLE
HELICOPTERS BOMBER
ASW Ka-27 Helix 6 sqn with Tu-22M3/MR Backfire C
TPT • Medium Ka-29 Helix; Mi-8 Hip 3 sqn with Tu-95MS Bear
1 sqn with Tu-160 Blackjack
Naval Infantry EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FORCES BY ROLE AIRCRAFT
MANOEUVRE BBR 251: 172 Tu-22M/M-3/MR Backfire C; 32 Tu-95MS6
Mechanised Bear; 31 Tu-95MS16 Bear; 16 Tu-160 Blackjack
1 naval inf bde (1 tk bn, 3 inf bn, 1 arty bn) Transport Aviation Command
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

1 naval inf regt


Flying hours 60 hrs/year

Russia
Coastal Defence FORCES BY ROLE
FORCES BY ROLE TRANSPORT
2 sqn with An-124 Condor
MANOEUVRE
1 flt with An-12BK Cub
Other
1 sqn with An-22 Cock
1 coastal def bde
13 sqn with Il-76MD Candid
Military Air Force EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT • TPT 157 Heavy 151: 12 An-124 Condor;
3rd Air Force & Air Defence Command 21 An-22 Cock (Under MoD control); 118 Il-76MD/MF
(ex 11th & elms 14th AF and AD Army) Candid Medium 6 An-12BK Cub
FORCES BY ROLE
FIGHTER
Paramilitary 474,000
3 sqn with MiG-29 Fulcrum Federal Border Guard Service ε160,000
3 sqn with MiG-31 Foxhound active
4 sqn with Su-27SM2 Flanker; Su-30M2 Directly subordinate to the president; now reportedly
GROUND ATTACK all contract-based personnel
4 sqn with Su-24M/M2 Fencer FORCES BY ROLE
5 sqn with Su-25 Frogfoot 10 regional directorates
ISR MANOEUVRE
3 sqn with Su-24MR Fencer-E Other
TRANSPORT 7 frontier gp
2 sqn with An-12 Cub/An-24 Coke/An-26 Curl/Tu- EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
134 Crusty/Tu-154 Careless AIFV/APC (W) 1,000 BMP/BTR
ATTACK HELICOPTER ARTY • SP 90: 122mm 2S1 Carnation; 120mm 2S12;
2 sqn with Mi-24 Hind 120mm 2S9 Anona
1 sqn (forming) with Ka-52A Hokum B PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 7
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER FRIGATES • FFGHM 7 Nerey (Krivak III) each with
5 sqn with Mi-8 Hind/Mi-26 Halo 1 twin Inchr with Osa-M (SA-N-4 Gecko) naval SAM,
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 2 quad 533mm TT Inchr, 2 RBU 6000 Smerch 2 Inchr,
(capacity 1 Ka-27 Helix A ASW hel; 1 100mm)
AIRCRAFT
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 220
FTR 104: 60 MiG-29 Fulcrum; 44 MiG-31 Foxhound
CORVETTES • FSM 3: 1 Albatros (Grisha II); 2 Albatros
FGA 130: 70 Su-24M Fencer; 10 Su-24M2 Fencer; 48
(Grisha III)
Su-27SM2 Flanker; 2 Su-30M2
PCM 46:
ATK 72 Su-25 Frogfoot 2 Molnya II (Pauk II) each with 1 quad Inchr with SA-
ISR 28 Su-24MR Fencer-E* N-5 Grail naval SAM, 2 twin 533mm TT Inchr, 2 RBU
TPT 22 An-12 Cub/An-24 Coke/An-26 Curl; 1 Tu- 1200 Inchr, 1 76mm
134 Crusty; 1 Tu-154 Careless 27 Svetljak (Svetlyak) each with 1 quad Inchr with SA-
HELICOPTERS N-5 Grail naval SAM, 2 single 406mm TT, 1 76mm
ATK 32: 24 Mi-24 Hind; 8 Ka-52A Hokum B 17 Molnya I (Pauk I) each with 1 quad Inchr with SA-
TPT 48 Heavy 4 Mi-26 Halo Medium 56 Mi-8 Hip N-5 Grail naval SAM, 4 single 406mm TT, 1 76mm
AD • SAM S-300P (SA-10 Grumble) PHT 2 Antares (Muravey)
202 The Military Balance 2012

PCO 9: 8 Project 503 (Alpinist); 1 Sprut Other


PSO 4 Komandor 1 (Presidential) gd regt
PCC 13 Tarantul (Stenka)
PB 70: 9 Project 14310 (Mirazh); 27 Type 1496; 12 Grif Railway Troops (MOD) ε50,000
(Zhuk); 2 Antur; 17 Kulik; 3 Terrier
Federal Communications and Information
PBR 35: 3 Ogonek; 8 Piyavka; 15 Shmel; 7 Moskit (Vosh);
Agency ε55,000 active
2 Slepen (Yaz)
PBF 38: 1 A-125; 2 Enforcer II; 6 Mangust; 1 Mustang FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE
(Project 18623); 15 Saygak; 12 Sobol; 1 Sokzhoi
Other
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 42:
4 paramilitary corps
AO 1 Baskunchak
28 paramilitary bde
AK 10 Neon Antonov
AKSL 6 Kanin Federal Agency for Special Construction
AGS 2 Yug (primarily used as patrol ships) (MOD) ε50,000
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

AGB 5 Ivan Susanin (primarily used as patrol ships)


ATF 18 Sorum (primarily used as patrol ships) Cyber
AIRCRAFT • TPT ε86: 70 An-24 Coke/An-26 Curl/An-72 Russia does not yet have a ‘Cyber Command’ as such
Coaler/Il-76 Candid/Tu-134 Crusty/Yak-40 Codling; 16 SM- but it has developed capacity in this area and has
92 incorporated the cyber domain into existing doctrines
HELICOPTERS: ε200 Ka-28 (Ka-27) Helix ASW/Mi-24 of information warfare. Until 2003, activities within the
Hind Atk/Mi-26 Halo Spt/Mi-8 Hip Spt cyber domain were the responsibility of the Russian
SIGINT agency, FAPSI. In 2003, this agency was
Interior Troops 200,000 active abolished and its responsibilities divided between the
FORCES BY ROLE Defence Ministry and the internal security service (FSB),
7 Regional Commands: Central, Urals, North Caucasus, with the latter having responsibility for investigating
Volga, Eastern, North-Western and Siberian cyber crime. Moscow State University’s Institute for
MANOEUVRE Information Security Issues conducts research on
Other technical issues including cryptography and counts the
5 (special purpose) paramiltiary div (ODON) with 2–5 General Staff and the FSB among its clients.
paramilitary regt
6 paramilitary div Deployment
10 (special designation) paramilitary bde (OBRON)
with 3 mech bn, 1 mor bn Armenia
19 indep paramilitary bde Army 3,214; 2 MR bde; 74 MBT; 330 AIFV; 14 APC (T)/APC
65 paramilitary regt (bn – incl special motorised units) (W); 68 SP/towed arty; 8 mor; 8 MRL; 1 base
Aviation Military Air Forces 1 sqn with 18 MiG-29 Fulcrum; 2 AD
bty with S-300V (SA-12A Gladiator); 1 AD bty with SA-6
1 gp
Gainful; 1 air base at Yerevan
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 9 Belarus
AIFV/APC (W) 1,650 BMP-1/BMP-2/BTR-80 Strategic Deterrent Forces • Warning Forces 1 radar
ARTY 35 station at Baranovichi (Volga system; leased)
TOWED 122mm 20 D-30 Navy 1 Naval Communications site
MOR 120mm 15 PM-38 BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
HELICOPTERS • ATK 4 Mi-24 Hind OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 3

Federal Security Service ε4,000 active Côte D’Ivoire


(armed) UN • UNOCI 11 obs
Cdo  unit (incl Alfa and Vympel units) Democratic Republic of the Congo
Federal Protection Service ε10,000–30,000 UN • MONUSCO 30 obs
active Georgia
Org include elm of ground forces (mech inf bde and AB Army 7,000; Abkhazia 1 MR bde; South Ossetia 1 MR bde;
regt) Military Air Forces some atk hel
FORCES BY ROLE
Gulf of Aden
MANOEUVRE
Navy 1 DDGHM; 1 AORL; 1 ATF
Mechanised
1 mech inf regt Kazakhstan
Air Manoeuvre Strategic Deterrent Forces • Warning Forces 1 radar
1 AB regt station at Balkash (Dnepr system; leased)
Russia 203

Kyrgyzstan Syria
Military Air Forces ε500; 5 Su-25 Frogfoot; 2 Mi-8 Hip spt hel Army/Navy 150; 1 naval facility under renovation at
Tartus
Liberia
UN • UNMIL 4 obs Tajikistan
Army 5,000; 1 mil base (subord Volga-Ural MD) with (1
Middle East
MR div (201st – understrength); 54 T-72; 300 BMP-2/BTR-
UN • UNTSO 4 obs 80/MT-LB; 100 2S1/2S3/2S12/9P140 Uragan
Moldova/Transdnestr Military Air Forces 5 Su-25 Frogfoot; 4 Mi-8 Hip
Army ε1,500 (including 335 peacekeepers); 2 MR bn; 100 Ukraine
MBT/AIFV/APC;
Navy • Coastal Defence • 13,000 including Naval Infantry
Military Air Forces 7 Mi-24 Hind; some Mi-8 Hip (Marines) 1,100; 102 AIFV/APC: 24 arty
Serbia Navy Black Sea Fleet 1 Fleet HQ located at Sevastopol:
OSCE • Kosovo 2 Strategic Deterrent Forces. Warning Forces; 2 radar
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

stations located at Sevastopol (Dnepr system, leased) and


South SUDAN Mukachevo (Dnepr system, leased).

Russia
UN • UNMISS 135; 6 obs; 1 hel coy
Western Sahara
Sudan
UN • MINURSO 21 obs
UN • UNISFA 1 obs
204 The Military Balance 2012

Table 17 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Russia


Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Bulava 30 (SS- SLBM n.k. n.k. RUS n.k. n.k. n.k. In development. For Borey-class SSBN
NX-32)
Almaz-Antey SAM n.k. n.k. RUS n.k. n.k. 2011 Bty formations. Delivery believed to
Tor-M2 (SA-15 be under way
Gauntlet)
Buk-M2 (SA-17 SAM n.k. n.k. RUS n.k. n.k. 2011 To replace Buk-M1-2 systems in
Grizzly) service with army AD. Anticipated
delivery in 2011–12
S-400 Triumf (SA- SAM 18 bn n.k. RUS n.k. n.k. 2010 Two regiments each of two bn
21 Growler) now operational, deliveries behind
schedule, two more regiments
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

planned to be equipped in 2012


Pantsir-S1 AD n.k. n.k. RUS KBP n.k. 2011 Now entering service in small
numbers
Project 955 Borey SSBN 4 R39 bn for RUS Sevmash 1996 n.k. Lead vessel launched Feb 2008;
first vessel Shipyard remains in test. Second entered sea
trials October 2011
Project 885M SSN 6 R224 bn RUS Sevmash 1993 2012 Construction of second vessel began
Yasen Shipyard 2009. First vessel launched Jun 2010,
expected ISD 2012. Delayed for
financial reasons
Project 22350/ FFGHM 1 US$400m RUS Severnaya 2005 2012 Navy estimates need for up to 20
Admiral Gorshkov Verf Shipyard vessels by 2015. First vessel ISD
expected 2012
Project 20380/ FFGHM 4 n.k. RUS Severnaya n.k. 2009 First two vessels delivered. Third
Steregushchiy- Verf Shipyard (Boiky) launched April 2011; expected
class ISD 2012. Three more in build (one an
improved class). Up to 20 planned
Project 11356M/ FFGHM 3 n.k. RUS Yantar, 2010 2013 Three vessels in build for Black
Admiral Kaliningrad Sea Fleet. Three more ordered, but
Grigorovich class construction not yet under way. First
(Krivak IV) ISD expected 2013
Project 21631 FSG 5 n.k. RUS Zelenodolsk 2010 n.k. For Caspian Flotilla. Three vessels
Buyan-M Shipyard currently in build
Mistral LHD 4 See notes FRA DCNS/STX 2011 2013 EUR1.2 bn (US$1.62 bn) for first two
vessels Two to be built in FRA; Two
in RUS
Project 21820/ LCU 5 See notes RUS Volga 2005 2012 R200m (US$69m) for initial contract
Dyugon Shipyard of one vessel. Laid down 2006;
launched July 2009. Expected ISD
2012. Four more ordered and in build
Project 11982/ AGOR 2 n.k. RUS Yantar 2009 2012 First vessel launched May 2011;
Seliger Shipyard expected ISD 2012. Second vessel
expected 2014. For Baltic Fleet
Project 21300/ ARS 1 n.k. RUS Admiralty 2005 2013 Keel first laid in 2005; R11.5 bn
Igor Belousov Shipyards contract signed in Nov 2011 for
completion
Tu-160 Blackjack Bbr ac 15 _ RUS UAC 2007 2012 Upgrade of Tu-160 fleet, programme
upgrade behind schedule
Su-34 Fullback FGA ac 32 US$864m RUS Sukhoi 2008 n.k. Seven delivered, with remainder due
for delivery by end of 2013 (date
appears unlikley to be met)
Su-35S Flanker FGA ac 48 n.k. RUS Sukhoi 2009 2015 Upgrade with improved radar and
more powerful engines
Su-27SM3 FGA ac 12 n.k. RUS Sukhoi 2009 2011 Combined with above deal in
contract worth US$2.5bn
Yak-130 AJT Trg ac 12 n.k. RUS Yakolev 2005 2015 Twelve ordered in 2005, further 65 in
(Advanced Jet 2011-20 state armament programme
Trainer)
Ka-52 Hokum-B Atk Hel 30 n.k. RUS Progress 2008 2009 Twin-seat version of Ka-50 Black
Shark For air force. Final delivery 2012
Chapter Six
Asia
Asia’s arms dynamic its armed forces. India’s Medium Multi-Role Combat
Aircraft (MMRCA) competition has been called ‘the
Each year, statistics in The Military Balance highlight mother of all deals’, but the planned procurement of
a significant and continuing shift in the distribution new aircraft carriers, submarines, guided weapons,
of relative military strength away from the West and artillery and space assets will also be key in building
towards Asia. While economic problems are under- India’s broader military capabilities (see p. 216).
mining defence spending in the US and European Developments in other regional states are also
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

countries, Asia is becoming increasingly militarised. significant. Japan aims to develop major military plat-
In a regional context of strategic uncertainty, many forms, even though its defence spending remains stag-
Asian countries’ sustained rapid economic growth is nant. Tokyo’s revised National Defence Programme
providing substantially increased resources for their Guidelines, issued in December 2010, and its August
armed forces. Asian states’ growing defence budgets 2011 Defence White Paper have highlighted Tokyo’s
are being used to purchase increasingly sophisti- concerns over China’s military modernisation and
cated conventional military systems that poten- Beijing’s assertiveness in the East and South China

Asia
tially provide armed forces in the region with the Seas, as well as worries about North Korea’s nuclear
capacity to locate and destroy targets at longer ranges programme and provocative behaviour. Tokyo is
and with greater accuracy. Asian nations are also emphasising the development of its air and naval
expanding their capacities to deploy more substantial forces. The F-X fighter competition is a core near-
forces over greater distances. New equipment does term acquisition for the air force, but other crucial
not automatically translate into better military capa- programmes include expansion of Japan’s submarine
bilities, but when supplemented by developments in force and the construction of large helicopter carriers.
doctrine, training, C4ISR, logistic support and joint- South Korea’s military modernisation is
service operations – in circumstances in which local proceeding rapidly, with a similarly strong emphasis
defence industries are increasingly able to adapt, inte- on enhancing air and naval capabilities while main-
grate and sometimes produce advanced systems for taining a powerful army. Deterrence of North Korean
national purposes – it is apparent that many Asian aggression remains the armed forces’ primary oper-
armed forces are improving their all-round capabili- ational goal as they prepare to assume wartime
ties. operational control of both US and South Korean
forces on the Korean peninsula in 2015. However,
Military modernisation proceeds Seoul’s defence planners may also be thinking about
Clearly China and India, the region’s two major wider roles. The ROK navy is known to be plan-
emerging economies and aspirant powers, want to ning to defend Seoul’s territorial claims in the East
procure and indigenously develop advanced military Sea against the growing naval power of China and
systems and improve the effectiveness of their armed Japan. The air force continues to replenish its combat
forces, and they support expanding defence budgets inventory with F-15K long-range strike aircraft, and
for these purposes. In the past year, much media will order a further 40–60 new aircraft under the
coverage has focused on developments in China’s F-X-III programme. In the longer term, Korea plans to
People’s Liberation Army (PLA), notably its aircraft develop an indigenous fighter aircraft, the KF-X, for
carrier and J-20 fifth-generation combat-aircraft service after 2020.
programmes. However, other aspects of the PLA’s Taiwan’s defence thinking remains almost entirely
expanding capabilities, such as its anti-ship missile focused on maintaining a deterrent to Chinese mili-
and submarine programmes (see p. 211), are perhaps tary adventurism aimed at intimidating or occupying
more strategically significant, particularly for the US the island, which Beijing views as a renegade prov-
Navy. New Delhi, meanwhile, is providing substan- ince. During 2011, Taipei’s continued efforts to nego-
tially increased funding to develop the capabilities of tiate new defence contracts with the US caused some
206 The Military Balance 2012

Korean tensions remain high 50 missiles will be deployed on Yeonpyeong and Baeng-
The Korean peninsula has remained tense after North nyeong in 2012. Other measures include the upgrading
Korea’s sinking of the South Korean corvette Cheonan of P-3C maritime patrol aircraft and the purchase of 40
in March 2010 and its shelling of Yeonpyeong Island in Surion amphibious assault helicopters, built locally but
November 2010. Regional and international concerns developed jointly with Eurocopter.
also continue over Pyongyang’s nuclear-weapons and In March 2011, the ROK’s defence ministry announced
ballistic-missile programmes. a 73-point military reform plan aimed at strengthening
The 2010 provocations exposed weaknesses in the its armed forces’ deterrent capacity, including ‘early in-
armed forces of the Republic of Korea (ROK), particularly troduction of spy drones and stealth fighters’. At the IISS
in joint operations and anti-submarine warfare. With fur- Shangri-La Dialogue in Singapore in early June 2011, ROK
ther aggressive moves feared as the North’s armed forces Minister of National Defence Kim Kwan-jin said that Seoul
attempted to legitimise Kim Jong-il’s son and eventual would deliver ‘immediate and strong punishment’ in re-
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

successor, Kim Jong-un, the South Korean national as- sponse to any further provocation from Pyongyang. For
sembly decided to fortify Yeonpyeong, and in December detailed analysis of North Korean military capabilities,
2010 it approved funding to purchase Israeli-made Spike see the IISS Strategic Dossier, North Korean Security Chal-
GPS-guided missile systems. According to Yonhap, about lenges: a net assessment, published in July 2011.

friction. Taipei has been requesting F-16C/D combat will also cooperate with South Korea on Seoul’s KF-X
aircraft since 2006, to help maintain the credibility of aircraft programme.
the island’s armed forces in the face of both growing Malaysia had planned substantial military
Chinese military capabilities and Washington’s wish procurement under the 2011–15 Tenth Malaysia Plan.
not to be responsible for Taiwan’s defence. However, However, the 2012 budget was announced in October
the US has been anxious not to exacerbate its uneasy 2011 against a backdrop of strengthened political
strategic relations with Beijing. After blocking a opposition and the government’s recognition of the
renewed request from Taipei in June 2011 for 66 need to focus on social and developmental goals. As a
F-16C/Ds, Washington announced in September that result, it indicated slightly reduced defence spending.
it would instead sell Taiwan an upgrade programme Procurement projects were also postponed, including
for 145 F-16A/B aircraft acquired during the 1990s. the Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA) intended to
replace the air force’s MiG-29 fighters. Nevertheless,
Southeast Asia Malaysia has deployed two Scorpene submarines
that were delivered in 2009–10 and are now moving
Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and towards operational capability. Supplementary
Vietnam are all investing rising defence budgets in defence funding of US$166m approved in August
improving air and naval capabilities. Their rationales 2011 was largely intended to support the submarines.
are diverse and complex, ranging from generalised Singapore’s defence spending remains the highest
concern over regional uncertainty to more specific in Southeast Asia and its armed forces the best
concerns over relations with neighbouring states. equipped, reflecting the government’s acute aware-
In April 2011, Indonesia’s navy successfully test- ness of the city-state’s distinct lack of strategic depth
launched a Russian-built Yakhont (3M-55/SS-N-26) and vulnerabilities in relation to potential regional
supersonic anti-ship missile, indicating its efforts to threats. The introduction into service of F-15SG
develop a sea-denial capability within its extensive combat aircraft and two Archer-class (ex-Swedish
archipelago, as a result of concerns over potential Västergötland-class) submarines, the first of which
intervention or interference by larger powers as well arrived in Singapore in August 2011, will substan-
rivalry with sub-regional peers, notably Malaysia. tially enhance the capabilities of the air force and
Indonesia’s defence industry is also collaborating navy respectively. But the Singapore Armed Forces
with Chinese companies on the C-705 and C-802 anti- are a balanced and highly integrated force, and
ship missiles. Another indication of Indonesia’s naval incremental re-equipment of army units with new
ambitions is its order for three new submarines from armoured vehicles and artillery continues.
South Korea in January 2012, following a bilateral Between October 2008 and May 2010, Thailand’s
defence MoU signed in September 2011. Indonesia armed forces were involved in sporadic border clashes
Asia 207

with those of neighbouring Cambodia, and there expand its overall Su-27/30 fleet to around 60 aircraft,
were also border tensions with Myanmar. Thailand is when delivered. Such forces are small compared with
also increasingly interested in protecting its extensive the PLA, but they may eventually be large enough to
maritime interests, and during 2011 a major defence complicate China’s military calculations.
issue was the navy’s plan to acquire as many as six Australia watches China’s growing military reach
submarines. Although the defence ministry returned warily, despite the close economic relations between
the navy’s bid for re-drafting in September 2011, it the two countries. Part of Canberra’s response to the
still seems likely that funding will be provided for pervasive strategic uncertainty of its region has been
the submarine procurement during Fiscal Year 2012. to enhance defence ties with the US, notably through
Meanwhile, the Royal Thai Air Force declared in July a September 2011 agreement that will allow greater
2011 that its six Gripen combat aircraft and associated US use of military bases in Australia and the prepo-
Erieye AEW platform had reached Phase 1 of opera- sitioning of US military equipment there. However,
tional capability. Under Phase 2 of the programme, under plans set out in the 2009 Defence White Paper
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

a further six fighters are scheduled to be in service the Australian Defence Force (ADF) is set to benefit
by 2013. A planned Phase 3 will see the integration of from a series of capability enhancements, including
Saab RBS-15F anti-ship missiles, giving the Gripens a a doubling of the navy’s submarine fleet in the long
maritime-strike capability. term and the acquisition of 100 F-35 joint strike
Vietnam is concerned about China’s renewed fighters. In June 2011 it was announced that an ADF
assertiveness towards its territorial claims in the Posture Review would be finalised early in 2012 and
South China Sea. Hanoi is making serious efforts would provide the context for the next defence white

Asia
to improve its naval and air capabilities. Central paper, scheduled for early 2014.
to plans for enhanced maritime capability are six
Project 636MV Kilo-class submarines, due for delivery The dangers of arms competition
between 2014 and 2017. In 2009–10, Hanoi also Concerns over China’s growing power and asser-
ordered 20 more Su-30MK combat aircraft; these will tiveness, doubts over the future US strategic role,

South China Sea tensions parent naval competition. In June 2011, China staged an
Gunboat diplomacy and brief confrontations between anti-submarine-warfare exercise off Hainan Island, one of
naval, paramilitary and civilian vessels continued in the six major exercises held by the People’s Liberation Army
South China Sea during 2011. Vietnam and the Philip- Navy (PLAN) that month. Beijing denied that these had
pines accused China several times of harassing their civil- anything to do with maritime disputes. More bellicose
ian oil-exploration vessels. Beijing, meanwhile, accused rhetoric paralleled these activities at sea. Editorials in
Vietnam’s navy of chasing away its civilian vessels. It also China’s state-run media in June and July claimed that ‘if
reiterated its right to patrol its ‘sovereign waters’ through- Vietnam wants to start a war, China has the confidence
out the South China Sea and prevent unauthorised re- to destroy invading Vietnam battleships’, and that ‘no-one
source exploitation there. should underestimate China’s resolve to protect every
Most of the reported incidents involved paramilitary inch of its territories’. Vietnam, in turn, allowed rare pro-
rather than naval vessels. China is making a concerted effort tests condemning China’s activities in the South China
to expand its maritime paramilitary forces, especially the Sea. These continued for nearly three months between
China Marine Surveillance (CMS) organisation controlled by June and August.
the State Oceanic Administration. Sun Shuxian, deputy di- In an attempt at dispute resolution, guidelines were
rector of the CMS, said in May 2011 that the agency would agreed in July 2011 to implement a 2002 Declaration of
expand its fleet by 36 vessels over the next five years and Conduct and a six-point Sino-Vietnamese agreement
recruit 1,000 more personnel. Increased patrolling by the reached in October. However, these agreements failed
CMS, along with the Fisheries Law Enforcement Command to advance the previous Declaration of Conduct, which
and the Maritime Safety Administration, have greatly ex- itself was non-binding and vague. Naval competition
panded China’s maritime footprint in the South China Sea. in the South China Sea is therefore likely to continue as
Nonetheless, naval activity has also increased. Live- procurements such as the purchase of submarines by
fire exercises in the sea by both China and Vietnam have Vietnam and Malaysia are made in an attempt to offset
heightened regional concerns about these countries’ ap- China’s improving surface capabilities.
208 The Military Balance 2012

anxiety over North Korea’s behaviour and renewed or above potential, concerns in Asia have centred on
worries over Taiwan’s security – all of these factors economic overheating and rising inflation, which was
allow Asian governments to justify increases to their projected to increase from a regional average of 3.85%
defence budgets. What makes contemporary Asian in 2009 to 7.72% in 2011.
military modernisation programmes potentially Growth in 2010 was highest in East Asia (aver-
dangerous is that they often reflect unspoken efforts aging 7.8%) and Southeast Asia (7.2%), led by
to hedge against the assumed ulterior motives of double-digit rates in China, Taiwan and Singapore
other regional players. This risks destabilising inter- (10.3%, 10.8% and 14.5% in 2010 respectively) on the
action between defence strategies, doctrines and back of high investment expenditure and private
capability-development programmes. consumption. Similar factors drove growth in
China’s strategists are thinking about how to Indonesia (6.1%), while the rebound in global trade
apply military power not just in relation to Taiwan in manufactured goods in late 2010 contributed to
but also in relation to the country’s territorial claims growth in Hong Kong (6.8%), South Korea (6.1%)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

in the East and South China Seas. Some Southeast and much of Southeast Asia – including in Thailand
Asian states are upgrading their armed forces not (7.1%), the Philippines (7.6%), Malaysia (7.2%) and
on the basis of their declared anodyne ‘military Vietnam (6.8%). Southeast Asian economies were
modernisation’ plans, but because they want to deter projected by the IMF to grow an average 5.4% in
adventurism by China – and by each other – in the 2011, with East Asia averaging a slightly lower
South China Sea. South Korea’s defence planners 4.5%, due in part to the slowdown and supply-chain
think not just about a potential crisis on the penin- disruptions after the earthquake and tsunami in
sula, but also about Korea’s wider strategic interests Japan in March 2011.
in any post-unification scenario. And as China’s navy South Asia also barely noticed the economic slow-
expands its operations into the Indian Ocean, India down in advanced economies, growing by 5.2%
thinks increasingly in terms of balancing its major in 2008, 7.2% in 2009 and 6.8% in 2010. Increased
power rival. infrastructure spending played an important role
While enhanced conventional deterrence may in India’s 10% growth rate in 2010, which occurred
be the leitmotif of these developments, there is an despite fiscal consolidation and monetary tightening.
emphasis on developing capabilities that could By contrast, Pakistan experienced drags on its growth
be used offensively and possibly pre-emptively. (3.8% and 2.6% in 2010 and 2011) stemming from
Contemporary military developments in Asia do not several years of contracting infrastructure expen-
closely resemble classic arms races, such the pre-1914 diture, as well as the impact of severe floods in July
Anglo-German naval competition or the US–Soviet 2010 and September 2011. Demand for commodities
missile race of the 1960s. However, whether or not in fuelled strong performance in several Pacific econo-
technical terms they constitute an arms race, without mies, such as Papua New Guinea (7% and 9%) and
mechanisms to effectively mitigate inter-state tensions Australia (2.7% and 1.8%). Australia also enjoyed high
in the region there is a danger of these multiple sub- private investment in mining, which helped offset
regional military competitions themselves seriously the effects of Cyclone Yasi and floods in key mining
undermining regional security. and agricultural areas in Queensland in late 2010 and
early 2011.
Asia Defence Economics Central Asian economies continued their recovery
from the global financial crisis, with average regional
Macroeconomics & capital flows growth rising from 4.4% in 2009 to 6% in 2010 and
Asia experienced buoyant and broad-based economic a projected 7.3% in 2011. Output in non-commodity-
growth in 2010 and 2011, with strengthening based economies such as Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan
domestic consumption, rising exports, expansionary was lifted by higher trade, investment and remit-
fiscal policies and, in several cases, accommodating tances from an economically revived Russia, while
(but incrementally tightening) monetary environ- global energy and commodities demand spurred
ments. Unlike much of the developed world, output export growth in Kazakhstan (oil and base metals),
gaps (the difference between actual and potential Turkmenistan (natural gas), Uzbekistan (natural gas,
output) in many Asian economies narrowed consid- gold and cotton) and Mongolia (coal, copper and
erably. Indeed, with much of the region operating at gold). Central Asian governments continued to raise
Asia 209

Table 18 Asia Defence Expenditure 2010–11: Top 10 and Sub-Regional Breakdown1 (US$bn)
2010 % of Regional Total 2011 % of Regional Total Real % Change3
Top 10 Defence Spending Countries
China2 76.36 29.44% 89.76 30.54% 6.8%
Japan 53.55 20.64% 58.42 19.87% -0.1%
India 29.66 11.44% 31.88 10.85% -2.2%
Korea, South 25.49 9.83% 28.48 9.69% 1.7%
Australia 23.52 9.07% 27.68 9.41% 0.6%
Taiwan 9.30 3.59% 9.90 3.37% -2.7%
Singapore 8.40 3.24% 9.66 3.28% 1.7%
Thailand 4.82 1.86% 5.52 1.88% 5.2%
Indonesia 4.70 1.81% 5.42 1.84% 4.8%
Pakistan 4.47 1.73% 5.16 1.76% 2.2%
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Sub-Total 240.27 92.80% 271.88 92.47% 2.7%


Sub-Regional Expenditure Breakdown4
Central Asia 2.81 1.08% 3.49 1.19% 16.51%
East Asia 164.69 63.60% 186.57 63.45% 3.58%
South Asia 35.95 13.88% 39.19 13.33% -1.12%
Southeast Asia 28.19 10.89% 32.88 11.18% 4.85%
Australasia 25.45 9.83% 29.94 10.18% 0.61%

Asia
Total 258.96 294.04 3.15%
1
Current prices and exchange rates. Analysis excludes Lao PDR, Mongolia and North Korea due to incomplete data.
2
The figures for China only include central government expenditures. Local government defence-related spending is included in Table XXI.
3
Percentage-change figures reflected in this column are calculated in real terms (i.e. constant 2010 prices and exchange rates). They will thus differ
from any percentage-change calculations made based on defence expenditure figures contained in the rest of the table, which are based on
current prices and current exchange rates.
4
For this table, sub-regional groupings as follows: Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), East Asia (China,
Japan, South Korea and Taiwan), South Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka), Southeast Asia (Brunei, Cambodia,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam) and Australasia (Australia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea and New Zealand).

infrastructure and social spending, to cushion the Regional defence expenditure


impact of the financial crisis. This fiscal expansion However, the elevated growth rates across Asia
has been supported by elevated commodity prices, have not necessarily translated into equivalent
IMF credit facilities (in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan), increases in defence spending. Although regional
as well as loan agreements with China (Tajikistan, defence expenditure rose by 13.5% in nominal
Turkmenistan and Mongolia). terms – from US$258.96bn in 2010 to US$294.04bn
A reallocation of investor portfolios away from in 2011 (see Table 18) – these nominal amounts
poorly performing advanced economies saw strong significantly overestimate the actual percentage
capital inflows into high-growth emerging Asian increase, because of rising inflation and currency
economies. In 2010, these exceeded their pre-crisis appreciation across the region. In 2010–11, the
highs. Inflows were also driven by ‘risk-on’ trades in US dollar declined in value against 20 out of 28
currency markets during periodic bouts of increased regional currencies, depreciating by an average of
investor risk appetite, causing emerging market equi- 5.8%. Discounting for these exchange-rate effects,
ties in Asia to soar in 2010, with bourses in Indonesia, the nominal increase in defence spending was 7.5%.
the Philippines and Thailand recording stellar stock Much of this was eroded by rising inflation, leaving
performances; while Malaysia, India and South the real-terms change in regional defence spending
Korea absorbed large inflows relative to their total a more moderate 3.15%.
market capitalisation. Equity issuance reached record This 3% average masks more volatile fluc-
highs in China, while Indonesia and South Korea tuations in expenditure in individual countries.
were among the top destinations for global bond Large real annual increases in excess of 20% were
investments. These inflows resulted in widespread seen in Afghanistan (where spending more than
currency appreciation across the region, including in doubled), the Philippines, Malaysia, Kazakhstan and
Australia, Indonesia and South Korea. Kyrgyzstan (although increases in the last two partly
210 The Military Balance 2012

3.0 2.83 2.79


2.72
2.59 2.53 2.60
2.37 2.38
2.5 2.27

1.94
2.0
% of GDP

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Figure 7 South and Central Asia Regional Defence Expenditure as % of GDP

1.41 1.45 1.44 1.42 1.43 1.43 1.47 1.44


1.5 1.37 1.41

1.2

0.9
% of GDP

0.6

0.3

0.0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Figure 8 East Asia and Australasia Regional Defence Expenditure as % of GDP

reflect base effects, where spending has been very Overall, with a real increase in spending of 3.58%
low and any increase looks substantial). Significant in 2011, East Asia dominated regional expendi-
real increases also occurred in Papua New Guinea ture (making up 63.45% of the total); while strong
(15.6%), Thailand (5.2%), China (6.8%) and Vietnam expenditure growth of 4.85% in Southeast Asia saw
(4.5%). Conversely, real expenditure fell in Fiji (-9.0%), its regional share of regional expenditure rise from
Bangladesh (-7.8%) and Sri Lanka (-5.1%). 10.89% to 11.18% in 2011. Even larger increases in
With total planned expenditure of the top ten excess of 16% were reported in Central Asia (the
defence-spending countries rising to US$271.9bn (a continued opacity of governmental accounts makes
real increase of 2.7%), these states continued to domi- trends in the sub-region difficult to assess accurately),
nate regional expenditure, accounting for 92.47% of and the region now makes up around 1.2% of total
all spending in the region. Indeed, the top five coun- Asian defence spending. South Asia was the only
tries (China, Japan, India, South Korea and Australia) sub-region in Asia to experience a real-terms decline
accounted for more than 80% of the total regional in expenditure, with its 1.12% spending reduction
defence spend (see Table 18). China, the region’s top partly reflecting the corrosive effects of higher infla-
spender, increased its share of regional expenditure tion (which rose from 6.81% in 2009 to a forecast
to above 30%, while Japan and India saw their shares 10.15% in 2011). This was the second-highest average
of the regional total fall below 20% and 11% respec- inflation rate across all Asian sub-regions, with the
tively. exception of Central Asia (12.17% in 2011).
Asia 211

East Asia South Asia


Taiwan Afghanistan 1.5%
5.31% Sri Lanka 4.8% Bangladesh 3.0%
South Korea Pakistan 12.5%
15.26%
Nepal
0.6%
China India
48.11% 77.5%

Japan
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

31.31%

Southeast Asia Australasia


Brunei 1.23%
Papua New Guinea 0.20% New Zealand 7.13%
Vietnam 8.10% Cambodia 0.91%
Fiji 0.22%
Indonesia 16.40%

Thailand 16.79%

Asia
Australia
Malaysia 13.82%
92.45%

Myanmar 6.21%

Singapore 29.40% Philippines 7.13%

Figure 9 Asia Defence Expenditure 2010–11: Sub-Regional Breakdown

China Despite its sometimes obscure language and


emphasis on ‘soft power’ roles, Beijing’s latest defence
China’s latest defence white paper, published in white paper makes clear that China is seeking to
March 2011, once again demonstrated that although prioritise acquisition of high-technology weaponry
the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) may be becoming and incrementally improve its power-projection
marginally more transparent, it remains cautious capabilities, even as it continues to maintain that its
about revealing details of its military programmes. armed forces are purely defensive.
Over the past decade, the international media and The PLA’s strategic priorities are gradually
other governments – notably the US through the shifting from defence of China’s borders to force
Pentagon’s annual report to Congress on military projection within East Asia and further afield,
and security developments in China – have stressed in order to secure sea lines of communication.
the PLA’s development of new capabilities, allowing According to the latest defence white paper, Beijing
it to project power more effectively over distance. plans by 2020 to deploy forces that will be capable
However, while the PLA’s development of combat of winning ‘local wars under the conditions of infor-
aircraft with stealth characteristics and launch of an mationization’ (in other words, successful joint
aircraft carrier have attracted much international operations enabled by modern technology, in a
attention, other countries’ defence planners are as contested regional environment). By 2050, Beijing
concerned by developments in China’s ballistic and aims to become a ‘peer competitor’ to the US. While
cruise missiles, its submarines, and its space and domestic upheaval or significant economic prob-
cyber-warfare capabilities. lems, or both, could deflect the PLA from achieving
212 The Military Balance 2012

these goals, current trends suggest they remain Naval power projection
within reach. Meanwhile, there appears to be increasing confi-
dence in Beijing and within the PLA about the mili-
Growing ambitions tary capabilities at their disposal. The PLA Navy
The public test flight in January 2011 of the J-20 (PLAN), in particular, is operating further from
aircraft, a symbol of China’s military modernisation, China’s coast. It has maintained a counter-piracy
demonstrated the country’s growing military-techno- mission in the Indian Ocean since December 2008.
logical competence. The test flight occurred during In February and March 2011, it went even further
a visit to Beijing by then-US Secretary of Defense afield, sending the Xuzhou, a Type 054A frigate that
Robert Gates and provided a reminder to Washington was on counter-piracy duties, to assist the evacua-
of China’s military development. Publication of the tion of nearly 36,000 Chinese citizens from Libya.
defence white paper followed soon afterwards. This was the first operation in the Mediterranean
Among the four goals for the PLA that it enumerated, in the PLAN’s history and, although the frigate
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

the white paper mentioned for the first time a desire was used only to escort civilian ferries, it was the
to ‘maintain world peace and stability’. This seemed first time a military asset had been used in a non-
to represent a step change from ambitions expressed combatant evacuation operation.
in previous white papers, being the first indication in China’s growing strategic confidence has also
a policy document of China’s intent to use its military been made apparent in its recent naval exercises.
power more often to further its regional and wider In April 2010 and June 2011 respectively, flotillas
international interests. sailed to the Western Pacific through the East China
The sea trials of China’s first aircraft carrier from Sea and Miyako Strait, conducting a variety of exer-
August 2011 may have demonstrated this intent. cises en route and showcasing some of China’s most
Three voyages in late 2011 took the former Soviet advanced ships and technologies. The latest excur-
carrier Varyag (yet to be renamed) into the Yellow sion of this possibly annual series involved at least 11
Sea off northeast China. The government said that vessels: three Sovremenny-class destroyers, four frig-
the vessel would only be used for ‘training and ates, an oiler, a tug, an electronic-intelligence vessel
research’, a statement that international observers and a submarine-rescue ship. (The presence of the
treated with some scepticism. Another indication of latter suggests there may have been sub-surface assets
the PLA’s growing power came in December 2010 as well; in 2010 two Kilo-class submarines surfaced
when Admiral Robert Willard, commander of US while passing through the strait.) This muscular
Pacific Command, reported that China’s DF-21D show of naval power cruised within 110km of the
anti-ship ballistic missile had attained initial opera- island of Miyako-Jima in Okinawa prefecture, within
tional capability. The DF-21D is widely seen as a Japan’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Japanese
‘carrier killer’, specifically designed to prevent photographs appeared to show an unmanned aerial
large naval vessels, presumably from the US and vehicle (UAV) in flight astern of one vessel, demon-
perhaps Japan, from approaching China’s littoral strating the utility of deployments for testing new
waters. equipment. The PLAN has also become increasingly

China’s Chengdu J-20: just how stealthy? front of the aircraft appears optimised for stealth, the
The J-20 aircraft, first flown in public in January 2011, rear appears considerably less stealthy. It appears to
showcases China’s ambitions to develop next-genera- have one main internal weapons bay in the main sec-
tion combat aircraft. Only the US F-22 can currently be tion of the fuselage and two smaller side-mounted bays.
classed as an in-service ‘fifth-generation fighter’, while A weapon in similar size and configuration to the PL-12
Russia’s T-50 programme shows Moscow’s aspirations. radar-guided medium range AAM, but with cropped
The J-20 design includes some low-observable charac- fins (indicative of a weapon intended for internal car-
teristics, such as the shape of its nose and forward fu- riage) has also been seen on the J-11. As yet there are
selage, edge alignment and its internal weapons bays. no indications of the aircraft’s ASM suite. Any significant
However, its delta-wing and canard layout, and specifi- problems in developing the weapons fit, avionics, radar
cally its canard-fuselage join, to some extent undermine and engines could delay the planned in-service date of
reduction in the aircraft’s radar signature. Although the around 2018.
Asia 213

active in exercises closer to home in the East China armies from the Beijing, Lanzhou and Chengdu mili-
and South China Seas. tary regions taking part. (Although the PLA ground
forces were predominant in the exercise, the air force
Capability gaps remain offered support, while PLA aviation transport assets
Despite the PLA’s aspirations, there are weaknesses were also involved.)
in China’s military capabilities. The technological Since the late 1990s, army reform has focused on
advances demonstrated by the J-20 and the Varyag building a smaller, more mobile force. This has been
are more modest than some alarmist analyses of partially achieved by reducing the size of the army;
China’s military development have suggested. The a stuttering process of forming modular battalions;
Varyag, for example, is an ageing vessel. Launched in developing more mobile armoured vehicles such
1988, her design is of the Soviet-era Kuznetsov class. as the Type-97/Type-04 (ZBD-97/ZBD-04) infantry
Although she has had various weapons systems fighting vehicles; and deploying information capa-
installed, including the HQ-10 surface-to-air missile, bilities such as digital radios and wireless networks
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

a 30mm gun and multi-rocket-launcher systems, it with infantry. Heavy armour has also seen limited
is unlikely that she could be used in a high-intensity improvements, with the Type-99 main battle tank
conflict. China does not yet have a fixed-wing combat deployed to selected battalions.
aircraft to operate from a carrier: the J-15, based on Army amphibious and naval marine units remain
the Russian Su-27, began test flights in July 2011, but a relatively small part of the overall PLA structure,
it remains a prototype. Doubts remain as to whether but this allows them to adopt new equipment and
China yet has in place all of the assets and capabilities modernise relatively quickly. Type-05 (ZBD-05)

Asia
necessary to form an effective carrier task group for amphibious armoured fighting vehicles have been
blue-water operations. deployed with the 1st brigade of the PLAN Marines
Moreover, while China’s defence industry has and with amphibious units of group armies in the
made strides in recent years to the extent that it can Nanjing and Guangzhou military regions. The PLA
develop armoured vehicles and conduct research into has also launched two Type 071 landing platform
high-technology equipment such as long-endurance docks, the largest ships in the navy. The second of
UAVs, Beijing still relies on external sources of defence these began sea trials in September 2011, and a third
technology to fill capability gaps. Orders in 2011 for is now under construction. Amphibious capabili-
Russian aircraft engines, one for 150 AL-31F engines ties remain constrained by a lack of air- and sea-lift,
for the J-11 and another for 120 AL-31FN engines for but this is receiving attention in training and exer-
the J-10, provided evidence of an enduring problem cises, suggesting an awareness that a highly trained
in the country’s defence industry. amphibious force is necessary, given China’s growing
The most significant near-term developments in emphasis on Asian regional contingencies rather than
PLA capabilities may be occurring as a result of the land-based border defence.
less-observed incremental changes in China’s ground However, launching effective expeditionary oper-
forces. These continue to receive substantial funding ations, particularly in contested areas, will require
and political support because of the army’s historical greater expertise in joint-service operations. It is ten
importance in China’s defence thinking. This is grad- years since the first major joint-service exercise on
ually changing: the fact that the 2010 defence white Dongshan Island. Since then, incremental exercises
paper noted that the army was merely the ‘first among have improved interoperability, and the creation
equals’ reflected the greater resources and prestige of Joint Logistics Departments in all seven mili-
accorded to the navy and air force. Nevertheless, tary regions during 2000, followed by the Theatre
Beijing is acutely aware that the most severe threats Joint Logistic Department in Jinan Military Region
to its stability are either internal – whether in the in 2007, has demonstrated intent to enhance capa-
form of ethnic unrest in its western provinces or from bilities across the services. However, Chinese forces
broader political-reform movements – or close to its have never been tested in significant joint-service
borders in North Korea, Taiwan and India. Hence the combat operations.
army remains the politically and financially domi- The PLA’s process of informationisation, devel-
nant service. The PLA’s first group-army-level exer- oping network-centric capabilities and situational
cise, Mission Action, in October 2010 reaffirmed the awareness, is aimed at improving joint-service opera-
importance of major land operations, with group tions. Space-based intelligence assets are seen as central
214 The Military Balance 2012

to the PLA’s ability to maintain real-time intelligence Defence economics


and disseminate information to units. There has been a China’s was the first major economy to react to the
busy launch schedule for dual-use satellites: seven were global financial crisis triggered by the September
launched during 2010, including the first five opera- 2008 collapse of Lehman Brothers; two months later
tional Beidou-2 vehicles, and a further two launches it announced a RMB4 trillion fiscal-stimulus package
were made in April and July 2011. These will eventu- (equivalent to US$585.5bn, or 12.7% of its 2008 GDP).
ally be part of a 35-satellite constellation designed to Designed to be disbursed over the course of 2009
provide China’s second-generation satellite navigation and 2010, this fiscal injection succeeded in achieving
system. Intended to match the United States’ Global a partial (or at least temporary) rebalancing of the
Positioning System (GPS) and Russia’s GLONASS, economy away from its export-oriented growth
China’s Compass Navigation Satellite System has the trajectory towards a more domestic demand-led
long-term goal of providing continuous, real-time approach, as evidenced by the decline in China’s
geospatial positioning and speed measurement. The current-account balance from 9.1% of GDP in 2008 to
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

military exploitation of these satellites will allow the 5.2% of GDP in 2010. Buoyed by the impact of this
PLA to enhance its situational awareness, improve aggressive government fiscal expansion, as well as
the accuracy of its guidance systems and continue to by increases in private consumption and net exports,
develop its network-centric warfare capabilities. 2010 economic growth rose to 10.3%, in a return to the
The PLA’s attempts to exploit force multipliers double-digit rates experienced during the pre-crisis
is also indicated in its use of cyber operations. period of 2001–07, when growth averaged 10.8%.
Verifiable information on China’s military cyber China’s official fiscal position remains healthy,
capabilities is hard to find, as deniability is a core with gross government debt between 2001 and 2009
goal of PLA cyber operations. Nonetheless, there has averaging just 18% of GDP – although IMF projections
been a series of attacks on commercial and govern- indicated that this would spike to 33% in 2010 as a
mental organisations, including Google, Lockheed result of the 2008 economic stimulus measures, before
Martin and the US Departments of Defense and returning to normal levels by 2013. However, China’s
State, that, among other incidents, led former CIA official figures do not present a complete picture of its
director Michael Hayden to note in October 2011 that public finances as they exclude off-budgetary items,
the US was subject to ‘a massive [cyber] campaign including elements of military expenditure that
being conducted by the Chinese government’. The remain obscure and difficult to quantify. In addition,
PLA set up a temporary ‘cyber blue team’, effec- Chinese local-government finances are likely to have
tively a training module rather than a military unit, deteriorated rapidly since 2008 due to the combined
in May 2011. This comprised 30 personnel from the effects of increased borrowings to finance outlays (as
Guangzhou Military Region and was designed to part of the 2008 stimulus) and diminished revenues
improve awareness of Internet security. It is tiny from land sales. The latter was due to restrictive regu-
when compared with the links that the PLA has latory measures adopted in January 2011 to cool a
developed with universities and commercial organ- nascent property-market bubble, which in 2010 had
isations involving thousands of unofficial ‘cyber contributed to a 10% average rise in property prices
militias’. One such organisation, Nanhao Group, in 70 major cities. These difficulties notwithstanding,
admitted to the Financial Times in October 2011 and despite a 15% increase in government expendi-
that ’all staff under the age of 30’ belong to a cyber ture during the year, China’s budget deficit narrowed
militia unit organised and maintained by the PLA from 2.9% of GDP in 2009 to 2.1% in 2010. This was
since 2005. Such militias may be relatively ineffec- due to an even larger 23% increase in tax revenues, a
tive and focused on dedicated denial-of-service consequence of higher prices and the strong economic
attacks (flooding or otherwise disabling an online performance outlined above.
resource to prevent legitimate users from accessing
it). However, their organisation demonstrates the Defence spending
PLA’s awareness of the importance of cyber warfare. These sustained growth rates have enabled large
Embracing information-based capabilities is a key increases in Chinese defence spending over the past
aspect of China’s military modernisation and will decade, with official defence expenditure in real terms
help it advance towards its goal of launching joint in 2011 running at more than two-and-a-half times its
operations using modern technology by 2020. 2001 levels (and 4.1 times higher in nominal terms,
Asia 215

Table 19 China Defence Budget Trends and Estimates1 (2008–10)


2008 2009 2010
China GDP (RMB bn) 31,405 34,090 39,798
China GDP Growth 9.6% 9.2% 10.3%
Official Defence Budget (RMB bn) 417.9 495.1 533.3
Nominal % Change 17.5% 18.5% 7.7%
Real % Change 9.0% 19.2% 1.8%
Official Defence Budget as a % of Total Outlays 6.6% 6.3% 5.9%
Official Defence Budget as a % of GDP 1.33% 1.45% 1.34%
Total Estimated Defence Spending (RMB bn) 577.8 671.8 753.4
Nominal % Change n.a. 16.3% 12.1%
Real % Change n.a. 17.0% 6.0%
Total Estimated Defence Spending as a % of Total Outlays 9.2% 8.5% 8.3%
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Total Estimated Defence Spending as a % of GDP 1.84% 1.97% 1.89%


Official Defence Budget (US$ bn, MER) 60.2 72.5 78.7
Total Estimated Defence Spending (US$ bn, MER) 83.3 98.4 111.1
Total Estimated Defence Spending (US$ bn, MER & PPP) 139.9 170.0 178.0
US$1=RMB (MER) 6.94 6.83 6.78
Source: China Statistical Yearbooks (2009–11) and Congressional Research Service, ‘Conventional Arms Transfers
to Developing Nations’ (2001–08, 2002–09 and 2003–10).
1
See previous editions of The Military Balance for further details on estimates, in particular editions from 2006, p.

Asia
249 and 2010, p. 392).

although this includes inflationary effects). Between to calculate China’s true military spending should
2001 and 2011, annual increases in the official Chinese include funds allocated to the People’s Armed Police
defence budget have averaged approximately 10.9% (PAP). As shown in Table 19, if estimates of these
in real terms (15.7% in nominal terms), indicating additional items of military-related expenditure are
that, on average, Chinese defence spending has been included, Chinese defence spending rises by a factor
increasing slightly faster than the overall economy, of approximately 1.4 relative to officially published
at 10.6%. Correspondingly, official defence spending figures, to an estimated RMB753.4bn (US$111.1bn)
as a proportion of GDP has increased from 1.29% in using market exchange-rate (MER) conversions.
2001 to 1.45% in 2009 (although China’s total military- However, when it comes to making international
related spending is likely to be closer to 2% of GDP comparisons of defence spending, the use of MERs
when other items of expenditure are incorporated; (determined in foreign-exchange markets) to esti-
see Table 19). However, annual increases in the offi- mate Chinese defence expenditure is likely to under-
cial defence budget have risen and fallen, with large state the true level of economic resources allocated
increases in spending (exceeding 15%) in 2002, 2006 towards defence; in general, US$1 purchases signifi-
and 2009, but much lower rates of increase (typically cantly more goods and services produced in China
less than 10%) in intervening years. For example, than MERs imply. Items such as food, material and
the largest annual real increase in official defence housing cost less in absolute and relative terms for
spending over the past decade was in 2009 (close to the PLA than for many Western militaries. Similarly,
20%). But this was followed in 2010 by the smallest weapons and equipment produced by domestic
increase – just 1.8% to US$78.8bn (RMB533.3bn), industries enable China to tap its lower-cost labour
despite the strong expansion in the economy. force and existing industrial infrastructure and
While official defence-budget figures may be supply chains to produce output at highly competi-
useful benchmarks of Chinese military expendi- tive costs, although China’s cost advantages prob-
ture, they probably underestimate the true extent of ably decrease when it comes to more technologically
defence spending. Although official figures include intensive R&D and production. Taking these factors
personnel, operations and equipment expenses, it is into account, Table 19 also estimates total Chinese
widely believed that they omit other military-related military expenditure using a combination of MER
expenditures, including weapons purchased from and Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) exchange rates, to
overseas and funding for R&D. In addition, attempts enable better international comparisons. The result is
216 The Military Balance 2012

that total Chinese military-related expenditure rose to concerns, combined with growing Indian and
an estimated US$178bn in 2010 – that is, the value of Chinese ambitions to ensure their sea lines of commu-
goods and services purchased by defence spending in nication, will require careful management by both
China is equivalent to the value of goods and services governments. Indian Defence Minister A.K. Antony,
purchased by US$178bn in the United States. controversially told the Indian Navy Commanders
Conference in October 2011 that the navy had been
Note: The use of PPP rates is a valid tool when ‘mandated to be a net security provider to island
comparing macroeconomic data, such as GDP, between nations in the Indian Ocean region’. However, he
countries at different stages of development. However, no earlier downplayed the potential for a clash with
specific PPP rate exists for the military sector, and its use for Beijing over the South China Sea when he told the
this purpose should be treated with caution. Furthermore, Indian national press in September 2011 that the
there is no definitive guide as to which elements of military ‘South China Sea is not our worry. Our worry is to
spending should be calculated using the limited PPP rates guard our own backyard and our core area is our
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

available. neighbouring island nations. We are more concerned


about areas around us and we are not the main
India players in the South China Sea.’ He also noted that
efforts were under way to manage more effectively
India continues to expand its defence capabilities, and the long-standing territorial dispute between India
has growing funds available to do so. Long-term prob- and China along the Line of Actual Control, and that
lems in defence-procurement practices still hamper the two states would establish a ‘mechanism’ to better
the delivery and induction of new equipment, but the handle ‘intrusions into each other’s territory’.
government continues efforts to reform procurement
while expanding the indigenous defence industry. Capability development
In this regard, 2012 will be an important year, with The sea trials of China’s first aircraft carrier, and the
progress expected towards the final purchase from PLAN’s broader re-equipment programme (see p.
Russia of the aircraft carrier Vikramaditya, the creation 212), are spurs to India’s naval developments.
of its air group (centred on MiG-29K combat aircraft), The INS Vikramaditya – formerly the Russian navy’s
possible commissioning of INS Arihant (a locally built Admiral Gorshkov – is now due to be handed over
ballistic-missile submarine) and advancement of to the navy in 2012, four years late and at substan-
the Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA) tially greater cost than was originally agreed in 2004
programme. (see The Military Balance 2011, p. 214). The navy also
intends to acquire two more aircraft carriers – the
Modernisation imperatives Project 71 ships – with the first entering service in
For New Delhi, India’s aspirations to great-power 2016. Presently its only carrier is the ageing INS Viraat
status, coupled with an uncertain regional secu- (ex-HMS Hermes), which is expected to remain in
rity environment, require military modernisation. service until 2020. The first of the Project 71 carriers
India shares land borders with six states, of which left its dry dock in December 2011 at Cochin Shipyard
two – China and Pakistan – present direct security in Kerala.
concerns. Continuing improvements in China’s mili- Indian naval aviation will be boosted by delivery
tary capability and concern over the security situation of the MiG-29K Fulcrums that will eventually form
in Pakistan remain the primary influences on India’s the core of the Vikramaditya’s air group. The initial 12
military planning. Indian defence planners also have single and four two-seat trainers are due for delivery
to contend with the demands of continuing domestic by the end of 2011. Delivery of a further 29 aircraft is
counter-insurgency operations. due to start in 2012. Meanwhile, the first Indian Navy
The potential for friction between New Delhi Boeing P-8I maritime patrol and anti-submarine-
and Beijing is shown by recent developments in the warfare aircraft flew for the first time in September
South China Sea, where India’s Oil and Natural Gas 2011; this will be handed over to the navy in 2013.
Corporation, working with Vietnam, is carrying out The navy’s submarine fleet is due to be bolstered in
exploratory drilling. Beijing contends this is a breach 2012 by the delivery – again following delay – of the
of its sovereignty. India is also concerned by Chinese INS Chakra, a Project 971 Akula-class boat leased from
naval activity in the Indian Ocean. Energy-security Russia. The year may also see the commissioning
Asia 217

of the navy’s first ballistic-missile submarine, INS Defence economics


Arihant, though when she will achieve operational With real economic growth rates exceeding 6% since
capability remains uncertain. The boat’s primary 2008, the Indian economy has so far largely escaped
armament is believed to be a 700km-range ballistic the effects of the global financial crisis. In 2010 it
missile under test for some ten years, and referred to grew by more than 10%. This sustained growth
variously as the Sagarika, K-15 or B-05. has meant that the government’s tax revenue rose
Should the Arihant and its missile complement by more than 40% between 2008 and 2011, an
become operational, and should this vessel’s missiles increase which has enabled the Ministry of Finance
be equipped with nuclear warheads, India will have to allocate more resources towards defence. The
a triad of nuclear delivery systems. However, there is FY2011/12 defence budget stands at INR1,644.15bn
conjecture that the ship is no more than a technology (US$35.6bn) – a 11.59% nominal-terms increase over
demonstrator. Meanwhile, India continues to develop the preceding year (see Table 20). However, much of
its land- and air-launched weapons systems, including this increase was eroded by inflation on the subcon-
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

those with possible nuclear capability. Flight tests tinent, which has averaged just above 10% annu-
of the Shourya, a land-based variant of the Sagarika, ally between 2008 and 2010. As a result, real defence
continued, with an October 2011 test reportedly using expenditure for FY2011/12 increased by only 3.4%
a missile from an initial production batch. A first test- over FY2010/11 levels, less than half the 7.8% growth
firing of the 5,000km+ range Agni V ballistic missile is projected for the Indian economy as a whole. As
reportedly planned for February 2012. Beijing would defence-spending growth fails, in real terms, to
be within the range of this weapon. keep up with the growth in the rest of the economy,

Asia
Flight testing of the Nirbhay subsonic cruise defence spending as a proportion of GDP also saw a
missile is also anticipated in 2012, although little is corresponding decline, accounting for just 1.88% of
known about this missile. An air-launched version is projected 2011 GDP, down from 2.32% in FY2009/10.
intended for integration with the air force’s Su-30MKI Defence spending as a proportion of total govern-
Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA), which would mental outlays has also fallen – from 13.84% of total
then be capable of conventional stand-off precision- outlays in FY2009/10 to 13.07% in FY2011/12. This
attack missions and possibly nuclear strike missions. reflects increased government spending on other
After repeated delays, the year could see testing of an priorities such as health, education and rural infra-
air-launched variant of the Brahmos supersonic cruise structure.
missile, which will also arm the Su-30MKI. While the Disaggregating the headline figures, the defence-
Brahmos has a cruise speed nearly three times that of related revenue budget (which allocates funding
the Nirbhay, the latter has more than three times the towards non-capital expenditure items such as
range. personnel, operations and maintenance) grew by 9%
Irrespective of the delays affecting the Vikramaditya in FY2011/12 to INR952.17bn (US$20.6bn), and 58% of
and Chakra, Russia remains India’s most important the defence budget), while capital expenditure (which
international defence partner. India is now involved in allocates funds towards items such as equipment
Russia’s Sukhoi T-50 fifth-generation fighter project, procurement and military infrastructure) rose by
with the air force now planning to take 166 single around 15% to INR691.98bn (US$14.98bn, and 42% of
and 48 two-seat variants. New Delhi and Moscow the budget). Significantly, the ratio between revenue
signed a preliminary design contract in December expenditure and capital expenditure has improved
2010 for what India refers to as its Fifth-Generation in recent years in favour of the latter, reflecting the
Fighter Aircraft (FGFA). The deal covers the design government’s greater focus on modernising the
of an Indian variant of the T-50, which is intended to armed forces. The improvement is largely due to the
meet the Russian air force’s PAK FA combat aircraft substantial increase in the capital acquisition budget,
requirement and is now being flight tested. India’s air which has grown by more than 25% to INR556.04bn
force wishes to bring the FGFA into service from 2017, (US$12bn). The air force has the largest acquisition
although this may be overly optimistic. Meanwhile, budget with INR283.55bn (US$6.1bn), followed by
it continues to expand its fleet of Su-30MKI aircraft. the army with INR141bn (US$3.1bn) and the navy
In mid-2010, the government ordered a further 42 with INR131.49bn US$2.8bn). (Note: service acqui-
Su-30MKIs, bringing the total number purchased to sition budgets indicated here include allocations for
272. both military and non-military capital expenditure,
218 The Military Balance 2012

Table 20 Indian Defence Expenditure by Function (FY2009/10–FY2011/12) (INR bn)


FY2010/11 FY2011/12
FY2009/10 Outturn Budget Estimate Budget Estimate
Personnel Expenditure
Wages and Salary Total (of which:)
Army Personnel1 369.0 321.9 352.1
Navy Personnel 26.6 24.5 27.8
Air Force Personnel 62.5 61.2 63.4
Joint Personnel 9.7 10.4 10.8
Civilian Personnel 51.6 45.0 54.3
Total Personnel Expenditure (excluding pensions) (% of total) 519.3 (36.6%) 463.1 (31.4%) 508.4 (30.9%)

Equipment Procurement Expenditure


Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Military Equipment2 (of which:)


Army 14.1 17.1 32.4
Navy 110.8 90.4 103.2
Air Force 121.2 152.4 220.7
Non-Military Equipment 162.8 201.1 192.4
Defence Ordnance Factories 17.4 2.5 −11.8
Total Equipment Procurement Expenditure (% of total) 426.2 (30.1%) 463.5 (31.5%) 537.1 (32.7%)

Operations & Maintenance Expenditure


Transport 23.8 20.8 27.3
Stores 180.0 210.0 228.0
Works, Repairs & Refits 73.4 71.5 83.0
Total Operations & Maintenance Expenditure (% of total) 277.2 (19.6%) 302.3 (20.5%) 338.3 (20.6%)

Research & Development Expenditure


Defence Services Research & Development 43.2 52.3 56.2
Research & Development Capital Outlays 41.5 45.8 46.3
Total Research & Development (% of total) 84.8 (5.98%) 98.1 (6.66%) 102.5 (6.24%)

Other Expenditure
Other Revenue Expenditure3 49.6 53.3 61.0
Land Acquisition and Maintenance 2.2 1.4 2.2
Military Construction 50.2 70.2 73.4
Other Capital Expenditure3,4 8.3 21.6 21.3
Total Other Expenditure (% of total) 110.3 (7.8%) 146.5 (9.9%) 157.8 (9.6%)

Total Defence Expenditure (Excluding Pensions) 1,418 1,473 1,644


% Change n.a. 3.92 11.59
Total Governmental Outlays 10,245 11,087 12,577
% of Total Outlays 13.84 13.29 13.07
GDP 61,240 75,122 est.87,455
% of GDP 2.32 1.96 1.88
Total Pensions & Retirement Benefits 350.0 250.0 340.0
Total Defence Expenditure (Including Pensions) 1,768 1,723 1,984
Sources: Ministry of Finance Public Finance Statistics 2010–11; Union Budget & Economic Survey; Ministry of Defence; IMF World Economic
Outlook Database (September 2011).
Note: Totals may vary due to rounding effects.
1
Includes pay, allowances and expenses for the auxiliary forces.
2
Includes expenditure on aircraft, engines, medium and heavy vehicles, as well as the naval fleet.
3
Excludes MoD expenditure on administration, miscellaneous general services, housing, public works and financial restructuring.
4
Includes miscellaneous capital expenditures such as procurement of rolling stock, special projects, joint staff etc.
Asia 219

and thus differ from the service breakdowns indi- to 200. The first 18 aircraft will be delivered from the
cated in Table 20). manufacturer, with the remainder either assembled
These increases in the capital-acquisition budget or (eventually) manufactured in India. However,
over the past five years have meant that, despite a judging by the slower-than-planned delivery of
large proportion of the capital budget going towards Indian-assembled Su-30MKI and Hawk aircraft, the
‘committed liabilities’ (i.e. payments toward previous transition to local production may prove a challenge.
purchases), there have still been surplus funds avail- Other major air-force programmes involve
able for the MoD to make new purchases. Assuming combat-aircraft upgrades. The first MiG-29UPG
that 60% of the capital-acquisition budget is allo- with an improved radar and cockpit avionics (along
cated towards committed liabilities, in FY2011/12 the with a further modification of the RD-33 turbofan
Ministry of Defence (MoD) will still have approxi- engine) took to the skies in February 2011. The air
mately INR222.40bn (US$4.8bn) for new acquisitions. force plans to upgrade its remaining 64 Fulcrums
India has already become one of the world’s biggest to this standard. A Russian-provided radar and
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

purchasers of military equipment, with a procure- avionics upgrade for the Su-30MKI will involve
ment budget of as much as INR 9.24tr (US$200bn) by a fully active, electronically scanned array radar,
2025. Indeed, the challenge facing India is not a short- replacing the existing N-011M Bars radar. Other
fall of funds for defence acquisitions, but the inability elements of the upgrade, together with its timing,
to fully disburse allocated funds because of corrup- still awaited agreement in late 2011. Under a July
tion, bureaucratic delays and inefficiencies in the 2011 agreement with Dassault and Thales, 52 Mirage
procurement process. In the past, these factors have 2000s will also be modernised.

Asia
all too often forced the MoD to return large amounts While New Delhi may not have been ready to
of unspent funds to the Exchequer (see The Military purchase combat aircraft from the United States – two
Balance 2011, p. 213), although FY2010/11 differed in US contenders did not progress to the final round of
that the MoD retained the unspent allocations. the MMRCA competition – it does see the US as an
important source of other defence equipment. An
Procurement programmes agreement in June 2011 for the purchase of ten Boeing
Bureaucratic inefficiencies notwithstanding, the C-17 Globemaster III transport aircraft will boost the
increased capital outlays over several years have air force’s strategic-lift capacity, with deliveries begin-
enabled the armed forces to embark upon a substan- ning in 2013. A follow-on order for a second batch of
tial equipment-modernisation process, which may six C-130J tactical airlifters is anticipated. Meanwhile,
be set to continue until at least the end of the 2020s – India’s Hindustan Aeronautics and Russia’s United
with a focus on special forces, as well as air and naval Aircraft Corporation are continuing to develop a
capability enhancements. In the absence of a mature proposed Joint Medium Transport Aircraft, with a
indigenous defence-industrial base (see Procurement first flight tentatively planned for 2016.
Reforms, below), the services continue to pursue a Although the navy and air force dominate high-
parallel approach involving both indigenous proj- profile defence procurement, the army is also
ects and international purchases. While a proto- re-equipping. It intends to develop its ability to
type carrier-variant of the Hindustan Aeronautics conduct armoured operations at night by introducing
Tejas light combat aircraft is now entering flight test, improved fire-control systems, and it has issued a
not only has the navy ordered a follow-on batch contract for T-72 night sights. Deliveries of the T-90
of MiG-29Ks, it has also widened its net to include MBT continue, while the army is also carrying out
European and US manufacturers as possible suppliers trials of the indigenously developed Arjun Mk II, of
of combat aircraft for its future aircraft carriers. The which it expects to receive 124. The Arjun project has
air-force variant of Tejas has gained initial operational been under way for three decades and, although two
capability, with 40 of the type now on order and a Mk regiments are equipped with the Arjun Mk I, these
II version under development. The air force opened delays illustrate some of the challenges India faces in
bids from the two final contenders for its MMRCA deploying locally developed equipment.
procurement in October 2011, with a choice between
the Dassault Rafale and the Eurofighter Typhoon antic- Procurement reforms
ipated in 2012. The initial requirement is for 126, with Indian defence procurement procedures (DPP) have
additional purchases potentially increasing the total undergone at least seven rounds of reviews in the last
220 The Military Balance 2012

nine years (see The Military Balance 2010, pp. 475–6). Strategic preoccupations
The latest of these – DPP-2011 – came into effect in The spike in inter-Korean tensions following the
January 2011. Two changes stand out. Firstly, it intro- Yeonpyeong shelling and Cheonan sinking in 2010
duced new guidelines for naval shipbuilding contract (see box, p. 206) exacerbated Japanese anxieties over
tenders that aim to improve the transparency of Pyongyang’s military intentions and drew Tokyo
the bidding process. In doing so, the MoD hopes to closer to the United States and South Korea. As a
increase certainty and to ‘level the playing field’ over demonstration of trilateral unity, Japanese and US
such contracts, thereby encouraging private ship- combined military exercises were observed by South
yard involvement in naval shipbuilding. Pipavav Korean navy officers for the first time in December
Shipyard, ABG Shipyard and Larsen & Toubro 2010. Japan’s defence ministry initiated discus-
are likely to be major beneficiaries of this reform. sions with its South Korean counterpart about an
Secondly, DPP-2011 expanded the list of products Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement for
and services eligible for discharging defence offsets, UN and peacetime logistical support, modelled on
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

to include major areas of civil aerospace (including Japanese agreements with the US and Australia.
for both fixed-wing and rotary aircraft design and However, China remained the primary long-
engineering services, airframes, engines, avionics, term influence on Japanese defence policy. Tensions
components and materials), as well as weapons and flared in late 2010 following the Japan Coast Guard’s
services used for counter-terrorism and internal detention in September of a Chinese trawler captain
security. Overall, India has struggled to attract offset near the disputed Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands. China
work to benefit its domestic defence industrial base. suspended political and diplomatic exchanges with
Although there have been some large contracts (see Japan, halted bilateral talks on the joint exploitation
The Military Balance 2011, p. 213), foreign companies of gas fields in the East China Sea, and strength-
have generally stayed away from offsets because ened its unofficial embargo on the export of rare-
onerous ownership limitations prevent these firms earth minerals. Japan managed to restore diplomatic
from exercising management control. This situation normality with China by early 2011. However, this
is unlikely to change in the near term, as DPP-2011 was not before it had extracted reassurances from
retained the 26% limit on foreign direct investment, both the US defence secretary and secretary of state
despite private-sector pressure to raise this equity that Article 5 of the bilateral security treaty covered
cap. Although the refinements undertaken have the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands, and identified China’s
made procurement procedures more transparent, military modernisation in the revised NDPG and
efficient and effective, they have had only a limited white paper as a ‘matter of concern for the regional
impact; key elements in the procurement process and the international community’. Japan’s suspicions
still require significant reform, including qualitative of Chinese military intentions only deepened in 2011
requirements, evaluation processes and post-contract as China enhanced its maritime activities around
management. Japan’s territorial waters and then sent its first aircraft
carrier on sea trials.
Japan From March 2011 onwards, Japan’s other defence
preoccupation was the deployment of the Japan Self-
Japan released its revised National Defence Defense Forces (JSDF) in response to the Tohoku
Programme Guidelines (NDPG) in December 2010, earthquake, subsequent tsunami and Fukushima
along with the Mid-Term Defence Programme nuclear disaster. The JSDF mobilised around 100,000
(MTDP) for 2011–15. The NDPG stated ambi- personnel (or 180,000 if support personnel are
tious goals for the further reform of Japan’s defence included) for disaster-relief efforts. This represented
doctrine and capabilities, adopting the new concept nearly half of the forces’ total strength and was the
of a ‘dynamic defence force’ and continuing the shift largest mobilisation in JSDF history. It also provided
away from Cold War era forces focused on the threat valuable experience of operating alongside American
of invasion. However, the NDPG, MTDP and the forces involved in the US Operation Tomodachi post-
August 2011 Defence White Paper all underlined the earthquake and tsunami support mission. Disaster
difficulties faced in drawing up consistent defence and relief has long been a core JSDF function, but the
procurement plans amid a shifting power structure in swift and effective response to the Fukushima
East Asia, while constrained by a pacifist constitution. disaster – unlike the slow, much-criticised response
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

MARCH The devastating earthquake and tsunami of 11 March provided a test for Japan’s Self-Defense Forces. These forces, and their
11 14:46 – A magnitude 9.0 earthquake strikes 80km off the assets, proved crucial in the aftermath of these disasters, as well as assisting with the radiation emergency at the Fukushima
northeastern coast.
plant. Their swift response might strengthen the legitimacy of the military in Japan and the case for the procurement of certain
14:50 – Ministry of Defense establishes emergency HQ at
headquarters in Tokyo and orders information-gathering
types of ‘dual-use’ capabilities for disaster relief. The important role played by US forces, meanwhile, improved their public
activities. Eight ASDF reconnaissance planes are profile and could provide a boost to the US–Japan alliance. Japan’s December 2010 National Defense Program Guidelines aspired
launched from Hyakuri Air Base. to a ‘dynamic defense force’ capable of rapid response. The JSDF response, which at its height mobilised around 100,000
15:30 – First meeting at defence headquarters. personnel, close to half its strength, suggests that the transition was necessary and timely.
18:00 – SDF units first dispatched to earthquake area,
including 190 aircraft and 40 ships.
International response
19:30 – Military forces dispatched to site of nuclear
The US used around 24,000 personnel, 189 aircraft, and
accident. Initial 2km evacuation zone established. 8,400
24 Navy vessels at the peak of its Operation Tomodachi
SDF troops mobilised on the first day.
(friend) response. The USS Ronald Reagan Carrier
12 17:00 – MSDF forces begin to arrive in disaster zone after
The Essex Amphibious Misawa air base, home to Strike Group was diverted from Korea to act as a
being sent from Yokosuka.
Ready Group, centred on the US 35th Fighter Wing, refuelling hub and for SAR (the 7th Fleet’s USS George
13 USS Ronald Reagan carrier group arrives in Sendai Bay.
USS Essex and USS suffered minimal damage, Washington was docked in Yokosuka for maintenance).
50,000 SDF troops are in place.
Germantown, and carrying and was a key staging post The 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU), based on
14 Joint Japanese–US task force for the Great East Japan
the 31st MEU, conducted for US and Japanese forces. the Essex Amphibious Ready Group, was redeployed to
earthquake was formed under the command of the GSDF
relief supply operations Japan to transport supplies and support activties. As
Tohoku HQ. 500 personnel mobilised from the Central
from locations off the west well as international civilian disaster-response teams,
NBC Defense Unit.
coast, focusing initially on Earthquake epicentre some governments deployed military assets for
15 Nuclear evacuation zone extended to 20km.
the Sendai area, then tsunami and earthquake relief, as well as the radiation
17 USS Essex, carrying 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit Oshima island. The MEU emergency, such as Australia (C-17 transport aircraft),
(MEU), arrives off the coast at Akita. then repositioned off the Thailand and South Korea (supplies delivered via
18 100,000 SDF troops are in place. east coast. C-130) and Israel (a field hospital).
26 Peak deployment of 107,000 SDF troops reached.
APRIL
21/22 New nuclear exclusion zones established.
ONAGAWA Matsushima air base suffered substantial damage. 18 F-2B fighters, five UH-60J
MAY
helicopters, five Kawasaki T-4 trainers and two Hawker 800XPS were damaged, with
9 Japanese defence minister announces scaling back of
Sendai 12 F-2Bs of the 21st Fighter Training Squadron written off. The runway was cleared
disaster-relief operations.
by US and Japanese forces, and used as a transit point for the MEU.
By the end of May, 18,000 maritime and air troops are
withdrawn alongside 20,000 ground troops.
AUGUST Yamagata airport was a
31 Major relief operations end. 200 personnel kept to help FUKUSHIMA
crucial logistical hub, The GSDF Camp
with decontamination for people who temporarily return command location and Tagajo was also
to their homes in the exclusion zone. J A PA N refuelling point for the MEU. damaged, though units
Hyakuri Air Base IWATE Miyako
Tokyo Hanamaki and Fukushima from the base were
Yokota Base airports were also dispatched on relief
Nuclear facility US air base important logistical hubs. efforts and it was used
Atsugi Air Base
Yokosuka Kamaishi as a rescue and
SDF air base Naval air base
Iwakuni Air Base Sendai: Japan Coast refuelling hub.
HAMAOKA Guard reportedly
Logistics loses some Hachinohe, Miyako
200km
With the Eastern Army HQ located in Sendai, the helicopters and King and Oshima ports were
Northeastern Army controlled operations. After initial Air aircraft at a Sendai badly damaged by the
MIYAGI
search and rescue (SAR) operations, focus shifted to maintenance facility. tsunami. Cleared by US
Map 3 Japan’s Earthquake, Tsunami and Nuclear Accident: The Military Response

providing humanitarian assistance. With Matsushima Nuclear response forces to enable


air base and Sendai airport damaged, local airstrips The GSDF’s Central NBC Weapon Defense Unit played a major role in the movement of supplies.
FUKUSHIMA
were used to ferry supplies. US supplies were initial response to the nuclear crisis. Two GSDF CH-47Js were used to
airlifted from bases on Okinawa via bases in south drop seawater to cool the reactors. The SDF were later aided by the The USS Ronald Reagan carrier
Honshu. The SDF collected supplies from local USMC Chemical Biological Incident Response Force. US and Japanese group joined several nearby US
authorities and the private sector, dispatching them aircraft, including helicopters, T-4 trainers, and reportedly a WC-135, were Otakineyama, the closest vessels to help with SAR,
by air, land and sea. Japanese and US forces used to monitor radiation levels. Following the crisis, the SDF assisted undamaged base to the humanitarian relief and refuelling
Asia

demonstrated interoperability notably in land and air with securing the evacuation zone and decontamination activities. disaster zone, dispatched for US and Japanese aircraft.
relief operations, and supply and logistics tasks. 8,000 troops in the initial
Okinawa Sources: Japanese Ministry of Defense, New Pacific Institute, East Asia Forum, Asia Pacific response.
© IISS Defense Forum, Congressional Research Service, BBC, Aviation Week, Japan Times
221

Asia
222 The Military Balance 2012

to the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake – has helped that Japan ‘forever renounces war as a sovereign right
to strengthen both the military’s legitimacy and the of the nation’ and that ‘the right of belligerency of the
case for procuring certain types of dual-use capabili- state will not be recognised’. As such, the country is
ties for disaster relief. only able to retain defensive military forces (hence
‘Self-Defense Forces’). Since the end of the Cold
NDPG and the ‘dynamic defence force’ War, Tokyo has gradually moved to normalise its
The NDPG lays down Japan’s defence doctrine defence policy. The country deployed military peace-
and necessary force structure, and the revised 2010 keepers with the UN for the first time in 1992 and
version – the fourth iteration of the basic document passed legislation to enable maritime deployments
since 1976 – attempted to at last bring JSDF planning in the Indian Ocean in support of Operation Enduring
into the post-Cold War era. The NDPG is based on the Freedom–Maritime Interdiction Operation in 2001, the
assumption that it is no longer possible to maintain deployment of JSDF personnel to Iraq until 2008 and
a conceptual distinction between peacetime deter- a counter-piracy deployment to the Indian Ocean and
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

rence and regional contingencies. A major invasion of Djibouti since 2009.


the Japanese mainland is no longer a credible threat; Nevertheless, Japan’s defence ministry stresses the
instead, many sources of instability fall into ‘grey- defensive nature of its spending and procurement,
zone disputes’. These are described in the NDPG particularly where capabilities could be perceived as
as confrontations over territory, sovereignty and having dual roles. Examples include the Osumi-class
economic interests that will likely not escalate into amphibious ships, NBC capabilities and the Hyuga-
war. The NDPG obliquely related Japan’s defence class helicopter carriers, the second of which was
needs to recent Chinese and North Korean provo- commissioned in March 2011. Tokyo has stressed the
cations. The emphasis on securing offshore islands, primary role of the Hyuga-class, officially designated
improving ballistic-missile defence and enhancing ‘helicopter destroyers’, in humanitarian assistance
deployments in the southwest of the country also and disaster response. The first of class, JS Hyuga,
reflected Tokyo’s concern over regional instabili- was indeed used off the coast of Miyagi prefecture in
ties and threats. The concern with Japan’s offshore the wake of the 2011 tsunami for search-and-rescue
islands, and the determination, according to the 2011 operations. But the other possible roles of the class
White Paper, that the Area Deployment Units of the include power projection and air support for land
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (MSDF) ‘function forces, significantly enhancing the MSDF’s flexibility
efficiently beyond guard zones’, while submarine in offensive operations.
units ‘conduct continuous ISR over a wide area in While the NDPG’s focus on dynamic defence forces
the waters surrounding Japan including the south- focuses on improving ISR capabilities, joint-force
western area’, reflects the new priorities in Japan’s operations and readiness – all effectively defensive in
homeland defence. nature – the document also notes that two of the three
For Japan to respond to new realities the roles now ascribed to the JSDF (effective deterrence
NDPG advocates that the JSDF abandon its Cold and response; efforts to further stabilise the security
War-inspired ‘standard defence force’ concept of environment in the Asia-Pacific region; and efforts to
maintaining the minimum necessary capabilities for improve the global security environment) are essen-
deterrence in peacetime, which could be built up tially expeditionary roles. While Tokyo emphasises
in the event of a crisis. Instead, the JSDF is to shift that such expeditions would only involve peace-
to a ‘dynamic defence force’, with lighter and more keeping or -enforcement operations, never involving
mobile capabilities, at a state of constant readiness, insertion into contested areas, it reflects a new, inter-
and able to practise ‘dynamic deterrence’ to prevent nationally focused JSDF that requires equipment
adversaries from launching attacks on Japan. In addi- capable of deploying and sustaining operational
tion, the JSDF is to enhance its role in ‘international units overseas as well as rapidly responding to crises
peace cooperation activities’, including UN peace- and contingencies at home.
keeping, humanitarian assistance and counter-piracy.
The ‘dynamic defence force’ concept should be Defence economics
viewed in the context of the long-term transforma- Efforts to develop a more flexible and technologi-
tion and potential ‘normalisation’ of Japan’s defence cally advanced JSDF face severe financial constraints.
posture. Article 9 of the country’s constitution states Japan’s national debt-to-GDP ratio stood at 197% in
Asia 223

Table 21 Japan Defence-Related Expenditures Breakdown and Trends (2009–12) (¥bn)


FY 2009/10 FY 2010/11 FY 2011/12
Personnel & Provisions (% of Total) 2,077 (43.5%) 2,285 (45.8%) 2,092 (43.8%)
Equipment Procurement (% of Total) 825 (17.3%) 774 (15.5%) 780 (16.3%)
Maintenance (% of Total) 1,034 (21.7%) 1018 (20.4%) 1,071 (22.4%)
Research & Development (% of Total) 120 (2.51%) 159 (3.18%) 85.1 (1.78%)
Other Expenditure (of which:)
Facility Improvements 133 134 120
Base Countermeasures 440 437 434
SACO-Related Projects 11.2 16.9 10.1
US Military Realignment 60.2 90.9 103
Other Miscellaneous Outlays 74.4 76 80.9
Other Expenditure Total (% of Total) 718 (15.0%) 755 (15.1%) 747 (15.6%)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Total 4,774 4,990 4,775


Sources: Bōei Hakusho and Bōei Handobukku, various years.
Notes: Equipment procurement expenditures include the purchase of military vehicles and aircraft, and the construction of ships. Maintenance
expenditures include those for housing, clothing and training.

2010, the highest in the developed world, and its GDP but also argues in favour of maintaining a domestic
contracted a further 0.5% in 2010. The impact of the defence-industrial base, which could be assisted by

Asia
tsunami has further pushed Japanese government replacing Japan’s arms-export ban with an export-
finances into the worst position since the immediate licence system enabling international collaboration
post-war period, with reconstruction costs estimated on product development.
at ¥25tr (US$312bn), tipping the Japanese economy The MoD and JSDF will find extra finances hard
back into negative growth for most of 2011. to come by, but they may find that the appetite for
In September 2009, the Democratic Party of further defence cuts in Japan has dissipated. Tensions
Japan (DPJ) entered government with a mandate to between Japan and China in 2010 convinced the
prioritise domestic welfare spending and to restrict DPJ of the need to bolster Japan’s defences. The
defence spending. The DPJ’s first two defence defence establishment may also now have an ally
budgets for 2010 and 2011 followed the trend estab- in the guise of Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda, in
lished by Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) govern- post since August 2011 and the son of a JSDF officer.
ments of virtual stagnation in spending. Defence Additionally, Seiji Maehara, the chair of the DPJ’s
budgets have remained under a de facto ceiling of Policy Affairs Research Committee, is seen as an
¥5tr (US$62.4bn) – around 5% of total government expert on defence affairs.
expenditure and 1% of GDP. Japan’s defence plan- Moreover, the MoD and JSDF may hope that
ners also face the problem that an increasing propor- the ‘dynamic defence force’ concept will reconcile
tion of the defence budget, 45% in 2011, has been the problems of Japan’s immediate defence needs
devoted to JSDF salaries and pensions. The propor- and ever-tightening defence budgets. The concept
tion allocated to equipment procurement has shrunk is intended to oblige both organisations to focus
to less than 17%. less on the quantitative build-up of defence forces
Japan’s MoD has sought to protect its budgets and more on channelling resources into operating
but, aware of financial constraints, it has made only capabilities efficiently at a higher state of readiness.
limited requests for increases, seeking a 0.6% rise for Hence, Japanese defence planning should sharpen
2012. In deliberations over the NDPG, the Ministry its focus in future on qualitative force improvements,
of Finance has been keen to maintain a tight grip expanding activities and rationalising total asset
on defence spending, arguing that the MoD must strength if necessary.
reform its procurement practices through efficiency
savings, private finance initiative (PFI) schemes JSDF priorities and capabilities
and increasing imports of cheaper foreign equip- The MoD has thus opted to emphasise key missions
ment. The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in the NDPG and the subsequent 2011 and 2012
agrees on the need to reform procurement practices, budgets. These include responding to incursions into
224 The Military Balance 2012

Japan’s airspace and territorial waters; attacks on its Transition from Cold War defence planning
offshore islands; guerrilla incursions; ballistic-missile Additional security taboos have obstructed the devel-
attacks; cyber attacks; and chemical, biological and opment of Japan’s defence planning. The DPJ came
nuclear disasters. In terms of overall force structures close to lifting the arms-export ban in the lead-up to
and capabilities, the NDPG emphasises the need to the NDPG, arguing that this was essential to preserve
strengthen the MSDF by maintaining a 48-strong a shrinking domestic defence industry. The industry
destroyer fleet, an increase in the submarine fleet to has the JSDF as its sole customer, faces declining
22 vessels by 2013, and the addition of larger, 19,500- equipment budgets and is unable to exploit the
tonne helicopter carriers. The MSDF will further economies of scale available to those pursuing inter-
complete the fitting out of six of its Aegis-equipped national programmes. The proposed change was,
destroyers for a ballistic-missile defence (BMD) capa- however, scuppered by the DPJ’s need to rely on the
bility. pacifist Social Democratic Party of Japan for votes to
The Air Self-Defense Force (ASDF) is moving to pass its broader budgets in the National Diet, and by
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

deploy the Patriot PAC-3 BMD system nationwide other factors. In September 2011, Maehara pushed
across all six air-defence missile groups; to procure again for the arms-export ban to be relaxed, and on 27
the 6,500km-range C-2 transport aircraft; and to December Chief Cabinet Secretary Osamu Fujimura
upgrade the combat capabilities of its F-15s. The announced the government’s decision to ease its
MoD issued its request for proposals (RFP) for the long-standing restriction on arms exports.
F-X fighter programme to replace the JASDF’s ageing In attempting to set out a new vision for defence
F-4s in September 2011; the three prime contenders policy, Japan’s policymakers have been given impetus
were the Lockheed-Martin F-35, Boeing F/A-18E/F by recent international and domestic develop-
and Eurofighter Typhoon. The F-35 was the preferred ments. However, inertia in the policymaking system
option because of its advanced capabilities, though continues. The GSDF still receives the most funding
the F/A-18E/F and Typhoon were readily available, of all three services, even though Japan’s greatest
less expensive options, and could have provided local external-security priorities lie in maritime and air
production and development opportunities. In the defence. Additionally, the concept of the ‘dynamic
final calculation resulting in the choice of the F-35, the defence force’ will only fully take root once the JSDF
wider political cost of procuring a European aircraft has more comprehensively changed its focus from
and the need to consolidate alliance ties with the US building force numbers to using them more actively.
probably also figured. The MoD may be keen to develop this more dynamic,
Meanwhile, the GSDF’s call for greater resources slimmer and more deployable force; but Tokyo’s
has been strengthened somewhat by its key role assumption of a greater role in international opera-
in post-tsunami disaster-relief, and it may be able tions and the development of a force capable of deter-
to boost its helicopter transport and NBC assets. ring transgressions of its sovereignty may only raise
Moreover, the GSDF will play a key role in garrisoning anxieties in the region, as potential adversaries see
Japan’s offshore islands in Okinawa Prefecture, to Japan’s defence policy ‘normalising’ and position
deter Chinese incursions. themselves accordingly.
Asia 225

COMBAT SUPPORT
Afghanistan AFG 1 sigs bn
New Afghan Afghani Afs 2010 2011 2012 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
APC 173
GDP Afs 712bn 826bn
APC (T) 173 M113A2
US$ 15.3bn 17.7bn ARTY
per capita US$ 526 596 TOWED 109: 122mm 85 D-30; 155mm 24 M114A1
Growth % 8.23 7.07 MSL • SSM SS-1 Scud†
Inflation % 7.7 8.4 MW Bozena
Def bdgt Afs 12.9bn 29.6bn 43.3bn
Afghan Air Force (AAF) 5,000
US$ 277m 635m
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US$1=Afs 46.54 46.60 AIRCRAFT
Population 29,757,566 TPT 21: Medium 12 G-222 (C-27A) (8 more being
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Ethnic groups: Pashtun 38%; Tajik 25%; Hazara 19%; Uzbek 12%; acquired) Light 9: 3 Cessna 182; 6 Cessna 208B being
Aimaq 4%; Baluchi 0.5% delivered
TRG 2 L-39 Albatros†
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus HELICOPTERS
Male 21.7% 6.2% 5.0% 3.8% 13.4% 1.2% ATK 11 Mi-35
Female 20.6% 5.8% 4.7% 3.5% 12.9% 1.3% MRH 39: 6 MD-530F being delivered; 33 Mi-17

Capabilities Paramilitary 136,100

Asia
The Afghan National Army (ANA) is fighting the Taliban Afghan National Police 136,100
alongside NATO forces while continuing to improve Under control of Interior Ministry. Includes 80,000
its capability. With most of the planned force structure Afghan Uniformed Police (AUP), 13,000 Afghan
established, the priority is to develop leadership and National Civil Order Police (ANCOP), 25,000 Afghan
technical expertise. Plans call for the ANA to reach full Border Police (ABP) and 7,000 Afghan Anti-Crime Police.
capability as a counter-insurgency force in time for the (AACP)
Afghan assumption of security leadership by the end
of 2014, by which time ANA units should be operating Foreign Forces
independently, or with minimal support from advisers.
All under ISAF comd unless otherwise specified. ISAF HQ
Already some elements – notably the Special Forces –
resembles a static HQ with contributing NATO countries
are highly rated by ISAF. However, most army units still
filling identified posts.
require considerable support from NATO. Governance
Albania 286; 1 inf coy
shortcomings and widespread corruption undermine the
Armenia 126
army’s effectiveness. There are plans to develop Afghan
Air Force capability, with training by NATO’s Combined Australia 1,550; 1 inf BG with (1 mot inf coy; 1 armd recce
Air Power Transition Force. sqn); elm 1 arty regt; 1 hel gp with 2 CH-47D; 1 UAV det
with Scaneagle; 25 Bushmaster IMV LFV; 3 C-130J Hercules •
ACTIVE 170,700 (Army 165,700 Air Force 5,000) UNAMA 2 obs
Paramlitary 136,100 Austria 3
Azerbaijan 94
Organisations by Service Belgium 577; 6 F-16 Fighting Falcon
Bosnia-Herzegovina 55
Afghan National Army (ANA) 165,700 Bulgaria 597; 1 mech inf coy
5 regional comd. The ANA is expanding rapidly but still Canada 529; 1 air unit with CC-130J
suffers from high wastage and poor retention. Croatia 317
FORCES BY ROLE Czech Republic 694; 19 IVECO DV LMV Panther •
SPECIAL FORCES UNAMA 1 obs
1 Spec Ops div (1 SF gp; 1 cdo bde with (3 cdo bn) Denmark 750; 1 mech inf BG with (2 mech inf coy; 1 tk pl)
MANOEUVRE • UNAMA 2 obs
Light El Salvador 24
1 (201st) corps (1 cdo bn, 2 inf bde, 1 mech bde, 1 EOD Estonia 162; 1 mech inf coy with 14 XA-180 Sisu; 1 mor det
coy) with 3 81mm
3 (207th, 209th & 215th) corps (1 cdo bn, 3 inf bde, 1 Finland 195
EOD coy) France 3,932; 1 AB bde HQ; 1 inf BG; 1 para BG; 3 Rafale C;
2 (203rd & 205th) corps (1 cdo bn, 4 inf bde, 1 EOD coy) 3 Mirage 2000D; 1 cbt hel bn with (3 EC665 Tiger; 2 AS532
1 (111st Capital) div (2 inf bde) Cougar; 3 EC725; 3 Gazelle)
226 The Military Balance 2012

Georgia 937; 1 inf bn


Germany 5,150; 1 div HQ; 1 inf BG; 1 AB BG; 100 APV-2 Australia AUS
Dingo II; some CH-53G Stallion; 6 Tornado ECR; C-160 Australian Dollar A$ 2010 2011 2012
Transall • UNAMA 1 obs
GDP A$ 1.35tr 1.44tr
Greece 153; 1 engr coy; 1 C-130 Hercules
US$ 1.23tr 1.49tr
Hungary 415; 1 lt inf coy
per capita US$ 57,351 68,392
Ireland 7
Growth % 2.68 1.80
Italy 4,419; 1 mech inf bde HQ; 3 mech inf regt; 1 mne
regt; some Dardo AIFV; 6 A-129 Mangusta; 3 CH-47; 2 RQ-1 Inflation % 2.8 3.5
Predator 2 C-27J; some C-130 Def expa A$ 25.8bn
Jordan 720; 1 ranger bn US$ 23.6bn
Korea, Republic of 350 Def bdgt A$ 25.7bn 26.7bn 26.5bn
Latvia 174 US$ 23.5bn 27.7bn
Lithuania 236 US$1=A$ 1.09 0.97
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Luxembourg 11 a
Including military pensions
Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of 163 Population 21,766,711
Malaysia 46
Mongolia 114 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Montenegro 39 Male 9.4% 3.4% 3.6% 3.7% 23.7% 6.4%
Netherlands 183 Female 8.9% 3.2% 3.4% 3.5% 23.3% 7.6%
New Zealand 188 • UNAMA 1 obs
Norway 562; 1 mech inf coy; 1 spt coy • UNAMA 1 obs Capabilities
Poland 2,580; 1 mech inf bde HQ; 2 inf BG; 35 Rosomak Australia has a strong military tradition and its relatively
AIFV; 68 IFV; 6 Mi-24; 4 Mi-17 • UNAMA 1 obs compact armed forces’ considerable operational experi-
Portugal 229 • UNAMA 1 obs ence, together with the country’s high levels of techno-
Romania 1,947; 2 inf bn; some TAB-77; some TAB-79; some logical expertise, substantial defence-industrial base, and
Piranha IIIC strong international defence relationships (particularly
Singapore 39 with the US) contribute substantially to its military ca-
Slovakia 326 pabilities. Continuing modernisation of all three services
Slovenia 87 seems likely to ensure that the sophistication of the ADF’s
Spain 1,526; 1 lt inf bde equipment at least matches, and in many cases continuing
Sweden 614 • UNAMA 1 obs to surpass, that of nations in Australia’s immediate region.
Tonga 55 Notable planned future procurement includes 100 F-35
Joint Strike Fighters and 12 large new conventional sub-
Turkey 1,840; 1 inf bde HQ; 2 inf bn
marines. ADF units benefit from high training standards
Ukraine 23
and participate in regular joint-service exercises at the na-
United Arab Emirates 35
tional, bilateral and multinational levels. The ADF trains
United Kingdom 9,500; 1 (20th) armd bde HQ (1 recce regt;
with a view to future operational deployments in South-
1 armd regt; 6 lt inf bn; 1 engr regt); 1 GMLRS tp; 2 UAV
east Asia and possibly further afield, as well as in defence
bty; 1 EOD unit (bn sized); 1 spt bn; 1 theatre log spt gp; 1
of the Australian continent. However, the national capacity
medical bn; Warrior; Mastiff; Viking; L118; GMLRS; 8 AH-
to tolerate other than occasional casualties in the course of
64D Apache; 5 Lynx; Hermes 450; MQ-9 Reaper 6 Sea King HC
discretionary international operations is questionable. This
MK 4 8 Tornado GR4; 4 C-130 Hercules; 8 CH-47 Chinook; 6
factor will probably continue to limit the nature and scale
Merlin HC Mk3; 4 Shadow R1 (Beech King Air 350)
of future deployments.
United States 90,000; 1 corps HQ; 2 div HQ; 1 armd HBCT;
2 armd inf bde; 1 mech inf SBCT; 4 lt IBCT; 1 BfSB; 3 cbt ACTIVE 56,552 (Army 28,246 Navy 14,250 Air
avn bde; 1 ARNG IBCT; 1 ARNG IBCT HQ; 1 MEF with (2 14,056)
RCT); M1A1 Abrams; Stryker; 3,200 MRAP; M-ATV; M119,
M198, M777; F-15E Strike Eagle; F-16C/D Fighting Falcon; RESERVE 20,440 (Army 15,840 Navy 2,000 Air
A-10 Thunderbolt II; AV-8B Harrier; EC-130H Compass Call, 2,600)
C-130 Hercules, MV-22B Osprey, KC-130J Hercules, AH-64 The High-Readiness Reserve of 2,800 army and 1,400 air-
Apache; OH-58 Kiowa; CH-47 Chinook; UH-60 Black Hawk; force personnel is intended to strengthen the Australian
HH-60 Pave Hawk; AH-IW Cobra, CH-53 Sea Stallion; UH-1 Defence Force (ADF) with members trained to the same
Iroquois; RQ-7B Shadow; MQ-1 Predator; MQ-9 Reaper skill levels as the Regular Force. Integrated units are
(Equipment includes both ISAF and OEF-A forces) • formed from a mix of reserve and regular personnel. All
Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan ε7,000 ADF operations are now controlled by Headquarters Joint
Uruguay UNAMA 1 obs Operations Command (HQJOC).
Asia 227

Organisations by Service EQUIPMENT BY TYPE


MBT 59 M1A1 Abrams
AIFV 257 ASLAV-25 (all variants)
Space APC 1,218
SATELLLTES • COMMUNICATIONS 1 Optus C1 (dual
APC (T) 606: 598 M113A1 (350 to be upgraded to AS3); 8
use for civil/mil comms)
M113AS4 (Test); (119 more M113A1 in store)
PPV 612 Bushmaster IMV
Army 28,246 ARTY 340
Forces Command TOWED 155: 105mm 109 L-118 Light Gun; 155mm 46: 36
M198; 10 M777A2
FORCES BY ROLE
MOR 81mm 185
COMMAND AT
1 (1st) div HQ MSL • MANPATS Javelin
MANOEUVRE RCL • 84mm 514 Carl Gustav
Reconnaissance AMPHIBIOUS 21: 15 LCM-8 (capacity either 1 MBT or 200
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

3 (regional force) surv unit (integrated) troops); 6 LCM-2000 (not yet operational)
Mechanised HELICOPTERS
1 (1st) mech inf bde (1 recce regt, 1 armd regt, 2 mech ATK 22 EC665 Tiger
inf bn, 1 arty regt, 1 cbt engr regt, 1 sigs regt, 1 CSS TPT 103: Heavy 5 CH-47D Chinook Medium 59: 22 NH90
bn) TTH (MRH90 TTH) (18 more on order); 35 S-70A Black
Light Hawk Light 41 Bell 206B-1 Kiowa (being replaced by Tiger);
1 (7th ) mot inf bde (1 recce regt, 2 mot inf bn, 1 arty (20 Bell-205 (UH-1H Iroquois) in store/decommissioned)
regt, 1 cbt engr regt, 1 sigs sqn, 1 CSS bn) UAV • ISR • Heavy 8 Heron (leased)
1 (3rd) lt inf bde (1 recce regt, 1 (IMV) mot inf sqn, 2 lt AD • SAM • MANPAD 150 RBS-70

Asia
inf bn, 1 AB bn, 1 arty regt, 1 cbt engr regt, 1 sigs regt, RADAR • LAND 21: 7 AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty, mor);
1 CSS bn) 14 RASIT (veh, arty)
Aviation ARV 10 ASLAV-F; 1 ASLAV-R; 7 M88A2; M806A1
1 (16th) avn bde (1 regt (2 ISR hel sqn), 1 regt (3 tpt VLB 5 Biber
hel sqn), 1 regt (1 spec ops hel sqn, 1 avn sqn)) MW 3 Chubby; 8 ST-AT/V
COMBAT SUPPORT
1 (6th) cbt spt bde (1 STA regt (1 STA bty, 1 UAV bty, Navy 14,250
1 CSS bty), 1 AD regt (integrated), 1 int bn) Fleet Comd HQ located at Stirling; Naval Systems Comd
1 EW regt located at Canberra
COMBAT SERVICE SUPORT EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 (17th) CSS bde (3 log bn, 3 med bn, 1 MP bn) SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 6 Collins each with 6
1 engr regt (2 (construction) engr sqn, 1 (topographic) single 533mm TT each with Mk48 Sea Arrow ADCAP HWT/
engr sqn) UGM-84C Harpoon AShM
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES 12
Special Operations Command FFGHM 12
FORCES BY ROLE 4 Adelaide (Mod) with 1 Mk13 GMLS with RGM-84C
SPECIAL FORCES Harpoon AShM/SM-2 MR SAM, 1 8 cell Mk41 VLS
1 (SAS) SF regt with RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 triple Mk32
1 (incident response) SF regt 324mm ASTT with MU90 LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity
2 cdo bn 2 S-70B Seahawk ASW hel)
COMBAT SUPPORT 8 Anzac (GER MEKO 200) with 2 quad Mk141 lnchr
3 sigs sqn (incl 1 reserve sqn) with RGM-84C Harpoon AShM, 1 8 cell Mk41 VLS with
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 triple 324mm
1 CSS sqn ASTT with MU90 LWT, 1 127mm gun, (capacity 1
S-70B Seahawk ASW hel ASW hel), (capability upgrades
Reserve Organisations in progress)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PHSC 14
Force Command 15,840 reservists Armidale
FORCES BY ROLE MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 9
COMMAND MHO 6 Huon
1 (2nd) div HQ MSD 3
MANOEUVRE AMPHIBIOUS
Light PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS 2:
6 inf bde (1 recce unit, 23 inf bn, some cbt spt/CSS LSD 1 Choules (UK Bay) (capacity 4 LCU; 2 LCVP; 1
unit) LCU; 24 MBT; 350 troops)
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT LSL 1 Tobruk (capacity 2 Sea King Mk50A hel; 2 LCM; 2
2 (construction) engr regt LCVP; 40 APC and 18 MBT; 500 troops)
228 The Military Balance 2012

LANDING CRAFT 10: TRG 95: 33 Hawk Mk127*; 62 PC-9/A (incl 4 PC-9/A(F)
LCH 6 Balikpapan (capacity 3 MBT or 13 APC) for tgt marking)
LCVP 4 HELICOPTERS • TPT • Light 5–7 S-76 (civil contract)
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 24 RADAR • AD RADAR 8
AE 3 Wattle OTH-B Jindalee 4
AGSH 2 Leeuwin Tactical 4
AGS 4 Paluma MSL
AORH 1 Success AShM AGM-84A Harpoon
AOR 1 Sirius ASM AGM-142E Raptor; AGM-158 JASSM (IOC end 2011)
AOL 4 Warrigal AAM • IR AIM-9M Sidewinder; IIR ASRAAM: SARH
ASR 3 AIM-7M Sparrow; ARH AIM-120 AMRAAM
AX 3: 1 AXL; 2 AXS BOMBS
YPT 3 Conventional Mk 82 500lb GP; Mk 84 2,000lb GP; BLU-
109/B 2,000lb penetrator
Naval Aviation 990 Laser-guided Paveway II/IV
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

FORCES BY ROLE INS/GPS guided JDAM (on order)


ANTI SUBMARINE WARFARE
1 sqn Paramilitary
ANTI SURFACE WARFARE
1 sqn Border Protection Command
TRAINING Has responsibility for operational coordination and
1 sqn control of both civil and military maritime enforce-
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE ment activities within Australia’s Exclusive Economic
HELICOPTERS Zone (EEZ). The BPC is staffed by military and civilian
ASW 24: 2 NH-90 NFH (MRH-90) (additional ac on officials from Defence, Customs, the Australian Fisher-
order); 16 S-70B-2 Seahawk; 6 Sea King Mk50A ies Management Authority (AFMA) and the Australian
TPT • Light 16: 13 AS350BA Ecureuil; 4 AW109E Power Quarantine Inspection Service (AQIS).
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 10:
Air Force 14,056 PSO 1 Ocean Protector with 1 hel landing platform
Flying hours  175 hrs/year on F/A-18 Hornet PCO 1 Triton with 1 hel landing platform
FORCES BY ROLE PCC 9: 1 Ashmore Guardian; 8 Bay
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK AIRCRAFT
3 sqn with F/A-18A/B Hornet TPT • Light 15: 6 BN-2B Islander; 1 Commander (AC50
2 sqn with F/A-18F Super Hornet Shrike); 5 DHC-8 Dash 8; 3 F-406 Caravan II
ANTI SUBMARINE WARFARE HELICOPTERS • TPT 2 Medium 1 Bell 214 Light 1 Bell
2 sqn with AP-3C Orion 206L Long Ranger
AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL
1 sqn with B-737-700 Wedgetail Cyber
TANKER/TRANSPORT The Cyber Security Operations Centre established in Janu-
1 sqn with KC-30B MRTT ary 2010, is a Defence Signals Directorate (DSD) capability
TRANSPORT tasked with mitigating the cyber threat to Australia. Can-
1 VIP sqn with B-737BBJ; CL-604 Challenger berra published a Cyber Security Strategy in 2009, while
1 sqn with C-17 Globemaster the issue featured heavily in the 2009 Defence White Paper.
1 sqn with C-130H/J Hercules
TRAINING Deployment
2 (nav trg) sqn with Beech 350 King Air
2 (LIFT) sqn with Hawk MK127* Afghanistan
1 (fwd air cbt dev) unit with PC-9/A(F) NATO • ISAF 1,550; 1 inf BG with (1 mot inf coy; 1 armd
10 (reserve) sqn recce sqn); elms 1 arty regt; 1 hel gp with 2 CH-47D; 1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE UAV det with Scaneagle; 25 Bushmaster IMV
AIRCRAFT 142 combat capable UN • UNAMA 2 obs
FGA 95: 55 F/A-18A Hornet; 16 F/A-18B Hornet; 24 F/A-
Arabian Sea
18F Super Hornet
ASW 19 AP-3C Orion Combined Maritime Forces • CTF-150 1 FFGHM
AEW&C 6 B-737 Wedgetail (being delivered) EGYPT
TKR/TPT 5 KC-30B MRTT (being delivered) MFO (Operation Mazurka) 25
TPT 42: Heavy 5 C-17 Globemaster (6th planned);
Medium 20: 8 C-130H Hercules; 12 C-130J Hercules Light IRAQ
16 Beech 300 King Air PAX 5: 2 B-737BBJ (VIP); 3 CL-604 Army 35; 1 sy det
Challenger (VIP) UN • UNAMI 2 obs
Asia 229

MALAYSIA
Army 115; 1 inf coy (on 3-month rotational tours)
Capabilities
Air force 13; 1 AP-3C Orion crew Bangladesh has a limited military capability. The military
has previously taken a political role, which ended in 2008
MIDDLE EAST with a general election. In 2009 there was a rebellion by
UN • UNTSO 12 obs some paramilitary forces, sparked partially by a pay dis-
pute. Relatively few inter-service exercises are reported,
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
although 2011 saw exercises taking place with India and
Army 38; 1 trg unit the US. Bangladesh’s long record of service in UN peace-
SOLOMON ISLANDS keeping missions has brought considerable operational
RAMSI (Operation Anode) 80; 2 inf pl; 4 OH-58 Kiowa; 2 experience.
S-70 Black Hawk; 2 Armidale PCC; 2 DHC-4 Caribou ACTIVE 157,053 (Army 126,153 Navy 16,900 Air
south SUDAN 14,000) Paramilitary 63,900
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

UN • UNMISS 8; 6 obs
Organisations by Service
TIMOR LESTE
ISF (Operation Astute) 380; 1 inf bn HQ; 2 inf coy; 1 AD Army 126,153
bty; elm 1 cbt engr regt; 1 hel det with 4 S-70 Black Hawk;
FORCES BY ROLE
3 C-130
COMMAND
UN • UNMIT 4 obs 7 inf div HQ
United Arab Emirates SPECIAL FORCES
1 cdo bn

Asia
Air Force 313; 1 tpt det with 3 C-130 Hercules; 1 MP det
MANOEUVRE
with 2 AP-3C Orion
Armoured
1 armd bde (1 armd regt)
Foreign Forces 6 indep armd regt
Light
New Zealand Army: 9 (air navigation) trg
17 inf bde (total: 68 inf bn)
Singapore Air Force 230: 1 school at Pearce with PC-21 trg Aviation
ac; 1 op trg sqn at Oakey with 12 AS332 Super Puma/AS532 1 avn regt (2 avn sqn)
Cougar COMBAT SUPPORT
United States US Pacific Command: 178; 1 SEWS at Pine 20 arty regt
Gap; 1 comms facility at NW Cape; 1 SIGINT stn at Pine 1 AD bde
Gap 1 engr bde
1 sigs bde
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Bangladesh BGD MBT 232: 58 Type-69/Type-69G; 174 Type-59
LT TK 8 Type-62
Bangladeshi Taka Tk 2010 2011 2012
APC 248
GDP Tk 7.41tr 8.47tr APC (T) 134 MT-LB
US$ 105bn 114bn APC (W) 92: 75 BTR-80; 17 Otocar
per capita US$ 670 717 PPV 22 Cobra
ARTY 815+
Growth % 6.38 6.32
TOWED 343+: 105mm 170: 56 Model 56A1; 114 Model
Inflation % 8.1 10.1 56/L 10A1 pack howitzer; 122mm 111: 57 Type-54/54-1
Def exp Tk 87.6bn (M-30), 54 T96 (D-30), 130mm 62 Type-59-1 (M-46)
US$ 1.24bn MOR 472: 81mm 11 M-29A1; 82mm 366 Type-
Def bdgt Tk 91.8bn 93.2bn 120bn 53/87/M-31 (M-1937); 120mm 95 MO-120-AM-50 M67/
UBM 52
US$ 1.3bn 1.25bn
AT • RCL 106mm 238 M-40A1
FMA (US) US$ 1.5m 1.5m AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 6: 5 Cessna 152; 1 PA-31T
US$1=Tk 70.82 74.49 Cheyenne
Population 158,570,535 AD • SAM • MANPAD QW-2; 20 HN-5A (being
replaced by QW-2)
Religious groups: Muslim 90%; Hindu 9%; Buddhist 1%
GUNS • TOWED 164: 37mm 132 Type 65/74 57mm 34
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Type 59 (S-60)
AEV MT-LB
Male 17.4% 4.8% 4.0% 3.5% 16.7% 2.3%
ARV T-54/T-55; Type 84
Female 16.9% 5.2% 4.8% 4.3% 17.8% 2.4% VLB MTU
230 The Military Balance 2012

Navy 16,900 TRANSPORT


Navy HQ at Dhaka 1 sqn with An-32 Club
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 1 sqn with C-130B Hercules
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES 5 TRAINING
FFGHM 1: 1 (OCU) sqn with L-39ZA Albatros*; FT-6 (MiG-19UTI)
1 Bangabandhu (ROK Modified Ulsan) with 2 twin lnchr Farmer
with Otomat Mk 2 AShM, 2 triple 324mm TT, 1 76mm 1 sqn with PT-6
gun (capacity: 1 AW109E hel) 1 sqn with T-37B Tweet
FFG 1: TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 Osman (PRC Jianghu I) with 2 quad lnchr with HY-2 2 sqn with Mi-17 Hip H; Mi-17-1V Hip H; Mi-171Sh
(CSS-N-2) Silkworm AShM, 2 RBU 1200, 2 twin 100mm 1 sqn with Bell 212
gun 1 trg sqn with Bell 206L Long Ranger
FF 3: EQUIPMENT BY TYPE†
2 Abu Bakr† (UK Leopard) with 2 twin 115mm gun AIRCRAFT 74 combat capable
1 Umar Farooq† (UK Salisbury – trg role) with 3 Squid, FTR 48: 10 F-7MB Airguard; 11 F-7BG Airguard; (recce
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

1 twin 115mm gun capable); 5 FT-7B Airguard; 4 FT-7BG Airguard; 10 FT-6


PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 42 Farmer; 6 MiG-29 Fulcrum; 2 MiG-29UB Fulcrum
PSOH 2 Bijoy (UK Castle) ATK 18 A-5C Fantan
PCFG 4 Durdarsha (PRC Huangfeng) with 4 single lnchr TPT 7: Medium 4 C-130B Hercules Light 3 An-32 Club †
with HY-2 (CSS-N-2) Silkworm AShM TRG 29: 8 L-39ZA Albatros*; 10 PT-6; 11 T-37B Tweet
PCO 6: 1 Madhumati (Sea Dragon); 5 Kapatakhaya (UK HELICOPTERS
Island) MRH 14: 12 Mi-17 Hip H; 2 Mi-17-1V Hip H (VIP)
PCC 3: 2 Meghna (fishery protection); 1 Nirbhoy (PRC TPT 9 Medium 3 Mi-171Sh Light 6: 2 Bell 206L Long
Hainan) with 4 RBU 1200 Ranger; 4 Bell 212
PBFG 5 Durbar (PRC Hegu) with 2 single lnchr with MSL • AAM • IR R-3 (AA-2 Atoll); R-72 (AA-11 Archer);
SY-1 AShM PL-5; PL-7; SARH R-27R (AA-10A Alamo)
PBFT 4 Huchuan (PRC) with 2 single 533mm TT each
with YU 1 Type 53 HWT
PBF 4 Titas (ROK Sea Dolphin)
Paramilitary 63,900
PB 14: 2 Akshay; 1 Barkat (PRC Shanghai III); 1 Bishkali; Ansars 20,000+
2 Karnaphuli; 1 Salam (PRC Huangfen); 7 Shaheed Daulat Security Guards
(PRC Shanghai II)
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 5 Armed Police 5,000
MSO 5: 1 Sagar; 4 Shapla (UK River) Rapid action force (forming)
AMPHIBIOUS 11
LANDING SHIPS • LSL 1 Border Guard Bangladesh 38,000
LANDING CRAFT 10: FORCES BY ROLE
LCU 2† MANOEUVRE
LCVP 3† Other
LCM 5 Yuchin 41 paramilitary bn
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 11
AOR 2 (coastal) Coast Guard 900
AR 1† PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 9
AG 1 PB 4: 1 Ruposhi Bangla; 1 Shaheed Daulat; 2 Shetgang
ATF 1† PBR 5 Pabna
AGHS 2: 1 Agradoot; 1 Anushandhan
AX 1 Shaheed Ruhul Amin
YTM 3 DeploymentS
Naval Aviation Côte D’Ivoire
UN • UNOCI 2,170; 13 obs; 2 inf bn; 1 avn coy(-); 1 engr
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
coy; 1 sigs coy; 1 fd hospital
HELICOPTERS • TPT • Light 2 AW109E Power
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Air Force 14,000 UN • MONUSCO 2,523; 30 obs; 2 mech inf bn; 1 avn coy;
FORCES BY ROLE 1 hel coy(-); 1 engr coy
FIGHTER LEBANON
1 sqn with MiG-29B/UB Fulcrum UN • UNIFIL 326; 1 FFG; 1 PCO
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
2 sqn with F-7MB/F-7BG/FT-7B/FT-7BG Airguard Liberia
GROUND ATTACK UN • UNMIL 1,437; 13 obs; 1 inf bn; 2 engr coy; 1 MP coy;
1 sqn with A-5C (Q-5III) Fantan 1 sigs coy; 1 log coy; 1 fd hospital
Asia 231

south Sudan COMBAT SUPPORT


UN • UNMISS 1,563; 7 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 rvn coy; 1 engr coy; 1 cbt spt bn (1 armd recce sqn, 1 engr sqn)
1 de-mining pl; 1 MP coy; 1 tpt coy; 1 fd hospital
Reserves 700
Sudan FORCES BY ROLE
UN • UNAMID 395; 12 obs; 1 inf coy; 1 log coy MANOEUVRE
UN • UNISFA 1 obs Light
1 inf bn
Timor leste
UN • UNMIT 3 obs EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
LT TK 20 Scorpion (16 to be upgraded)
Western Sahara APC (W) 45 VAB
UN • MINURSO 20; 10 obs; 1 fd hospital ARTY • MOR 81mm 24
AT • RL 67mm Armbrust
ARV 2 Samson
Brunei BRN
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Brunei Dollar B$ 2010 2011 2012


Navy 1,000
FORCES BY ROLE
GDP B$ 16.9bn 19.3bn
SPECIAL FORCES
US$ 12.2bn 15.2bn 1 SF sqn
per capita US$ 30,915 37,922 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Growth % 2.60 2.77 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 10
Inflation % 0.4 1.8 PSO 3 Darussalam
PCC 4 Itjihad
Def exp B$ 485m
PB 3 Perwira

Asia
US$ 351m AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT • LCU 4: 2 Teraban;
Def bdgt B$ 512m 514m 2 Cheverton Loadmaster
US$ 371m 406m
US$1=B$ 1.38 1.27 Air Force 1,100
FORCES BY ROLE
Population 401,890
MARITIME PATROL
Ethnic groups: Malay, Kedayan, Tutong, Belait, Bisaya, Dusun, 1 sqn with CN-235M
Murut 66.3%; Chinese 11.2%; Iban, Dayak, Kelabit 6%; Other TRAINING
11.8%
1 sqn with PC-7; Bell 206B Jet Ranger II
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 sqn with Bell 212; Bell 214 (SAR)
Male 13.2% 4.3% 4.5% 4.6% 21.7% 1.7%
1 sqn with Bo-105
Female 12.4% 4.3% 4.7% 5.0% 21.8% 1.8% 1 sqn with S-70A Black Hawk
AIR DEFENCE
Capabilities 2 sqn with Mistral
The small, professional Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
are an important source of employment in this oil-rich AIRCRAFT
mini-state. Despite being well-trained, they could offer MP 1 CN-235M
little resistance on their own to a determined aggressor. TRG 4 PC-7
However, the Sultanate has long-established defence rela- HELICOPTERS
tions with the United Kingdom and Singapore, with which TPT 23 Medium 5: 1 Bell 214 (SAR); 4 S-70A Black Hawk
its forces train. It has deployed small contingents, under Light 18: 2 Bell 206B Jet Ranger II; 10 Bell 212; 6 Bo-105
Malaysian command, to the Lebanon (UNIFIL) and south- (armed, 81mm rockets)
ern Philippines (IMT). AD • SAM 12 Mistral

ACTIVE 7,000 (Army 4,900 Navy 1,000 Air 1,100) Paramilitary ε2,250
Paramilitary 2,250
Gurkha Reserve Unit 400-500
RESERVE 700 (Army 700)
FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE
Organisations by Service Light
2 inf bn (-)
Army 4,900
FORCES BY ROLE Royal Brunei Police 1,750
MANOEUVRE EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Light PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 10: 3
3 inf bn Bendaharu; 7 PDB-type
232 The Military Balance 2012

Deployment FORCES BY ROLE


SPECIAL FORCES
Lebanon 1 AB/SF regt
UN • UNIFIL 30 MANOEUVRE
Reconnaissance
PHILIPPINES Some indep recce bn
IMT 9 Armoured
3 armd bn
Foreign forces Light
12 inf div(-)
Singapore Army: 1 trg camp with infanty units on rotation 3 indep inf bde
Air Force; trg school; 1 hel det with AS 332 Super Puma 9 indep inf regt
United Kingdom Army: 550; 1 Gurhka bn; 1 trg unit; 1 hel Other
flt with 3 hel 1 sy bde (4 sy bn)
COMBAT SUPPORT
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Some arty bn
Cambodia CAM Some AD bn
3 fd engr regt
Cambodian Riel r 2010 2011 2012 COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
GDP r 47.8tr 53.3tr 1 (construction) engr regt
US$ 11.3bn 13bn EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
per capita US$ 779 883 MBT 150+: 50 Type-59; 100+ T-54/T-55
Growth % 6.02 6.71
LT TK 20+: Type-62; 20 Type-63
RECCE BRDM-2
Inflation % 4.0 6.4
AIFV 70 BMP-1
Def bdgt r 1.15tr 1.23tr APC 190+
US$ 271m 298m APC (T) M-113
FMA (US) US$ 1.0m 1.0m APC (W) 190: 160 BTR-60/BTR-152; 30 OT-64
ARTY 428+
US$1=r 4245.30 4109.44
TOWED 400+ 76mm ZIS-3 M-1942/122mm D-30/122mm
Population 14,701,717 M-30 M-1938/130mm Type-59-I
Ethnic groups: Khmer 90%; Vietnamese 5%; Chinese 1% MRL 28+: 107mm Type-63; 122mm 8 BM-21; 132mm BM-
13-16 (BM-13); 140mm 20 BM-14-16 (BM-14)
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus MOR 82mm M-37; 120mm M-43; 160mm M-160
Male 16.2% 5.5% 5.7% 5.0% 14.6% 1.4% AT • RCL 82mm B-10; 107mm B-11
Female 16.0% 5.6% 5.8% 5.1% 16.9% 2.3% AD
MSL • MANPAD 50 FN-6; FN-16 (reported)
GUNS • TOWED 14.5mm ZPU-1/ZPU-2/ZPU-4; 37mm
Capabilities M-1939; 57mm S-60
Despite their name, which reflects Cambodia’s formal sta- ARV T-54/T-55
tus as a constitutional monarchy, and their integration in MW Bozena, RA-140 DS
the early 1990s of two non-communist resistance armies,
the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF) are essentially Navy ε2,800 (incl 1,500 Naval Infantry)
the modern manifestation of the armed forces of the for- EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
mer People’s Republic of Kampuchea, established in 1979 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 11
following Vietnam’s invasion. The army is organised into PBF 2 Stenka
many under-strength ‘divisions’, and is top heavy with se- PB 7: 4 (PRC 46m); 3 (PRC 20m)
nior officers. Minor skirmishes on the border with Thailand PBR 2 Kaoh Chhlam
since 2008 provide little indication of the RCAF’s capacity Naval Infantry 1,500
for high-intensity combat, which is probably limited.
FORCES BY ROLE
ACTIVE 124,300 (Army 75,000 Navy 2,800 Air 1,500 MANOEUVRE
Provincial Forces 45,000) Paramilitary 67,000 Light
Terms of service conscription authorised but not 7 inf bn
COMBAT SUPPORT
implemented since 1993
1 arty bn

Organisations by Service Air Force 1,500


FORCES BY ROLE
Army ε75,000 ISR/TRAINING
6 Military Regions (incl 1 special zone for capital) 1 sqn with P-92 Echo; L-39 Albatros*
Asia 233

TRANSPORT
1 VIP sqn (reporting to Council of Ministers) with An- Capabilities
24RV Coke; AS350 Ecureuil; AS355F2 Ecureuil II The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) is engaged in a mod-
1 sqn with BN-2 Islander; Y-12 (II) ernisation programme fuelled by the country’s rapid eco-
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER nomic development. With a fleet of more modern subma-
1 sqn with Mi-26 Halo; Mi-17 Hip H; Mi-8 Hip rines and naval escorts, more capable fighter aircraft and
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE advanced armoured vehicles, it is now superior to the
AIRCRAFT 24 combat capable armed forces of less developed countries in Southeast Asia;
TPT • Light 11: 2 An-24RV Coke; 1 BN-2 Islander; 5 P-92 the PLA also now matches the capabilities of Taiwan. How-
Echo (pilot trg/recce); 2 Y-12 (II) ever, a lack of war-fighting experience (China has not been
TRG 5 L-39 Albatros* involved in a significant conflict since the war with Viet-
HELICOPTERS nam in 1979), questions over training and morale, and key
MRH 3 MI-17 Hip H capability gaps such as C4ISTAR and anti-submarine war-
TPT 10: Heavy 2 Mi-26 Halo Medium 4 Mi-8 Hip Light 4: fare mean that it remains inferior to more technologically
proficient militaries in the region, such as South Korea and
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

2 AS350 Ecureuil; 2 AS355F2 Ecureuil II


Japan, and far behind that of the US. While sovereign ter-
Provincial Forces 45,000+ ritorial integrity remains the PLA’s primary concern, force
Reports of at least 1 inf regt per province, with varying development has allowed it to concentrate on goals further
numbers of inf bn (with lt wpn) afield.

ACTIVE 2,285,000 (Army 1,600,000 Navy 255,000


Paramilitary Air 300,000-330,000 Strategic Missile Forces 100,000)
Police 67,000 (including gendarmerie) Paramilitary 660,000

Asia
Terms of service selective conscription; all services 2 years

Deployment RESERVE ε510,000


Overall organisation: Army leadership is exercised by
LEBANON the four general headquarters/departments. A military
UN • UNIFIL 217; 1 engr coy region exercises direct leadership over the Army units
sotuh Sudan under it. Each of the Navy, Air Force and Second Artillery
Force have a leading body consisting of the headquarters,
UN • UNMISS 1; 2 obs
political department, logistics department and armaments
department. These direct the military, political, logistical
China, People’s Republic of PRC and equipment work of their respective troops, and take
part in the command of joint operations.
Chinese Yuan Renminbi Y 2010 2011 2012
GDP Y 39.8tr 45.8tr Organisations by Service
US$ 5.87tr 7.06tr
US$a 10.1tr 11.3tr Strategic Missile Forces (100,000+)
per capita US$ 4,414 5,278
Growth % 10.33 9.47 Offensive
The Second Artillery Force organises and commands
Inflation % 3.3 5.5
its own troops to launch nuclear counterattacks with
Def exp Y 753bn strategic missiles and to conduct operations with
US$ 111bn conventional missiles. Org as launch bdes subordinate to
US$a 178bn 6 army-level msl bases; org varies by msl type.
Def bdgtb Y 518bn 583bn FORCES BY ROLE
US$ 76.4bn 89.8bn MISSILE
1 ICBM bde with DF-4
US$1=Y MER 6.78 6.49
3 ICBM bde with DF-5A
PPP 3.93 4.05
1 ICBM bde with DF-31
a
PPP estimate 2 ICBM bde with DF-31A
b
Official defence budget at market exchange rates 1 IRBM bde with DF-3A
1 MRBM bde with DF-21
Population 1,336,718,015
6 MRBM bde with DF-21A
Ethnic groups: Tibetan, Uighur and other non-Han 8% 2 MRBM bde with DF-21C
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus 1 MRBM bde forming with DF-21D (reported)
4 SRBM bde with DF-11A
Male 9.5% 4.0% 4.8% 4.0% 25.0% 4.3%
4 SRBM bde with DF-15
Female 8.1% 3.5% 4.4% 3.8% 24.0% 4.6% 2 SSM bde with DH-10
234 The Military Balance 2012

MSL • STRATEGIC 470 19 mot inf bde


ICBM 66: ε10 DF-4 (CSS-3); ε20 DF-5A (CSS-4 Mod 2); 2 (high alt) mot inf bde
ε12 DF-31 (CSS-9); ε24 DF-31A (CSS-9 Mod 2) Amphibious
IRBM ε2 DF-3A (CSS-2 Mod) 1 amph armd bde
MRBM 122: ε80 DF-21/DF-21A (CSS-5 Mod 1/2); ε36 2 amph mech div
DF-21C (CSS-5 Mod 3); ε6 DF-21D (CSS-5 Mod 4 - Mountain
ASBM) reported 2 mtn inf bde
SRBM 216: ε108 DF-11A/M-11A (CSS-7 Mod 2); ε108 Other
DF-15/M-9 (CSS-6) 1 (OPFOR) armd bde
LACM ε54 CJ-10 (DH-10) 1 mech gd div
1 lt gd div
Navy Aviation
SUBMARINES • STRATEGIC • SSBN 3: 1 avn bde
1 Xia with 12 JL-1 (CSS-N-3) strategic SLBM 9 avn regt
2 Jin with up to 12 JL-2 (CSS-NX-4) strategic SLBM 2 trg avn regt
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

(full operational status unknown; 3rd and 4th vessels


COMBAT SUPPORT
in build)
2 arty div
Defensive 17 arty bde
RADAR • STRATEGIC: some phased array radar; some 9 (coastal defence) AShM regt
detection and tracking radars (covering Central Asia and 21 AD bde
Shanxi on the northern border) located at Xinjiang 1 indep AD regt
1 engr bde
Space 13 engr regt
SATELLITES 40 5 EW regt
COMMUNICATIONS 4: 3 Fenghuo (Zhongxing - dual 50 sigs regt
use telecom satellites for civ/mil comms); 1 Chinasat 1A
(Zhongxing 1A – reported dual use satellite for civ/mil
Reserves
comms) FORCES BY ROLE
NAVIGATION/POSITIONING/TIMING 10: 2 MANOEUVRE
Beidou-1; 1 Beidou-2(M); 3 Beidou-2(G); 4 Beidou-2 (IGSO) Armoured
ISR 15: 1 Haiyang 2A; 12 Yaogan Weixing (remote sensing); 2 armd regt
2 Zhangguo Ziyuan (ZY-2 - remote sensing) Light
ELINT/SIGINT 11: 8 Shijian 6 (4 pairs - reported ELINT/ 18 inf div
SIGINT role); 3 Shijian 11 (reported ELINT/SIGINT role) 4 inf bde
3 indep inf regt
People’s Liberation Army ε800,000; ε800,000 COMBAT SUPPORT
conscript (reductions continue) (total 3 arty div
ε1,600,000) 7 arty bde
7 military region comds are sub-divided into 28 military 17 AD div
districts. 8 AD bde
8 AD regt
FORCES BY ROLE
15 engr regt
COMMAND
1 ptn br bde
7 mil region
3 ptn br regt
18 (Group) army HQ
7 chem regt
SPECIAL FORCES
7 SF unit 10 sigs regt
MANOEUVRE COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
Armoured 9 log bde
9 armd div 1 log regt
7 armd bde EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Mechanised MBT 7,400+: 4,300 Type-59/Type-59D/Type-59-II; 300
7 mech inf div Type-79; 500 Type-88A/B; 1,500 Type-96/Type-96A; 300
2 (high alt) mech inf div Type-96G; 500 Type-98A/Type-99; some Type-99A2
5 mech inf bde LT TK 800: 200 Type-05 AAAV ZTD-05; 400 Type-62; 200
1 (high alt) mech inf bde Type-63A
2 indep mech inf regt AIFV 2,350: 500 Type-04 (ZBD-04); 250 Type-05 AAAV
Light (ZBD-05); 700 Type-86/Type-86A (WZ-501); 750 Type-92;
10 mot inf div 150 Type-92A
3 (high alt) mot inf div APC 2,700
1 (jungle) mot inf div APC (T) 2,000: 1,650 Type-63/Type-63C; 350 Type-89
Asia 235

APC (W) 700: 100 Type-09 (ZBL-09); 500 Type-92B; 100 VLB KMM; MTU; TMM; Type-84A
WZ-523 MW Type-74; Type-79; Type-81-II; Type-84
ARTY 12,462+
SP 1,785: 122mm 1,371: 1,296 Type-70-I/Type-89/Type- Navy ε215,000; 40,000 conscript (total 255,000)
07 PLZ-07 ; ε75 Type-09 (PLC-09) 152mm 324 Type-83; The PLA Navy is organised into five service arms:
155mm 126 Type-05 (PLZ-05) submarine, surface, naval aviation, coastal defence and
TOWED 6,176: 122mm 3,800 Type-54-1 (M-30) M-1938/ marine corps, as well as other specialised units. There are
Type-83/Type-60 (D-74)/Type-96 (D-30); 130mm 234 three fleets, the Beihai Fleet (North Sea), Donghai Fleet
Type-59 (M-46)/Type-59-I; 152mm 2,106 Type-54 (D-1)/ (East Sea) and Nanhai Fleet (South Sea).
Type-66 (D-20); 155mm 150 Type 88 WAC-21 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
GUN/MOR 150+: 120mm 150+: 100 2S23 NONA-SVK; SUBMARINES 71
50+ PLL-05 STRATEGIC • SSBN 3:
MRL 1,770+ 1 Xia (Type 092) with 12 JL-1 (CSS-N-3) strategic SLBM
SP 1,716+: 107mm some 122mm 1,620 Type-81/Type-
2 Jin (Type 094) with up to 12 JL-2 (CSS-NX-4) strategic
89; 300mm 96 Type-03 PHL-03
SLBM (full operational status unknown; 2 additional
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

TOWED • 107mm 54 Type-63


vessels in build)
MOR 2,586
TACTICAL 68
TOWED 81mm Type-W87; 82mm Type-53 (M-37)/
SSN 5:
Type-67/Type-82; 100mm Type-71 (reported); 120mm
3 Han (Type 091) with YJ-82 AShM, 6 single 533mm
Type-55 (incl SP); 160mm Type-56 (M-160)
TT
AT
2 Shang (Type 093) with 6 single 533mm TT (full
MSL
operational status unknown, 3rd vessel in build)
SP 276 HJ-9 Red Arrow 9
SSG 1 mod Romeo (Type SSG) with 6 YJ-1 (CSS-N-4)
MANPATS HJ-73A/HJ-73B/HJ-73C/HJ-8A/HJ-8C/HJ-

Asia
Sardine AShM, 8 single 533mm TT (test platform)
8E
SSK 52:
RCL 3,966: 75mm Type-56; 82mm Type-65 (B-10)/Type-
12 Kilo (2 Project 877, 2 Project 636, 8 Project 636N)
78; 105mm Type-75; 120mm Type-98
with 3M54 Klub (SS-N-27B Sizzler) ASCM; 6 single
RL 62mm Type-70-1
533mm TT with up to 18 Test-71/96 HWT
GUNS 1,730: 100mm 1,658: 1,308 Type-73 (T-12)/Type-
20 Ming (4 Type 035, 12 Type 035G, 4 Type 035B)
86; 350 Type-02 PTL02 120mm up to 72 Type-89 SP
AIRCRAFT • TPT 8 Medium 3 Y-8 Light 5 Y-7 with 8 single 533mm TT
HELICOPTERS 16 Song (Type 039/039G) with YJ-82 (CSS-N-8)
ATK ε16 Z-10 Saccade ASCM, 6 single 533mm TT
MRH 401: 22 Mi-17 Hip H; 33 Mi-17-V5 Hip H; 24 Mi- 4 Yuan (Type 039A/B) with 6 533mm TT (2 further
17-V7 Hip H; 8 SA316 Alouette III; 8 SA342L Gazelle; 80 vessels launched in 2010; expected ISD 2011)
Z-9/9B; 200 Z-9 WA; 26 Z-9W SS 1 Golf (SLBM trials)
TPT 234 Heavy 21: 4 Mi-26 Halo; 7 SA321 Super Frelon; 10 PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 78
Z-8 Medium 145: 50 Mi-8T Hip; 69 Mi-171; 8 Mi-172; 18 DESTROYERS 13
S-70C2 (S-70C) Black Hawk Light 68: 53 AS350 Ecureuil; DDGHM 11:
15 EC120 4 Hangzhou (RUS Sovremenny) with 2 quad lnchr with
UAV • ISR • Heavy BZK-005; WZ-5 Medium ASN-105; 3M80/3M82 Moskit (SS-N-22 Sunburn) AShM, 2 3K90
ASN-206 Light ASN-104; W-50 Unknown WZ-6 BZK-006 Uragan (SA-N-7 Grizzly) SAM, 2 twin 533mm ASTT,
AD 2 RBU 1000 Smerch 3, 2 twin 130mm gun, (capacity
SAM 290+: either 1 Z-9C (AS-565SA Panther) hel or 1 Ka-28 Helix
SP 290: 200 HQ-7A; 60 9K331 Tor-M1 (SA-15 Gauntlet); A hel)
30 HQ-6D Red Leader 2 Luyang (Type 052B) with 4 quad lnchr with YJ-83
MANPAD HN-5A/HN-5B Hong Nu; FN-6/QW-1/ AShM, 2 single lnchr with 3K90 Uragan (SA-N-7
QW-2 Grizzly) SAM, 2 triple 324mm TT with Yu-7 LWT, 1
GUNS 7,700+ 100mm gun, (capacity 1 Ka-28 Helix A hel)
SP 25mm Type-95/Type-04; 35mm Type-07 37mm 2 Luyang II (Type 052C) with 2 quad lnchr with YJ-
Type-88; 57mm Type-80 62 AShM, 8 sextuple VLS with HHQ-9 SAM, 2 triple
TOWED 23mm Type-80 (ZU-23-2); 25mm Type-85; 324mm TT with Yu-7 LWT, 1 100mm gun, (capacity
35mm Type-90 (GDF-002); 37mm Type-55 (M-1939)/ 2 Ka-28 Helix A hel)
Type-65/Type-74; 57mm Type-59 (S-60); 85mm Type- 1 Luhai (Type 051B) with 4 quad lnchr with YJ-83
56 (M-1939) KS-12; 100mm Type-59 (KS-19) AShM, 1 octuple lnchr with HQ-7 SAM, 2 triple
RADAR • LAND Cheetah; RASIT; Type-378 324mm ASTT with Yu-7 LWT, 1 twin 100mm gun,
MSL (capacity 2 Z-9C (AS-565SA Panther)/Ka-28 Helix A
AShM HY-1 (CSS-N-2) Silkworm; HY-2 (CSS-C-3) hel)
Seersucker; HY-4 (CSS-C-7) Sadsack 2 Luhu (Type 052) with 4 quad lnchr with YJ-83
ASM KD-10 AShM, 1 octuple lnchr with HQ-7 SAM, 2 triple
ARV Type-73; Type-84; Type-85; Type-97; Type-654 324mm ASTT with Yu-7 LWT, 2 FQF 2500, 1 twin
236 The Military Balance 2012

100mm gun, (capacity 2 Z-9C (AS-565SA Panther) 11 Huangfen (Type 021) with 2 twin lnchr with HY-2
hel) (CSS-N-3 Seersucker) AShM
DDGM 2: PCG 26
2 Luzhou (Type 051C) with 2 quad lnchr with YJ-83 6 Houjian (Type 037/II) with 2 triple lnchr with YJ-1
(C-803) AShM; 6 sextulpe VLS with SA-N-20 Grumble (CSS-N-4 Sardine) AShM
SAM, 1 100mm gun, 1 hel landing platform 20 Houxin (Type 037/IG) with 2 twin lnchr with YJ-1
FRIGATES 65 (CSS-N-4 Sardine) AShM
FFGHM 25: PCC 75
2 Jiangkai (Type 054) with 2 quad lnchr with YJ-83 3 Haijui (Type 037/I) with 4 RBU 1200 (20 eff.)
AShM, 1 octuple lnchr with HQ-7 SAM, 2 triple 50 Hainan (Type 037) with ε4 RBU 1200 (20 eff.)
324mm TT with Yu-7 LWT, 2 RBU 1200, 1 100mm 22 Haiqing (Type 037/IS) with 2 Type-87 (12 eff.)
gun, (capacity 1 Ka-28 Helix A/Z-9C (AS-565SA PB 34+ Haizui/Shanghai III (Type 062/I)
Panther) hel) MINE WARFARE 73
9 Jiangkai II (Type 054A) with 2 quad lnchr with YJ- MINE COUNTERMEASURES 88
83 AShM, 1 32-cell VLS with HQ-16 SAM (reported), MCO 7: 6 Wochi; 1 Wozang
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

2 triple 324mm TT with Yu-7 LWT, 2 RBU 1200, 1 MSO 16 T-43


76mm gun, (capacity 1 Ka-28 Helix A/Z-9C (AS- MSC 16 Wosao
565SA Panther) hel) MSD 49: 4 Futi-class (Type 312); 42 in reserve; 3 (other)
4 Jiangwei I (Type 053H2G) with 2 triple lnchr with MINELAYERS • ML 1 Wolei
YJ-83 AShM, 1 sextuple lnchr with HQ-61 (CSA-N-2) AMPHIBIOUS
SAM, 2 RBU 1200, 1 twin 100mm gun, (capacity: 2 PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS VESSELS • LPD 1 Yuzhao
Z-9C (AS-565SA Panther) hel) (Type 071) (capacity 2 LCAC or 4 UCAC plus supporting
10 Jiangwei II (Type 053H3) with 2 quad lnchr with vehicles; 500–800 troops; 2 hel - 2 further vessels
YJ-83 AShM, 1 octuple lnchr with HQ-7 SAM, 2 RBU launched, expected ISD 2012-3)
1200, 2 100mm gun, (capacity: 2 Z-9C (AS-565SA LANDING SHIPS 87
Panther) hel) LSM 61:
FFGH 1: 10 Yubei (capacity 10 tanks or 150 troops)
1 Jianghu IV (Type 053H1Q - trg role) with 1 triple 1 Yudeng (Type 073) (capacity 6 tk; 180 troops)
lnchr with SY-1 (CSS-N-1) Scrubbrush AShM, 4 RBU 10 Yuhai (capacity 2 tk; 250 troops)
1200, 1 100mm gun, (capacity: 1 Z-9C (AS-565SA 30 Yuliang (Type 079) (capacity 5 tk; 250 troops)
Panther) hel) 10 Yunshu (Type 073A) (capacity 6 tk)
FFGM 2: LST 26:
2 Luda mod (Type 051DT) with 2 quad lnchr with 7 Yukan (capacity 10 tk; 200 troops)
YJ-1 (CSS-N-4) Sardine AShM, 1 octuple lnchr with 9 Yuting (capacity 10 tk; 250 troops; 2 hel)
HQ-7 Crotale SAM, 2 FQF 2500, 2 twin 130mm guns, 10 Yuting II (capacity 4 LCVP; 10 tk; 250 troops)
(mine laying capability) LANDING CRAFT 151
FFG 37: LCU 120 Yunnan
9 Jianghu I (Type 053H) with 2 triple lnchr with SY-1 LCM 20 Yuchin
(CSS-N-1) Scrubbrush AShM, 4 RBU 1200, 2 100mm LCAC 1
gun UCAC 10
8 Jianghu II (Type 053H1) with 1 triple lnchr with LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 205
SY-1 (CSS-N-1) Scrubbrush AShM, 2 RBU 1200, 1 twin AORH 5: 2 Fuqing; 2 Fuchi; 1 Nanyun
100mm gun, (capacity 1 Z-9C (AS-565SA) Panther hel) AOT 50: 7 Danlin; 20 Fulin; 2 Shengli; 3 Jinyou; 18 Fuzhou
3 Jianghu III (Type 053H2) with 8 YJ-1 (CSS-N-4) AO L 5 Guangzhou
Sardine AShM, 4 RBU 1200, 2 twin 100mm gun AS 8: 1 Dazhi; 5 Dalang; 2 Dazhou
6 Jianghu V (Type 053H1G) with 1 triple lnchr with ASR 1 Dajiang (capacity: 2 SA-321 Super Frelon)
SY-1 (CSS-N-1) Scrubbrush AShM, 2 RBU 1200, 1 twin ARS 2: 1 Dadong; 1 Dadao
100mm gun AG 6: 4 Qiongsha (capacity 400 troops); 2 Qiongsha
9 Luda (Type 051/051D/051Z) with 2 triple 324mm (hospital conversion)
ASTT, 2 FQF 2500, 2 twin 130mm gun AK 23: 2 Yantai; 2 Dayun; 6 Danlin; 7 Dandao; 6 Hongqi
1 Luda II (Type 051G) with 2 triple lnchr with HY-2 AWT 18: 10 Leizhou; 8 Fuzhou
(CSS-N-2) Silkworm AShM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT, 1 AGOR 5: 1 Dahua; 2 Kan; 1 Bin Hai; 1 Shuguang
twin 130mm gun, (mine-laying capability) AGI 1 Dadie
1 Luda III (Type 051G II) with 2 triple lnchr with HY-2 AGM 5 (space and missile tracking)
(CSS-N-2) Silkworm/YJ-1 (CSS-N-4) Sardine AShM, AGS 6: 5 Yenlai; 1 Ganzhu
4 twin lnchr with YJ-1 (CSS-N-4) Sardine AShM, 2 AGB 4: 1 Yanbing; 3 Yanha
triple 324mm ASTT, 2 twin 130mm gun ABU 7 Yannan
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 211+ ATF 51: 4 Tuzhong; 10 Hujiu; 1 Daozha; 17 Gromovoy; 19
PCFG 76+ Roslavl
65+ Houbei (Type 022) with 2 quad lanchr with YJ-83 AH 1 Daishan
(C-803) AShM AX 2: 1 Shichang; 1 Daxin
Asia 237

YDG 5 Yen Pai Laser-Guided: LS-500J;


MSL • AShM 72 YJ-62 (coastal defence) (3 regt) TV-Guided: KAB-500KR; KAB-1500KR

Naval Aviation 26,000 Marines ε10,000


FORCES BY ROLE FORCES BY ROLE
BOMBER MANOEUVRE
1 regt with H-5; H-6DU/G; Y-8X Amphibious
2 regt with H-6G 2 mne bde (1 spec ops bn, 1 SF amph recce bn, 1 recce
FIGHTER bn, 2 tk bn, 4 mech inf bn, 1 arty bn, 1 AT/AD bn, 1
1 regt with J-7E engr bn, 1 sigs bn)
1 regt with J-8F
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 regt with J-8H
LT TK 124: 62 Type-63A; 62 Type-05 AAAV ZTD-05
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
APC (T) 248: 62 Type-63C; 62 Type-86; 124 Type-05
1 regt with J-10A/S
AAAV ZBD-05
1 regt (forming) with J-11B/BS
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

ARTY 40+
1 regt with Su-30MK2
SP 122mm 40+: 20+ Type-07; 20+ Type 89
ATTACK
MRL 107mm Type-63
2 regt with JH-7
MOR 82mm
3 regt with JH-7A
AT
ELINT/ISR/AEW
1 regt with Y-8J/JB/W MSL • MANPATS HJ-73; HJ-8
MARITIME PATROL RCL 120mm Type-98
1 regt with SH-5 AD • SAM • MANPAD HN-5 Hong Nu/Red Cherry
TRANSPORT

Asia
1 regt with Y-7; Y-7H; Y-8 Air Force 300,000–330,000
1 regt with Y-7; Y-8; Z-8; Z-9 The PLAAF organises its command through seven
TRAINING military-region air forces (MRAF) – Shenyang, Beijing,
1 regt (forming) with JL-9 Lanzhou, Jinan, Nanjing, Guangzhou and Chengdu – and
HELICOPTER 14 div-level command posts.
1 regt with Mi-8; Ka-28; Ka-31 Flying hours Ftr, ground attack and bbr pilots average
1 regt with AS365; Ka-28; Z-8; Z-8A/JH/S 100–150 hrs/yr. Tpt pilots average 200+
AIRCRAFT 311 combat capable per year. Each regt has two quotas to meet
BBR 50: 20 H-5; 30 H-6G during the year – a total number of hours,
FTR 72: 24 J-7E Fishbed; 24 J-8F Finback; 24 J-8H Finback and the percentage of flight time dedicated
FGA 172+: 120 JH-7/JH-7A; 24 J-10A/S; 4+ J-11B/BS; 24 to tactics trg.
Su-30MK2 Flanker
FORCES BY ROLE
ASW 4 SH-5
BOMBER
ELINT 7: 4 Y-8JB High New 2; 3 Y-8X
2 regt with H-6A/M
AEW&C 6: 4 Y-8J; 2 Y-8W High New 5
3 regt with H-6H/K with YJ-63
ISR 7 HZ-5
1 (nuclear ready) regt with H-6E
TKR 3 H-6DU
FIGHTER
TPT 66: Medium 4 Y-8 Light 62: 50 Y-5; 4 Y-7; 6 Y-7H;
10 regt with J-7 Fishbed
2 Yak-42
TRG 106+: 38 CJ-6; 5 HJ-5*; 21 HY-7; 14 JJ-6*; 4 JJ-7*; 12 8 regt with J-7E Fishbed
JL-8*; 12+ JL-9 5 regt with J-7G Fishbed
HELICOPTERS 1 regt with J-8B Finback
ASW 28: 13 Ka-28 Helix A (6 additional ac on order); 2 regt with J-8F Finback
25 Z-9C 4 regt with J-8H Finback
AEW 2 Ka-31 1 regt with Su-27SK/UBK Flanker
SAR 2 Z-8S 6 regt with J-11/Su-27UBK
TPT 46 Heavy 38: 15 SA321 Super Frelon; 20 Z-8/Z-8A; 1 regt with J-11B/BS
3 Z-8JH Medium 8 Mi-8 Hip 3 regt (forming) with J-11B/BS
MSL FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
AAM • IR PL-5; PL-9; R-73 (AA-11 Archer) SARH PL- 3 regt with Su-30MKK Flanker
11 IR/SARH R-27 (AA-10 Alamo) ARH R-77 (AA-12 6 regt with J-10A/S
Adder) GROUND ATTACK
ASM Kh-31A (AS-17B Krypton); YJ-61 (CAS-1 3 regt with JH-7A
(improved) Kraken); YJ-8K (CSS-N-4 Sardine); YJ-83K 5 regt with Q-5C/D/E Fantan
(CSSC-8 Saccade) ELECTRONIC WARFARE
BOMBS 1 regt with Y-8CB/G/XZ
Conventional: Type-200-4/Type-200A 1 regt with Y-8CB/G
238 The Military Balance 2012

ISR AD
2 regt with JZ-6* SAM 600+
1 regt with JZ-8 Finback* SP 300+: 24 HD-6D; 60+ HQ-7; 32 HQ-9; 24 HQ-12 (KS-
1 regt with JZ-8F Finback* 1A); some HQ-16; 32 S-300PMU (SA-10B Grumble); 64
1 regt with Y-8H1 S-300PMU1 (SA-20 Gargoyle); 64 S-300PMU2 (SA-20
AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL Gargoyle)
1 regt with KJ-200/KJ-2000/Y-8T TOWED 300+ HQ-2 (SA-2) Guideline Towed/HQ-2A/
COMBAT SEARCH & RESCUE HQ-2B(A)
1 regt with Mi-171; Z-8 GUNS 16,000 100mm/85mm
TANKER MSL
1 regt with H-6U AAM • IR PL-2B‡; PL-5B/C; PL-8; R-73 (AA-11 Archer);
TRANSPORT SARH PL-11; IR/SARH R-27 (AA-10 Alamo); ARH PL-
1 (VIP) regt with B-737; CRJ-200/700 12; R-77 (AA-12 Adder)
1 (VIP) regt with B-737; Tu-154M; Tu-154M/D ASM KD-88; Kh-29 (AS-14 Kedge); Kh-31A/P (AS-17
1 regt with Il-76MD Candid B Krypton); Kh-59 (AS-18 Kazoo); YJ-91 (Domestically
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

3 regt with Y-7 produced Kh-31P variant)


3 regt with Y-8 LACM YJ(KD)-63; CJ-10 (in development)
TRAINING
1 regt with H-6H
15th Airborne Corps
Some regt with CJ-6/-6A/-6B; H-5; HJ-5; Y-7; JL-8 (K-8); FORCES BY ROLE
JJ-5; JJ-6; JJ-7 SPECIAL FORCES
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER 1 SF unit
Some regt with AS332 Super Puma (VIP); Bell 214; Mi-8 MANOEUVRE
Hip; Z-9; Reconnaissance
AIR DEFENCE 1 recce regt
3 SAM div Air Manoeuvre
2 mixed SAM/ADA div 2 AB div (2 AB regt; 1 arty regt)
9 SAM bde 1 AB div (1 AB regt; 1 arty regt)
2 mixed SAM/ADA bde COMBAT SUPPORT
2 ADA bde 1 sigs gp
9 indep SAM regt COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
1 indep ADA regt 1 log gp
4 indep SAM bn EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE AIFV 130+ Type-03 (ZBD-03)
AIRCRAFT 1,693 combat capable ARTY 108+
BBR up to 82 H-6A/E/H/K/M TOWED • 122mm ε54 Type-96 (D-30)
FTR 890: 240 J-7 Fishbed; 192 J-7E Fishbed; 120 J-7G Fishbed; MRL • TOWED • 107mm ε54 Type-63
24 J-8B Finback; 48 J-8F Finback; 96 J-8H Finback; 95 J-11; 43 MOR • 82mm some
Su-27SK Flanker; 32 Su-27UBK Flanker AT • SP some HJ-9 Red Arrow 9
FGA 415+: 200+ J-10A/S; 70+ J-11B/BS Flanker; 72 JH-7/
JH-7A; 73 Su-30MKK Flanker Military Regions
ATK 120 Q-5C/D/E Fantan This represents the geographical disposition of the PLA’s
EW 13: 4 Y-8CB High New 1; 7 Y-8G High New 3; 2 Y-8XZ group armies, fleets and air divisions within China, as
High New 7 opposed to a joint-service command structure. Designated
ELINT 4 Tu-154M/D Careless Rapid Reaction Units (RRU) are indicated.
ISR 99: 48 JZ-6*; 24 JZ-8 Finback*; 24 JZ-8F Finback*; 3 Shenyang MR (North East)
Y-8H1
AEW&C 8+: 4+ KJ-200; 4 KJ-2000 Land Forces
C2 5: 2 B-737; 3 Y-8T High New 4 (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning MD)
TKR 10 H-6U 16th Group Army
TPT 320+ Heavy 10 Il-76MD Candid B Medium 40+ Y-8; (1 armd div, 2 mot inf div, 2 mot inf bde, 1 arty bde, 1
Light 239: 170 Y-5; 41 Y-7/Y-7H; 20 Y-11; 8 Y-12 PAX 31: AD bde, 1 engr regt)
9 B-737 (VIP); 5 CRJ-200; 5 CRJ-700; 12 Tu-154M Careless 39th Group Army
TRG 490: 400 CJ-6/-6A/-6B; 50 JJ-7*; 40 JL-8* (1 armd div, 1 mech inf div, 1 mech inf bde, 1 mot inf
HELICOPTERS div; 1 arty bde, 1 AD bde, 1 avn regt)
MRH 22: 20 Z-9; 2 Mi-17-V5 Hip H 40th Group Army
TPT 82+: Heavy 18+ Z-8 (SA321) Medium 6+ AS-332 (1 armd bde, 2 mot inf bde, 1 arty bde, 1 AD bde, 1
Super Puma (VIP); 4 Bell 214; 50 Mi-8 Hip; 4+ Mi-171 engr regt)
UAV • ISR • Heavy CH-1 Chang Hong; Chang Kong 1; Other Forces
Firebee Light Harpy (1 SF unit; 1 mot inf bde; 1 EW regt)
Asia 239

Shenyang MRAF Lanzhou MR (West)


1st Fighter Division
(1 ftr regt with J-11B; 1 FGA regt with J-10A; 1 ftr regt Land Forces
with J-8F) (Ningxia, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qing-hai, Xinjiang, South
Xinjiang MD)
11th Attack Division
21st Group Army
(1 atk regt with JH-7A; 1 atk regt with Q-5D)
(1 armd div, 1 mot inf div (RRU), 1 arty bde, 1 AD bde,
21st Fighter Division
1 engr regt)
(1 ftr regt with J-7E; 1 ftr regt with J-8H; 1 ftr regt with
47th Group Army
J-7H) (1 armd bde, 1 mech inf bde, 2 (high alt) mot inf bde, 1
30th Fighter Division arty bde, 1 AD bde, 1 engr regt)
(2 ftr regt with J-7E; 1 ftr regt (forming) with J-11B) Xinjiang MD
Other Forces (1 (high alt) mech div, 2 indep mech inf regt, 3 (high
(1 EW regt with Y-8CB/G; 1 ISR regt with JZ-8; 3 trg alt) mot div, 1 arty bde, 1 AD bde, 1 engr regt, 1 avn
schools with An-30/CJ-6/H-5/HJ-5/JJ-5/K-8/Y-7; 1 bde)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

(mixed) SAM/ADA bde; 1 SAM bde) Other Forces


(1 SF unit; 1 EW regt)
Beijing MR (North)
Lanzhou MRAF
Land Forces 6th Fighter Division
(Beijing, Tianjin Garrison, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, (1 ftr regt with J-11; 1 ftr regt with J-7E; 1 ftr regt with
Shanxi MD) J-7)
27th Group Army 36th Bomber Division
(1 (OPFOR) armd bde, 2 mech inf bde, 2 mot inf bde, 1 (1 surv regt with Y8H-1; 1 bbr regt with H-6M; 1 bbr

Asia
arty bde, 1 AD bde, 1 engr regt) regt with H-6E)
38th Group Army 37th Fighter Division
(1 armd div, 2 mech inf div, 1 arty bde, 1 AD bde, 1 (1 ftr regt with J-8H; 1 ftr regt with J-7G; 1 ftr regt
engr regt, 1 avn regt) (forming) with J-11B)
65th Group Army Other Forces
(1 armd div, 1 mech inf div, 1 mot inf bde, 1 arty bde, 1 (2 trg school with CJ-6, JJ-5; PLAAF Msl Test regt with
JJ-6, J-7B; 1 (mixed) SAM/ADA div; 1 SAM bde; 4
AD bde, 1 engr regt, 1 avn regt)
indep SAM regt)
Other Forces
(1 SF unit, 2 (Beijing) gd div; 1 mot inf bde; 1 ADA bde) Jinan MR (Centre)
North Sea Fleet Naval Aviation Land Forces
7th Naval Air Division (Shandong, Henan MD)
(1 trg regt with JL-9, 1 FGA regt with JH-7A) 20th Group Army
Other Forces (1 armd bde, 1 mech inf bde, 1 mot inf bde, 1 arty bde,
(1 bbr regt with H-5; H-6DU/G; Y-8X; 1 tpt regt with 1 AD bde, 1 engr regt)
Y-7/Y-8) 26th Group Army
(1 armd div, 3 mot inf bde, 1 arty bde, 1 AD bde, 1 avn
Beijing MRAF regt)
7th Fighter Division 54th Group Army
(1 ftr regt with J-11; 1 ftr regt with J-7G; 1 ftr regt with (1 armd div, 2 mech inf div (RRU), 1 arty bde, 1 AD
J-7) bde, 1 avn regt)
15th Fighter/Attack Division Other Forces
(1 ftr regt with J-7; 1 atk regt with Q-5C) (1 SF unit; 1 EW regt)
24th Fighter Division
(1 ftr regt with J-8F; 1 FGA regt with J-10A)
North Sea Fleet
Coastal defence from DPRK border (Yalu River) to
Other Forces
south of Lianyungang (approx 35°10´N); equates to
(1 Flight Test Centre with Su-30, Su-27/J-11, J-8C, J-10,
Shenyang, Beijing and Jinan MR, and to seaward;
J-7E, JJ-7 (on rotation); 1 trg base with J-7B, JJ-7; 2 trg HQ at Qingdao; support bases at Lushun, Qingdao. 9
schools with CJ-6/JJ-5/K-8; 3 SAM div; 1 (mixed) SAM/ coastal-defence districts
ADA div) 2 SSBN; 3 SSN; 23 SS; 2 DDGHM; 2 DDGM; 2
FFGHM; 2 FFGM; 1 FFGH; 10 FFG; 1 ML; ε20 PCFG/
Other Forces PCG; 9 LS; ε7 MCMV
34th VIP Transport Division
(1 tpt regt with B-737; CRJ200/700; 1 tpt regt with North Sea Fleet Naval Aviation
B-737; Tu-154M; Tu-154M/D; 1 tpt regt with Y-7; 1 5th Naval Air Division
(flight test) regt) (1 FGA regt with JH-7A; 1 ftr regt with J-8F)
240 The Military Balance 2012

Other Forces 29th Fighter Division


(1 EW/ISR/AEW regt with Y-8J/JB/W; 1 MP regt with (1 FGA regt with Su-30MKK; 1 ftr regt with J-11; 1 ftr
SH-5; 1 hel regt with AS365; Ka-28; SA321; Z-9) regt with J-8H)
Other Forces
Jinan MRAF (1 trg school with K-8, JJ-5, CJ-6; 3 SAM bde; 1 ADA
5th Attack Division bde; 2 indep SAM regt)
(1 atk regt with Q-5E; 1 atk regt with JH-7A)
12th Fighter Division Guangzhou MR (South)
(1 ftr regt with J-8B; 2 ftr regt with J-7G)
19th Fighter Division Land Forces
(1 ftr regt with Su-27SK; 1 ftr regt with J-7; 1 ftr regt (Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan MD)
(forming) with J-11B) 41st Group Army
Other Forces (1 armd bde, 1 mech inf div (RRU), 1 mot inf div, 1 arty
(1 ISR regt with JZ-6; 4 SAM bn) bde, 1 AD bde, 1 engr regt)
42nd Group Army
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Nanjing MR (East) (1 armd bde, 1 amph mech div (RRU), 1 mot inf div, 1
Land Forces arty div, 1 AD bde, 1 avn regt)
(Shanghai Garrison, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Other Forces
Anhui MD) (1 SF unit; 1 mot inf bde; 1 (composite) mot inf bde
1st Group Army (Composed of units drawn from across the PLA and
(1 armd bde, 1 amph mech div, 1 mot inf bde, 1 arty deployed to Hong Kong on a rotational basis); 1 AD
div, 1 AD bde, 1 engr regt, 1 avn regt); bde; 1 SSM bde; 1 EW regt)
12th Group Army
(1 armd div, 3 mot inf bde (1 RRU), 1 arty bde, 1 AD South Sea Fleet
bde, 1 engr regt); Coastal defence from Dongshan (approx 23°30´N)
31st Group Army to VNM border; equates to Guangzhou MR, and to
(1 (amph) armd bde, 2 mot inf div (incl 1 RRU), 1 mot seaward (including Paracel and Spratly Islands); HQ
inf bde, 1 arty bde, 1 AD bde, 1 avn regt) at Zuanjiang; support bases at Yulin, Guangzhou
Other Forces 1 SSBN; 2 SSN; 18 SS; 5 DDGHM; 9 FFGHM; 15
(1 SF unit; 1 SSM bde) FFG; ε40 PCFG/PCG; 1 LPD; 51 LS; ε10 MCMV

East Sea Fleet South Sea Fleet Naval Aviation


Coastal defence from south of Lianyungang to 8th Naval Aviation Division
Dongshan (approx 35°10´N to 23°30´N); equates to (1 FGA regt with J-11B; 1 bbr regt with H-6G; 1 ftr regt
Nanjing Military Region, and to seaward; HQ at with J-7E)
Ningbo; support bases at Fujian, Zhoushan, Ningbo. 7 9th Naval Aviation Division
coastal defence districts (1 ftr regt with J-8H, 1 FGA regt with JH-7A)
16 SS; 4 DDGHM; 14 FFGHM; 12 FFG; ε35 PCFG/ Other Forces
PCG; 27 LS; ε22 MCMV (1 tpt regt with Y-7; Y-8; Z-8; Z-8JH/S; Z-9)

East Sea Fleet Naval Aviation Guangzhou MRAF


4th Naval Aviation Division 2nd Fighter Division
(1 FGA regt with Su-30Mk2; 1 FGA regt with J-10AH) (1 ftr regt with J-7G; 1 FGA regt with J-10; 1 ftr regt
6th Naval Aviation Division with J-11)
(2 FGA regt with JH-7; 1 bbr regt with H-6G) 8th Bomber Division
Other Forces (1 tkr regt with H-6U; 1 bbr regt with H-6H; 1 bbr regt
(1 hel regt with Mi-8; Ka-28; Ka-31) with H-6K)
Nanjing MRAF 9th Fighter Division
3rd Fighter Division (1 FGA regt with J-10; 1 ftr regt with J-7; 1 ftr regt with
(1 ftr regt with J-7E; 1 FGA regt with J-10A; 1 FGA regt J-8H)
with Su-30MKK) 13th Transport Division
10th Bomber Division (1 tpt regt with Y-8; 1 tpt regt with Y-7; 1 tpt regt with
(2 bbr regt with H-6A; 1 EW regt with Y-8CB/G/XZ) Il-76MD)
14th Fighter Division 18th Fighter Division
(1 ftr regt with J-11; 2 ftr regt with J-7E) (1 ftr regt with J-7; 1 FGA regt with Su-30MKK)
26th Special Mission Division 42nd Fighter Division
(1 AEW&C regt with KJ-200/KJ-2000/Y-8T; 1 CSAR (2 ftr regt with J-7)
regt with M-171/Z-8; 1 ISR regt with JZ-8F) Other Forces
28th Attack Division (1 ISR regt with JZ-6; 4 SAM Bde, 1 ADA bde, 1 indep
(1 atk regt with JH-7A; 2 atk regt with Q-5D) ADA regt)
Asia 241

Other Forces Maritime Safety Administration (MSA)


Marines Various tasks including aid to navigation
(2 mne bde) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
15th Airborne Corps PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 207+
(3 AB div) PB 207+
Chengdu MR (South-West) Fisheries Law Enforcement Command
Land Forces (FLEC)
(Chongqing Garrison, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Enforces Chinese fishery regulations
Tibet MD) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
13th Group Army PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 133+
(1 armd bde, 1 (high alt) mech inf div (RRU), 1 mot inf PSO 4; PCO 11; PB/PBF 118+
div, 1 arty bde, 1 AD bde, 1 engr regt, 1 avn regt)
14th Group Army Cyber
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

(1 armd bde, 1 (jungle) mot inf div, 1 mot inf div, 1 arty In July 2010, colours were presented by General Cheng
bde, 1 AD bde) Bingde, head of the PLA General Staff Department, to a
Other Forces new ‘Information Safeguards Base’, tasked with address-
(1 SF unit; 1 (high alt) mech inf bde; 2 mtn inf bde; 1 ing cyber threats and safeguarding China’s information
EW regt) security and information infrastructure. Some PLA sources
Chengdu MRAF claim that the base is not an offensive cyber capability but
4th Transport Division rather is intended to bolster resilience.
(2 tpt regt with Y-8; 1 tpt regt with Y-7) The PLA has devoted much attention to information
33rd Fighter Division warfare over the past decade, both in terms of battlefield

Asia
(1 ftr regt with J-7E; 1 ftr regt with J-11) EW and wider, cyber warfare capabilities. The main doc-
44th Fighter Division trine is the ‘Integrated Network Electronic Warfare’ docu-
(1 ftr regt with J-7; 1 FGA regt with J-10) ment, which guides PLA computer network operations
Other Forces and calls for the combination of network warfare and EW
(1 trg school with H-5, HJ-5, CJ-6; 1 (mixed) SAM/ADA tools at the start of a conflict in order to paralyse (or at least
bde; 3 indep SAM regt) degrade) an opponent’s C4ISR capabilities. China’s cyber
assets fall under the command of two main departments
Paramilitary 660,000+ active of the General Staff Department (GSD). Computer network
attacks and EW would in theory come under the 4th De-
People’s Armed Police ε660,000 partment (Electronic Countermeasures), and computer
network defence and intelligence gathering comes under
Internal Security Forces ε400,000
the 3rd Department (Signals Intelligence). The 3rd Depart-
FORCES BY ROLE ment is supported by a variety of ‘militia units’ comprising
MANOEUVRE
both military cyber warfare personnel and civilian hack-
Other
ers. In 2011, the PLA said that a much-reported ‘Cyber Blue
14 (mobile) paramilitary div
Team’ was a body designed to improve the PLA’s ‘ability
22 (mobile) indep paramilitary regt
to safeguard internet security.’
Some (firefighting/garrison) unit

Border Defence Force (incl Coast Guard) Deployment


ε260,000
FORCES BY ROLE Côte D’Ivoire
COMMAND UN • UNOCI 6 obs
30 div HQ Cyprus
MANOEUVRE
UN • UNFICYP 2
Other
110 (border) paramilitary regt Democratic Republic of the Congo
20 (marine) paramilitary regt UN • MONUSCO; 218; 16 obs; 1 engr coy; 1 fd hospital
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Gulf of aden
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 154+
PCO 16; PB/PBF 138+ Navy: 1 DDGHM; 1 FFGHM; 1 AORH
LEBANON
China Marine Surveillance UN • UNIFIL 344; 1 engr coy; 1 fd hospital
Patrols China’s EEZ
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Liberia
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 68+ UN • UNMIL 564; 2 obs; 1 engr coy; 1 tpt coy; 1 fd
PSO 6; PCO 14; PB/PBF 48+ hospital
242 The Military Balance 2012

Middle East ACTIVE 3,500 (Army 3,200 Navy 300)


UN • UNTSO 4 obs
RESERVE ε6,000
South Sudan (to age 45)
UN • UNMIS 367; 10 obs; 1 engr coy; 1 tpt coy; 1 fd
hospital Organisations by Service
Sudan
UN • UNAMID 322; 1 engr coy
Army 3,200 (incl 300 recalled reserves)
UN • UNISFA 1 obs FORCES BY ROLE
SPECIAL FORCE
Timor Leste 1 spec ops coy
UN • UNMIT 2 obs MANOEUVRE
Light
Western Sahara 3 inf bn
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

UN • MINURSO 10 obs COMBAT SUPPORT


1 arty bty
1 engr bn
Fiji FJI
Reserves 6,000
Fijian Dollar F$ 2010 2011 2012
FORCES BY ROLE
GDP F$ 5.96bn 6.56bn MANOEUVRE
US$ 3.1bn 3.65bn Light
per capita US$ 3,535 4,139 4 inf bn
Growth % 0.32 1.55 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Inflation % 8.4 5.5 ARTY 16
Def bdgt F$ 124m 119m 116m TOWED 85mm 4 25-pdr (ceremonial)
US$ 64m 66m MOR 81mm 12
US$1=F$ 1.92 1.79
Navy 300
Population 883,125 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Ethnic groups: Fijian 51%; Indian 44%; European/Others 5% PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 5: 3 Kula;
2 Levuka
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 14.8% 4.7% 4.5% 4.5% 20.0% 2.4%
Deployment
Female 14.1% 4.5% 4.2% 4.2% 19.3% 2.8%
EGYPT
Capabilities MFO 338; 1 inf bn

The Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF) are a small but IRAQ
tough fighting force that has secured substantial opera- UN • UNAMI 278; 3 sy unit
tional experience since the participation of Fijian units in South SUDAN
the Second World War, Malayan Emergency, and subse- UN • UNMISS 5 obs
quently as part of international peacekeeping missions in
Lebanon, the Sinai and Iraq. Involvement in international TIMOR LESTE
peacekeeping has provided an important revenue source UN • UNMIT 1 obs
for Fiji’s government. Since the 1980s, however, the RFMF
has also been heavily involved in domestic politics, mount-
ing a coup for the third time in 2006. This intervention dis-
rupted relations with Fiji’s traditional military partners,
Australia and New Zealand, leading the military-con-
trolled government to emphasise the potential of defence
ties with China and other ‘Asian friends’. In January 2011,
the RFMF Engineers Regiment received a gift of major civil
engineering equipment from China, allowing a major ex-
pansion of its developmental role. The RFMF’s small Naval
Unit operates primarily in EEZ protection and search-and-
rescue roles. Though it has operated helicopters in the past,
the RFMF presently has no aircraft.
Asia 243

FORCES BY ROLE
India IND MISSILE
1 gp with Agni I
Indian Rupee Rs 2010 2011 2012
1 gp with Agni II
GDP Rs 75.1tr 87.5tr 2 gp with SS-150/250 Prithvi I/II
US$ 1.64tr 1.89tr EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
per capita US$ 1,394 1,591 MSL • STRATEGIC 54
Growth % 10.09 7.84 IRBM 24+: ε12 Agni I (80–100 msl); ε12 Agni II (20–25
msl); some Agni III (successfully tested)
Inflation % 12.0 10.6
SRBM 30+: ε30 SS-150 Prithvi I/SS-250 Prithvi II; some
Def expa Rs 1.42tn SS-350 Dhanush (naval testbed)
US$ 30.9bn Some Indian Air Force assets (such as Mirage 2000H or Su-
Def bdgta Rs 1.36tr 1.47tr 1.64tr 30MKI) may be tasked with a strategic role
US$ 29.7bn 31.9bn
Space
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

US$1=Rs 45.94 46.22


SATELLITES • ISR 1 RISAT-2
a
Excludes military pensions

Population 1,189,172,906 Army 1,129,900


6 Regional Comd HQ (Northern, Western, Central, South-
Religious groups: Hindu 80%; Muslim 14%; Christian 2%; Sikh 2%
ern, Eastern, South Western), 1 Training Comd (ARTRAC)
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus FORCES BY ROLE
Male 15.8% 5.0% 4.6% 4.4% 19.5% 2.6% COMMAND
3 (strike) corps HQ
Female 13.9% 4.4% 4.2% 4.0% 18.7% 2.9%
10 (holding) corps HQ

Asia
MISSILE
Capabilities 2 msl gp with Agni I/II
India has the third-largest army in the world and is among 2 msl gp with SS-150/250 Prithvi I/II
the largest providers of personnel for UN peace-keeping SPECIAL FORCES
operations. Its armed forces regularly carry out combined 8 SF bn
arms and joint-service exercises, and have joined multina- MANOEUVRE
tional exercises with the US, France and the UK, among Armoured
others. All three services have wide-ranging procurement 3 armd div (2–3 armd bde, 1 SP arty bde (1 medium
programmes to modernise their inventories, although this regt, 1 SP arty regt))
procurement, particularly from the inefficient indigenous 8 indep armd bde
defence industry, has often been hampered by delay. Mos- Mechanised
cow remains the country’s main source of defence equip- 4 (RAPID) mech inf div (1 armd bde, 2 mech inf bde, 1
ment. New Delhi has also revived procurement from Eu- arty bde)
rope and has begun to buy equipment from the United 2 indep mech bde
States. Acquistions have improved mobility and extended Light
reach, though the navy’s ability to sustain carrier aviation 17 inf div (2–5 inf bde, 1 arty bde)
capability is threatened by delays in the arrival of an air- 7 indep inf bde
craft carrier from Russia. Air Manoeuvre
1 para bde
ACTIVE 1,325,000 (Army 1,129,900, Navy 58,350 Mountain
Air 127,200, Coast Guard 9,550) Paramilitary 12 mtn div (3-4 mtn inf bde, 3–4 art regt)
1,300,586 2 indep mtn bde
Aviation
RESERVE 1,155,000 (Army 960,000 Navy 55,000 Air
14 hel sqn
140,000) Paramilitary 987,821 COMBAT SUPPORT
Army first-line reserves (300,000) within 5 years of full
2 arty div (2 arty bde (3 med art, 1 STA/MRL regt)
time service, further 500,000 have commitment to the age
6 AD bde
of 50.
2 SSM regt with PJ-10 BrahMos
4 engr bde
Organisations by Service
Reserve Organisations
Strategic Forces Command Reserves 300,000 reservists (first- line reserve
Strategic Forces Command (SFC) is a tri-service command within 5 years full time service); 500,000 reservists
established in 2003. The Commander-in-Chief of SFC, a (commitment until age of 50) (total 800,000)
senior three-star military officer, manages and administers
all Strategic Forces through separate Army and Air Force Territorial Army 160,000 reservists (only 40,000
chains of command. regular establishment)
244 The Military Balance 2012

FORCES BY ROLE MSL


MANOEUVRE IRBM 24+: ε12 Agni I (80-100 msl); ε12 Agni-II (20-25
Light msl); some Agni-III (successfully tested)
25 inf bn SRBM 30: ε30 SS-150 Prithvi I/SS-250 Prithvi II
COMBAT SUPPORT LACM 8–10 PJ-10 BrahMos
20 ADA regt AEV BMP-2; FV180
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT ARV T-54/T-55; VT-72B; WZT-2; WZT-3
6 ecological bn VLB AM-50; BLG-60; BLG T-72; Kartik; MTU-20; MT-55;
37 (non-departmental) unit (raised from government Sarvatra
ministries) MW 910 MCV-2
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 3,233+ 124 Arjun; 715 T-55 (being retired); 1,950 Navy 58,350 (incl 7,000 Naval Avn and 1,200
T-72M1; 444+ T-90S; (ε1,100 various models in store) Marines)
RECCE 110 BRDM-2 each with AT-4 Spigot/AT-5 Spandrel; Fleet HQ New Delhi; Commands located at Mumbai,
Vishakhapatnam, Kochi & Port Blair
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Ferret (used for internal security duties along with some


indigenously built armd cars) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIFV 1,455+: 350+ BMP-1; 980 Sarath (BMP-2); 125 BMP-2K SUBMARINES • TACTICAL 15
APC 336+ SSN 1 Chakra (RUS Nerpa) with 4 single 533mm TT with
APC (W) 157+ OT-62/OT-64; 3M54 Klub (SS-N-27 Sizzler) SLCM, 4 single 650mm TT
PPV 179: 165 Casspir; 14 Yukthirath MPV (of 327 order) with T-65 HWT; (RUS lease agreement - under trials;
ARTY 9,682+ not at full OC)
SP 20+: 130mm 20 M-46 Catapult; 152mm 2S19 Farm SSK 14:
(reported) 4 Shishumar (GER T-209/1500) with 8 single 533mm TT
TOWED 2,970+: 105mm 1,350+: 600+ IFG Mk1/Mk2/Mk3 4 Sindhughosh (FSU Kilo) with 6 single 533mm TT (of
(being replaced); up to 700 LFG; 50 M-56 122mm 520 which 2 undergoing phased refit of 3M54 Klub (SS-N-
27 Sizzler) SLCM)
D-30; 130mm ε600 M-46; (500 in store) 155mm 500: ε300
6 Sindhughosh (FSU Kilo) with 6 single 533mm TT with
FH-77B; ε200 M-46 (upg)
3M54 Klub (SS-N-27 Sizzler) SLCM
MRL 192: 122mm ε150 BM-21/LRAR 214mm 14 Pinaka
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 21
(non operational) 300mm 28 9A52 Smerch
AIRCRAFT CARRIERS • CVS 1 Viraat (UK Hermes)
MOR 6,520+
(capacity 30 Sea Harrier FRS 1 (Sea Harrier FRS MK51)
SP 120mm E1
FGA ac; 7 Ka-27 Helix ASW hel/Sea King Mk42B ASW
TOWED 6,520+: 81mm 5,000+ E1 120mm ε1,500 AM-
hel)
50/E1 160mm 20 M-58 Tampella
DESTROYERS 10:
AT • MSL
DDGHM 5:
SP 9K111 (AT-4 Spigot); 9K113 (AT-5 Spandrel)
3 Delhi with 4 quad lnchr with 3M-24 Uran (SS-N-25
MANPATS 9K11 (AT-3 Sagger) (being phased out);
Switchblade) AShM, 2 single lnchr with 3K90 Uragan
9K111 (AT-4 Spigot); 9K113 (AT-5 Spandrel); Milan 2 (SA-N-7 Gadfly) SAM, 5 single 533mm ASTT, 1
RCL 84mm Carl Gustav; 106mm 3,000+ M40A1 (10 per 100mm gun, (capacity either 2 Dhruv hel/Sea King
inf bn) Mk42A ASW hel)
HELICOPTERS 2 Shivalik with 1 octuple VLS with 3M54 Klub (SS-
MRH 232: 40 Dhruv; 12 Lancer; 120 SA315B Lama N-27 Sizzler) ASCM, 1 octuple VLS with Barak SAM,
(Cheetah); 60 SA316B Alouette III (Chetak) 6 single lnchr with 3K90 Uragan (SA-N-7 Gadfly)
AD • SAM 3,500+ SAM, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 1 Sea King Mk42B
SP 680+: 180 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful); 50+ 9K33 Osa ASW hel) (3rd vessel expected ISD 2011)
(SA-8B Gecko); 200 9K31 Strela-1 (SA-9 Gaskin); 250 DDGM 5:
9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher) 2 Rajput (FSU Kashin) with 2 twin lnchr with R-15M
MANPAD 2,620+: 620 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail – being Termit M (SS-N-2C Styx) AShM, 2 twin lnchr with
phased out)‡; 2,000+ 9K31 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet) M-1 Volna (SA-N-1 Goa) SAM, 5 single 533mm
GUNS 2,395+ ASTT, 2 RBU 6000 Smerch 2, 1 76mm gun, (capacity
SP 155+: 23mm 75 ZSU-23-4; ZU-23-2 (truck-mounted); 1 Ka-25 Hormone/Ka-28 Helix A hel)
30mm 20-80 2S6 Tunguska 1 Rajput (FSU Kashin) with 2 twin lnchr with PJ-10
TOWED 2,240+: 20mm Oerlikon (reported); 23mm 320 BrahMos ASCM, 2 single lnchr with R-15M Termit
ZU-23-2; 40mm 1,920 L40/70 M (SS-N-2C Styx) AShM, 2 twin lnchr with M-1
UAV • ISR • Medium 26: 14 Nishant; 12 Searcher Mk I/ Volna (SA-N-1 Goa) SAM, 5 single 533mm ASTT, 2
Mk II RBU 6000 Smerch 2, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 1 Ka-25
RADAR • LAND 38+: 14 AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder; BSR Mk.2; Hormone/Ka-28 Helix A hel)
24 Cymbeline; EL/M-2140; M113 A1GE Green Archer (mor); 2 Rajput (FSU Kashin) with 1 octuple VLS with PJ-
MUFAR; Stentor 10 BrahMos ASCM, 2 twin lnchr with R-15M Termit
AMPHIBIOUS 2 LCVP M (SS-N-2C Styx) AShM, 2 octuple VLS with Barak
Asia 245

SAM. 1 twin lnchr with M-1 Volna (SA-N-1 Goa) LANDING SHIPS 10
SAM, 5 single 533mm ASTT, 2 RBU 6000 Smerch 2, 1 LSM 5 Kumbhir (FSU Polnocny C) (capacity 5 MBT or 5
76mm gun, (capacity 1 Ka-25 Hormone/Ka-28 Helix APC; 160 troops)
A hel) LST 5:
FRIGATES 10: 2 Magar (capacity 15 MBT or 8 APC or 10 trucks;
FFGHM 9: 500 troops)
3 Brahmaputra with 4 quad lnchr with SS-N-25 3 Magar mod (capacity 11 MBT or 8 APC or 10
Switchblade AShM, 1 octuple VLS with Barak SAM, trucks; 500 troops)
2 triple 324mm ASTT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 2 LANDING CRAFT • LCU 8 Vasco de Gama Mk2/3 LC
SA316B Alouette III (Chetak)/Sea King Mk42 ASW (capacity 2 APC; 120 troops)
hel) LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 49
3 Godavari with 4 single lnchr with R-15 Termit M AORH 4: 1 Aditya (mod Deepak); 2 Deepak; 1 Jyoti
(SS-N-2D Styx) AShM, 1 octuple VLS with Barak AOL 6
SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity ASR 1
AWT 2
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

2 SA316B Alouette III (Chetak)/Sea King MK42 ASW


hel) AGOR 1 Sagardhwani
3 Talwar I with 1 octuple VLS with 3M54 Klub AGHS 8 Sandhayak
(SS-N-27 Sizzler) AShM, 6 single lnchr with 3K90 AGS 1 Makar
Uragan (SA-N-7 Gadfly) SAM, 2 twin 533mm ASTT, ATF 1
2 RBU 6000 Smerch 2, 2 CADS-N-1 Kashtan CIWS, 1 AP 3 Nicobar
100mm gun, (capacity 1 Dhruv/Ka-31 Helix B AEW AX 4: 1 Krishna (UK Leander); 1 Tir; 2 AXS
hel/Ka-28 Helix A ASW hel) YPT 1
FFH 1: YDT 3

Asia
1 Nilgri with 2 triple 324mm ASTT, 2 twin 114mm YTL/YTM 15
gun (capacity 1 SA316B Alouette III (Chetak) hel/Sea
King Mk42 ASW hel) Naval Aviation 7,000
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 61 Flying 125–150 hrs/year on Sea Harrier
CORVETTES 26: hours 
FSGM 22: FORCES BY ROLE
4 Khukri with 2 twin lnchr with R-15M Termit M (SS- FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
N-2C Styx) AShM, 2 twin lnchr with 9K32M Strela- 1 sqn with MiG-29K Fulcrum
2M (SA-N-5 Grail) SAM, 1 76mm gun, 1 hel landing 1 sqn with Sea Harrier FRS 1 (Mk51); Sea Harrier T-4N
platform (For Dhruv/SA316 Alouette III (Chetak)) (T-60)
4 Kora with 4 quad lnchr with 3M24 Uran (SS-N-25 ANTI SUBMARINE WARFARE
Switchblade) AShM, 1 quad lnchr with 9K32M Strela- 5 sqn with Ka-25 Hormone; Ka-28 Helix A; Ka-31 Helix
2M (SA-N-5 Grail) SAM, 1 76mm gun, 1 hel landing B; SA316B Alouette III (Chetak); Sea King Mk42A/B
platform (For Dhruv/SA316 Alouette III (Chetak)) MARITIME PATROL
12 Veer (FSU Tarantul) with 4 single lnchr with 2 sqn with BN-2 Islander; Do-228-101; Il-38 May; Tu-
R-15 Termit M (SS-N-2D Styx) AShM, 2 quad lnchr 142M Bear F
(manual aiming) with 9K32M Strela-2M (SA-N-5 SEARCH & RESCUE
Grail), 1 76mm gun 1 sqn with SA316B Alouette III (Chetak); Sea King
2 Prabal (mod Veer) each with 4 quad lnchr (16 eff.) Mk42C
each with 3M24 Uran (SS-N-25 Switchblade) AShM, 1 TRANSPORT
quad lnchr (manual aiming) with 9K32M Strela-2M 1 (comms) sqn with Do-228
(SA-N-5 Grail) SAM, 1 76mm gun 1 sqn with HS-748M (HAL-784M)
FSM 4: TRAINING
4 Abhay (FSU Pauk II) with 1 quad lnchr (manual 2 sqn with HJT-16 MkI Kiran; HJT-16 MkII Kiran II;
aiming) with 9K32M Strela-2M (SA-N-5 Grail) SAM, HPT-32 Deepak
2 twin 533mm ASTT, 2 RBU 1200, 1 76mm gun TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
PSOH 6 Sukanya (capacity 1 SA316 Alouette III (Chetak)) 1 sqn with UH-3H Sea King
PCC 16: 10 Car Nicobar; 6 Trinkat (SDB Mk5) ISR UAV
PBF 8 Super Dvora 1 sqn with Heron; Searcher MkII
PB 5: 3 Plascoa 1300 (SPB); 2 SDB Mk3 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 8 AIRCRAFT 31 combat capable
MSO 8 Pondicherry (FSU Natya) FTR 11 MiG-29K Fulcrum
AMPHIBIOUS 17 FGA 11: 9 Sea Harrier FRS 1 (Mk51); 2 Sea Harrier T-4N
PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS VESSELS • LPD 1 (T-60)
Jalashwa (US Austin) (capacity up to 6 med spt hel; either ASW 9: 5 Il-38 May; 4 Tu-142M Bear F
9 LCM or 4 LCM and 2 LCAC; 4 LCVP; 930 troops) MP 14 Do-228-101
246 The Military Balance 2012

TPT 37: Light 27: 17 BN-2 Islander; 10 Do-228 PAX 10 4 sqn with Do-228; HS-748
HS-748M (HAL-784M) 2 sqn with Il-76 Candid
TRG 12: 6 HJT-16 MkI Kiran; 6 HJT-16 MkII Kiran II; 1 flt with EMB-135BJ
HELICOPTERS TRAINING
ASW 54: 7 Ka-2-5 Hormone; 12 Ka-28 Helix A; 21 Sea Some units with An-32; Do-228; Hawk Mk 132*; HJT-16
King Mk42A; 14 Sea King Mk42B Kiran; HPT-32 Deepak; Jaguar IS/IM; MiG-21bis; MiG-
MRH 53: 4 Dhruv; 26 SA316B Alouette III (Chetak); 23 21FL; MiG-21M/MF; MiG-27ML*; SA316B Alouette III
SA319 Alouette III (Chetak)
AEW 9 Ka-31 Helix B ATTACK HELICOPTER
TPT • Medium 11: 5 Sea King Mk42C; up to 6 UH-3H 2 sqn with Mi-25 Hind; Mi-35 Hind
Sea King TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
UAV • ISR 12 Heavy 4 Heron Medium 8 Searcher Mk II 2 sqn with Dhruv
MSL 9 sqn with Mi-8 Hip
AShM Sea Eagle; KH-35/Sea Skua (Bear and May a/c 6 sqn with Mi-17/Mi-17-1V Hip H
cleared to fire Sea Eagle and Kh-35) 1 sqn with Mi-26 Halo
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

ASCM PJ-10 BrahMos 3 sqn with SA315B Lama (Cheetah)


AAM • IR R-550 Magic 2/R-550 Magic; R-73 (AA-11 5 sqn with SA316B Alouette III (Chetak)
Archer) IR/SARH R-27 (AA-10 Alamo) ARH Derby; ISR UAV
R-77 (AA-12 Adder)
5 sqn with Searcher MkII
Marines ε1,200 (Additional 1,000 for SPB AIR DEFENCE
duties) 25 sqn with S-125 Pechora (SA-3B Goa);
After the Mumbai attacks, the Sagar Prahari Bal (SPB), 6 sqn with 9K33 Osa-AK (SA-8B Gecko);
with 80 PBF, was established to protect critical maritime 10 flt with SA-18 Gimlet
infrastructure. EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FORCES BY ROLE AIRCRAFT 798 combat capable
SPECIAL FORCES FTR 64: 57 MiG-29 Fulcrum; 7 MiG-29UB Fulcrum
1 (marine) cdo force FGA 698: 14 Jaguar IB; 82 Jaguar IS; 10 Jaguar IM; 31
MANOEUVRE MiG-21bis; 119 MiG-21 Bison; 54 MiG-21M Fishbed; 16
Amphibious MiG-21MF Fishbed; 40 MiG-21U/UM Mongol; 127 MiG-
1 amph bde 27ML Flogger J2; 40 Mirage 2000E (2000H); 12 Mirage
2000ED (2000TH); 153 Su-30MKI Flanker
Air Force 127,200 ISR 3 Gulfstream IV SRA-4
5 regional air comds: Western (New Delhi), South-Western AEW&C 2 Il-76TD Phalcon (1 more on order)
(Gandhinagar), Eastern (Shillong), Central (Allahabad), TKR 6 Il-78 Midas
Southern (Trivandrum). Maintenance Cmd (Nagpur), Trg TPT 217 Heavy 24 Il-76 Candid Light 160: 105 An-32
Comd (Bangalore) Cline; 51 Do-228; 4 EMB-135BJ PAX 33: 6 B-707; 4 B-737;
Flying hours  180 hrs/year 3 B-737bBJ; 20 HS-748
TRG 212: 36 Hawk Mk132*; 120 HJT-16 MkI Kiran; 56
FORCES BY ROLE
HJT-16 MkII Kiran II
FIGHTER
HELICOPTERS
3 sqn with MiG-29 Fulcrum; MiG-29UB Fulcrum
ATK 20 Mi-25/Mi-35 Hind
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
4 sqn with Jaguar IB/IS MRH 210: 30+ Dhruv (150 on order); 72 Mi-17/Mi-17-1V
8 sqn with MiG-21bis/Bison Hip H; 60 SA315B Lama (Cheetah); 48 SA316B Alouette III
4 sqn with MiG-21M/MF Fishbed (Chetak)
6 sqn with MiG-27ML Flogger TPT 106 Heavy 4 Mi-26 Halo Medium 102 Mi-8
3 sqn with Mirage 2000E/ED (2000H/TH - secondary UAV • ISR • Medium some Searcher Mk II
ECM role) AD • SAM S-125 Pechora (SA-3B Goa)
7 sqn with Su-30MKI Flanker SP 9K33 Osa-AK (SA-8B Gecko)
ANTI SURFACE WARFARE MANPAD 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet)
1 sqn with Jaguar IM with Sea Eagle AShM MSL
ISR AAM • IR R-60 (AA-8 Aphid); R-73 (AA-11 Archer)
1 sqn with Gulfstream IV SRA-4 R-550 Magic IR/SARH R-27 (AA-10 Alamo); SARH
AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL Super 530D ARH R-77 (AA-12 Adder)
1 sqn with Il-76TD Phalcon AShM AM-39 Exocet; Sea Eagle
TANKER ASM AS-11; AS-11B (ATGW); Kh-29 (AS-14 Kedge); Kh-
1 sqn with Il-78 Midas 59 (AS-13 Kingbolt); Kh-59M (AS-18 Kazoo); Kh-31A (AS-
TRANSPORT 17B Krypton); AS-30; AS-7 Kerry ‡
7 sqn with An-32 Cline ARM Kh-25MP (AS-12 Kegler); Kh-31P (AS-17A
1 sqn with B-737; B-737BBJ; EMB-145BJ Krypton)
Asia 247

Coast Guard 9,550 Defence Security Corps 31,000


EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Provides security at Defence Ministry sites
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 63
PSOH 9: 2 Sankalp (Additional vessels in build); 4 Indo–Tibetan Border Police 36,324
Samar; 1 Samudra; 2 Vishwast Ministry of Home Affairs. Tibetan border security SF/
PCO 7 Vikram guerrilla warfare and high-altitude warfare specialists;
PCC 16: 8 Priyadarshini; 1 Rani Abbakka (additional 30 bn
vessels in build); 7 Sarojini-Naid
National Security Guards 7,357
PBF 8 Interceptor
Anti-terrorism contingency deployment force, compris-
PB 23: 7 Jija Bai mod 1; 6 Tara Bai; 10 (various)
ing elements of the armed forces, CRPF and Border
AMPHBIBIOUS • UCAC 6 Griffon 8000
Security Force
AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 24 Do-228
HELICOPTERS • MRH 17 SA316B Alouette III (Chetak) Railway Protection Forces 70,000
Paramilitary 1,300,586 Sashastra Seema Bal 31,554
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Guards Indo-Nepal/Bhutan borders


Rashtriya Rifles 65,000
Ministry of Defence. 15 sector HQ Special Frontier Force 10,000
FORCES BY ROLE Mainly ethnic Tibetans
MANOEUVRE
Other Special Protection Group 3,000
65 paramilitary bn Protection of VVIP

Assam Rifles 63,883 State Armed Police 450,000

Asia
Ministry of Home Affairs. Security within north-eastern For duty primarily in home state only, but can be moved
states, mainly army-officered; better trained than BSF. to other states. Some bn with GPMG and army standard
infantry weapons and equipment.
FORCES BY ROLE
Equipped to roughly same standard as an army inf bn FORCES BY ROLE
COMMAND MANOEUVRE
7 HQ Other
MANOEUVRE 24 (India Reserve Police) paramilitary bn (cdo trained)
Other
42 paramilitary bn
Reserve Organisations
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Civil Defence 500,000 reservists
ARTY • MOR 81mm 252 Operate in 225 categorised towns in 32 states. Some units
for NBC defence
Border Security Force 208,422
Ministry of Home Affairs. Home Guard 487,821 reservists (515,000
FORCES BY ROLE authorised str)
MANOEUVRE In all states except Arunachal Pradesh and Kerala; men
Other on reserve lists, no trg. Not armed in peacetime. Used
157+ paramilitary bn for civil defence, rescue and fire-fighting provision
in wartime; 6 bn (created to protect tea plantations in
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Assam)
Small arms, lt arty, some anti-tank weapons
ARTY • MOR 81mm 942+
AIRCRAFT • TPT some (air spt) Cyber
National agencies include the Computer and Emergency
Central Industrial Security Force 94,347 Response Team (CERT-In), which has authorised
(lightly armed security guards only) designated individuals to carry out penetration tests
Ministry of Home Affairs. Guards public-sector locations against infrastructure. The Defence Information Assurance
and Research Agency (DIARA) is mandated to deal with
Central Reserve Police Force 229,699 cuber-security related issues of the armed services and
Ministry of Home Affairs. Internal security duties, only defence ministry. All services have their own cyber-
lightly armed, deployable throughout the country security policies, and headquaters maintain information-
FORCES BY ROLE security policies. In 2005, the Indian Army raised the
MANOEUVRE Army Cyber Security Establishment and in April 2010 set
Other up the Cyber Security Laboratory at the Military College
125 paramilitary bn of Telecommunications Engineering in Mhow (under
13 (rapid action force) paramilitary bn the Corps of Signals). There is no Indian national cyber
2 (Mahila) paramilitary bn (female) security strategy.
248 The Military Balance 2012

Deployment
Indonesia IDN
AFGHANISTAN
Indonesian Rupiah Rp 2010 2011 2012
400 ε2 cdo coy (Protection for road construction project)
GDP Rp 6,423tr 7,223tr
Côte D’Ivoire
US$ 704bn 825bn
UN • UNOCI 8 obs
per capita US$ 2,898 3,357
Democratic Republic of the Congo Growth % 6.11 6.40
UN • MONUSCO 3,707; 60 obs; 3 mech inf bn; 1 inf bn; 3
Inflation % 5.1 5.7
hel coy; 1 fd hospital
Def exp Rp 65.5tn
Gulf of Aden US$ 7.18bn
Navy: 1 PSOH
Def bdgt Rp 42.9tr 47.5tr
Lebanon US$ 4.7bn 5.42bn
UN • UNIFIL 896; 1 mech inf bn; elm 1 fd hospital
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

FMA (US) US$ 20.0m 22.0m


South Sudan US$1=Rp 9123.13 8760.07
UN • UNMIS 2,303; 12 obs; 2 inf bn; 1 engr coy; 1 avn coy; Population 245,613,043
1 tpt coy; 1 fd hospital
Ethnic groups: Javanese 45%; Sundanese 14%; Madurese 8%;
sudan Malay 8%; Chinese 3%; other 22%
UN • UNISFA 5
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
syria/israel Male 13.9% 4.5% 4.3% 4.2% 20.4% 2.7%
UN • UNDOF 192; elm 1 log bn Female 13.4% 4.4% 4.1% 4.1% 20.5% 3.4%
Tajikistan
Air Force: 1 IAF Forward Op Base, Farkhar Capabilities
Timor Leste Indonesia’s army remains its dominant military force – a
UN • UNMIT 1 obs legacy of the 1940s independence struggle and the army’s
involvement in domestic politics. Even with today’s civilian
rule, the army’s ‘territorial structure’ continues to deploy
Foreign Forces military personnel throughout the country down to village
Total numbers for UNMOGIP mission in India and level. Within the army, the Strategic Command (KOSTRAD)
Pakistan and Special Forces Command (KOPASSUS) are trained for
Chile 2 obs deployment in an internal security role. In West Papua,
Croatia 9 obs where resistance to Indonesian rule is widespread, the army
Finland 5 obs continues to deploy forces operationally and has faced ac-
Italy 4 obs cusations of serious human-rights abuses. Rising defence
Korea, Republic of 8 obs spending has permitted modest equipment purchases for
all three services, and improved pay and allowances. The
Philippines 3 obs
armed forces lack the capacity for significant autonomous
Sweden 6 obs
military deployments beyond national territory.
Uruguay 2 obs
ACTIVE 302,000 (Army 233,000 Navy 45,000 Air
24,000) Paramilitary 280,000
Terms of service 2 years selective conscription authorised

RESERVE 400,000
Army cadre units; numerical str n.k., obligation to age 45
for officers

Organisations by Service

Army ε233,000
12 Mil Area Command (KODAM) 150,000
Provincial (KOREM) and District (KODIM) Comd
FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE
Mechanised
8 cav bn
Asia 249

Light MRH 30: 12 Bell 412 Twin Huey (NB-412); 18 Mi-17V5 Hip
2 inf bde (total: 6 bn) H
60 indep inf bn TPT • Light 30: 8 Bell 205A; 20 Bo-105 (NBo-105); 2
Air Manoeuvre EC120B Colibri
5 AB bn TRG 12 Hughes 300C
Aviation AD • SAM 93: 51 Rapier; 42 RBS-70
1 composite avn sqn SP 2 Kobra (with 125 GROM-2 msl)
1 hel sqn MANPAD QW-3
COMBAT SUPPORT GUNS • TOWED 411: 20mm 121 Rh 202; 23mm Giant
10 fd arty bn Bow; 40mm 90 L/70; 57mm 200 S-60
7 AD bn ARV 9+: 2 AMX-13; 6 AMX-VCI; 3 BREM-2; Stormer;
8 engr bn T-54/T-55
VLB 12+: 10 AMX-13; Leguan; 2 Stormer
Special Forces Command (KOPASSUS)
ε5,000 Navy ε45,000 (including Marines and Aviation)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

FORCES BY ROLE Two fleets: East (Surabaya), West (Jakarta). It is


SPECIAL FORCES currently planned to change to three commands: Riau
3 SF gp (total: 2 cdo/para unit, 1 CT unit, 1 int unit) (West); Papua (East); Makassar (Central). Two Forward
Operating Bases at Kupang (West Timor) and Tahuna
Strategic Reserve Command (KOSTRAD)
(North Sulawesi)
40,000
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FORCES BY ROLE
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 2 Cakra† with 8 single
COMMAND
533mm TT with SUT HWT

Asia
2 div HQ
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 11
MANOEUVRE
Mechanised FRIGATES 11
2 armd bn FFGHM 7
Light 5 Ahmad Yani with 2 quad Mk 141 lnchr with RGM-
4 inf bde (total: 9 inf bn) 84A Harpoon AShM, 2 SIMBAD twin lnchr (manual)
Air Manoeuvre with Mistral SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT with Mk46
3 AB bde LWT, 1 76mm gun (capacity 1 Bo-105 (NBo-105) hel)
COMBAT SUPPORT 1 Ahmad Yani with 4-cell VLS with 3M55 Yakhont (SS-
2 fd arty regt (total: 6 arty bn) N-26 Strobile) AShM; 2 SIMBAD twin lnchr (manual)
1 AD regt (2 AD bn) with Mistral SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT with Mk46
2 engr bn LWT, 1 76mm gun (capacity 1 Bo-105 (NBo-105) hel)
1 Hajar Dewantara (trg role) with 2 twin lnchr with
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MM-38 Exocet AShM, 2 single 533mm ASTT with
LT TK 350: 275 AMX-13 (partially upgraded); 15 PT-76; 60
Scorpion 90 SUT HWT, (capacity 1 Bo-105 (NBo-105) hel)
RECCE 142: 55 Ferret (13 upgraded); 69 Saladin (16 FFGM 4:
upgraded); 18 VBL 4 Sigma with 2 twin lnchr with MM-40 Exocet Block
AIFV 22 BMP-2 II AShM, 2 quad Tetral lnchr with Mistral SAM, 2
APC 519 triple 324mm ASTT, 1 76mm gun, 1 hel landing
APC (T) 90: 75 AMX-VCI; 15 FV4333 Stormer platform
APC (W) 437: 14 APR-1; ε150 Anoa; 40 BTR-40; 34 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 67
BTR-50PK; 22 Commando Ranger; 45 FV603 Saracen (14 CORVETTES 19:
upgraded); 100 LAV-150 Commando; 32 VAB-VTT FSGH 1:
PPV Barracuda; Casspir 1 Nala with 2 twin lnchr with MM-38 Exocet AShM,
ARTY 1,079 1 twin 375mm A/S mor, 1 120mm gun (capacity 1 lt
TOWED 115: 105mm 110: KH-178; 60 M101; 50 M-56; hel)
155mm 5 FH-88 FSG 2:
MOR 955: 81mm 800; 120mm 135: 75 Brandt; 80 UBM 52 2 Fatahillah with 2 twin lnchr with MM-38 Exocet
MLR 70mm 9 NDL-40 AShM, 2 triple B515 ILAS-3/Mk32 324mm ASTT with
AT A244/Mk46 LWT, 1 twin 375mm A/S mor, 1 120mm
MSL SS.11; 100 Milan; 9M14M (AT-3 Sagger) gun
RCL 135: 106mm 45 M40A1; 90mm 90 M67 FSM 16:
RL 89mm 700 LRAC 16 Kapitan Patimura† (GDR Parchim I) with 2 quad
AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 9: 1 BN-2A Islander; 6 C-212 lnchr with 9K32M Strela-2 (SA-N-5 Grail) SAM, 4
Aviocar (NC-212); 2 Turbo Commander 680 single 400mm ASTT, 2 RBU 6000 Smerch 2
HELICOPTERS PCFG 4 Mandau with 4 single lnchr with MM-38 Exocet
ATK 6 Mi-35P Hind AShM
250 The Military Balance 2012

PCT 4 Singa with 2 single 533mm TT (capability upgrade APC (W) 100 BTR-50P
programme in progress) ARTY 62+
PCC 8: 4 Kakap; 4 Todak TOWED 50+: 105mm 22 LG1 MK II; 122mm 28 M-38
PBG 1 Clurit with 2 twin lnchr with C-705 AShM M-1938
PB 33: 1 Cucut; 13 Kobra; 1 Krait; 8 Sibarau; 10 Viper MRL 140mm 12 BM-14
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 11 MOR 81mm
MCO 2 Pulau Rengat AD • GUNS 150: 40mm 5 L/60/L/70; 57mm S-60
MSC 9 Palau Rote†
AMPHIBIOUS Air Force 24,000
PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS VESSELS • LPD 5: 1 Dr 2 operational comd (East and West) plus trg comd.
Soeharso (Ex-Tanjung Dalpele; capacity 2 LCU/LCVP; 13
FORCES BY ROLE
tanks; 500 troops; 2 AS332L Super Puma); 4 Makassar
FIGHTER
(capacity 2 LCU/LCVP; 13 tanks; 500 troops; 2 AS332L
1 sqn with F-5E/F Tiger II
Super Puma)
1 sqn with F-16A/B Fighting Falcon
LANDING SHIPS • LST 26: 1 Teluk Amboina (capacity
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

16 tanks; 200 troops); 12 Teluk Gilimanuk; 7 Teluk Langsa FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK


(capacity 16 tanks; 200 troops); 6 Teluk Semangka (capacity 1 sqn with Su-27SK/SKM Flanker; Su-30MK/MK2 Flanker
17 tanks; 200 troops) 3 sqn with Hawk MK53*/Mk109*/Mk209*
LANDING CRAFT 54 LCU MARITIME PATROL
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 32 1 sqn with B-737-200; CN-235M-220 MPA
AGF 1 Multatuli TANKER/TRANSPORT
AORLH 1 Arun (UK Rover) 1 sqn with C-130B/KC-130B Hercules
AOT 3: 2 Khobi; 1 Sorong TRANSPORT
AKSL 4 1 VIP sqn with B-737-200; C-130H/H-30 Hercules; L-100-
AGOR 7: 5 Baruna Jaya; 1 Jalanidhi; 1 Burujulasad 30; F-27-400M Troopship; F-28-1000/3000; AS332L Super
AGHS 1 Puma (NAS332L); SA330SM Puma (NAS300SM)
ATF 2 1 sqn with C-130H/H-30 Hercules; L-100-30
AXS 2 1 sqn with C-212 Aviocar (NC-212)
AP 8: 1 Tanjung Kambani (troop transport); 2 Tanjung 1 sqn with CN-235M-110; F-27-400M Troopship
Nusanive (troop transport); 5 Karang Pilang (troop TRAINING
transport) 1 sqn with AS-202 Bravo
YTM 3 1 sqn with KT-1B; T-34C Turbo Mentor
1 sqn with SF-260M; SF-260W Warrior
Naval Aviation ε1,000 TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 2 sqn with AS332L Super Puma (NAS332L); SA330J/L
AIRCRAFT Puma (NAS330J/L); EC120B Colibri
MP 23: 3 CN-235 MPA; 14 N-22B Searchmaster B; 6
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
N-22SL Searchmaster L
Only 45% of ac op
TPT • Light 28: 21 C-212-200 Aviocar; 2 DHC-5D
AIRCRAFT 69 combat capable
Buffalo; 3 TB-9 Tampico; 2 TB-10 Tobago
FTR 22: 8 F-5E Tiger II; 4 F-5F Tiger II; 7 F-16A Fighting
HELICOPTERS
MRH 4 Bell 412 (NB-412) Twin Huey Falcon; 3 F-16B Fighting Falcon
TPT 15: Medium 3 AS332L Super Puma (NAS322L); FGA 10: 2 Su-27SK Flanker; 3 Su-27SKM Flanker; 2 Su-30
Light 12: 3 EC120B Colibri; 9 Bo-105 (NBo-105) MK Flanker; 3 Su-30MK2 Flanker
MP 5: 3 B-737-200; 2 CN-235M-220 MPA
Marines ε20,000 ISR (8 OV-10F Bronco* in store - mostly non-
FORCES BY ROLE operational)
SPECIAL FORCES TKR 2 KC-130B Hercules
1 SF bn TPT 40 Medium 19: 6 C-130B Hercules; 2 C-130H Hercules;
MANOEUVRE 7 C-130H-30 Hercules; 4 L-100-30 Light 17: 6 C-212 Aviocar
Amphibious (NC-212); 5 CN-235-110; 6 F-27-400M Troopship PAX 4: 1
2 mne gp (1 cav regt, 3 mne bn, 1 arty regt, 1 cbt spt B-737-200; 1 F-28-1000; 2 F-28-3000
regt, 1 CSS regt) TRG 120: 39 AS-202 Bravo; 6 Hawk Mk53*; 7 Hawk
1 mne bde (3 mne bn) Mk109*; 24 Hawk Mk209*; 11 KT-1B; 10 SF-260M; 7 SF-
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 260W Warrior; 16 T-34C Turbo Mentor
LT TK 55 PT-76† HELICOPTERS
RECCE 21 BRDM TPT 31 Medium 19: 10 AS332 Super Puma (NAS-332L)
AIFV 63: 24 AMX-10P; 10 AMX-10 PAC 90; 17 BMP-3F; (VIP/CSAR); 1 SA330SM Puma (NAS330SM VIP); 4
12 BTR-80A SA330J Puma (NAS330J); 4 SA330L Puma (NAS330L)
AAV 10 LVTP-7A1 Light 12 EC120B Colibri
Asia 251

MSL • TACTICAL Liberia


ASM AGM-65G Maverick UN • UNMIL 1 obs
AAM • IR AIM-9P Sidewinder; R-73 (AA-11 Archer) IR/
Sudan
SARH R-27 (AA-10 Alamo)
ARM Kh-31P (AS-17A Krypton) UN • UNAMID 1; 5 obs

Special Forces (Paskhasau)


FORCES BY ROLE
Japan JPN
SPECIAL FORCES Japanese Yen ¥ 2010 2011 2012
3 (PASKHASAU) SF wg (total: 6 spec ops sqn)
GDP ¥ 479tr 470tr
4 indep SF coy
US$ 5.46tr 5.89tr
Paramilitary ε280,000 active per capita US$ 42,764 45,958
Growth % 3.96 -0.47
Naval Auxiliary Service Inflation % -0.7 -0.4
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 71: 6


Def expa ¥ 4.77tn
Carpentaria; 65 Kal Kangean
US$ 54.4bn
Customs Def bdgta ¥ 4.70tr 4.68tr 4.66tr
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 65 US$ 53.5bn 58.4bn
PBF 15
US$1=¥ 87.83 80.15
PB 50 a
Includes military pensions
Marine Police Population 127,469,543

Asia
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 28
Ethnic groups: Korean <1%
PSO 2 Bisma
PB 26: 14 Bango; 12 (various) Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 6.7% 2.5% 2.6% 3.0% 24.3% 9.7%
Police ε280,000 (including 14,000 police
‘mobile bde’ (BRIMOB) org in 56 coy, incl CT Female 6.4% 2.3% 2.5% 2.8% 24.1% 13.2%
unit (Gegana))
APC (W) 34 Tactica Capabilities
AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 5: 2 Beech 18; 2 C-212 Aviocar Japan’s Self-Defense Forces (SDF) are the most modern
(NC-212); 1 Turbo Commander 680 Asian armed forces in terms of their equipment, despite be-
HELICOPTERS • TPT • Light 22: 3 Bell 206 Jet Ranger; ing constrained in their activities by the country’s post-war
19 Bo-105 (NBo-105) constitution. Tokyo aims to ‘normalise’ its defence posture
and policy, and the 2010 National Defence Programme
KPLP (Coast and Seaward Defence Guidelines describe the goal of creating a ‘dynamic defence
Command) force’ that would seek to create a more responsive, deploy-
Responsible to Military Sea Communications Agency able military rather than relying on the ‘static deterrence’
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 11 of previous years. Future operations would probably also
PCO 2 Arda Dedali include humanitarian assistance and disaster-response op-
PB 9: 4 Golok (SAR); 5 Kujang erations, as demonstrated during the earthquake and tsu-
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • ABU 1 Jadayat nami of March 2011, or anti-piracy and counter-terrorism
missions.
Reserve Organisations
ACTIVE 247,746 (Ground Self-Defense Force
Kamra People’s Security ε40,000 (report for 151,641; Maritime Self- Defense Force 45,518; Air
3 weeks’ basic training each year; part time Self-Defense Force 47,123; Central Staff 3,464)
police auxiliary) Paramilitary 12,636

Deployment CIVILIAN 22,242


RESERVE 56,379 (General Reserve Army (GSDF)
Democratic Republic of the Congo
46,000; Ready Reserve Army (GSDF) 8,479; Navy
UN • MONUSCO 175; 17 obs; 1 engr coy
1,100; Air 800)
Haiti
UN • MINUSTAH 20 Organisations by Service
LEBANON
UN • UNIFIL 1,356; 1 mech inf bn; 1 MP coy; elm 1 fd Space
hospital SATELLITES • ISR 4: IGS 1/3/4/5
252 The Military Balance 2012

Ground Self-Defense Force 151,641 ARTY 1,770


FORCES BY ROLE SP 187: 155mm 108: 46 Type-75; 62 Type-99; 203mm 79
COMMAND M110A2
5 army HQ (regional comd) TOWED 155mm 422 FH-70
SPECIAL FORCES MRL 227mm 99 M270 MLRS
1 spec ops unit MOR 1,062
MANOEUVRE SP 120mm 24 Type-96
Armoured TOWED 1,038: 81mm 624 L16 120mm 414
1 armd div AT
(1 recce bn, 3 tk regt, 1 armd inf regt, 1 avn sqn, 1 SP MSL
arty regt, 1 AD bn, 1 cbt engr bn, 1 sigs bn, 1 NBC bn, SP 30 Type-96 MPMS
1 log regt) MANPATS 1,610: 140 Type-79 Jyu-MAT; 440 Type-87
Mechanised Chu-MAT; 1,030 Type-01 LMAT
3 armd inf div RCL • SP 84mm 2,712 Carl Gustav
RL 200 89mm
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

(1 recce bn, 1 tk regt, 3–4 inf regt, 1 avn sqn, 1 SP arty


regt, 1 AD bn, 1 cbt engr bn, 1 sigs bn, 1 NBC bn, 1 log AIRCRAFT
regt) TPT • Light 12: 5 MU-2 (LR-1); 7 Beech 350 King Air (LR-
2 armd inf bde 2)
(1 recce coy, 1 tk bn, 3 inf regt, 1 avn sqn, 1 SP arty bn, HELICOPTERS
1 AD coy, 1 cbt engr coy, 1 sigs coy, 1 log bn) ATK 110: 74 AH-1S Cobra; 10 AH-64D Apache; 26 OH-1
Light ISR 80 OH-6D
5 inf div TPT 228 Heavy 55: 34 CH-47D Chinook (CH-47J); 21 CH-
(1 recce bn, 1 tk bn, 3-4 inf regt, 1 avn sqn, 1 arty regt, 47JA Chinook Medium 33: 3 EC225LP Super Puma MkII+
1 AD bn, 1 cbt engr bn, 1 sigs bn, 1 NBC bn, 1 log regt) (VIP); 30 UH-60L Black Hawk (UH-60JA) Light 140 Bell-
2 inf bde 205 (UH-1J)
(1 recce coy, 1 tk coy, 2-3 inf regt, 1 avn sqn, 1 arty bn, 1 AD
AD coy, 1 cbt engr coy, 1 sigs coy, 1 log bn) SAM 700
1 inf bde SP 180: 20 Type-03 Chu-SAM; 50 Type-81 Tan-SAM;
(1 recce coy, 1 inf regt, 1 avn sqn, 1 AD bn, 1 cbt engr 110 Type-93 Kin-SAM
coy, 1 EOD coy, 1 sigs coy, 1 log bn) TOWED 160 MTM-23B I-HAWK
Air Manoeuvre MANPAD 360 Type-91 Kin-SAM
1 AB bde GUNS • SP 35mm 52 Type-87 SP
(3 AB bn, 1 arty bn, 1 cbt engr coy, 1 sigs coy, 1 log bn) MSL • AShM 90 Type-88
1 air mob inf bde AEV Type 75
(1 recce coy, 4 inf regt, 1 avn sqn, 1 SP arty bn, 1 AD ARV 71: 46 Type-78; 25 Type-90
coy, 1 cbt engr coy, 1 sigs coy, 1 log bn) VLB Type-67; Type-70; Type-81; Type-91
Aviation MW Type-82; Type-92
1 hel bde
5 avn gp Maritime Self- Defense Force 45,518
COMBAT SUPPORT Surface units organised into 4 Escort Flotillas with a mix
1 arty bde of 7–8 warships each. Bases at Yokosuka, Kure, Sasebo,
2 arty unit (bde) Maizuru, Ominato. SSK organised into two flotillas with
2 AD bde bases at Kure and Yokosuka. Remaining units assigned to
4 AD gp five regional districts.
4 engr bde EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 engr unit SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 18:
1 EW bn 4 Harushio (incl 2 in trg role) with 6 single 533mm TT
1 MP bde with T-89 HWT/UGM-84C Harpoon AShM
1 sigs bde 11 Oyashio with 6 single 533mm TT with T-89 HWT/
5 int bn UGM-84C Harpoon AShM
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT 3 Soryu (AIP fitted) with 6 single 533mm TT with T-89
5 log unit (bde) HWT/UGM-84C Harpoon AShM (additional vessels in
5 trg bde build)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 48
MBT 806: 13 Type 10; 460 Type-74; 333 Type-90 AIRCRAFT CARRIERS • CVH 2:
RECCE 102 Type-87 (some as CBRN recce variants) 2 Hyuga with 1 16-cell Mk41 VLS with ASROC/RIM-
AIFV 68 Type-89 162/ESSM Sea Sparrow, 2 triple 324mm TT with Mk46
APC 804 LWT, 2 20mm CIWS gun, (normal ac capacity 3 SH-60
APC (T) 286 Type-73 Seahawk ASW hel; plus additional ac embarkation up
APC (W) 518: 229 Type-82; 289 Type-96 to 7 SH-60 Seahawk or 7 MCH-101)
Asia 253

CRUISERS • CGHM 2: LANDING CRAFT 19


2 Atago (Aegis Base Line 7) with 2 quad lnchr with SSM- LCU 2 Yusotei
1B AShM, 1 64-cell Mk41 VLS with SM-2 MR SAM/ LCM 11
ASROC, 1 32-cell Mk41 VLS with SM-2 MR SAM, 2 ACV 6 LCAC(L) (capacity either 1 MBT or 60 troops)
triple 324mm ASTT with Mk46 LWT, 1 127mm gun, LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 76:
(capacity 1 SH-60 Seahawk ASW hel) AOE 5: 2 Mashuu; 3 Towada
DESTROYERS 29: AS 1 Chiyoda (submarine rescue facilities)
DDGHM 21: ASR 1 Chihaya
7 Asagiri with 2 quad Mk141 lnchr with RGM-84C ARC 1 Muroto
Harpoon AShM, 1 octuple Mk29 lnchr with Sea AG 2: 1 Kurihama; 1 Asuka (wpn trials)
Sparrow SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT with Mk46 AGOS 2 Hibiki
LWT, 1 octuple Mk112 lnchr with ASROC, 1 76mm AGS 4: 1 Futami; 1 Nichinan; 1 Shonan; 1 Suma
gun, (capacity 1 SH-60 Seahawk ASW hel) AGB 1 Shirase
9 Murasame with 2 quad lnchr with SSM-1B AShM, ATF 25
1 16-cell Mk48 VLS with RIM-7M Sea Sparrow SAM, TRG 6: 1 Kashima; 2 Shimayuki; 1 Asagiri with 2 triple
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

2 triple 324mm TT with Mk46 LWT, 1 16-cell Mk41 ASTT with Mk46 LWT, 1 octuple Mk112 lnchr with
VLS with ASROC, 2 76mm gun, (capacity 1 SH-60 ASROC, 1 Mitsubishi Type 71 ASW RL, 1 76mm gun; 1
Seahawk ASW hel) Tenryu (trg spt ship); 1 Kurobe (trg spt ship)
5 Takanami (improved Murasame) with 2 quad SPT 5 Hiuchi
lnchr with SSM-1B AShM, 1 32-cell Mk41 VLS with YAC 1 Hashidate
ASROC/RIM-7M/ESSM Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 triple YDT 6
324mm TT with Mk46 LWT, 1 127mm gun, (capacity YTM 17
1 SH-60 Seahawk ASW hel)
Naval Aviation ε9,800

Asia
DDGM 6:
2 Hatakaze with 2 quad Mk141 lnchr with RGM-84C 7 Air Groups
Harpoon AShM, 1 Mk13 GMLS with SM-1 MR SAM, FORCES BY ROLE
2 triple 324mm ASTT, 2 127mm gun, 1 hel landing ANTI SUBMARINE/SURFACE WARFARE
platform 7 sqn (shipboard/trg) with SH-60B (SH-60J)/SH-60K
4 Kongou (Aegis Baseline 4/5) with 2 quad Mk141 Seahawk
lnchr with RGM-84C Harpoon AShM, 1 29-cell Mk41 MARITIME PATROL
VLS with SM-2 MR SAM/ASROC, 1 61-cell Mk41 6 sqn (incl 1 trg) with P-1; P-3C Orion
VLS with SM-2 MR SAM/ASROC, 2 triple 324mm ELECTRONIC WARFARE
ASTT, 1 127mm gun 1 sqn with EP-3 Orion
DDM 2: MINE COUNTERMEASURES
2 Shirane with 1 octuple Mk112 lnchr with ASROC, 1 sqn with MH-53E Sea Dragon; MCH-101
1 octuple Mk29 lnchr with RIM-162A Sea Sparrow SEARCH & RESCUE
SAM, 2 triple ASTT with Mk46 LWT, 2 127mm gun, 1 sqn with Shin Meiwa US-1A/US-2
(capacity 3 SH-60 Seahawk ASW hel) 2 sqn with UH-60J Black Hawk
FRIGATES • FFGM 15: TRANSPORT
6 Abukuma with 2 quad Mk141 lnchr with RGM-84C 1 sqn with AW101 Merlin (CH-101); Beech 90 King Air
Harpoon AShM, 2 triple ASTT with Mk 46 LWT, 1 (LC-90); YS-11M
Mk112 octuple lnchr with ASROC, 1 76mm gun TRAINING
9 Hatsuyuki with 2 quad Mk141 lnchr with RGM-84C 1 sqn with OH-6D; OH-6DA
Harpoon AShM, 1 octuple Mk29 lnchr with RIM-7F/M 3 sqn with T-5; Beech 90 King Air (TC-90); YS-11T
Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 triple ASTT with Mk46 LWT, EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 octuple Mk112 lnchr with ASROC, 1 76mm gun, AIRCRAFT 95 combat capable
(capacity 1 SH-60 Seahawk ASW hel) ASW 93: 2 P-1 (additional ac on order); 91 P-3C Orion
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6 ELINT 5 EP-3C Orion
PBFG 6 Hayabusa with 4 SSM-1B AShM, 1 76mm gun SAR 7: 4 Shin Meiwa US-1A; 3 Shin Meiwa US-2
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 33 TPT • Light 39: 4 YS-11M; 6 YS-11T; 5 Beech 90 King
MCM SPT 4: Air (LC-90); 24 Beech 90 King Air (TC-90)
2 Nijma TRG 33 T-5
2 Uraga with 1 hel landing platform (for MH-53E) HELICOPTERS
MSO 25: 3 Hirashima; 12 Sugashima; 7 Uwajima; 3 Yaeyama ASW 93: 61 SH-60B Seahawk (SH-60J); 31 SH-60K
MSD 4 Seahawk; 1 USH-60K Seahawk
AMPHIBIOUS MCM 11: 9 MH-53E Sea Dragon; 2 MCH-101
LS • LST 5: 
3 Osumi with 1 hel landing platform (for 2 ISR 6: 1 OH-6D; 5 OH-6DA
x CH-47) (capacity 10 Type-90 MBTs; 2 LCAC(L) ACV; SAR 18 UH-60J Black Hawk
330 troops) TPT 9 Medium 7: 4 AW101 Merlin (CH-101) (additional
2 Yura (capacity 70 troops) ac being delivered); 3 S-61A; Light 2 EC135
254 The Military Balance 2012

Air Self-Defense Force 47,123 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE


AD • SAM 208+
Flying hours 150 hrs/year
SP Type-81 Tan-SAM
7 cbt wg TOWED 208+: 120 MIM-104 Patriot; 16+ PAC-3
FORCES BY ROLE MANPAD FIM-92A Stinger; Type-91 Kei-SAM
FIGHTER GUNS • TOWED 20mm M167 Vulcan
7 sqn with F-15J Eagle
2 sqn with F-4EJ (F-4E) Phantom II Paramilitary 12,636
3 sqn with Mitsubishi F-2
ELECTRONIC WARFARE Coast Guard
2 sqn with Kawasaki EC-1; YS-11E Ministry of Land, Transport, Infrastructure and Tourism
ISR (no cbt role)
1 sqn with RF-4EJ (RF-4E) Phantom II* PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 386
AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL PSOH 13: 2 Mizuho; 1 Shikishima; 10 Soya
PSO 26: 3 Hida; 1 Izu; 1 Kojima (trg); 1 Miura; 1 Nojima;
2 sqn with E-2C Hawkeye; E-767
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

7 Ojika; 12 Shiretoko
SEARCH & RESCUE
PCO 32: 3 Aso; 3 Bihoro; 9 Hateruma; 14 Natsui; 2
1 wg with U-125A Peace Krypton; MU-2 (LR-1); UH-60J
Takatori; 1 Teshio
Black Hawk
PCC 19: 4 Amani; 15 Tokara
TANKER PBF 39: 15 Hayagumo; 5 Mihashi; 11 Raizan; 2 Takatsuki;
1 sqn with KC-767J 6 Tsuruugi
TRANSPORT PB 257: 9 Akizuki; 4 Asogiri; 205 CL-Type; 15 Hayanami;
1 (VIP) sqn with B-747-400 1 Matsunami; 13 Murakumo; 2 Natsugiri; 1 Shikinami; 3
3 sqn with C-1; C-130H Hercules; YS-11 Shimagiri; 4 Yodo
Some (liaison) sqn with Gulfstream IV (U-4); T-4* LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 25:
TRAINING ABU 1
1 (aggressor) sqn with F-15J Eagle AGHS 12
TEST AKSL 9
1 wg with F-15J Eagle; T-4* TRG 3
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER AIRCRAFT
4 flt with CH-47 Chinook MP 2 Falcon 900 MPA
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE ISR 2 Beech 200T
TPT 21 Light 12: 10 Beech 350 King Air (LR-2); 1 Cessna
AIRCRAFT 371 combat capable
206 Stationair (U-206G); 1 YS-11A PAX 9: 3 CL-300; 2
FTR 202 F-15J Eagle
Gulfstream V (MP); 4 Saab 340B
FGA 146: 76 F-2A/B; 70 F-4E Phantom II (F-4EJ)
HELICOPTERS
EW 3: 1 Kawasaki EC-1; 2 YS-11EA
MRH 7 Bell 412 Twin Huey
ISR 17: 13 RF-4E Phantom II* (RF-4J); 4 YS-11EB TPT 39 Medium 6: 4 AS332 Super Puma; 2 EC225 Super
AEW&C 17: 13 E-2C Hawkeye; 4 E-767 Puma Light 33: 5 AW139; 4 Bell 206B Jet Ranger II; 20
SAR 26 U-125A Peace Krypton Bell 212; 4 S-76C
TKR 4 KC-767J
TPT 64 Medium 16 C-130H Hercules PAX 48: 13 Beech Cyber
T-400; 26 C-1; 5 Gulfstream IV (U-4); 4 YS-11
The Self-Defense Forces established a command control
TRG 248: 199 T-4*; 49 T-7 communication computer systems command in 2008. The
HELICOPTERS government’s ‘Secure Japan 2009’ document said the MoD
SAR 41 UH-60J Black Hawk was to be involved in investigating the latest technological
TPT • Heavy 15 CH-47 Chinook trends in cyber attacks. In order to analyse attacks on
MSL MoD information systems, and response capabilities,
ASM ASM-1 (Type-80); ASM-2 (Type-93) government agencies were to ‘study the basics of illegal
AAM • IR AAM-3 (Type-90); AIM-9 Sidewinder; IIR access monitoring and analysis technology, cyber attack
AAM-5 (Type-04); SARH AIM-7 Sparrow; ARH AAM-4 analysis technology, and active defense technology’.
(Type-99) Further, the ‘Information Security 2010’ document
stated that: ‘At the end of FY2010, a cyber planning and
Air Defence coordination officer (provisional title) will be stationed in
Ac control and warning. 4 wg; 28 radar sites the joint staff office of the ministry of defense to enhance
FORCES BY ROLE […] preparedness against cyber attacks.’
AIR DEFENCE
6 SAM gp (total: 24 SAM bty with MIM-104 Patriot; Deployment
16+ bty with PAC-3)
1 (Air Base Defence) AD gp with FIM-92A Stinger; GulF of ADEN & Indian Ocean
Type-81 Tan-SAM; Type-91 Kin-SAM; M-167 Vulcan MSDF: 2 DDGHM; 2 P-3C Orion
Asia 255

HAITI member. Army training is limited by Western standards,


UN • MINUSTAH 225; 1 engr coy although there is a better-trained rapid-reaction force of
around brigade strength. With a growing focus on counter-
SYRIA/ISRAEL terrorist operations, the country is making efforts to de-
UN • UNDOF 31; elm 1 log bn velop its Special Forces. The air force reportedly struggles
Timor Leste to keep its fleet of Russian-supplied aircraft airworthy, al-
though air-defence fighters fare better than strike aircraft.
UN • UNMIT 2 obs
ACTIVE 49,000 (Army 30,000 Navy 3,000 Air 12,000
Foreign Forces MoD 4,000) Paramilitary 31,500
Terms of service 24 months
United States US Pacific Command: 40,178
Army 2,617; 1 HQ (9th Theater Army Area Command)
at Zama Organisations by Service
Navy 6,833; 1 CVN; 2 CG; 8 DDG; 1 LCC; 2 MCM; 1 LHD;
Army 30,000
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

2 LSD; 1 base at Sasebo; 1 base at Yokosuka


USAF: 13,143; 1 HQ (5th Air Force) at Okinawa–Kadena 4 regional comd: Astana, East, West and Southern
AB; 1 ftr wg at Okinawa–Kadena AB (2 ftr sqn with FORCES BY ROLE
18 F-16C/D Fighting Falcon at Misawa AB); 1 ftr wg at MANOEUVRE
Okinawa–Kadena AB (1 SAR sqn with 8 HH-60G Pave Mechanised
Hawk, 1 AEW sqn with 2 E-3B Sentry, 2 ftr sqn with total of 10 mech inf bde
24 F-15C/D Eagle); 1 airlift wg at Yokota AB with 10 C-130E Air Manoeuvre
Hercules; 2 C-21J; 1 spec ops gp at Okinawa–Kadena AB 4 air aslt bde
USMC 17,585; 1 Marine div (3rd); 1 ftr sqn with 12 F/A- Other

Asia
18D Hornet; 1 tkr sqn with 12 KC-130J Hercules; 2 tpt hel 1 (KAZBRIG) peacekeeping bde
sqn with 12 CH-46E Sea Knight; 1 tpt hel sqn with 12 MV- COMBAT SUPPORT
22B Osprey; 3 tpt hel sqn with 10 CH-53E Sea Stallion 7 arty bde
2 MRL bde
2 AT bde
Kazakhstan KAZ 1 SSM bde
1 coastal defence bde
Kazakhstani Tenge t 2010 2011 2012 3 cbt engr bde
GDP t 21.8tr 26.4tr EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US$ 146bn 178bn MBT 980 T-72
per capita US$ 8,544 10,283 RECCE 280: 140 BRDM; 140 BRM
AIFV 1,520: 730 BMP-1; 700 BMP-2; 90 BTR-80A; 2 BTR-
Growth % 7.25 6.52
3U
Inflation % 7.4 8.9
APC 410
Def exp t 221bn APC (T) 180 MT-LB
US$ 1.48bn APC (W) 190 BTR-70/BTR-80
Def bdgt t 165bn 259bn 340bn PPV 40 HMMWV
US$ 1.11bn 1.74bn
ARTY 1,502
SP 246: 122mm 120 2S1 Carnation; 6 Semser; 152mm 120
FMA (US) US$ 3.0m 2.4m
2S3
US$1=t 149.46 148.43 TOWED 670: 122mm 400 D-30; 152mm 270: 180 2A36;
Population 17,304,513 90 2A65
GUN/MOR 120mm 25 2S9 Anona
Ethnic groups: Kazakh 51%; Russian 32%; Ukrainian 5% ; German
2% ; Tatar 2% ; Uzbek 13% MRL 398: 122mm 200: 150 BM-21 Grad, 50 in store;
220mm 180 9P140 Uragan; 300mm 18 Lynx (with 50 msl)
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus MOR 163 SP 120mm 18 CARDOM 120mm 145 2B11/
Male 11.0% 4.3% 5.2% 4.7% 20.3% 2.5% M120
Female 10.5% 4.1% 5.1% 4.7% 22.5% 4.9% AT • MSL • MANPATS 9K111 Fagot (AT-4 Spigot); 9K113
Konkurs (AT-5 Spandrel); 9K115 Metis (AT-6 Spiral)
Capabilities GUNS 100mm 68 MT-12/T-12
MSL • SSM 12 9K79 Tochka (SS-21 Scarab)
The Soviet origins of Kazakhstan’s conscript-based armed AEV MT-LB
forces are still evident, as is the continuing influence of
Russia, Kazakhstan’s main partner for military exercises. Navy 3,000
Kazakhstan also participates in military exercises by the PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 17
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and the Collec- PB 17: 4 Almaty; 1 Dauntless; 5 Guardian; 3 Sea Dolphin; 2
tive Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO), of which it is a Turk (AB25); 2 Zhuk
256 The Military Balance 2012

Air Force 12,000 (incl Air Defence) State Border Protection Forces ε9,000
Flying hours  100 hrs/year Ministry of Interior
HEL • TPT • Medium 1 Mi-171
FORCES BY ROLE
FIGHTER
1 regt with MiG-29/MiG-29UB Fulcrum Korea, Democratic People’s
1 regt with MiG-25 Foxbat; MiG-31 Foxhound
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
Republic of DPRK
1 regt with Su-24 Fencer North Korean Won 2010 2011 2012
1 regt with Su-25 Frogfoot
GDP US$
1 regt with Su-27 Flanker
ISR per capita US$
1 regt with Su-24MR Fencer E* Def exp won
TRANSPORT US$
1 comd regt with Tu-134 Crusty; Tu-154 Careless US$1=won
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

TRAINING *definitive economic data not available


Some regt with L-39 Albatros; Yak-18 Max
ATTACK HELICOPTER Population 24,457,492
Some regt with Mi-24V Hind
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
Some regt with Mi-171V5; Mi-8 Hip; Bell 205 (UH-1H) Male 10.5% 4.0% 4.1% 3.8% 22.4% 3.9%
AIR DEFENCE Female 10.3% 3.9% 4.0% 3.7% 23.3% 6.0%
Some regt with S-75M Volkhov (SA-2 Guideline); S-125
Neva (SA-3 Goa); S-300 (SA-10 Grumble) (quad); 2K11 Capabilities
Krug (SA-4 Ganef); S-200 Angara (SA-5 Gammon); 2K12
North Korea maintains the world’s fourth-largest stand-
Kub (SA-6 Gainful)
ing armed forces. However, equipment is in a poor state,
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
and questions remain over personnel training, morale and
AIRCRAFT 162 combat capable
operational readiness. Pyongyang relies on weight of num-
FTR 97: 16 MiG-25 Foxbat; 39 MiG-29/MiG-29UB
bers and asymmetric capabilities for military deterrence of
Fulcrum; 42 MiG-31/MiG-31BM Foxhound
its southern neighbour, with which North Korea is still of-
FGA 39: 14 Su-24 Fencer; 25 Su-27 Flanker
ficially at war. North Korea is actively pursuing a nuclear-
ATK 14 Su-25 Frogfoot
ISR 12 Su-24MR Fencer-E* weapons capability, with two devices tested in 2006 and
TPT 3: Light 2 Tu-134 Crusty; PAX 1 Tu-154 Careless 2009, a second route to nuclearisation opened up by the
TRG 16: 12 L-39 Albatros; 4 Yak-18 Max uranium enrichment programme revealed in 2010, and a
HELICOPTERS ballistic-missile programme that has deployed hundreds
ATK 40+ Mi-24V Hind (first 9 upgraded) of short- and medium-range missiles. However, there has
TPT 76 Medium 70: 50 Mi-8 Hip; 20 Mi-171V5 Light 6 not yet been any proof that North Korea has successfully
Bell-205 (UH-1H) weaponised a nuclear device. The ideological ‘military
AD • SAM 147+ first’ construct ensures that the armed forces will continue
SP 47+: 20 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful); 27+ 2K11 Krug (SA-4 to have prioritised access to resources.
Ganef)/S-200 Angara (SA-5 Gammon); static; S-300 (SA-10
Grumble) (quad)
ACTIVE 1,190,000 (Army ε1,020,000 Navy 60,000
TOWED 100 S-75M Volkhov (SA-2 Guideline); S-125 Neva Air 110,000) Paramilitary 189,000
(SA-3 Goa) Terms of service Army 5–12 years, Navy 5–10 years Air Force
MSL 3–4 years, followed by compulsory part-time service to age
ASM Kh-23 (AS-7 Kerry)‡; Kh-25 (AS-10 Karen); Kh-29 40. Thereafter service in the Worker/Peasant Red Guard to
(AS-14 Kedge) age 60.
ARM Kh-28 (AS-9 Kyle); Kh-58 (AS-11 Kilter)
RESERVE ε600,000 (Armed Forces ε600,000),
AAM • IR R-60 (AA-8 Aphid); R-73 (AA-11 Archer) IR/
Paramilitary 5,700,000
SARH R-27 (AA-10 Alamo) SARH R-33 (AA-9 Amos)
Reservists are assigned to units (see also Paramilitary)
ARH R-77 (AA-12 Adder – on MiG-31BM)

Paramilitary 31,500 Organisations by Service


Government Guard 500 Strategic Forces
Internal Security Troops ε20,000 North Korea’s No-dong missiles and H-5 (Il-28) bombers
Ministry of Interior could in future be used to deliver nuclear warheads
or bombs. At present, however, there is no conclusive
Presidential Guard 2,000 evidence to suggest that North Korea has successfully
Asia 257

produced a warhead or bomb capable of being delivered ARTY 21,000+


by either of these systems. SP/TOWED 8,500: SP 122mm M-1977/M-1981/M-
1985/M-1991; 130mm M-1975/M-1981/M-1991; 152mm
Army ε1,020,000 M-1974/M-1977; 170mm M-1978/M-1989
FORCES BY ROLE TOWED 122mm D-30/D-74/M-1931/37; 130mm M-46;
COMMAND 152mm M-1937/M-1938/M-1943
2 mech corps HQ GUN/MOR 120mm (reported)
MRL 5,100: 107mm Type-63; 122mm BM-11/M-1977
9 inf corps HQ
(BM-21)/M-1985/M-1992/M-1993; 240mm M-1985/M-
1 (Capital Defence) corps HQ
1989/M-1991
MANOEUVRE
MOR 7,500: 82mm M-37; 120mm M-43; 160mm M-43
Armoured
AT • MSL
1 armd div
SP 9K11 Malyutka (AT-3 Sagger)
15 armd bde
MANPATS 2K15 Shmel (AT-1 Snapper); 9K111 Fagot
Mechanised (AT-4 Spigot); 9K113 Konkurs (AT-5 Spandrel)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

4 mech div RCL 82mm 1,700 B-10


Light AD • SAM • MANPAD 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet)/9K32
27 inf div Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡
14 inf bde GUNS 11,000
COMBAT SUPPORT SP 14.5mm M-1984; 23mm M-1992; 37mm M-1992;
1 arty div 57mm M-1985
21 arty bde TOWED 11,000: 14.5mm ZPU-1/ZPU-2/ZPU-4; 23mm
9 MRL bde ZU-23; 37mm M-1939; 57mm S-60; 85mm M-1939 KS-

Asia
1 SSM bde with Scud 12; 100mm KS-19
1 SSM bde with FROG-7 MSL
5 - 8 engr river crossing / amphibious regt SSM 64+: 24 FROG-3/FROG-5/FROG-7; some Musudan;
1 engr river crossing bde ε10 No-dong (ε90+ msl); 30+ Scud-B/Scud-C (ε200+ msl)

Special Purpose Forces Command 88,000 Navy ε60,000


FORCES BY ROLE EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SPECIAL FORCES SUBMARINES • TACTICAL 72
8 (Reconnaissance General Bureau) SF bn SSK 22 PRC Type-031/FSU Romeo† with 8 single 533mm
MANOEUVRE TT with 14 SAET-60 HWT
Reconnaissance SSC 30+: 28 Sang-O† with 2 single 533mm TT with Type
17 recce bn 53–65 HWT; 2+ Sang-O II (reported) with 4 single 533mm
Light TT with Type 53–65 HWT;
9 lt inf bde SSW 20† (some Yugo with 2 single 406mm TT; some Yeono)

6 sniper bde PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 3
Air Manoeuvre FRIGATES • FFG 3:
3 AB bde 2 Najin with 2 single lnchr with P-15 Termit (SS-N-2)
1 AB bn AShM, 2 RBU 1200, 2 100mm gun
2 sniper bde 1 Soho with 4 single lnchr with P-15 Termit (SS-N-
Amphibious 2) AShM, 2 RBU 1200, 1 100mm gun, 1 hel landing
2 sniper bde platform (for med hel)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 383
Reserves 600,000 PCG 18
8 Osa II with 2 single lnchr with P-15 Termit (SS-N-2)
FORCES BY ROLE
AShM
MANOEUVRE
10 Soju with 4 single lnchr with P-15 Termit (SS-N-2)
Light
AShM
40 inf div
PCO 5: 4 Sariwon; 1 Tral with 1 85mm gun
18 inf bde
PCC 18:
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE (ε) 6 Hainan with 4 RBU 1200
MBT 3,500+ T-34/T-54/T-55/T-62/Type-59/Chonma/Pokpoong 12 Taechong with 2 RBU 1200, 1 100mm gun
LT TK 560+: 560 PT-76; M-1985 PBFG 16:
APC 2,500+ 4 Huangfen with 4 single lnchr with P-15 Termit (SS-N-
APC (T) Type-531 (Type-63); VTT-323 2) AShM
APC (W) 2,500 BTR-40/BTR-50/BTR-60/BTR-80A/BTR- 6 Komar with 2 single lnchr with P-15 Termit (SS-N-2)
152/BTR look-a-like AShM
258 The Military Balance 2012

6 Sohung with 2 single lnchr with P-15 Termit (SS-N-2) ATTACK HELICOPTER
AShM 1 regt with Mi-24 Hind
PBF 229: 54 Chong-Jin; 142 Ku Song/Sin Hung/Sin Hung TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
(mod); 33 Sinpo Some regt with Hughes 500D†; Mi-8 Hip/Mi-17 Hip H;
PB 97 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite; Z-5
59 Chaho AIR DEFENCE
6 Chong-Ju with 2 RBU 1200, 1 85mm gun 19 bde with S-125 Pechora (SA-3 Goa); S-75 Dvina (SA-2
13 Shanghai II Guideline); S-200 Angara (SA-5 Gammon); 9K36 Strela-3
19 SO-1 (SA-14 Gremlin); 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet); 9K32
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 24: 19 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡; (New medium-range SAM system
Yukto I; 5 Yukto II shown in 2010 – designation unk.)
AMPHIBIOUS EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
LANDING SHIPS • LSM 10 Hantae (capacity 3 tanks; AIRCRAFT 603 combat capable
350 troops) BBR 80 H-5†
LANDING CRAFT 257: FTR 441+: 40 F-7B Airguard; 107 J-5; 100 J-6; 120 J-7†; 46
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

LCPL 96 Nampo (capacity 35 troops) MiG-23ML Flogger; 10 MiG-23P Flogger; 18+ MiG-29A/S
LCM 25 Fulcrum
LCVP 136 (capacity 50 troops) FGA 48: 30 MiG-21bis Fishbed†; 18 Su-7 Fitter
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 23: ATK 34 Su-25 Frogfoot
AS 8 (converted cargo ships); ASR 1 Kowan; AGI 14 TPT 217: Light 208: 6 An-24 Coke; 2 Tu-134 Crusty; ε200
(converted fishing vessels) Y-5 PAX 9: 2 Il-18 Coot; 2 Il-62M Classic; 4 Tu-154 Careless;
1 Tu-204-300
Coastal Defence TRG 215: 180 CJ-6; 35 FT-2
FORCES BY ROLE HELICOPTERS
COMBAT SUPPORT ATK 20 Mi-24 Hind
2 AShM regt with HY-1 (CSS-N-2) Silkworm (6 sites, MRH 80 Hughes 500D†
and probably some mobile launchers) TPT 202 Medium 63: 15 Mi-8 Hip/Mi-17 Hip H; 48 Z-5
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Light 139 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite
ARTY • TOWED 122mm M-1931/37; 152mm M-1937 UAV • ISR • Light Pchela-1 (Shmel)
COASTAL 130mm M-1992; SM-4-1 AD • SAM 3400+
MSL • AShM HY-1 (CSS-N-2) Silkworm; KN-01 (in TOWED 312+: 179+ S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline); 133
development) S-125 Pechora (SA-3 Goa)
STATIC/SHELTER 38 S-200 (SA-5 Gammon)
Air Force 110,000 MANPAD 3,050+ 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡; 9K36
4 air divs. 1st, 2nd and 3rd Air Divs (cbt) responsible for N, Strela-3 (SA-14 Gremlin); 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet)
E and S air defence sectors respectively; 8th Air Div (trg) MSL
responsible for NE sector. The AF controls the national ASM Kh-23 (AS-7 Kerry); Kh-25 (AS-10 Karen)
airline. AShM KN-01
Flying hours  20 hrs/year on ac AAM • IR R-3 (AA-2 Atoll)‡; R-60 (AA-8 Aphid); R-73
(AA-11 Archer); PL-5; PL-7; SARH R-23/24 (AA-7 Apex);
FORCES BY ROLE
R-27R/ER (AA-10 A/C Alamo)
BOMBER
AShM KN-01
3 (lt) regt with H-5†
FIGHTER
Paramilitary 189,000 active
1 regt with F-7B Airguard
6 regt with J-5 Security Troops 189,000 (incl border guards,
4 regt with J-6 public safety personnel)
5 regt with J-7 Ministry of Public Security
1 regt with MiG-23ML/P Flogger
1 regt with MiG-29 Fulcrum Worker/Peasant Red Guard ε5,700,000
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK reservists
1 regt with Su-7 Fitter Org on a provincial/town/village basis; comd structure is
GROUND ATTACK bde–bn–coy–pl; small arms with some mor and AD guns
1 regt with Su-25 Frogfoot (but many units unarmed)
TRANSPORT
Some regt with Y-5 (to infiltrate 2 air-force sniper Cyber
brigades deep into ROK rear areas), but possibly Since the 1970s the KPA has maintained a modest electron-
grounded; An-24 Coke; Il-18 Coot; Il-62M Classic; Tu-134 ic warfare (EW) capability. After Operation Desert Storm,
Crusty; Tu-154 Careless the KPA established an information warfare (IW) capabil-
TRAINING ity under the concept of ‘electronic intelligence warfare’
Some regt with CJ-6; FT-2; MiG-21 Fishbed (EIW). The KPA is also believed to have expanded its EW
Asia 259

capabilities with the introduction of more modern ELINT Organisations by Service


equipment, jammers and radars. In 1998, Unit 121 was re-
portedly established within the Reconnaissance Bureau of Army 522,000
the General Staff Depratment to undertake offensive cyber FORCES BY ROLE
operations. Unit 121 is reported to have 12-17,000 staff, a COMMAND
budget of US$56m and reportedly has a base in Shenyang, 2 army HQ
China. Staff are mainly trained in the DPRK, but some re- 8 corps HQ
ceive training in Russia and China. 1 (Capital Defence) comd HQ
SPECIAL FORCES
1 (Special Warfare) SF comd
Korea, Republic of ROK 7 SF bde
MANOEUVRE
South Korean Won 2010 2011 2012 Armoured
GDP won 1,173tr 1,260tr 4 armd bde
Mechanised
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

US$ 1.01tr 1.14tr


5 mech inf div (1 recce bn, 1 armd bde, 2 mech inf bde, 1
per capita US$ 20,790 23,430
fd arty bde, 1 engr bn)
Growth % 6.16 3.91 Light
Inflation % 3.0 4.5 17 inf div (1 recce bn, 1 tk bn, 3 inf regt, 1 arty regt (4
Def exp won 29.1tn arty bn), 1 engr bn)
US$ 25.1bn 2 indep inf bde
Air Manoeuvre
Def bdgt won 29.6tr 31.4tr
1 air aslt bde
US$ 25.5bn 28.5bn

Asia
Other
US$1=won 1159.87 1102.64 3 (Counter Infiltration) bde
Aviation
Population 48,754,657
1 (army avn) comd
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus COMBAT SUPPORT
3 SSM bn
Male 8.2% 3.8% 3.4% 3.9% 26.2% 4.6%
3 ADA bde
Female 7.5% 3.3% 3.0% 3.5% 25.9% 6.8%
3 SAM bn with I-HAWK
2 SAM bn with Nike Hercules
Capabilities 6 engr bde
More than half a century of tailoring its defence posture 5 engr gp
around the possibility of an invasion from its northern 1 CBRN defence bde
neighbour has left South Korea with some of the best- 8 sigs bde
equipped and most capable armed forces in East Asia. But COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
4 log cpt cmd
not even this has been able to deter lethal aggression from
5 sy regt
the north – as demonstrated by the sinking of the Cheonan
in March 2010 and the shelling of Yeongpyeong Island in EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
November 2010. These attacks took Seoul by surprise, lead- MBT 2,414: 1,000 K1; 484 K1A1; 253 M48; 597 M48A5; 80
ing to a commitment to invest in improving the South’s T-80U; (400 M-47 in store)
AIFV 165: 40 BMP-3; ε125 K21
capacity to deter and, if necessary, respond to northern
APC 2,780
aggression. South Korea has demonstrated a willingness
APC (T) 2,560: 300 Bv 206; 1,700 KIFV; 420 M113; 140
to deploy forces overseas in support of international coali-
M577
tions and operations. The Cheonghae Unit is a dedicated
APC (W) 220; 20 BTR-80; 200 KM-900/-901 (Fiat 6614)
counter-piracy task force that has operated in the Indian ARTY 11,038+
Ocean since April 2009. SP 1,353+: 155mm 1,340: ε300 K9 Thunder; 1,040 M109A2
ACTIVE 655,000 (Army 522,000 Navy 68,000 Air (K55/K55A1); 175mm some M107; 203mm 13 M110
TOWED 3,500+: 105mm 1,700 M101/KH-178; 155mm
65,000) Paramilitary 4,500
1,800+ KH-179/M114/M115
Terms of service conscription: Army, Navy and Air Force 26
MRL 185: 130mm 156 Kooryong; 227mm 29 MLRS (all
months
ATACMS capable)
RESERVE 4,500,000 MOR 6,000: 81mm KM-29 (M-29); 107mm M-30
Reserve obligation of three days per year. First Combat AT • MSL • MANPATS 9K115 Metis (AT-7 Saxhorn);
Forces (Mobilisation Reserve Forces) or Regional Combat TOW-2A
Forces (Homeland Defence Forces) to age 33. RCL 57mm; 75mm; 90mm M67; 106mm M40A2
GUNS 58
Paramilitary 3,000,000 SP 90mm 50 M36
Being reorganised TOWED 76mm 8 M18 Hellcat (AT gun)
260 The Military Balance 2012

HELICOPTERS DESTROYERS • DDGHM 6:


ATK 60 AH-1F/J Cobra 6 Chungmugong Yi Sun-Jhin (KDX-2) with 2 quad
MRH 175: 130 Hughes 500D; 45 MD-500 Mk141 lnchr with RGM-84C Harpoon AShM, 2 32-
TPT 222 Heavy 23: 17 CH-47D Chinook; 6 MH-47E cell Mk41 VLS with SM-2 MR SAM/ASROC, 2 triple
Chinook Medium 87 UH-60P Black Hawk Light 112: ε100 324mm ASTT with Mk46 LWT,1 127mm gun (capacity
Bell-205 (UH-1H Iroquois); 12 Bo-105 1 Lynx Mk99 hel)
AD • SAM 1,138+ FRIGATES 12
SP Chun Ma Pegasus FFGHM 3:
TOWED 158 I-HAWK MIM-23B; 48 Patriot to be 3 Gwanggaeto Daewang (KDX-1) with 2 quad Mk141
delivered lnchr with RGM-84 Harpoon AShM, 1 16 cell Mk48
STATIC 200 MIM-14 Nike Hercules VLS with Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT
MANPAD 780+: 60 FIM-43 Redeye; ε200 FIM-92A with Mk46 LWT, 1 127mm gun, (capacity 1 Lynx
Stinger; 350 Javelin; 170 Mistral; 9K31 Igla-1 (SA-16 Mk99 hel)
Gimlet) FFGM 9:
GUNS 330+ 9 Ulsan with 2 quad Mk141 lnchr with RGM-84C
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

SP 170: 20mm ε150 KIFV Vulcan SPAAG; 30mm 20 Harpoon AShM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT with Mk46
BIHO Flying Tiger LWT, 2 76mm gun
TOWED 160: 20mm 60 M167 Vulcan; 35mm 20 GDF- PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 110
003; 40mm 80 L/60/L/70; M1 CORVETTES 30
RADAR • LAND AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty, mor); AN/ FSG 7:
TPQ-37 Firefinder (arty); RASIT (veh, arty) 3 Gumdoksuri with 2 twin lnchr with RGM-84 Harpoon
MSL • SSM 30 NHK-I/-II Hyonmu AShM, 1 76mm gun (additional vessel in build)
AEV 207 M9 4 Po Hang with 2 single lnchr with MM-38 Exocet
ARV 238: 200 K1; K288A1; M47; 38 M88A1 AShM, 2 triple ASTT with Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm gun
VLB 56 K1 FS 23:
4 Dong Hae with 2 triple ASTT with Mk46 LWT, 1
Reserves 76mm gun
FORCES BY ROLE 19 Po Hang with 2 triple ASTT with Mk46 LWT, 2
COMMAND 76mm gun
1 army HQ PBF 80 Sea Dolphin
MANOEUVRE MINE WARFARE 10
Light MINE COUNTERMEASURES 9
24 inf div MHO 6 Kan Kyeong
MSO 3 Yang Yang
Navy 68,000 (incl marines) MINELAYERS • ML 1 Won San
AMPHIBIOUS
Naval HQ (CNOROK) located at Gyeryongdae, with an
PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS 1:
Operational Cmd HQ (CINCROKFLT) located at Jinhae
LPD 1 Dokdo (capacity 2 LCAC; 10 tanks; 700 troops;
with three separate fleet elements; 1st Fleet Donghae (East
10 UH-60 hel)
Sea/Sea of Japan); 2nd Fleet Pyeongtaek (West Sea/Yellow
LANDING SHIPS 5:
Sea); 3rd Fleet Busan (South Sea/Korea Strait); additional
LST 6: 4 Alligator (capacity 20 tanks; 300 troops); 2 Un
three flotillas (incl SF, mine warfare, amphibious and spt
Bong (capacity 16 tanks; 200 troops)
elements) and 1 Naval Air Wing (3 gp plus Spt gp).
LANDING CRAFT 41:
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE LCAC 5: 3 Tsaplya (capacity 1 MBT; 130 troops); 2 LSF-
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL 23 II
SSK 12: LCM 10 LCM-8
9 Chang Bogo with 8 single 533mm TT with SUT HWT LCT 6
3 Son Won-ill (KSS-2; AIP fitted) with 8 single 533mm LCVP 20
TT with SUT HWT (additional vessels in build) LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 24
SSC 11: 9 Cosmos; 2 Dolgorae (KSS-1) with 2 single 406mm AORH 3 Chun Jee
TT ARS 1
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 28 AG 1 Sunjin (trials spt)
CRUISERS • CGHM 2 ATS 2
2 Sejong (KDX-3) with 2 quad Mk141 lnchr with RGM- AGOR 17 (civil manned, funded by the Ministry of
84 Harpoon AShM, 1 48-cell Mk41 VLS with SM-2MR Transport)
SAM, 1 32-cell Mk41 VLS with SM-2MR SAM, 1 Mk49
GMLS with RIM-116, 2 triple 324mm ASTT with K745 Naval Aviation
LWT, 1 32-cell VLS with ASROC (intended for Cheon AIRCRAFT 8 combat capable
Ryong LACM), 1 127mm gun, (capacity 2 Lynx Mk99 ASW 16: 8 P-3C Orion; 8 P-3CK Orion
hel); (additional vessel in build) TPT • Light 5 Cessna F406 Caravan II
Asia 261

HELICOPTERS SIGINT 4 Hawker 800SIG


ASW 24: 11 Lynx Mk99; 13 Lynx Mk99-A TPT 33 Medium 12: 8 C-130H Hercules; 4 C-130H-30
MRH 3 SA319B Alouette III Hercules Light 20: 12 CN-235M-100; 8 CN-235M-220
TPT 15 Medium 8 UH-60P Black Hawk Light 7 Bell 205 (incl 2 VIP) PAX 2: 1 B-737-300; 1 B-747
(UH-1H Iroquois) TRG 193: 17 Hawk Mk67*; 23 Il-103; 83 KT-1; 50 T-50
Golden Eagle*; 10 T-50B Black Eagle* (aerobatics); 10 TA-
Marines 27,000 *50 Golden Eagle
FORCES BY ROLE HELICOPTERS
MANOEUVRE SAR 16: 5 HH-47D Chinook; 11 HH-60P Black Hawk
Amphibious MRH 3 Bell 412EP
2 mne div (1 recce bn, 1 tk bn, 3 mne regt, 1 amph bn, TPT • Medium 30: 2 AS332L Super Puma; 8 Ka-32 Helix
1 arty regt, 1 engr bn) C; 3 S-92A Superhawk; 7 UH-60P Black Hawk; 10 VH-60P
1 mne bde )Black Hawk (VIP
COMBAT SUPPORT
UAV • ISR 103+ Medium 3+: some Night Intruder; 3
Some cbt spt unit
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Searcher Light 100 Harpy


EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MSL
MBT 100 50 K1A1; 50 M48 ASM AGM-65A Maverick; AGM-84-H SLAM-ER
AAV 166 AAV-7A1 AShM AGM-84 Harpoon; AGM-130; AGM-142 Popeye
ARTY TOWED: 105mm; 155mm ARM AGM-88 HARM
MSL • AShM RGM-84A Harpoon (truck mounted)
AAM • IR AIM-9 Sidewinder; SARH AIM-7 Sparrow;
ARH AIM-120B AMRAAM/AIM-120C5 AMRAAM
Air Force 65,000
4 Comd (Ops, Southern Combat, Logs, Trg)
Paramilitary ε4,500 active

Asia
FORCES BY ROLE
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK Civilian Defence Corps 3,000,000 reservists
3 sqn with F-4E Phantom II (to age 50)
11 sqn with F-5E/F Tiger II
3 sqn with F-15K Eagle Coast Guard ε4,500
10 sqn with F-16C/D Fighting Falcon (KF-16C/D) PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 50:
ISR PSO 5: 1 Sumjinkang; 3 Mazinger; 1 Sambongho
1 wg with KO-1 PCO 16: 1 Han Kang; 15 Tae Geuk
1 sqn with RF-4C Phantom II* PCC 10: 4 Bukhansan; 6 (430 tonne)
SIGINT PB 19: 5 Hyundai Type; ε14 (various)
1 sqn with Hawker 800RA/XP LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • ARS 29
SEARCH & RESCUE AIRCRAFT
2 sqn with AS332L Super Puma; Belll 412EP; HH-47D MP 5: 1 C-212-400 MP; 4 CN-235-110 MPA
Chinook; HH-60P Black Hawk; Ka-32 Helix C; TPT • PAX 1 CL-604
TRANSPORT HELICOPTERS
1 VIP sqn with B-737-300; B-747; CN-235-220; S-92A MRH 8: 6 AS365 Dauphin II; 1 AW139; 1 Bell 412SP
Superhawk; VH-60P Black Hawk (VIP) TPT • Medium 8 Ka-32 Helix-C
3 sqn (incl 1 Spec Ops) with C-130H Hercules
2 sqn with CN-235M-100/220 Cyber
TRAINING
South Korea established a Cyber Warfare Command
2 sqn with F-5E/F Tiger II
Centre in early 2010, with over 200 personnel, in the wake
1 sqn with F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
of a substantial distributed denial of service attack in 2009.
1 sqn with Hawk Mk67
The new centre responds to the attention given to cyber
4 sqn with KT-1
and information security by the National Intelligence
1 sqn with Il-103
Service and the Defense Security Command. South Korea
3 sqn with T-50/TA-50 Golden Eagle*
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER published an ‘Internet White Paper’ in 2009.
1 sqn with UH-60P Black Hawk (Spec Ops)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Deployment
AIRCRAFT 390 combat capable
Afghanistan
FTR 176: 142 F-5E Tiger II; 32 F-5F Tiger II
FGA 286: 70 F-4E Phantom II; 52 F-15K Eagle (8 more NATO • ISAF 350
on order 2012); 118 F-16C Fighting Falcon (KF-16C); 46 ARABIAN SEA & Gulf of Aden
F-16D Fighting Falcon (KF-16D); (some F-4D Phantom II Combined Maritime Forces • CTF-151: 1 DDGHM
)in store
AEW&C 1 B-737 AEW CÔTE D’IVOIRE
*ISR 41: 4 Hawker 800RA; 20 KO-1; 17 RF-4C Phantom II UN • UNOCI 2 obs
262 The Military Balance 2012

HAITI
UN • MINUSTAH 242; 1 engr coy
Capabilities
India/Pakistan Kyrgyzstan’s military capability is limited and its air force
has only small numbers of jet trainer and transport aircraft.
UN • UNMOGIP 8 obs
A larger number of armed and transport helicopters are in
Lebanon the inventory, but maintenance problems probably mean
UN • UNIFIL 369; 1 mech inf bn most of these are not operationally ready. Despite their
weakness, Kyrgyzstan’s armed forces participate in Shang-
Liberia
hai Cooperation Organisation exercises, such as the SCO’s
UN • UNMIL 1; 1 obs
counter-terrorism exercises, and has hosted SCO exercises
South sudan within its training areas, indicating the ability to offer com-
UN • UNMISS 6 obs mand and control facilities to disparate military units and
progress towards improving national capabilities.
sudan
UN • UNISFA 1 obs ACTIVE 10,900 (Army 8,500 Air 2,400) Paramilitary
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

9,500
UAE
Terms of service 18 months
140 (trg activities at UAE Spec Ops School)
WESTERN SAHARA Organisations by Service
UN • MINURSO 4 obs
Army 8,500
Foreign Forces FORCES BY ROLE
Sweden NNSC: 5 obs SPECIAL FORCES
Switzerland NNSC: 5 obs 1 SF bde
United States US Pacific Command: 25,374 MANOEUVRE
Army 17,130; 1 HQ (8th Army) at Seoul; 1 div HQ (2nd Mechanised
Inf) at Tongduchon; 1 armd HBCT with M1 Abrams; M2/ 2 MR bde
M3 Bradley; M109; ; 1 cbt avn bde with AH-64 Apache; 1 (mtn) MR bde
CH-47 Chinook; UH-60 Black Hawk; 1 arty (fires) bde with COMBAT SUPPORT
M270 MLRS; 1 AD bde with MIM 104 Patriot/FIM-92A 1 arty bde
Avenger 1 AD bde
Navy 254 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
USAF 7,857; 1 HQ (7th Air Force) at Osan AB; 1 ftr wg at MBT 150 T-72
Kunsan AB (1 ftr sqn with 20 F-16C/D Fighting Falcon); 1 RECCE 30 BRDM-2
ftr wg at Kunsan AB (1 ftr sqn with 20 F-16C/D Fighting AIFV 320: 230 BMP-1; 90 BMP-2
Falcon, 1 ftr sqn with 24 A-10C Thunderbolt II at Osan AB) APC (W) 35: 25 BTR-70; 10 BTR-80
USMC 133 ARTY 246
SP 122mm 18 2S1 Carnation
TOWED 141: 100mm 18 M-1944; 122mm 107: 72 D-30;
Kyrgyzstan KGZ 35 M-30 M-1938; 152mm 16 D-1
GUN/MOR 120mm 12 2S9 Anona
Kyrgyzstani Som s 2010 2011 2012
MRL 21: 122mm 15 BM-21; 220mm 6 9P140 Uragan
GDP s 212bn 254bn MOR 120mm 54: 6 2S12; 48 M-120
US$ 4.61bn 5.52bn AT • MSL • MANPATS 26+: 26 9K11 (AT-3 Sagger);
per capita US$ 838 987 9K111 (AT-4 Spigot); 9K113 (AT-5 Spandrel)
Growth % -1.36 7.00 RCL 73mm SPG-9
GUNS 100mm 18 MT-12/T-12
Inflation % 7.8 19.1
AD • SAM • MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡
Def bdgt s 889m 1.5bn GUNS 48
US$ 19m 33m SP 23mm 24 ZSU-23-4
FMA (US) US$ 3.5m 2.4m TOWED 57mm 24 S-60
US$1=s 45.99 46.10
Air Force 2,400
Population 5,587,443
FORCES BY ROLE
Ethnic groups: Kyrgyz 56%; Russian 17%; Uzbek 13%; Ukrainian 3% FIGHTER
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus 1 regt with L-39 Albatros*
FIGHTER/TRANSPORT
Male 14.9% 5.2% 5.4% 4.7% 16.8% 2.0%
1 (comp avn) regt with MiG-21 Fishbed; An-2 Colt; An-26
Female 14.3% 5.0% 5.3% 4.7% 18.5% 3.2% Curl
Asia 263

ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 regt with Mi-24 Hind; Mi-8 Hip Capabilities
AIR DEFENCE The Lao People’s Armed Forces (LPAF) have considerable
Some regt with S-125 Pechora (SA-3 Goa); 2K11 Krug historical military experience from Second Indochina War
(SA-4 Ganef); S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline) and the 1988 border war with Thailand. However, Laos is
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE one of the world’s poorest countries and the defence bud-
AIRCRAFT 33 combat capable get and military procurement have been extremely lim-
FGA 29 MiG-21 Fishbed ited for the last 20 years. The armed forces remain closely
TPT • Light 6: 4 An-2 Colt; 2 An-26 Curl linked to the ruling communist party, and their primary
TRG 4 L-39 Albatros* orientation is towards internal security, with operations
HELICOPTERS continuing against Hmong rebel remnants. Contacts with
ATK 2 Mi-24 Hind the Chinese and Vietnamese armed forces continue, but the
TPT • Medium 8 Mi-8 Hip LPAF have made no international deployments and have
AD • SAM little capacity for sustained high-intensity operations.
SP 2K11 Krug (SA-4 Ganef)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

ACTIVE 29,100 (Army 25,600 Air 3,500) Paramilitary


TOWED S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline); S-125 Pechora (SA-
3 Goa)
100,000
Terms of service 18 month minimum conscription
Paramilitary 9,500
Organisations by Service
Border Guards 5,000 (KGZ conscript, RUS
officers) Army 25,600
Interior Troops 3,500 FORCES BY ROLE

Asia
4 Mil Regions
National Guard 1,000 MANOEUVRE
Armoured
Deployment 1 armd bn
Light
bosnia-herzegovina 5 inf div
OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 7 indep inf regt
65 indep inf coy
Liberia
Aviation
UN • UNMIL 2 obs
1 (liaison) flt
South Sudan COMBAT SUPPORT
UN • UNMISS 4 obs 5 arty bn
9 ADA bn
1 engr regt
Foreign Forces 2 (construction) engr regt
Russia ε500 Military Air Forces: 5 Su-25 Frogfoot; 2 Mi-8 Hip EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 25: 15 T-54/T-55; 10 T-34/85
Laos LAO LT TK 10 PT-76
APC (W) 50: 30 BTR-40/BTR-60; 20 BTR-152
New Lao Kip 2010 2011 2012 ARTY 62+
GDP kip 54.2tr 63.4tr TOWED 62: 105mm 20 M101; 122mm 20 D-30/M-30
M-1938; 130mm 10 M-46; 155mm 12 M114
US$ 6.46bn 7.8bn
MOR 81mm; 82mm; 107mm M-1938/M-2A1; 120mm
per capita US$ 1,014 1,204 M-43
Growth % 7.93 8.26 AT • RCL 57mm M18/A1; 75mm M20; 106mm M40;
Inflation % 6.0 8.7 107mm B-11
Def exp kip ε119bn AD • SAM • MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡; 25
Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet)
US$ ε14.1m
GUNS
US$1=kip 8393.39 8135.07 SP 23mm ZSU-23-4
Population 6,477,211 TOWED 14.5mm ZPU-1/ZPU-4; 23mm ZU-23; 37mm
Ethnic groups: Lao 55%; Khmou 11%; Hmong 8%
M-1939; 57mm S-60
ARV T-54/T-55
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus VLB MTU
Male 18.5% 5.6% 4.9% 4.2% 14.7% 1.7%
Army Marine Section ε600
Female 18.2% 5.6% 5.0% 4.2% 15.2% 2.0% PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 52
264 The Military Balance 2012

PBR 52 ing operations, and the navy has achieved well-publicised


AMPHIBIOUS LCM 4 successes with its anti-piracy patrols in the Gulf of Aden.
There is considerable emphasis on joint-service operations.
Air Force 3,500 Malaysia regularly participates in Five Power Defence Ar-
FORCES BY ROLE rangements exercises. Malaysian armed forces personnel
TRANSPORT are disproportionately drawn from the Malay community;
1 sqn with An-2 Colt; An-26 Curl; An-74 Coaler; Y-7; few ethnic-Chinese Malaysians and members of other eth-
Y-12; Yak-40 Codling (VIP) nic minorities are drawn to military service. While this eth-
TRAINING nic homogeneity may reinforce military morale, it may also
1 sqn with Yak-18 Max have implications for the armed forces’ capabilities (par-
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER ticularly because of problems recruiting sufficient techni-
1 sqn with Ka-32T Helix C; Mi-6 Hook; Mi-8 Hip; Mi-17 cal personnel), and for the government’s ability to sustain
Hip H; Mi-26 Halo; SA360 Dauphin national support for military operations.
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE ACTIVE 109,000 (Army 80,000 Navy 14,000 Air
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

AIRCRAFT 15,000) Paramilitary 24,600


TPT • Light 15: 4 An-2 Colt; 3 An-26 Curl; 1 An-74 Coaler;
5 Y-7; 1 Y-12; 1 Yak-40 Codling (VIP) RESERVE 51,600 (Army 50,000, Navy 1,000 Air
TRG 8 Yak-18 Max Force 600) Paramilitary 244,700
HELICOPTERS
MRH 12 Mi-17 Hip H
Organisations by Service
TPT 15 Heavy 2: 1 Mi-6 Hook; 1 Mi-26 Halo Medium
10: 1 Ka-32T Helix C (5 more on order); 9 Mi-8 Hip
Light 3 SA-360 Dauphin Army 80,000 (to be 60–70,000)
MSL • AAM • IR R-3 (AA-2 Atoll)† 2 mil region, 4 area comd (div)
FORCES BY ROLE
Paramilitary SPECIAL FORCES
1 SF bde (3 SF bn)
Militia Self-Defence Forces 100,000+ MANOEUVRE
Village ‘home guard’ or local defence Armoured
1 tk regt (with 5 armd bn)
Mechanised
Malaysia MYS 5 armd regt
Malaysian Ringgit RM 2010 2011 2012 1 mech inf bde (3 mech bn, 1 cbt engr sqn)
Light
GDP RM 766bn 829bn
9 inf bde (total: 36 inf bn)
US$ 237bn 272bn Air Manoeuvre
per capita US$ 8,386 9,482 1 (Rapid Deployment Force) AB bde (1 lt tk sqn, 3 AB bn,
Growth % 7.19 5.20 1 lt arty regt, 1 engr sqn)
Inflation % 1.7 3.2 Aviation
1 hel sqn
Def exp RM 11.8bn
COMBAT SUPPORT
US$ 3.65bn
9 arty regt
Def bdgt RM 11.0bn 13.8bn 13.7bn 1 arty locator regt
US$ 3.41bn 4.54bn 1 MRL regt
US$1=RM 3.23 3.04 3 ADA regt
1 cbt engr sqn
Population 28,728,607 3 fd engr regt (total: 7 cbt engr sqn, 3 engr spt sqn)
Ethnic groups: Malay and other indigenous (Bunipatre) 64%; 1 int unit
Chinese 27%; Indian 9% 4 MP regt
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus 1 sigs regt
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
Male 15.2% 4.6% 4.2% 4.2% 20.3% 2.3%
1 const regt
Female 14.4% 4.4% 4.2% 4.1% 19.5% 2.6%
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 48 PT-91M Twardy
Capabilities LT TK 21 Scorpion-90
Malaysia’s armed forces have considerable historical expe- RECCE 296: 130 AML-60/AML-90; 92 Ferret (60 mod);
rience of counter-insurgency. Over the last 30 years, how- K216A1 (as CBRN recce); 74 SIBMAS (some †)
ever, substantial equipment modernisation programmes AIFV 44: 31 ACV300 Adnan (25mm Bushmaster); 13
have helped to develop their capacity for external defence. ACV300 Adnan AGL
Malaysian army units have deployed on UN peacekeep- APC 784
Asia 265

APC (T) 262: 149 ACV300 Adnan (incl 69 variants); FFG 2:


13 FV4333 Stormer (upgraded); 63 K-200A; 40 K-200A1 2 Kasturi with 2 twin lnchr with MM-38 Exocet AShM,
APC (W) 522: 32 Anoa; 300 Condor (incl variants); 150 1 twin 375mm A/S mor, 1 100mm gun, 1 hel landing
LAV-150 Commando; 30 M3 Panhard; 10 VBL platform
ARTY 454 FF 6:
TOWED 134: 105mm 100 Model 56 pack howitzer; 6 Kedah (MEKO) with 1 76mm gun, 1 hel landing
155mm 34: 12 FH-70; 22 G-5 platform, (fitted for MM-40 Exocet AShM & RAM
MRL 36 ASTROS II (equipped with 127mm SS-30) CIWS)
MOR 254: 81mm SP 14: 4 K281A1; 10 ACV300-S; 120mm PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 37
SP 8 ACV-S 81mm: 232 CORVETTES • FSGM 4:
AT 4 Laksamana with 3 twin lnchr with Mk 2 Otomat
MSL AShM, 1 quad lnchr with Aspide SAM, 2 B515 ILAS-3
SP 8 ACV300 Baktar Shikan; K263 triple 324mm TT with A244 LWT, 1 76mm gun
MANPATS 60+: 18 9K115 Metis (AT-7 Saxhorn); 9K115- PCFG 4 Perdana (Combattante II) with 2 single lnchr with
2 Metis-M (AT-13 Saxhorn 2); 24 Eryx; 18 Baktar Shihan MM-38 Exocet AShM
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

(HJ-8); C90-CRRB; SS.11 PBG 4 Handalan (Spica-M) with 2 twin lnchr with MM-38
RCL 260: 84mm 236 Carl Gustav; 106mm 24 M40 Exocet AShM
AMPHIBIOUS • LCA 165 Damen Assault Craft 540 PBF 17 Tempur
(capacity 10 troops) PB 8: 6 Jerong (Lurssen 45); 2 Sri Perlis
HELICOPTERS MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES
TPT • Light 11 AW109 MCO 4 Mahamiru
AD SAM 15 Jernas (Rapier 2000) AMPHIBIOUS
MANPAD 88+: Anza; HY-6 (FN-6); 40 9K38 Igla (SA-18 LANDING CRAFT 115 LCM/LCU

Asia
Grouse); QW-1 Vanguard; 48 Starburst; LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 13
GUNS • TOWED 60: 35mm 16 GDF-005; 40mm 36 AOR 2; AG 1; ARS 2; AGS 2; ATG 2; AX 1; AXS 1; AP 2
L40/70
AEV 9: 3 MID-M; 6 WZT-4
Naval Aviation 160
HELICOPTERS
ARV 41+: Condor; 15 ACV300; 4 K-288A1; 22 SIBMAS
ASW 6 Super Lynx 300
VLB 5+: Leguan; 5 PMCz-90
MRH 6 AS555 Fennec
Reserves MSL • AShM Sea Skua

Territorial Army Special Forces


Some paramilitary forces to be incorporated into a re- FORCES BY ROLE
organised territorial organisation. SPECIAL FORCES
FORCES BY ROLE 1 (mne cdo) SF unit
MANOEUVRE
Light Air Force 15,000
16 inf regt 1 Air Op HQ, 2 Air Div, 1 trg and Log Cmd, 1 Intergrated
Other Area Def Systems HQ
2 (Border) sy bde (being created from existing Flying hours 60 hrs/year
Territorial units) FORCES BY ROLE
5 (highway) sy bn FIGHTER
COMBAT SUPPORT 2 sqn with MiG-29/MiG-29UB Fulcrum (MiG-29N/NUB)
2 fd engr regt (to be withdrawn from service)
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
Navy 14,000 1 sqn with F/A-18D Hornet
3 Regional Commands; Kuantan (East Coast); Kinabalu 1 sqn with Su-30MKM Flanker
(Borneo) & Langkawi (West Coast 2 sqn with Hawk Mk108*/Mk208*
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK/ISR
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 2 Tunku Abdul 1 sqn with F-5E/F Tiger II; RF-5E Tigereye*
Rahman (Scorpene) with 6 single 533mm TT for WASS Black MARITIME PATROL
Shark HWT 1 sqn with Beech 200T
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 10 TANKER/TRANSPORT
FRIGATES 10: 2 sqn with KC-130H Hercules; C-130H Hercules;
FFGHM 2: C-130H-30 Hercules; Cessna 402B
2 Lekiu ewith 2 quad lnchr with MM-40 Exocet AShM, TRANSPORT
1 16-cell VLS with Sea Wolf SAM, 2 B515 ILAS-3 triple 1 (VIP) sqn with A319CT; AW109; B-737-700 BBJ; BD700
324mm ASTT with Sting Ray LWT, (capacity 1 Super Global Express; F-28 Fellowship; Falcon 900
Lynx hel) 2 sqn with CN-235
266 The Military Balance 2012

TRAINING EQUIPMENT BY TYPE


1 unit with PC-7; SA316 Alouette III PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 66:
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER PSO 2 Langkawi with 1 hel landing platform
4 (tpt/SAR) sqn with S-61A-4 Nuri; S-61N; S-70A Black PB 64: 15 Gagah; 4 Malawali; 2 Nusa; 1 Peninjau; 5
Hawk Ramunia; 2 Rhu; 4 Semilang; 15 Sipadan (ex-Kris/Sabah);
AIR DEFENCE 16 (various)
1 sqn with Starburst LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • AX 1 Marlin
SPECIAL FORCES AIRCRAFT • MP 2 Bombardier 415MP
1 (Air Force Commando) unit (airfield defence/SAR) HELICOPTERS
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MRH 3 AS-365 Dauphin
AIRCRAFT 67 combat capable
Marine Police 2,100
FTR 21: 8 F-5E Tiger II; 3 F-5F Tiger II; 8 MiG-29 Fulcrum
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
(MiG-29N); 2 MiG-29UB Fulcrum (MIG-29NUB) (MiG-29
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 132
to be withdrawn from service)
PBF 12: 6 Sangitan; 6 Stan Patrol 1500
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

FGA 26: 8 F/A-18D Hornet; 18 Su-30MKM


PB/PBR 120
ISR 4 Beech 200T; 2 RF-5E Tigereye*
TKR 4 KC-130H Hercules Police Air Unit
TPT 32 Medium 10: 1 C-130H Hercules; 9 C-130H-30 AIRCRAFT
Hercules; Light 17: 8 CN-235M-220 (incl 2 VIP); 9 Cessna TPT • Light 17: 4 Cessna 206 Stationair; 6 Cessna 208
402B (2 modified for aerial survey) PAX 5: 1 A319CT; 1 Caravan; 7 PC-6 Turbo-Porter
B-737-700 BBJ; 1 BD700 Global Express; 1 F-28 Fellowship; HELICOPTERS
1 Falcon 900 TPT • Light 3: 1 Bell 206L Long Ranger; 2 AS355F
TRG 80: 6 Hawk Mk108*; 12 Hawk Mk208*; 8 MB-339C; 7 Ecureuil II
MD3-160 Aero Tiga; 30 PC-7; 17 PC-7 Mk II Turbo Trainer
HELICOPTERS Area Security Units (R) 3,500
MRH 17 SA316 Alouette III (Auxiliary General Ops Force)
TPT 33 Medium 32: 28 S-61A-4 Nuri; 2 S-61N; 2 S-70A FORCES BY ROLE
Black Hawk Light 1 AW109 MANOEUVRE
UAV • ISR 3+ Heavy 3 Eagle ARV Medium Aludra Other
AD • SAM •MANPAD Starburst 89 paramilitary unit
MSL
ASM AGM-65 Maverick Border Scouts (R) 1,200
AShM AGM-84D Harpoon in Sabah, Sarawak
AAM • IR AIM-9 Sidewinder; R-73 (AA-11 Archer) IR/
SARH R-27 (AA-10 Alamo); SARH AIM-7 Sparrow People’s Volunteer Corps 240,000 reservists
(some 17,500 armed)
RELA
Paramilitary ε24,600
Police-General Ops Force 18,000 Customs Service
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 23
FORCES BY ROLE PBF 10
COMMAND PB 13
5 bde HQ
SPECIAL FORCES
1 spec ops bn Deployment
MANOEUVRE Afghanistan
Other
NATO • ISAF 46
19 paramilitary bn
2 (Aborigional) paramilitary bn Democratic Republic of the Congo
4 indep paramilitary coy UN • MONUSCO 15 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Lebanon
RECCE ε100 S52 Shorland UN • UNIFIL 780; 1 mech inf bn
APC (W) 170: 140 AT105 Saxon; ε30 SB-301
Liberia
Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency UN • UNMIL 6 obs
(MMEA) ε4,500
Philippines
Controls 5 Maritime Regions (Northern Peninsula;
IMT 13
Southern Peninsula; Eastern Peninsula; Sarawak;
Sabah), sub-divided into a further 18 Maritime Districts. South Sudan
Supported by one provisional MMEA Air Unit. UN • UNMIS 2 obs
Asia 267

Sudan Organisations by Service


UN • UNAMID 13; 3 obs

Timor Leste Army 5,600; 3,300 conscript (total 8,900)


UN • UNMIT 2 obs FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE
Western Sahara Mechanised
UN • MINURSO 10 obs 6 MR regt(-)
Light
1 (rapid deployment) lt inf bn (2nd bn to form)
Foreign Forces Air Manoeuvre
Australia Air Force: 13 with 1 AP-3C Orion crew; Army: 1 AB bn
115; 1 inf coy (on 3-month rotational tours) COMBAT SUPPORT
1 arty regt
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Mongolia MNG
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

MBT 370 T-54/T-55


RECCE 120 BRDM-2
Mongolian Tugrik t 2010 2011 2012
AIFV 310 BMP-1
GDP t 8.42tr 10.7tr APC (W) 150 BTR-60; 20 BTR-80
US$ 6.21bn 8.57bn ARTY 570
per capita US$ 2,010 2,736 TOWED ε300: 122mm D-30/M-30 M-1938; 130mm M-46;
Growth % 6.37 11.47 152mm ML-20 M-1937
MRL 122mm 130 BM-21
Inflation % 10.2 10.2
MOR 140: 120mm; 160mm; 82mm

Asia
Def exp t ε54.8bn AT • GUNS 200: 85mm D-44/D-48; 100mm M-1944/MT-12
US$ ε40.4m AD • SAM 2+ S-125 Pechora 2M (SA-3B Goa)
FMA (US) US$ 4.5m 5.0m ARV T-54/T-55
US$1=t 1355.85 1244.82
Air Force 800
Population 3,133,318
FORCES BY ROLE
Ethnic groups: Khalka 80%; Kazakh 6% TRANSPORT
1 sqn with An-24 Coke; An-26 Curl
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
Male 14.0% 4.8% 5.5% 4.9% 19.1% 1.7% 1 sqn with Mi-8 Hip; Mi-171
Female 13.4% 4.6% 5.4% 4.8% 19.5% 2.3% AIR DEFENCE
2 regt with S-60/ZPU-4/ZU-23
Capabilities EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 3: 2 An-24 Coke; 1 An-26 Curl
Mongolia’s armed forces are small and generally under-
HELICOPTERS
equipped. Its army fields largely obsolete armoured ve-
TPT • Medium 13: 11 Mi-8 Hip; 2 Mi-171
hicles and its air force maintains no fixed wing combat AD • GUNS • TOWED 150: 14.5mm ZPU-4; 23mm ZU-23;
aircraft and few attack helicopters. The military has made 57mm S-60
some attempts to contribute to international operations,
and in September 2011, the defence minister announced Paramilitary 7,200 active
that 850 soldiers would be sent to South Sudan. However,
Border Guard 1,300; 4,700 conscript (total
the armed forces possess no logistical capabilities for sup-
6,000)
porting and sustaining forces deployed internationally.
Attempts are being made to modernise the armed forces, Internal Security Troops 400; 800 conscript
with an annual simulation exercise, and collaboration with (total 1,200)
partners from Europe, the US, Russia and China ensuring FORCES BY ROLE
continued training and a relatively good level of readi- MANOEUVRE
ness. However, improving the equipment and capability Other
of Mongolia’s armed forces would require considerable 4 gd unit
investment.
Construction Troops 300
ACTIVE 10,000 (Army 8,900 Air 800 Construction
Troops 300) Paramilitary 7,200 Deployment
Terms of service conscription: one year (males aged 18–25)
Afghanistan
RESERVE 137,000 (Army 137,000) NATO • ISAF 114
268 The Military Balance 2012

Democratic Republic of the Congo ons, artillery, combat aircraft and naval vessels from China,
UN • MONUSCO 2 obs Russia and other diverse sources coming into service. More
recently, the armed forces have sponsored the growth of a
South Sudan
substantial domestic defence industry.
UN • UNMISS 2 obs
ACTIVE 406,000 (Army 375,000 Navy 16,000 Air
Sudan
15,000) Paramilitary 107,250
UN • UNAMID 44; 26 obs
Western Sahara Organisations by Service
UN • MINURSO 4 obs
Army ε375,000
Myanmar MMR 12 regional comd, 4 regional op comd, 14 military op comd,
34 tactical op comd (TDC)
Myanmar Kyat K 2010 2011 2012
FORCES BY ROLE
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

GDP K 36.5tr 40.7tr MANOEUVRE


US$a 35.7bn 46.1bn Armoured
US$b 76.9bn 82.9bn 10 armd bn
per capita US$a 672 854
Light
10 lt inf div
US$b 1,424 1,535
100 inf bn
Growth % 5.45 5.53 337 inf bn (regional comd)
Inflation % 8.2 6.7 COMBAT SUPPORT
Def bdgt K 1.79tr 1.8tr 7 arty bn
US$ 1.76bn 2.04bn 37 indep arty coy
7 AD bn
US$1=K Official Rate 6.57 6.56
6 cbt engr bn
Unofficial Rate ε1015.74 ε882.35
54 fd engr bn
a
Calculated using the estimated unofficial rate. 40 int coy
b
PPP estimate 45 sigs bn
Population 53,999,804 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Ethnic groups: Burmese 68%; Shan 9%; Karen 7%; Rakhine 4%;
MBT 160: 10 T-55; 50 T-72; 100 Type-69-II
Chinese 3+%; Other Chin, Kachin, Kayan, Lahu, Mon, Palaung, Pao, LT TK 105 Type-63 (ε60 serviceable)
Wa, 9% RECCE 115: 45 Ferret; 40 Humber Pig; 30 Mazda
APC 361
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus APC (T) 331: 26 MT-LB; 250 Type-85; 55 Type-90
Male 14.0% 4.9% 4.8% 4.6% 19.3% 2.2% APC (W) 20 Hino
Female 13.5% 4.7% 4.7% 4.5% 20.0% 2.8% PPV 10 MPV
ARTY 404+
Capabilities SP 155mm 30 B-52 NORA
TOWED 264+: 105mm 132: 36 M-56; 96 M101; 122mm
Myanmar’s armed forces have, from the time of the coun-
100 D-30; 130mm 16 M-46; 140mm; 155mm 16 Soltam
try’s independence struggle in the 1940s, been intimately
MRL 30+: 107mm 30 Type-63; 122mm BM-21 (reported);
involved in domestic politics, which they still dominate
240mm M-1991 (reported)
despite the advent of a nominally civilian government in
MOR 80+: 82mmType-53 (M-37); 120mm 80+: 80 Soltam;
March 2011. Their focus has always been on holding to-
Type-53 (M-1943)
gether this ethnically-diverse state, particularly in the face
AT
of the world’s longest-running insurgencies, conducted by
RCL 1,000+: 106mm M40A1; 84mm ε1,000 Carl Gustav
the Karen, Kachin, Mon, Shan and other minority groups
GUNS 60: 57mm 6-pdr; 76.2mm 17-pdr
around the country’s perimeter. However, ceasefires with
most of the rebel groups lasted for two decades and con- AD • SAM • MANPAD HN-5 Hong Nu/Red Cherry
tributed to a decline in the army’s operational experience: (reported); 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet)
new offensives during 2011 against ethnic-minority groups GUNS 46
that refused to integrate with the army-controlled Border SP 57mm 12 Type-80
Guard Force were essentially failures. Morale among ordi- TOWED 34: 37mm 24 Type-74; 40mm 10 M-1
nary soldiers (mainly poorly paid conscripts) is reportedly MSL • SSM some Hwasong-6 (reported)
low. While the army grew substantially after the military ARV Type-72
seized power in 1988, its counter-insurgency focus means
that it has remained essentially a light infantry force. Nev- Navy ε16,000
ertheless, during the 1990s large-scale military procure- EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
ment resulted in new armoured vehicles, air defence weap- PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 1
Asia 269

FRIGATES • FFG 1 Aung Zeya (reported) with 2 twin People’s Militia 35,000
lnchr with C-802 AShM, 1 76mm gun
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 99 People’s Pearl and Fishery Ministry ε250
CORVETTES • FS 3 Anawrahta with 1 76mm gun PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PBR 6
PCG 6 Houxin with 2 twin lnchr with C-801 (CSS-N-4 Carpentaria
Sardine) AShM
PCO 2 Indaw
PCC 9 Hainan Nepal NPL
PBG 4 Myanmar with 2 twin lnchr with C-801 (CSS-N-4 Nepalese Rupee NR 2010 2011 2012
Sardine) AShM
GDP NR 1.17tr 1.33tr
PB 18: 3 PB-90; 6 PGM 401; 6 PGM 412; 9 Myanmar; 3
Swift US$ 15.7bn 17.9bn
PBR 57: 4 Sagu; 9 Y-301; 1 Y-301 (Imp); 43 (various) per capita US$ 544 609
AMPHIBIOUS • CRAFT 18: 8 LCU 10 LCM Growth % 4.55 3.48
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 18
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Inflation % 9.6 9.5


AOT 1; AK 1; AKSL 5; AGS 1; ABU 1; TPT 9
Def exp NR 17.8bn
Naval Infantry 800 US$ 240m
FORCES BY ROLE Def bdgt NR 18.0bn 19.4bn 19.1bn
MANOEUVRE US$ 241m 261m
Light FMA (US) US$ 0.8m 0.9m
1 inf bn
US$1=NR 74.36 74.16

Air Force ε15,000

Asia
Population 29,391,883
FORCES BY ROLE Religious groups: Hindu 90%; Buddhist 5%; Muslim 3%
FIGHTER
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
3 sqn with F-7 Airguard; FT-7; MiG-29B Fulcrum; MiG-
29UB Fulcrum Male 17.6% 6.2% 4.9% 3.7% 14.6% 2.0%
GROUND ATTACK Female 17.0% 6.0% 5.1% 4.3% 16.3% 2.3%
2 sqn with A-5M Fantan
TRANSPORT Capabilities
1 sqn with An-12 Cub; F-27 Friendship; FH-227; PC-6A
Nepal’s army continues to struggle to integrate former
Turbo Porter/PC-6B Turbo Porter
Maoist insurgents following a 2006 peace accord and the
TRAINING
subsequent transition from a monarchy to a republic. A
2 sqn with G-4 Super Galeb*; PC-7 Turbo Trainer*; PC-9*
draft national security policy, in early 2011, focused on ter-
1 (trg/liaison) sqn with Cessna 550 Citation II; Cessna
ritorial integrity. Mobility remains a challenge for the mili-
180 Skywagon; K-8 Karakorum*
tary. The army is involved in UN peace support operations.
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
The army receives training-support from several countries,
4 sqn with Bell 205; Bell 206 Jet Ranger; Mi-17 Hip H;
including the US. The Indian and British armies both recruit
PZL Mi-2 Hoplite; PZL W-3 Sokol; SA316 Alouette III
personnel for their Gurkha units in Nepal.
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 136 combat capable ACTIVE 95,753 (Army 95,753) Paramilitary 62,000
FTR 69: 49 F-7 Airguard; 10 FT-7*; 8 MiG-29B Fulcrum; 2 Nepal is attempting to integrate the 23,500-strong (Maoist)
MiG-29UB Fulcrum; People’s Liberation Army (PLA) into the national army.
ATK 22 A-5M Fantan
TPT 19 Light 15: 2 An-12 Cub; 4 Cessna 180 Skywagon; Organisations by Service
1 Cessna 550 Citation II; 3 F-27 Friendship; 5 PC-6A Turbo
Porter/PC-6B Turbo Porter PAX 4 FH-227
TRG 45+: 12 G-4 Super Galeb*; 12+ K-8 Karakorum*; 12
Army 95,753
PC-7 Turbo Trainer*; 9 PC-9* FORCES BY ROLE
HELICOPTERS COMMAND
MRH 20: 11 Mi-17 Hip H; 9 SA-316 Alouette III 6 inf div HQ
TPT 46: Medium 10 PZL W-3 Sokol Light 36: 12 Bell 205; 1 (valley) comd
6 Bell 206 Jet Ranger; 18 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite SPECIAL FORCES
MSL • AAM • IR Pl-5; R-73 (AA-11 Archer) IR/SARH R-27 1 bde (1 SF bn, 1 AB bn , 1 mech inf bn)
(AA-10 Alamo) MANOEUVRE
Light
Paramilitary 107,250 16 inf bde (total: 63 inf bn)
32 indep inf coy
People’s Police Force 72,000 1 ranger bn
270 The Military Balance 2012

COMBAT SUPPORT WESTERN SAHARA


4 arty regt UN • MINURSO 4 obs
2 AD regt
4 indep AD coy
5 engr bn
Foreign Forces
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE United Kingdom Army 280 (Gurkha trg org)
RECCE 40 Ferret
APC 53
APC (W) 13: 8 OT-64C; 5 WZ-551
New Zealand NZL
PPV 40+: 40 Casspir; MPV 240 New Zealand Dollar NZ$ 2010 2011 2012
ARTY 109+
GDP NZ$ 195bn 208bn
TOWED 39: 75mm 6 pack; 94mm 5 3.7in (mtn trg);
US$ 140bn 165bn
105mm 28: 8 L118 Lt Gun; 14 Pack Howitzer (6 non-
operational) per capita US$ 32,989 38,567
MOR 70+: 81mm; 120mm 70 M-43 (est 12 op)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Growth % 1.66 2.02


AD • GUNS • TOWED 32+: 14.5mm 30 Type-56 (ZPU-4); Inflation % 2.3 4.4
37mm (PRC); 40mm 2 L/60 Def exp NZ$ 2.23bn
Air Wing 320 US$ 1.61bn
AIRCRAFT • TPT 5 Light 4: 2 BN-2T Islander; 2 M-28 Def bdgt NZ$ 2.53bn 2.69bn 2.91bn
Skytruck PAX 1 BAe-748 US$ 1.83bn 2.14bn
HELICOPTERS US$1=NZ$ 1.39 1.26
MRH 9: 1 Dhruv; 2 Lancer; 3 Mi-17-1V Hip H; 1 SA315B
Lama (Cheetah); 2 SA316B Alouette III Population 4,290,347
TPT 3 Medium 1 SA330J Super Puma Light 2 AS350B2/ Ethnic groups: NZ European 58%; Maori 15%; Other European
B3 Ecureuil 13%; Other Polynesian 5% ; Chinese 2%; Indian 1%; Other 6%

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus


Paramilitary 62,000
Male 10.4% 3.7% 3.6% 3.2% 22.8% 6.1%
Armed Police Force 15,000 Female 9.9% 3.5% 3.5% 3.2% 23.0% 7.2%
Ministry of Home Affairs
Capabilities
Police Force 47,000
The New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF) is small, but it
draws on a strong national military tradition: New Zealand
Deployment forces have been involved in almost every conflict in which
Côte D’Ivoire the country’s larger allies have been involved over the last
UN • UNOCI 1; 3 obs century, and forces remain deployed overseas. Despite
funding shortfalls and capability losses including the with-
Democratic Republic of the Congo
drawal from service of jet combat aircraft a decade ago, the
UN • MONUSCO 1,026; 25 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 engr coy
NZDF is characterised by high training standards, profes-
Haiti sionalism and morale. The November 2010 Defence White
UN • MINUSTAH 1,075; 2 inf bn Paper promised to maintain and enhance existing capa-
IRAQ bilities, and to provide some additional elements (such as
short-range maritime air patrol). However, there were no
UN • UNAMI 1 obs
promises of any significant increase to the defence budget.
LEBANON
UN • UNIFIL 1,019; 1 inf bn ACTIVE 9,673 (Army 4,905 Navy 2,161 Air 2,607)
Liberia RESERVE 2,314 (Army 1,789 Navy 339 Air Force
UN • UNMIL 18; 2 obs; 1 MP sect 186)
Middle East
UN • UNTSO 3 obs Organisations by Service
South Sudan
UN • UNMISS 1; 6 obs Army 4,905
FORCES BY ROLE
Sudan
COMMAND
UN • UNAMID 346; 8 obs; 2 inf coy
2 gp HQ
Timor Leste SPECIAL FORCES
UN • UNMIT 1 obs 1 SF gp
Asia 271

MANOEUVRE FORCES BY ROLE


Reconnaissance MARITIME PATROL
1 recce sqn 1 sqn with P-3K Orion (being progressively upgraded)
Mechanised TRANSPORT
2 mech inf bn 1 sqn with B-757-200 (upgraded); C-130H Hercules
COMBAT SUPPORT (being progressively upgraded)
1 arty regt (2 arty bty, 1 AD tp) ANTI SUBMARINE/SURFACE WARFARE
1 engr regt(-) 1 (RNZAF/RNZN) sqn with SH-2G Super Seasprite (SH-
1 EOD sqn 2G(NZ))
TRAINING
1 MI coy
1 wg with CT-4E Airtrainer (leased); Beech 200 King Air
2 MP coy
(leased); Bell 47G
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
2 log bn
1 sqn with Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois) (to be replaced by
1 med bn NH90 in 2010/11)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE EQUIPMENT BY TYPE


AIFV 105 NZLAV-25 AIRCRAFT 6 combat capable
ARTY 74 ASW 6 P-3K Orion
TOWED 105mm 24 L-118 Light Gun TPT 12 Medium 5 C-130H Hercules (being upgraded)
MOR 81mm 50 Light 5 Beech 200 King Air (leased, to be replaced) PAX 2
AT • MSL 24 Javelin B-757-200 (upgraded)
RCL 84mm 42 Carl Gustav TRG 13 CT-4E Airtrainer (leased)
AD • SAM • MANPAD 12 Mistral HELICOPTERS
AEV 7 NZLAV ASW 5 SH-2G Super Seasprite (SH-2G(NZ))

Asia
ARV 3 LAV-R TPT • Light 13 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois) (to be replaced
by 8 NH90 from 2011)
Reserves TRG 5 Bell 47G (to be replaced by 5 AW-109 from 2011)
MSL • ASM AGM-65B/G Maverick
Territorial Force 1,789 reservists
Responsible for providing trained individuals for
incrementing deployed forces Deployment
FORCES BY ROLE Afghanistan
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT NATO • ISAF 188
6 (Territorial Force Regional) trg regt UN • UNAMA 1 obs

Navy 2,161 Egypt


MFO 28; 1 trg unit; 1 tpt unit
Fleet HQ at Auckland
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Iraq
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES • UN • UNAMI 1 obs
FFHM 2 Middle East
2 Anzac with 1 8-cell Mk41 VLS with RIM-7M Sea Sparrow UN • UNTSO 7 obs
SAM, 2 triple 324mm TT, 1 Mk15 Phalanx CIWS gun, 1
127mm gun, (capacity: 1 SH-2G (NZ) Super Seasprite Solomon Islands
ASW hel) RAMSI 5
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6: South Sudan
PSOH 2 Otago (capacity 1 SH-2G Super Seasprite ASW UN • UNMISS 1; 2 obs
hel)
PCC 4 Rotoiti Timor Leste
AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT • LCM 2 ISF (Operation Astute) 80; 1 inf coy
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 5 UN • UNMIT 1 obs
MRV 1 Canterbury (capacity 4 NH90 tpt hel; 1 SH-2G
Super Seasprite ASW hel; 2 LCM; 16 NZLAV; 14 NZLOV;
20 trucks; 250 troops)
AO 1 Endeavour
AGHS (SVY) 1 Resolution
YDT/spt 1 Manawanui

Air Force 2,607


Flying hours 190
272 The Military Balance 2012

Organisations by Service
Pakistan PAK
Pakistani Rupee Rs 2010 2011 2012 Strategic Forces
GDP Rs 14.8tr 17.5tr Operational control rests with the National Command Au-
thority (NCA); Army and Air Force strategic forces are re-
US$ 173bn 202bn
sponsible for technical aspects, training and administrative
per capita US$ 936 1,079
control of the services’ nuclear assets.
Growth % 3.76 2.56
Inflation % 11.7 13.9 Army Strategic Forces Command 12,000-
Def exp Rs 481bn
15,000
Commands all land-based strategic nuclear forces.
US$ 5.6bn
MSL • STRATEGIC 60
Def bdgt Rs 384bn 447bn 501bn MRBM ε30 Ghauri/Ghauri II (Hatf-5)/Shaheen-2 (Haft-6
US$ 4.47bn 5.16bn - in test)
SRBM ε30 Ghaznavi (Hatf-3 - PRC M-11)/Shaheen-1
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

FMA (US)a US$ 238m 296m


US$1=Rs 85.92 86.59 (Hatf-4);
LACM some Babur (Hatf-7 - in development)
a
FMA figure does not include the Pakistan Counter-Insurgency
Capability Fund, the 2011 request for which amounted to
US$1.2bn.
Air Force
1-2 sqn of F-16A/B or Mirage 5 may be assigned a nuclear
Population 187,342,721 stike role
Religious groups: Hindu less than 3%
Army 550,000
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
FORCES BY ROLE
Male 18.2% 5.9% 5.3% 4.4% 15.6% 2.0% COMMAND
Female 17.2% 5.5% 5.0% 4.1% 14.6% 2.2% 9 corps HQ
1 (area) comd
Capabilities SPECIAL FORCES
1 SF gp (3 SF bn)
Pakistan’s nuclear and conventional forces have been pri-
MANOEUVRE
marily oriented and structured against a prospective threat
Armoured
from India. The nuclear weapons are believed to be well
2 armd div
secured against terrorist attack, but the prospect of wide-
7 indep armd bde
spread disorder or adverse regime change in the country Mechanised
nevertheless alarms Western governments. 2 mech inf div
The US helicopter-borne attack on Osama Bin Laden’s 1 indep mech bde
compound outside Abbottabad called into question the ef- Light
fectiveness of Pakistan’s air defences. 18 inf div
Pakistan’s Air Force is modernising and reducing its 5 indep inf bde
fighter inventory while improving its precision strike Aviation
and ISTAR capabilities. The navy has contributed to in- 1 VIP avn sqn
ternational efforts to counter Indian Ocean piracy. The 5 (composite) avn sqn
modest submarine force would hamper any attacker’s 10 hel sqn
freedom to manoeuvre, but is too small to sustain a long COMBAT SUPPORT
campaign against enemy vessels equipped with ASW 9 (corps) arty bde
capabilities. 5 indep arty bde
Since 2008 a priority for Pakistan’s army has been 1 AD comd (3 AD gp (total: 8 AD bn))
counter-insurgency operations against Islamic insurgents 7 engr bde
in the Federally Administered Tribal Area. Militarily these EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
have been successful, with Pakistan’s forces demonstrat- MBT 2,411+: ε265 MBT 2000 Al-Khalid; 320 T-80UD; 51
ing the ability to innovate, learn in combat, and better in- T-54/T-55; 1,100 Type-59; 400 Type-69; 275+ Type-85; (270
tegrate air and land operations including precision bomb- M48A5 in store)
ing. APC 1,320
Pakistan’s forces played a leading role in flood relief APC (T) 1,200: 1,100 M113; ε100 Type 63
in 2010-11. There is a long tradition of contributing to UN APC (W) 120 BTR-70/BTR-80
peacekeeping operations. ARTY 4,607+
SP 510: 155mm 450: 150 M109/M109A2; ε300 M109A5
203mm 60 M110/M110A2
ACTIVE 642,000 (Army 550,000 Navy 22,000 Air TOWED 1,659: 105mm 329: 216 M101; 113 M-56; 122mm
70,000) Paramilitary 304,000 570: 80 D-30 (PRC); 490 Type-54 M-1938; 130mm 410
Asia 273

Type-59-I; 155mm 322: 144 M114; 148 M198; ε30 Panter 3 Khalid (FRA Agosta 90B – 1 with AIP) with 4 single
203mm 28 M115 533mm ASTT with F17 Mod 2 HWT/SM-39 Exocet
MRL 88+ 107mm Type 81; 122mm 52+: 52 Azar (Type-83); AShM
some KRL-122 300mm 36 A100 SSI 3 MG110 (SF delivery) each with 2 single 533mm TT
MOR 2,350+: 81mm; 120mm AM-50; M-61 PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES 10
AT FFGHM 3:
MSL 3 Sword (PRC Type 054) with 2 quad lnchr with YJ-
SP M901 TOW 83 AShM, 1 octuple lnchr with HQ-7 SAM, 2 triple
MANPATS 11,100: 10,500 HJ-8/TOW; 600 9K119 324mm ASTT with Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity
Refleks (AT-11 Sniper)
1 Z-9C Haitun hel)
RCL 75mm Type-52; 106mm M40A1
FFGH 4:
RL 89mm M20
4 Tariq (UK Amazon) with 2 twin Mk141 lnchr with
GUNS 85mm 200 Type-56 (D-44)
RGM-84D Harpoon AShM, 2 single TT with TP 45 LWT,
AIRCRAFT
1 114mm gun, (capacity 1 hel)
ISR 30 Cessna O-1E Bird Dog
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

TPT • Light 14: 1 Beech 200 King Air; 1 Beech 350 King FFHM 2:
Air; 3 Cessna 208B; 1 Cessna 421; 1 Cessna 550 Citation; 2 Tariq with 1 sextuple lnchr with LY-60 (Aspide) SAM,
1 Cessna 560 Citation; 2 Turbo Commander 690; 4 Y-12(II) 2 triple 324mm ASTT with Mk 46 LWT, 1 114mm gun,
TRG 90 Saab 91 Safir (50 obs; 40 liaison) (capacity 1 hel)
HELICOPTERS FFH 1
ATK 42: 25 AH-1F Cobra with TOW; 16 AH-1S Cobra; 1 1 Alamgir (US Oliver Hazard Perry) with 2 triple 24mm
Mi-24 Hind ASTT with Mk46 LWT, 1 76mm gun
MRH 114+: 10 AS550 Fennec; 6 AW139; 26 Bell 412EP PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 12
Twin Huey; 40+ Mi-17 Hip H; 12 SA315B Lama; 20 SA319 PBFG 2 Zarrar each with 4 single each with RGM-84

Asia
Alouette III Harpoon AShM
TPT 59 Medium 36: 31 SA330 Puma ; 4 Mi-171; 1 Mi-172 PBG 4:
Light 23: 5 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois); 5 Bell 205A-1 (AB- 2 Jalalat II with 2 twin lnchr with C-802 (CSS-N-8
205A-1); 13 Bell 206B Jet Ranger II Saccade) AShM
TRG 22: 12 Bell 47G; 10 Hughes 300C 2 Jurrat with 2 twin lnchr with C-802 (CSS-N-8 Saccade)
UAV • ISR • Light Bravo; Jasoos; Vector AShM
AD PBF 4: 2 Kaan 15; 2 Kaan 33
SAM PB 2: 1 Larkana; 1 Rajshahi
SP some M113 with RBS-70
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES
MANPAD 2,990+: 2,500 Mk1/Mk2; 60 FIM-92A Stinger;
MHC 3 Munsif (FRA Eridan)
HN-5A; 230 Mistral; 200 RBS-70
AMPHIBIOUS
GUNS • TOWED 1,934: 14.5mm 981; 35mm 248 GDF-
LANDING CRAFT • UCAC 4 Griffon 2000
002/GDF-005 (with 134 Skyguard radar units); 37mm 310
Type-55 (M-1939)/Type-65; 40mm 50 L/60; 57mm 144 LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 11
Type-59 (S-60); 85mm 200 Type-72 (M-1939) KS-12 AORH 2:
RADAR • LAND AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty, mor); RASIT 1 Fuqing (capacity 1 SA319 Alouette III utl hel)
(veh, arty); SLC-2 1 Moawin (capacity 1 Sea King Mk45 ASW hel)
MSL AOT 3: 1 Attock; 2 Gwadar
STRATEGIC AGS 1 Behr Paima
MRBM up to 25 Ghauri/Ghauri II (Hatf-5); some AXS 1
Shaheen-2 (Haft-6 - in test) YTM 5
SRBM 50 Ghaznavi (Hatf-3 - PRC M-11); up to 10
Shaheen-1 (Hatf-4); Marines ε1,400
LACM some Babur (Hatf-7 - in development) FORCES BY ROLE
TACTICAL • SRBM 105+: 105 Hatf-1; some Abdali (Hatf- SPECIAL FORCES
2); 1 cdo gp
ARV 117+: 65 Type 653; Al Hadeed; 52 M88A1; T-54/T-55
VLB M47M; M48/60 Naval Aviation
MW Aardvark Mk II AIRCRAFT 7 ac combat capable
ASW 9: 3 Atlantic; 4 P-3C Orion (additional 4 ac on
Navy 22,000 (incl ε1,400 Marines and ε2,000 order)
Maritime Security Agency (see Paramilitary)) MP 6 F-27-200 MPA
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE TPT • PAX 1 Hawker 850XP
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL 8 HELICOPTERS
SSK 5: ASW 12: 5 Sea King Mk45; 7 Z-9C Haitun
2 Hashmat (FRA Agosta 70) with 4 single 533mm ASTT MRH 6 SA319B Alouette III
with F17P HWT/UGM- 84 Harpoon AShM MSL • AShM AM-39 Exocet
274 The Military Balance 2012

Air Force 70,000 Excel; 4 CN-235M-220; 4 EMB-500 Phenom 100; 1 F-27-


3 regional comds: Northern (Peshawar) Central (Sargodha) 200 Friendship; 2 Y-12 (II) PAX 5: 1 B-707; 1 Falcon 20E; 2
Southern (Masroor). The Composite Air Tpt Wg, Combat Gulfstream IVSP; 1 Saab 2000
Cadres School and PAF Academy are Direct Reporting Units. TRG 139: 39 K-8 Karakorum*; 80 MFI-17B Mushshak; 20
FORCES BY ROLE T-37C Tweet
FIGHTER HELICOPTERS
2 sqn with F-7P/FT-7P Skybolt MRH 15 SA316 Alouette III
3 sqn with F-7PG /FT-7PG Airguard TPT • Medium 4 Mi-171Sh
1 sqn with F-16A/B Fighting Falcon AD • SAM 150+
1 sqn with Mirage IIID/E (IIIOD/EP) TOWED 150: 6 CSA-1 (SA-2 Guideline); 144 Crotale
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK MANPAD 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet)
1 sqn with JF-17 Thunder (FC-1) RADAR • LAND 51+: 6 AR-1 (AD radar low level); some
1 sqn (forming) with JF-17 Thunder (FC-1) Condor (AD radar high level); some FPS-89/100 (AD radar
1 sqn with F-16C/D Block 52 Fighting Falcon high level)
3 sqn with Mirage 5 (5PA) MPDR 45 MPDR/MPDR 60 MPDR 90 (AD radar low
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

ANTI SURFACE WARFARE level)


1 sqn with Mirage 5PA2/5PA3 with AM-39 Exocet AShM TPS-43G Type 514 some (AD radar high level)
ELECTRONIC WARFARE/ELINT MSL
1 sqn with Falcon 20F ASM: AGM-65 Maverick; Raptor II
AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL AShM AM-39 Exocet
1 sqn (forming) with Saab 2000/Saab 2000 Erieye LACM Raad (in development)
SEARCH & RESCUE AAM • IR AIM-9L/P Sidewinder; U-Darter; PL-5; SARH
1 sqn with Mi-171Sh (SAR/liaison) Super 530; ARH PL-12 (SD-10 – on order for the JF-17
6 sqn with SA316 Alouette III
TANKER Paramilitary up to 304,000 active
1 sqn with Il-78 Midas
TRANSPORT Coast Guard
1 sqn with C-130B/E Hercules; CN-235M-220; L-100-20 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 5
1 VIP sqn with B-707; Cessna 560XL Citation Excel; CN- PBF 4
235M-220; F-27-200 Friendship; Falcon 20E; Gulfstream PB 1
IVSP
1 (comms) sqn with EMB-500 Phenom 100; Y-12 (II) Frontier Corps up to 65,000 (reported)
TRAINING Ministry of Interior
2 OCU sqn with F-7P/FT-7P Skybolt FORCES BY ROLE
1 OCU sqn with Mirage III/Mirage 5 MANOEUVRE
1 OCU sqn with F-16A/B Fighting Falcon Reconnissance
1 sqn with FT-5 1 armd recce sqn
1 sqn with K-8 Karakourm* Other
2 sqn with MFI-17 11 paramilitary regt (total: 40 paramilitary bn)
2 sqn with T-37C Tweet EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIR DEFENCE APC (W) 45 UR-416
1 bty with CSA-1 (SA-2 Guideline); 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16
Gimlet) Maritime Security Agency ε2,000
6 bty with Crotale PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE DESTROYERS
AIRCRAFT 453 combat capable DD 1 Nazim (US Gearing) with 2 triple 324mm TT, 1
FTR 223: 52 F-7PG Airguard; 75 F-7P Skybolt; 24 F-16A twin 127mm gun
Fighting Falcon; 21 F-16B Fighting Falcon (undergoing PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 10:
mid-life update); 25 FT-5; 18 FT-7; 6 FT-7PG; 2 Mirage IIIB PCC 4 Barkat
FGA 170: 12 F-16C Block 52 Fighting Falcon; 6 F-16D PB 6: 2 Subqat (PRC Shanghai II); 1 Sadaqat (ex-PRC
Block 52 Fighting Falcon; 29+ JF-17 Thunder (FC-1 - 150+ on Huangfen); 3 (various)
order); 7 Mirage IIID (Mirage IIIOD); 63 Mirage IIIE (IIIEP);
40 Mirage 5 (5PA)/5PA2; 3 Mirage 5D (5DPA)/5DPA2; 10 National Guard 185,000
Mirage 5PA3 (ASuW) Incl Janbaz Force; Mujahid Force; National Cadet Corps;
ISR 10 Mirage IIIR* (Mirage IIIRP) Women Guards
ELINT 2 Falcon 20F
AEW&C 3: 2 Saab 2000 Erieye (2 more on order); Northern Light Infantry ε12,000
1 ZDK-03 FORCES BY ROLE
TKR 3 Il-78 Midas (1 more on order) MANOEUVRE
TPT 34: Medium 16: 5 C-130B Hercules; 10 C-130/E Other
Hercules; 1 L-100-20 Light 13: 1 Cessna 560XL Citation 3 paramilitary bn
Asia 275

Pakistan Rangers up to 40,000 Capabilities


Ministry of Interior
In view of chronic funding problems, the government re-
Deployment duced the size of the Papua New Guinea Defence Force
(PNGDF) substantially during the 2002-7 period. It is now
Arabian Sea & Gulf of Aden a more compact force, including small air and naval ele-
Combined Maritime Forces • CTF-151 1 FFGH ments, and receives substantial financial and training sup-
port from Australia, and to a lesser extent New Zealand,
Côte D’Ivoire
France, Germany and China. Though it has engaged in
UN • UNOCI 1,187; 11 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 engr coy; 1 tpt coy internal security operations and minor regional deploy-
Democratic Republic of the Congo ments, the PNGDF would be stretched to provide compre-
UN • MONUSCO 3,562; 57 obs; 3 mech inf bn; 1 inf bn hensive border security, let alone defend national territory,
without substantial Australian support.
Liberia
UN • UNMIL 2,958; 7 obs; 3 inf bn; 3 engr coy; 1 fd ACTIVE 3,100 (Army 2,500 Air 200 Maritime
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

hospital Element 400)


Sudan
UN • UNAMID 500; 6 obs; 1 engr coy Organisations by Service
UN • UNISFA 1 obs
Army ε2,500
Timor Leste
FORCES BY ROLE
UN • UNMIT 4 obs
MANOEUVRE

Asia
Western Sahara Light
UN • MINURSO 11 obs 2 inf bn
COMBAT SUPPORT
1 engr bn
Foreign Forces
1 EOD unit
Unless specified, figures represent total numbers for 1 sigs sqn
UNMOGIP mission in India and Pakistan
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Chile 2 obs
ARTY • MOR 3+: 81mm; 120mm 3
Croatia 9 obs
Finland 5 obs Maritime Element ε400
Italy 4 obs
1 HQ located at Port Moresby
Korea, Republic of 8 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Philippines 3 obs
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 4:
Sweden 6 obs PB 4 Pacific
United Kingdom some (fwd mounting base) air elm AMPHIBIOUS 2:
located at Karachi LANDING SHIPS • LSM 2 Salamaua
Uruguay 2 obs
Air Force 200
Papua New Guinea PNG FORCES BY ROLE
TRANSPORT
Papua New Guinea Kina K 2010 2011 2012 1 sqn with CN-235M-100; IAI-201 Arava
GDP K 25.4bn 31.2bn TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
US$ 9.4bn 12.8bn 1 sqn with Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois)†
per capita US$ 1,550 2,075 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 5: 2 CN-235M-100; 3 IAI-201
Growth % 7.03 8.96
Arava
Inflation % 6.0 8.4
HELICOPTERS • TPT • Light 4 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois)†
Def bdgt K 116m 145m
US$ 43m 60m
Deployment
US$1=K 2.70 2.43
Solomon Islands
Population 6,187,591
RAMSI 40; 1 inf pl
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 18.5% 5.2% 4.5% 3.9% 17.1% 2.0% Foreign Forces
Female 17.9% 5.1% 4.4% 3.8% 15.8% 1.7% Australia Army 38; 1 trg unit
276 The Military Balance 2012

Light
Philippines PHL 10 div (each: 3 inf bde; 1 arty bn)
Other
Philippine Peso P 2010 2011 2012
1 (Presidential) gd gp
GDP P 9.0tr 9.87tr COMBAT SUPPORT
US$ 199bn 228bn 1 arty regt HQ
per capita US$ 1,992 2,235 5 engr bde
Growth % 7.63 4.66 1 int gp
Inflation % 3.8 4.5 1 sigs gp
Def exp P 91.5bn EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
LT TK 7 Scorpion
US$ 2.02bn
AIFV 36: 2 YPR-765; 34 M113A1 FSV
Def bdgt P 73.4bn 101bn 113bn APC 293
US$ 2.13bn 2.34bn APC (T) 70 M113
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

FMA (US) US$ 32.0m 15.0m APC (W) 223: 77 LAV-150 Commando; 146 Simba
US$1=P 45.24 43.35 ARTY 254+
TOWED 214: 105mm 204 M101/M102/M-26/M-56
Population 101,833,938
155mm 10 M114/M-68
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus MOR 40+: 81mm M-29; 107mm 40 M-30
AT • RCL 75mm M20; 90mm M67; 106mm M40A1
Male 17.7% 5.1% 4.7% 4.4% 16.4% 1.8%
AIRCRAFT
Female 17.0% 4.9% 4.6% 4.2% 16.9% 2.4%
TPT • Light 4: 1 Beech 80 Queen Air; 1 Cessna 170; 1
Cessna 172; 1 Cessna P206A
Capabilities UAV • ISR • Medium Blue Horizon
The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), particularly ARV ACV-300; Samson; M578
the army and marines, are deployed extensively in an in-
ternal security role across the country in the face of con- Navy 24,000
tinuing challenges from insurgent groups. Until the with- EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
drawal of the US military presence in 1992, the Philippines PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES
had largely relied on Washington to provide for its external FF 1 Rajah Humabon with 3 76mm gun
defence, and since then perennially low defence budgets PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 63
have thwarted efforts to develop any significant capacity PSOH 1 Gregorio del Pilar (US Hamilton)
for conventional warfighting or deterrence. Although in PCF 1 Cyclone
August 2011 President Benigno Aquino III vowed that the PCO 11:
Philippines would provide a stronger military defence for 3 Emilio Jacinto with 1 76mm gun
its South China Sea claims, this promise may have been as- 6 Miguel Malvar with 1 76mm gun
pirational rather than grounded in concrete policy-making 2 Rizal with 2 76mm gun
or budgetary provision. PBF 18: 10 Conrodo Yap; 8 Tomas Batilo
PB 32: 2 Aguinaldo; 22 Jose Andrada; 2 Kagitingan; 2 Point;
ACTIVE 125,000 (Army 86,000 Navy 24,000 Air 4 Swift Mk3
15,000) Paramilitary 40,500 AMPHIBIOUS
LANDING SHIPS • LST 7:
RESERVE 131,000 (Army 100,000 Navy 15,000 Air 2 Bacolod City (Besson-class) with 1 hel landing platform
16,000) Paramilitary 40,000 (to age 49) (capacity 32 tanks; 150 troops)
5 Zamboanga del Sur (capacity 16 tanks; 200 troops)
Organisations by Service LANDING CRAFT 26: 8 LCU; 2 LCVP; 16 LCM
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 7: AOL 2; AR 1; AK 1; AWT
Army 86,000 2; TPT 1
5 Area Unified Comd (joint service), 1 National Capital
Naval Aviation
Region Comd
AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 6: 4 BN-2A Defender 2 Cessna
FORCES BY ROLE 177 Cardinal
SPECIAL FORCES HELICOPTERS • TPT • Light 4 Bo-105
1 spec ops comd (1 Scout Ranger regt, 1 SF regt, 1 lt
reaction bn) Marines 8,300
MANOEUVRE FORCES BY ROLE
Mechanised MANOEUVRE
1 lt armd div with (3 lt armd bn; 3 lt armd coy; 4 armd Amphibious
cav tp; 4 mech inf bn; 1 cbt engr coy; 1 avn bn) 4 mne bde (total: 12 mne bn)
Asia 277

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE AIRCRAFT


APC (W) 24 LAV-300 TPT • Light 5: 2 BN-2 Islander; 3 Lancair 320
AAV 85: 30 LVTP-5; 55 LVTP-7
ARTY 31+ Coast Guard
TOWED 105mm 31: 23 M101; 8 M-26 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 61
MOR 107mm M-30 PCO 5: 4 San Juan; 1 Balsam
PCC 2 Tirad
PB 43: 4 Agusan; 3 De Haviland; 4 Ilocos Norte; 32
Air Force 15,000
(various)
5 comd (AD, tac ops, air ed and trg, air log and spt, air res)
PBR 11
FORCES BY ROLE HELICOPTERS 3 SAR
FIGHTER
1 sqn with S-211* Citizen Armed Force Geographical Units
GROUND ATTACK 50,000 reservists
1 sqn with OV-10A/C Bronco* MANOEUVRE
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

ISR Other
1 sqn with Turbo Commander 690A 56 militia bn (part-time units which can be called up
SEARCH & RESCUE for extended periods)
4 (SAR/Comms) sqn with Bell 205 (UH-1M Iroquois);
AUH-76 Deployment
TRANSPORT
1 sqn with C-130H Hercules; L-100-20 Côte D’Ivoire
1 sqn with N-22B Nomad; N-22SL Searchmaster UN • UNOCI 3; 4 obs
1 sqn with F-27-200 MPA; F-27-500 Friendship

Asia
HAiti
1 VIP sqn with F-28 Fellowship
UN • MINUSTAH 173; 1 HQ coy
TRAINING
1 sqn with SF-260F/TP India/PAkistan
1 sqn with T-41B/D/K Mescalero UN • UNMOGIP 3 obs
ATTACK HELICOPTER
Liberia
1 sqn with MD-520MG
UN • UNMIL 115; 2 obs; 1 inf coy
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 sqn with AUH-76 South sudan
4 sqn with Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois) UN • UNMISS 3 obs
1 (VIP) sqn with Bell 412EP Twin Huey; S-70A Black Hawk
SYRIA
(S-70A-5)
UN • UNDOF 343; 1 inf bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 24 combat capable Timor Leste
MP 2: 1 F-27-200 MPA; 1 N-22SL Searchmaster UN • UNMIT 3 obs
ISR 12: 6 OV-10A Bronco*; 6 OV-10C Bronco*
TPT 7 Medium 4: 3 C-130H Hercules; 1 L-100-20 Light 4: Foreign Forces
1 F-27-500 Friendship; 1 N-22B Nomad; 1 Turbo Commander
Brunei IMT 9
690A PAX 1 F-28 Fellowhip (VIP)
Libya IMT 3
TRG 40: 12 S-211*; 8 SF-260F; 10 SF-260TP; 10 T-41B/D/K
Mescalero Malaysia IMT 13
HELICOPTERS United States US Pacific Command: 182
MRH 19: 3 AUH-76; 3 Bell 412EP Twin Huey;
2 Bell 412HP Twin Huey; 11 MD-520MG
TPT 40 Medium 1: 1 S-70A Black Hawk (S-70A-5) Light 39
Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois)
UAV • ISR • Medium 2 Blue Horizon II
MSL • AAM • IR AIM-9B Sidewinder‡

Paramilitary
Philippine National Police 40,500
Deptartment of Interior and Local Government. 15
regional & 73 provinicial comd. 62,000 auxiliaries.
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 14
Rodman
278 The Military Balance 2012

Organisations by Service
Singapore SGP
Singapore Dollar S$ 2010 2011 2012 Army 15,000; 35,000 conscript (total 50,000)
GDP S$ 304bn 330bn FORCES BY ROLE
US$ 223bn 264bn SPECIAL FORCES
1 cdo bn
per capita US$ 43,319 50,286
MANOEUVRE
Growth % 14.47 5.30
Reconnaissance
Inflation % 2.8 3.7 4 lt armd/recce
Def exp S$ 11bn Armoured
US$ 8.1bn 1 armd bn
Def bdgt S$ 11.5bn 12.1bn Mechanised
3 combined arms div (mixed active/reserve formations)
US$ 8.4bn 9.66bn
(1 recce bn, 1 armd bde, 2 inf bde (3 inf bn), 2 arty bn, 1
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

US$1=S$ 1.36 1.25 AD bn, 1 engr bn, 1 sigs bn, 1 log spt cmd)
Population 5,246,787 Light
Ethnic groups: Chinese 76%; Malay 15%; Indian 6% 1 rapid reaction div (mixed active/reserve formations)
(1 inf bde, 1 air mob bde, 1 amph bde (3 amph bn), 1 AD
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus bn, 1 engr bn, 1 sigs bn, 1 log spt cmd)
Male 7.1% 2.9% 3.2% 3.3% 28.0% 4.1% 8 inf bn
Female 6.6% 2.8% 3.1% 3.5% 30.2% 5.1%
COMBAT SUPPORT
4 arty bn
Capabilities 4 engr bn
1 int bn
The Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) are the best-equipped 1 CBRN coy
military force in Southeast Asia, and have benefitted since
the late 1960s from steadily increasing defence spending Reserves
and the gradual development of a substantial national de- 9 inf bde incl in mixed active/inactive reserve formations
fence industry capable of producing and modifying equip- listed above; 1 op reserve div with additional inf bde;
ment for specific national requirements. The SAF is organ- People’s Defence Force Comd (homeland defence) with
ised essentially along Israeli lines, the air force and navy inf bn 12
being staffed mainly by professional personnel while apart FORCES BY ROLE
from a small core of regulars the much larger army is based SPECIAL FORCES
on conscripts and reservists. Much training is routinely 1 cdo bn
carried out overseas, notably but not only in Australia, Bru- MANOEUVRE
nei, Taiwan, Thailand, and the United States. The SAF also Reconnaissance
engages in multilateral exercises through the Five Power 6 lt armd/recce bn
Defence Arrangements. Singapore’s government has tradi- Mechanised
tionally been reluctant to make public details of its strate- 6 mech inf bn
gic outlook or military doctrine, but it is widely presumed Light
ε56 inf bn
that the SAF has been developed primarily with a view to
COMBAT SUPPORT
deterring near-neighbours from attacking the city-state or
ε12 arty bn
impinging on its vital interests (such as its water-supply
ε8 engr bn
from Malaysian reservoirs). Since the 1990s, however, the
SAF has increasingly also become involved – albeit on a EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
relatively small-scale – in multinational peace-support op- MBT 96 Leopard 2A4; (80–100 Tempest (Centurion) in store)
erations. While these deployments have provided some LT TK ε350 AMX-13 SM1
operational experience and SAF training and operational RECCE 22 AMX-10 PAC 90
AIFV 372+: 22 AMX-10P; 100 AV-81 Terrex; 250 IFV-25
readiness standards are high by international standards,
Bionix; 50+ M113A1/M113A2 (some with 40mm AGL, some
the army’s reliance on conscripts and reservists limits its
with 25mm gun)
capacity for sustained operations away from Singapore.
APC 1,695+
ACTIVE 72,500 (Army 50,000 Navy 9,000 Air 13,500) APC (T) 1,400+: 250 IFV-40/50; 700+ M113A1/M113A2;
Paramilitary 75,100 400+ ATTC Bronco
Terms of service conscription 24 months APC (W) 280: 250 LAV-150 Commando/V-200 Commando;
30 V-100 Commando
RESERVE 312,500 (Army 300,000 Navy 5,000 Air PPV 15 MaxxPro Dash
7,500) Paramilitary 44,000 ARTY 798+
Annual trg to age of 40 for army other ranks, 50 for officers SP 155mm 54 SSPH-1 Primus
Asia 279

TOWED 88: 105mm (37 LG1 in store); 155mm 88: 18 Air Force 13,500 (incl 3,000 conscript)
FH-2000; ε18 Pegasus; 52 FH-88 5 comds
MRL 227mm 18 HIMARS
FORCES BY ROLE
MOR 638+
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
SP 90+ 81mm; 120mm 90: 40 on Bronco; 50 on M113
2 sqn with F-5S/T Tiger II
TOWED 548 81mm 500 120mm 36 M-65 160mm 12
1 sqn with F-15SG Eagle
M-58 Tampella
3 sqn with F-16C/D Fighting Falcon (some used for ISR
AT • MSL • MANPATS 60: 30 Milan; 30 Spike MR
with pods)
RCL 290: 84mm ε200 Carl Gustav; 106mm 90 M40A1
ISR
RL 67mm Armbrust
1 ISR sqn with RF-5
AD • SAM 75+
MARITIME PATROL/TRANSPORT
SP Mistral; RBS-70; 9K38 Igla (SA-18 Grouse) (on
1 sqn with F-50
V-200/M-113)
AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL
MANPAD Mistral; RBS-70; 9K38 Igla (SA-18 Grouse)
1 sqn with G550-AEW
GUNS 34
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

TANKER
SP 20mm GAI-C01
1 sqn with KC-135R Stratotanker
TOWED 34 20mm GAI-C01; 35mm 34 GDF (with 25
TANKER/TRANSPORT
Super-Fledermaus firecontrol radar)
1 sqn with KC-130B/H Hercules; C-130H Hercules
UAV • ISR • Light Skylark
TRAINING
RADAR • LAND AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder; AN/TPQ-37
Firefinder (arty, mor); 3 ARTHUR (arty) 1 (France-based) sqn with A-4SU/TA-4SU Super Skyhawk
AEV 80: 18 CET; 54 FV180; 8 M728 4 (US-based) units with AH-64D Apache; CH-47D
ARV Bionix; Bueffel; LAV-150; LAV-300 Chinook; F-15SG: F-16C/D

Asia
VLB Bionix; LAB 30; Leguan; M2; M3; 12 M60 1 (Australia-based) sqn with PC-21
MW 910-MCV-2; Trailblazer ATTACK HELICOPTER
1 sqn with AH-64D Apache
Navy 3,000; 1,000 conscript; ε5,000 active TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
reservists (total 9,000) 1 sqn with CH-47SD Super D Chinook
2 sqn with AS332M Super Puma; AS532UL Cougar
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
ISR UAV
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 5:
2 sqn with Searcher MkII
3 Challenger with 4 single 533mm TT
1 sqn with Hermes 450
1 Challenger (trg role) with 4 single 533mm TT
1 Archer (SWE Västergötland class) (AIP fitted) with 6 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
single 533mm TT for WASS Black Shark LWT (2nd vessel AIRCRAFT 148 combat capable
expected ISD 2011) FTR 37: 28 F-5S Tiger II; 9 F-5T Tiger II
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 6: FGA 78: 18 F-15SG Eagle (6 more to be delivered by 2012);
FRIGATES • FFGHM 6 Formidable with 2 quad lnchr 20 F-16C Fighting Falcon; 40 F-16D Fighting Falcon (incl
with RGM-84 Harpoon AShM, 4 octuple VLS with Aster reserves)
15 SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 1 ATK 14: 4 A-4SU Super Skyhawk; 10 TA-4SU Super
S-70B Sea Hawk hel) Skyhawk
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 35: MP 5 F-50 Maritime Enforcer*
CORVETTES • FSGM 6 AEW&C 4 G550-AEW
6 Victory with 2 quad Mk140 lnchr with RGM-84C TKR 5: 1 KC-130H Hercules; 4 KC-135R Stratotanker
Harpoon AShM, 2 octuple lnchr with Barak SAM, 2 TKR/TPT 4 KC-130B Hercules
triple 32mm ASTT, 1 76mm gun TPT 9 Medium 5 C-130H Hercules (2 ELINT) PAX 4 F-50
PCO 11 Fearless with 2 sextuple Sadral lnchr with Mistral TRG 19 PC-21
SAM, 1 76mm gun HELICOPTERS
PBF 6 ATK 19 AH-64D Apache
PB 12 ASW 6 S-70B Seahawk
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES TPT 40+ Heavy 16: 6 CH-47D Chinook; 10 CH-47SD Super
MHC 4 Bedok D Chinook Medium 30: 18 AS332M Super Puma (incl 5
AMPHIBIOUS SAR); 12 AS532UL Cougar
PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS • LPD 4 Endurance TRG 5 EC120B Colibri (leased)
with 2 twin lnchr with Mistral SAM, 1 76mm gun UAV • ISR 45 Heavy 5 Hermes 450 Medium 40 Searcher
(capacity 2 hel; 4 LCVP; 18 MBT; 350 troops) MkII
LANDING CRAFT 34 LCU 100 LCVP MSL • TACTICAL
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 2 ASM: AGM-65B/G Maverick; Hellfire
AR 1 Swift Rescue AShM AGM-84 Harpoon; AM-39 Exocet
TRG 1 ARM AGM-45 Shrike
280 The Military Balance 2012

AAM • IR AIM-9N Sidewinder/AIM-9P Sidewinder; adoption of the Integrated Knowledge-based Command


Python 4 (reported) SARH AIM-7P Sparrow; AIM-120C and Control (IKC2) doctrine, designed to aid the transition
AMRAAM in store (US) of Singapore’s Armed Forces to a ‘third generation’ force.
Meanwhile, Singapore established the Singapore Infocomm
Air Defence Group Technology Security Authority (SITSA) on 1 October 2009,
FORCES BY ROLE as a division within the Internal Security Department of the
MANOEUVRE Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). Its main responsibilities
Other will be dealing with cyber terrorism and cyber espionage,
4 (field def) sy sqn as well as operational IT security development.

Air Defence Bde


Deployment
FORCES BY ROLE
AIR DEFENCE Afghanistan
1 ADA sqn with Oerlikon NATO • ISAF 39
1 AD sqn with MIM-23 HAWK
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

1 AD sqn with Rapier-Blindfire AUSTRALIA


Air force 2 trg schools – 1 with 12 AS-332 Super Puma/
Air Force Systems Bde AS-532 Cougar (flying trg) located at Oakey; 1 with PC-21
FORCES BY ROLE (flying trg) located at Pearce. Army: prepositioned AFVs
AIR DEFENCE and heavy equipment at Shoalwater Bay training area.
1 AD sqn with radar (mobile) BRUNEI
1 AD sqn with LORADS Army 1 trg camp with infantry units on rotation
Divisional Air Def Arty Bde Air force 1 hel det with AS-332 Super Puma
Attached to army divs FRANCE
FORCES BY ROLE Air force 200: 1 trg sqn with 4 A-4SU Super Skyhawk; 10
AIR DEFENCE TA-4SU Super Skyhawk
1 AD bn with Mistral
TAIWAN (REPUBLIC OF CHINA)
1 AD bn with 9K38 Igla (SA-18 Grouse)
3 AD bn with RBS-70 Army 3 trg camp (incl inf and arty)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE THAILAND
AD • SAM 36+ Army 1 trg camp (arty, cbt engr)
TOWED Mistral; RBS-70
TIMOR LESTE
MANPAD 9K38 Igla (SA-18 Grouse)
UN • UNMIT 2 obs
Paramilitary 75,100 active UNITED STATES
Air force trg units at Luke AFB (AZ) with F-16 C/D;
Civil Defence Force 1,600 regulars; 3,200 Mountain Home AFB (ID) with F-15 SG; AH-64D Apache
conscript; 54,000+ volunteers; 1 construction at Marana (AZ); 6+ CH-47D Chinook hel at Grand Prairie
bde (2,500 conscript) (total 61,300+); 23,000 (TX)
reservists
Singapore Police Force (including Coast Foreign Forces
Guard) 8,500; 3,500 conscript; (total 12,000); United States US Pacific Command: 157; 1 naval spt
21,000 reservists facility at Changi naval base; 1 USAF log spt sqn at Paya
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Lebar air base
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 99 UK and NZ minor support elements
PBF 78: 10 Shark; 68 (various)
PB 21: 2 Manta Ray; 19 (various)

Singapore Gurkha Contingent (under


police) 1,800
FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE
Other
6 paramilitary coy

Cyber
The Singapore Ministry of Defence has long identified the
potential damage that could be caused by cyber attacks,
with this concern perhaps more acute following its
Asia 281

COMBAT SUPPORT
Sri Lanka LKA 1 med arty regt
1 MRL bty
Sri Lankan Rupee Rs 2010 2011 2012
1 lt arty regt
GDP Rs 5.6tr 6.48tr 4 fd engr regt
US$ 49.4bn 58.8bn 5 sigs regt
per capita US$ 2,345 2,761 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Growth % 8.01 6.96 MBT 62 T-55AM2/T-55A
Inflation % 5.9 8.4
RECCE 15 Saladin
AIFV 62: 13 BMP-1; 49 BMP-2
Def exp Rs 160bn
APC 221+
US$ 1.41bn APC (T) 30+ some Type-63; 30 Type-85; some Type-89
Def bdgt Rs 211bn 217bn 214bn APC (W) 191: 25 BTR-80/BTR-80A; 31 Buffel; 20 Type-92;
US$ 1.86bn 1.97bn 105 Unicorn
ARTY 908
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

FMA (US) US$ 1.0m 1.0m


TOWED 96: 122mm 20; 130mm 30 Type-59-I; 152mm 46
US$1=Rs 113.29 110.29
Type-66 (D-20)
Population 21,283,913 MRL 122mm 28: 6 KRL-122; 22 RM-70 Dana
MOR 784: 81mm 520; 82mm 209; 120mm 55 M-43
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus AT • RCL 40: 105mm ε10 M-65; 106mm ε30 M40
Male 12.0% 4.0% 3.9% 4.2% 21.2% 3.9% GUNS 85mm 8 Type-56 (D-44)
Female 11.5% 3.8% 3.8% 4.2% 23.0% 4.6% UAV • ISR • Medium 1 Seeker
RADAR • LAND 4 AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty)
Capabilities

Asia
ARV 16 VT-55
VLB 2 MT-55
Internal security was the main focus for Sri Lanka’s armed
forces, including the air force and navy, from 1983 until
Navy 15,000 (incl 2,400 recalled reservists)
2009 when they defeated the insurgency of the LTTE (Tamil
1 (HQ and Western comd) located at Colombo
Tigers). The air force’s role is to provide tactical air support
to the army and navy, and it has performed competently EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
despite ageing equipment and considerable losses to LTTE PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 139
anti-aircraft fire. The navy has a littoral protection capabil- PSOH 1 Sayura (IND Vigraha)
ity, is equipped with fast attack and patrol vessels, and has PCG 2 Nandimithra (ISR Sa’ar 4) with 3 single lnchr with
experience of coordinating with foreign navies in exercise 1 GII Gabriel II AShM, 1 76mm gun
scenarios. The armed forces have no capability for force PCO 3: 1 Reliance; 2 Sagara (IND Vikram)
projection beyond national territory. PCC 1 Jayesagara
PBF 87: 26 Colombo; 3 Dvora; 3 Killer (ROK); 6 Shaldag; 14
ACTIVE 160,900 (Army 117,900 Navy 15,000 Air Super Dvora (Mk1/II/III); 3 Simonneau; 5 Trinity Marine;
28,000) Paramilitary 62,200 27 Wave Rider
PB 18: 4 Cheverton; 2 Prathapa (PRC mod Haizhui); 3
RESERVE 5,500 (Army 1,100 Navy 2,400 Air Force Ranajaya (PRC Haizhui); 1 Ranarisi (PRC mod Shanghai II);
2,000) Paramilitary 30,400 5 Weeraya (PRC Shanghai II); 3 (various)
PBR 27
Organisations by Service AMPHIBIOUS
LANDING SHIPS • LSM 1 Yuhai (capacity 2 tanks; 250
Army 78,000; 39,900 active reservists (recalled) troops)
(total 117,900) LANDING CRAFT 8
Regt are bn sized LCU 2 Yunnan
LCM 2
FORCES BY ROLE
LCP 3 Hansaya
COMMAND
9 div HQ UCAC 1 M 10 (capacity 56 troops)
SPECIAL FORCES LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 2: 1 TPT; 1 TRG
1 indep SF bde
MANOEUVRE Air Force 28,000 (incl SLAF Regt)
Reconnaissance FORCES BY ROLE
3 armd recce regt FIGHTER
Armoured 1 sqn with F-7BS/G; FT-7
1 armd bde (under strength) FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
Light 1 sqn with MiG-23UB Flogger C; MiG-27M Flogger J2
33 inf bde 1 sqn with Kfir C-2/C-7/TC-2
1 cdo bde 1 sqn with K-8 Karakoram*
282 The Military Balance 2012

TRANSPORT sudan
1 sqn with An-32B Cline; C-130K Hercules; Cessna 421C UN • UNISFA 1 obs
Golden Eagle
Western Sahara
1 sqn with Beech B200 King Air; Y-12 (II)
TRAINING UN • MINURSO 2 obs
1 wg with PT-6, Cessna 150L
ATTACK HELICOPTER Taiwan (Republic of China) ROC
1 sqn with Mi-24V Hind; Mi-35P Hind
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER New Taiwan Dollar NT$ 2010 2011 2012
1 sqn with Mi-17 Hip H GDP NT$ 13.6tr 14.6tr
1 sqn with Bell 206A/B (incl basic trg), Bell 212 US$ 431bn 499bn
1 (VIP) sqn with Bell 212; Bell 412 Twin Huey
per capita US$ 18,725 21,644
ISR UAV
1 sqn with Blue Horizon-2 Growth % 10.88 5.24
1 sqn with Searcher II Inflation % 1.0 1.8
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

MANOEUVRE Def exp NT$ 283bn


Other US$ 8.98bn
1 (SLAF) sy regt Def bdgt NT$ 293bn 290bn 313bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE US$ 9.3bn 9.9bn
AIRCRAFT 31 combat capable
US$1=NT$ 31.55 29.30
FTR 8: 3 F-7BS; 4 F-7GS; 1 FT-7
FGA 16: 4 Kfir C-2; 2 Kfir C-7; 2 Kfir TC-2; 7 MiG-27M Population 23,071,779
Flogger J2; 1 MiG-23UB Flogger C (conversion trg) Ethnic groups: Taiwanese 84%; mainland Chinese 14%
TPT 23 Medium 2 C-130K Hercules; Light 21: 5 An-32B
Cline; 6 Cessna 150L; 1 Cessna 421C Golden Eagle; 7 Y-12 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
(II) ; 2 Y-12 (IV) Male 8.1% 3.6% 3.6% 4.0% 25.8% 5.2%
TRG 14: 7 K-8 Karakoram*; 7 PT-6 Female 7.5% 3.3% 3.3% 3.9% 25.9% 5.7%
HELICOPTERS
ATK 11: 6 Mi-24P Hind; 3 Mi-24V Hind E; 2 Mi-35V Hind Capabilities
MRH 16: 10 Mi-17 Hip H; 6 Bell 412 Twin Huey (VIP)
Taiwan’s armed forces are well trained and operate some
UTL 12: 2 Bell 206A Jet Ranger; 2 Bell 206B Jet Ranger; 8
advanced equipment, but their size, lack of combat expe-
Bell 212
rience and the deterioration in some of their assets effec-
UAV • ISR • Medium 2+: some Blue Horizon-2; 2 Searcher II
tively eliminate any advantage previously held over China.
AD • GUNS • TOWED 27: 40mm 24 L/40; 94mm 3 (3.7in)
The current government has proposed transforming the
military, with the aim of ending conscription and introduc-
Paramilitary ε62,200 ing an all-volunteer force by 2014 (although compulsory
basic training will remain for adult males). This could cre-
Home Guard 13,000
ate a more professional, dedicated military, albeit at a sig-
National Guard ε15,000 nificant cost. A reduction to 220,000 personnel is planned,
resulting almost entirely from cuts to the army.
Police Force 30,200; 1,000 (women) (total The result will be a small, committed force that will
31,200) 30,400 reservists continue to benefit from a close relationship with the US
Ministry of Defence in terms of training and operations. However, the ability
of such a small military to withstand a concerted inva-
Special Task Force 3,000 sion from across the Taiwan Strait is doubtful. Moreover, a
Anti-guerrilla unit growing reluctance on the part of the US to furnish Taiwan
with advanced military equipment means that China is
closing the technology gap with Taiwan. Taipei is currently
Deployment emphasising the procurement of early warning systems
Democratic Republic of the Congo and missile defence to enable the island to withstand an
assault for as long as possible, with the goal of buying time
UN • MONUSCO 4 obs
for US intervention.
Haiti
ACTIVE 290,000 (Army 200,000 Navy 45,000 Air
UN • MINUSTAH 960; 1 inf bn
45,000) Paramilitary 17,000
Lebanon Terms of service 12 months
UN • UNIFIL 151; 1 inf coy
RESERVE 1,657,000 (Army 1,500,000 Navy 67,000
South sudan Air Force 90,000)
UN • UNMISS 3 obs Army reservists have some obligation to age 30
Asia 283

Organisations by Service AT MSL 1,060: SP TOW


MANPATS 60 Javelin; TOW
Space RCL 500+: 90mm M67; 106mm 500+: 500 M40A1; Type-51
SATELLITES • ISR 1 Rocsat-2 HELICOPTERS
ATK 61 AH-1W Cobra
Army ε200,000 (incl MP) MRH 38 OH-58D Kiowa Warrior
TPT 89 Heavy 8 CH-47SD Super D Chinook Light 80 Bell
FORCES BY ROLE
COMMAND 205 (UH-1H Iroquois)
4 defence HQ TRG 29 TH-67 Creek
3 corps HQ UAV • ISR • Light Mastiff III
SPECIAL FORCES/AVIATION AD • SAM up to 678+
1 SF/avn comd (1 spec ops bde, 3 avn bde) SP 76: 74 FIM-92A Avenger; 2 M48 Chaparral
MANOEUVRE TOWED up to 137: 25 MIM-104 Patriot; 100 MIM-23
Armoured HAWK; up to 6 PAC-3 Patriot (systems); up to 6 Tien
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

5 armd bde Kung I Sky Bow/Tien Kung II Sky Bow


Mechanised MANPAD 61 FIM-92A Stinger (465 msl)
1 armd inf bde GUNS 400
Light SP 40mm M-42
3 mot inf bde TOWED 20: 35mm 20 GDF-001 (30 systems with 20
28 inf bde guns) 40mm L/70
COMBAT SUPPORT MSL • AShM Ching Feng
1 (coastal defence) AShM bn RADAR 1 TPQ-37 Firefinder
3 engr group AEV 18 M9

Asia
3 CBRN group ARV CM-27/A1; 37 M88A1
3 sigs gp
VLB 22 M3; M48A5
Missile Command
FORCES BY ROLE
Navy 45,000
3 district; 1 (ASW) HQ located at Hualein; 1 Fleet HQ
AIR DEFENCE
2 AD/SAM gp (total: 6 SAM bn with MIM-23 HAWK; located at Tsoying; 1 New East Coast Fleet
PAC-3 Patriot; 6 Tien Kung I Sky Bow/Tien Kung II Sky EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Bow) SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 4:
2 Hai Lung with 6 single 533mm TT with SUT HWT
Reserves 2 Hai Shih (trg role) with 10 single 533mm TT (6 fwd, 4aft)
FORCES BY ROLE with SUT HWT
MANOEUVRE PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 26
Light CRUISERS • CGHM 4 Keelung (ex US Kidd) with 1 quad
7 lt inf div lnchr with RGM-84L Harpoon AShM, 2 twin Mk26 lnchr
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE with SM-2MR SAM, 2 octuple Mk112 lnchr with ASROC,
MBT 565: 200 M60A3; 100 M48A5; 265 M48H Brave Tiger 2 127mm gun, (capacity 1 S-70 ASW hel)
LT TK 855: 230 M24 Chaffee (90mm gun); 625 M41/Type-64 FRIGATES 22
RECCE 48: BIDS (CBRN recce); 48 K216A1 (CBRN recce); FFGHM 20:
KM453 (CBRN recce) 8 Cheng Kung with 2 quad lnchr with Hsiung Feng
AIFV 225 CM-25 (M113 with 20–30mm cannon) AShM, 1 Mk13 GMLS with SM-1MR SAM, 2 triple
APC 950 324mm ASTT with Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm gun,
APC (T) 650 M113 (capacity 2 S-70C ASW hel)
APC (W) 300 LAV-150 Commando
6 Chin Yang with 1 octuple Mk112 lnchr with ASROC/
ARTY 2,204
RGM-84C Harpoon AShM, 2 triple lnchr with SM-1
SP 492: 105mm 100 M108; 155mm 321: 225 M109A2/A5;
MR SAM, 2 twin lnchr with SM-1 MR SAM, 2 twin
48 M44T; 45 T-69; 203mm 70 M110; 240mm 4
324mm ASTT with Mk 46 LWT, 1 127mm gun,
TOWED 1,060+: 105mm 650 T-64 (M101); 155mm 340+:
90 M-59; 250 T-65 (M114); M-44; XT-69 203mm 70 M115 (capacity 1 MD-500 hel)
COASTAL 127mm ε50 US Mk 32 (reported) 6 Kang Ding with 2 quad lnchr with Hsiung Feng
MRL 330: 117mm 120 Kung Feng VI; 126mm 60 Kung AShM, 1 quad lnchr with Sea Chaparral SAM, 2
Feng III/Kung Feng IV; 150 RT 2000 Thunder (KF towed triple 324mm ASTT with Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm gun,
and SP) (capacity 1 S-70C ASW hel)
MOR 322 FFGH 2:
SP 162: 81mm M-29; 72 M125; 107mm 90 M106A2 2 Chin Yang with 1 octuple Mk112 lnchr with ASROC/
TOWED 81mm 160 M-29; T75; 107mm M30; 120mm RGM-84C Harpoon AShM, 2 twin 324mm ASTT with
K5; XT-86 Mk 46 LWT, 1 127mm gun, (capacity 1 MD-500 hel)
284 The Military Balance 2012

PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 87 Air Force 55,000


PCFG 2 Lung Chiang with 4 single lnchr with Hsiung Feng Flying hours  180 hrs/year
AShM
PCG 59: FORCES BY ROLE
47 Hai Ou with 2 single lnchr with Hsiung Feng AShM FIGHTER
3 sqn with Mirage 2000-5E/D (2000-5EI/DI)
12 Jinn Chiang with 1 quad lnchr with Hsiung Feng
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
AShM
3 sqn with F-5E/F Tiger II
PBG 18 Kwang Hua with 2 twin lnchr with Hsiung Feng II 6 sqn with F-16A/B Fighting Falcon
AShM (additional vessels in build) 5 sqn with F-CK-1A/B Ching Kuo
PBF 8 Ning Hai ELECTRONIC WARFARE
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 12 1 sqn with C-130HE Tien Gian
MSC 8: 4 Yung Chuan; 4 Yung Feng ISR
MSO 4 Aggressive (Ex US) 1 sqn with RF-5E Tigereye; RF-16A Fighting Falcon
COMMAND SHIPS • LCC 1 Kao Hsiung AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

AMPHIBIOUS 1 sqn with E-2T Hawkeye


PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS • LSD 2: SEARCH & RESCUE
1 sqn with S-70C Black Hawk
1 Shiu Hai (capacity either 2 LCU or 18 LCM; 360
TRANSPORT
troops) with 1 hel landing platform
2 sqn with C-130H Hercules
1 Chung Cheng with 1 quad lnchr with Sea Chapparal 1 (VIP) sqn with B-727-100; B-737-800; Beech 1900; F-50
SAM (capacity 3 LCU or 18 LCM) TRAINING
LANDING SHIPS 13 1 sqn with AT-3A/B Tzu-Chung*
LST 13: 11 Chung Hai (capacity 16 tanks; 200 troops); 2 1 sqn with Beech 1900
Newport (capacity 3 LCVP, 400 troops) 1 (basic) sqn with T-34C Turbo Mentor
LANDING CRAFT 288: 18 LCU; 100 LCVP; 170 LCM TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 13: 1 sqn with CH-47 Chinook; S-70 Black Hawk; S-62A
AOE 1 Wu Yi with 1 hel landing platform (VIP)
ARS 6 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AK 3 Wu Kang with 1 hel landing platform (capacity AIRCRAFT 477 combat capable
1,400 troops) FTR 291: 87 F-5E Tiger II/F-5F Tiger II (some in store); 146
AGOR 1 Ta Kuan F-16A/F-16B Fighting Falcon; 10 Mirage 2000-5D (2000-
AG 1 5DI); 47 Mirage 2000-5E (2000-5EI)
FGA 128 F-CK-1A/B Ching Kuo
AGS 1
ISR 7 RF-5E Tigereye
Marines 15,000 EW 2 C-130HE Tien Gian
AEW&C 6 E-2T Hawkeye
FORCES BY ROLE TPT 33 Medium 19 C-130H Hercules (1 EW); Light 10
MANOEUVRE Beech 1900 PAX 4: 1 B-737-800; 3 F-50
Amphibious TRG 100: 58 AT-3A/B Tzu-Chung*; 42 T-34C Turbo Mentor
3 mne bde HELICOPTERS
COMBAT SUPPORT TPT 21: Heavy 3 CH-47 Chinook; Medium 18: 1 S-62A
Some cbt spt unit (VIP); 17 S-70C Black Hawk
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MSL
AAV 204: 52 AAV-7A1; 150 LVTP-5A1 ASM AGM-65A Maverick
AShM AGM-84 Harpoon
ARTY • TOWED 105mm; 155mm
ARM Sky Sword IIA
AT • RCL 106mm
AAM • IR AIM-9J Sidewinder/AIM-9P Sidewinder; R-550
ARV 2 AAV-7R
Magic 2; Shafrir; Sky Sword I; IR/ARH MICA; ARH AIM-
120C AMRAAM; Sky Sword II
Naval Aviation
FORCES BY ROLE Paramilitary 17,000
ANTI SUBMARINE WARFARE
3 sqn with S-70C Seahawk (S-70C Defender)
Coast Guard 17,000
MARITIME PATROL EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 138
2 sqn with S-2T Tracker
PSO 4: 2 Ho Hsing; 1 Hsunhu; 1 Tainan
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE PCO 16: 2 Chin Hsing; 2 Kinmen; 2 Mou Hsing; 1 Shun
AIRCRAFT 24 combat capable Hu 1; 2 Shun Hu 2/3; 4 Taichung; 2 Taipei; 1 Yun Hsing
ASW 24 S-2T Tracker PBF 73 (various)
HELICOPTERS • ASW 20 S-70C-Seahawk (S-70C PB 45: 4 Hai Cheng; 4 Hai Ying; 2 Shun Hu 5; 2 Shun
Defender) Hu 6; 33 (various)
Asia 285

Cyber Air Manoeuvre


The Taiwanese government has been relatively slow to 1 air aslt bde
exploit the highly developed civilian IT sector for national COMBAT SUPPORT
defence purposes. For the past decade the Taiwanese 1 arty bde
government has worked on its Po Sheng (‘Broad Victory’) 1 SAM regt
C4ISR programme, an all-hazards system with a significant EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
defence component whose main focus is on countering MBT 37: 30 T-72; 7 T-62
PLA IW and EW attacks. Taiwanese civilian hackers are AIFV 23: 8 BMP-1; 15 BMP-2
thought to be responsible for many of the viruses infecting APC (W) 23 BTR-60/BTR-70/BTR-80
Chinese computers but it is unclear to what extent, if at all, ARTY 23
such activities benefit from government direction. TOWED 122mm 10 D-30
MRL 122mm 3 BM-21
MOR 120mm 10
Foreign Forces AD • SAM 20+
Singapore Army: 3 trg camp (incl inf and arty) TOWED 20 S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline); S-125 Pechora
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

(SA-3 Goa)
MANPAD FIM-92A Stinger (reported); 9K32 Strela-2
Tajikistan TJK (SA-7 Grail)‡
Tajikistani Somoni Tr 2010 2011 2012
Air Force/Air Defence 1,500
GDP Tr 24.7bn 31.4bn
FORCES BY ROLE
US$ 5.64bn 6.86bn TRANSPORT
per capita US$ 753 900 1 sqn with Tu-134A Crusty

Asia
Growth % 6.50 6.00 ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 sqn with Mi-24 Hind; Mi-8 Hip; Mi-17TM Hip H
Inflation % 6.5 13.6
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Def bdgt Tr 264m 331m
AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 1 Tu-134A Crusty
US$ 60m 72m
HELICOPTERS
FMA (US) US$ 1.5m 1.2m ATK 4 Mi-24 Hind
US$1=Tr 4.38 4.58 TPT • Medium 12 Mi-8 Hip/Mi-17TM Hip H
Population 7,627,200
Paramilitary 7,500
Ethnic groups: Tajik 67%; Uzbek 25%; Russian 2%; Tatar 2%
Interior Troops 3,800
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 17.3% 5.2% 5.6% 4.8% 15.4% 1.4% National Guard 1,200
Female 16.7% 5.1% 5.5% 4.7% 16.4% 1.9%
Emergencies Ministry 2,500
Capabilities Border Guards
Tajikistan’s military capability is limited. The conscript-
based land force is hampered by lack of adequate training, Deployment
while the air element operates only a small number of fixed
and rotary-wing aircraft to support ground forces. There Bosnia-Herzegovina
is little capacity to deploy other than token forces, though OSCE • Bosnia and Herzegovina 1
the Tajik military is an active participant in CSTO and SCO
military exercises. Russia maintains a military base in the Foreign Forces
country, housing the 201st Motor-Rifle Division.
India Air Force: 1 Fwd Op Base located at Farkhar
ACTIVE 8,800 (Army 7,300, Air Force/Air Defence Russia 5,000 Army: 1 mil base (subord Central MD) with
1,500) Paramilitary 7,500 (1 (201st) MR div(-); 54 T-72; 300 BMP-2/BTR-80/MT-LB;
Terms of service 24 months 100 2S1/2S3/2S12/9P140 Uragan • Military Air Forces: 5
Su-25 Frogfoot; 4 Mi-8 Hip

Organisations by Service

Army 7,300
FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE
Mechanised
3 MR bde
286 The Military Balance 2012

SPECIAL FORCES
Thailand THA 2 SF div
MANOEUVRE
Thai Baht b 2010 2011 2012
Reconnaissance
GDP b 10.1tr 11tr 4 recce coy
US$ 316bn 360bn Mechanised
per capita US$ 4,768 5,390 2 cav div
Growth % 7.78 3.54 1 indep cav regt
3 armd inf div
Inflation % 3.3 4.0
2 mech inf div
Def bdgt b 154bn 169bn
Light
US$ 4.82bn 5.52bn 1 lt inf div
FMA (US) US$ 1.6m 1.06m 1 Rapid Reaction force (1 bn per region forming)
US$1=b 31.95 30.55 8 indep inf bn
Aviation
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Population 66,720,153 1 air cav regt (3 air mob coy)


Ethnic and religious groups: Thai 75%; Chinese 14%; Muslim 4% Some hel flt
COMBAT SUPPORT
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
1 arty div
Male 10.1% 3.9% 3.7% 3.9% 23.9% 4.1% 1 ADA div (6 bn)
Female 9.6% 3.8% 3.6% 3.9% 24.6% 5.0% 1 engr div
12 indep engr bn
Capabilities 1 sigs regt
Thailand’s armed forces have benefited from substan- 1 int comd
tially increased funding since reasserting their central 1 psy ops bn
political role in a 2006 coup. However, despite increased 1 CBRN coy
resources, and other positive indications such as continu- COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
ing involvement in multi-national exercises and signifi- 4 economic development div
cant international deployments during 2010-11, the armed EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
forces’ entanglement in domestic politics often appears to MBT 283: 53 M60A1; 125 M60A3; (50 Type-69 in store); 105
over-shadow efforts to sustain and modernise operational M48A5
capability. The army remains the dominant service, its LT TK 465: 24 M41; 104 Scorpion (50 in store); 66 Stingray
commander-in-chief wielding considerably greater author- RECCE 32+: 32 S52 Mk 3; M1114 HMMWV
ity than the Chief of Defence Force. While the army pre- AIVF 2 BTR-3E1
vailed in clashes with Red-Shirt protesters in Bangkok in APC 1,140
May 2010, the confrontation revealed potential splits in the APC (T) 880: Bronco; 430 M113A1/M113A3; 450 Type-85
service, particularly in light of many ordinary soldiers’ ori- APC (W) 160: 18 Condor; 142 LAV-150 Commando
gin in relatively poor northern and northeastern provinces PPV 100 Reva
where Red Shirt support is strong. Subsequently, the army ARTY 2,555+
played a high-profile role in flood relief operations during SP 155mm 26: 6 CAESAR; 20 M109A5
2011. Operations against Malay-Muslim insurgents in the TOWED 577: 105mm 340: 24 LG1 MK II; 12 M-56; 200
three southernmost provinces continue, but ineffectively: M101/-Mod; 12 M102; 32 M-618A2; 60 L119; 130mm
the low-intensity war there remains stalemated. Sporadic 54 Type-59-I; 155mm 183: 42 GHN-45 A1; 48 M114; 61
border clashes with Cambodia intensified in early 2011, but M198; 32 M-71
operations were essentially small-scale skirmishes involv- MRL 78 130mm 60 Type-85; 302mm 18 DTI-1
ing infantry supported by mortar and artillery fire. MOR 1,900
ACTIVE 305,860 (Army 190,000 Navy 69,860 Air SP 33: 81mm 21 M125A3; 107mm M106A3; 120mm 12
46,000) Paramilitary 113,700 M1064A3
Terms of service 2 years TOWED 1,867: 81mm; 107mm M106A1; 120mm 12
M1064
RESERVE 200,000 Paramilitary 45,000 AT • MSL 318+
SP 18+ M901A5 (TOW)
Organisations by Service MANPATS 300 M47 Dragon
RCL 180: 75mm 30 M20; 106mm 150 M40
Army 120,000; ε70,000 conscript (total RL 66mm M72 LAW
190,000) AIRCRAFT
FORCES BY ROLE ISR 40 Cessna O-1A/E Bird Dog
COMMAND TPT • Light 19: 2 Beech 200 King Air; 2 Beech 1900C; 1
4 (regional) army HQ C-212 Aviocar; 10 Cessna A185E (U-17B); 2 ERJ-135LR; 2
2 corps HQ Jetstream 41
Asia 287

TRG 33: 18 MX-7-235 Star Rocket; 15 T-41B Mescalero 1 Pin Klao (trg role) with 6 single 324mm ASTT, 3
HELICOPTERS 76mm gun
ATK 3 AH-1F Cobra PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 83
MRH 3 Mi-17V-5 Hip H CORVETTES 7
TPT 175 Heavy 6 CH-47D Chinook Medium 7 UH-60L FSG 2 Rattanakosin with 2 quad Mk140 lnchr with
Black Hawk Light 162: 92 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois); 28 RGM-84A Harpoon AShM, 1 octuple Albatros lnchr
Bell 206 Jet Ranger; 37 Bell 212 (AB-212); 3 Enstrom 480B with Aspide SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT, 1 76mm gun
TRG 42 Hughes 300C FS 5:
UAV • ISR • Medium Searcher 3 Khamronsin with 2 triple 324mm ASTT, 1 76mm
AD • SAM gun
STATIC Aspide 2 Tapi with 6 single 324mm ASTT with Mk46 LWT,
MANPAD 36 9K338 Igla-S (SA-24 Grinch); FIM-43 1 76mm gun
Redeye; HN-5A PCFG 6:
GUNS 202+ 3 Prabparapak with 2 single lnchr with 1 GI Gabriel I
SP 54: 20mm 24 M-163 Vulcan; 40mm 30 M-1/M-42 SP AShM, 1 triple lnchr with GI Gabriel I AShM
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

TOWED 148+: 20mm 24 M-167 Vulcan; 37mm 52 Type- 3 Ratcharit with 2 twin lnchr with MM-38 Exocet AShM,
74; 40mm 48 L/70; 57mm 24+: ε6 Type-59 (S-60); 18+ 1 76mm gun
non-operational PCO 5: 3 Hua Hin with 1 76mm gun; 2 Pattani with 1
RADAR • LAND AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder (arty, mor); RASIT 76mm gun
(veh, arty) PCC 9: 3 Chon Buri with 2 76mm gun; 6 Sattahip with 1
ARV 43: 22 M88A1; 6 M88A2; 10 M113; 5 Type-653; WZT-4 76mm gun
VLB Type-84 PBF 4
MW Bozena; Giant Viper PB 52: 10 T-11; 9 Swift; 3 T-81; 9 T-91; 3 T-210; 13 T-213; 1
T-227; 3 T-991; 1 T-994

Asia
Reserves MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 19
FORCES BY ROLE MCM SPT 1 Thalang
COMMAND MCO 2 Lat Ya
4 inf div HQ MCC 2 Bang Rachan
MSC 2 Bangkeo
Navy 44,011 (incl Naval Aviation, Marines, MSR 12
Coastal Defence); 25,849 conscript (total AMPHIBIOUS
69,860) LANDING SHIPS 8:
LS 2 Prab
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
LST 6:
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 10
4 Chang with 6 40mm gun (capacity 16 tanks; 200
AIRCRAFT CARRIERS • CVS 1:
troops)
1 Chakri Naruebet (capacity 9 AV-8A Harrier† FGA ac; 6
2 Sichang training with 2 40mm gun, 1 hel landing
S-70B Seahawk ASW hel) platform (capacity 14 tanks; 300 troops)
FRIGATES 10 LANDING CRAFT 56:
FFGHM 2: LCU 13: 3 Man Nok; 6 Mataphun (capacity either 3–4
2 Naresuan with 2 quad Mk141 lnchr with RGM-84A MBT or 250 troops); 4 Thong Kaeo
Harpoon AShM, 1 8 cell Mk41 VLS with RIM-7M Sea LCM 24
Sparrow SAM, 2 triple 324mm TT, 1 127mm gun, LCVP 12
(capacity 1 Super Lynx 300 hel) LCA 4
FFGM 4: UCAC 3 Griffon 1000TD
2 Chao Phraya with 4 twin lnchr with C-801 (CSS-N-4 LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 14
Sardine) AShM, 2 twin lnchr with HQ-61 (CSA-N-2) AORH 1 Similan (capacity 1 hel)
SAM (non-operational), 2 RBU 1200, 2 twin 100mm AOR 1 Chula
gun AOL 5: 4 Prong; 1 Samui
2 Kraburi with 4 twin lnchr with C-801 (CSS-N-4 AWT 1
Sardine) AShM, 2 twin lnchr with HQ-61 (CSA-N-2) AGOR 1
SAM, 2 RBU 1200, 1 twin 100mm gun, 1 hel landing AGS 2
platform ABU 1
FFGH 2: TRG 1
2 Phuttha Yotfa Chulalok (leased from US) with 1 TPT 1
octuple Mk112 lnchr with RGM-84C Harpoon AShM/
ASROC, 2 twin 324mm ASTT with Mk 46 LWT, 1 Naval Aviation 1,200
127mm gun, (capacity 1 Bell 212 (AB-212) hel) AIRCRAFT 39 combat capable
FF 2: FGA 7: 5 AV-8A Harrier II†; 2 TAV-8A Harrier†
1 Makut Rajakumarn with 2 triple 34mm ASTT, 2 ASW 2 P-3A Orion (P-3T)
114mm gun RECCE 9 Sentry O-2-337
288 The Military Balance 2012

MP 1 F-27-200 MPA* TRAINING


TPT • Light 12: 7 Do-228-212*; 2 ERj-135LR; 2 F-27- 1 sqn with CT-4A/B/E Airtrainer; T-41D Mescalero
400M Troopship; 3 N-24A Searchmaster; 1 UP-3A Orion TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
(UP-3T) 2 sqn with Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois); Bell 412 Twin Huey
HELICOPTERS 1 sqn with Bell 412 Twin Huey
ASW 8: 6 S-70B Seahawk; 2 Super Lynx 300 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MRH 2 Super Lynx AIRCRAFT 163 combat capable
TPT 15 Medium 2 Bell 214ST (AB-214ST) Light 8: 7 FTR 88: 31 F-5E Tiger II; 3 F-5F Tiger II (32 F-5E/F being
Bell 212 (AB-212); 4 S-76B upgraded); 39 F-16A Fighting Falcon; 15 F-16B Fighting
MSL • AShM AGM-84 Harpoon Falcon
FGA 6: 2 Gripen C; 4 Gripen D
Marines 23,000 ATK 18 AU-23A Peacemaker
FORCES BY ROLE ISR 3 DA42 MPP Guardian
COMMAND AEW&C 1 Saab 340 Erieye
1 mne div HQ TPT 61 Medium 15: 7 C-130H Hercules; 5 C-130H-30
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

MANOEUVRE Hercules; 3 G-222; Light 36: 4 ATR-72; 3 Beech 200 King


Reconnaissance Air; 1 Beech E90 King Air; 9 BT-67; 1 Commander 690; 2
1 recce bn IAI-201 Arava; 2 Learjet 35A; 14 N-22B Nomad PAX 10: 1
Light A310-324; 1 A-319CJ; 2 B-737-400; 6 BAe-748
2 inf regt (total: 6bn) TRG 119: 19 Alpha Jet*; 14 CT-4A Airtrainer; 6 CT-4B
Amphibious Airtrainer; 20 CT-4E Airtrainer; 32 L-39ZA Albatros*; 20
1 amph aslt bn PC-9; 8 T-41D Mescalero
COMBAT SUPPORT HELICOPTERS
1 arty regt (3 fd arty bn, 1 ADA bn) MRH 11: 2 Bell 412 Twin Huey; 2 Bell 412SP Twin Huey; 1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Bell 412HP Twin Huey; 6 Bell 412EP Twin Huey
APC (W) 24 LAV-150 Commando TPT 23 Medium 3 S-92A Super Hawk Light 20 Bell 205
AAV 33 LVTP-7 (UH-1H Iroquois)
ARTY • TOWED 48: 105mm 36 (reported); 155mm 12 MSL
GC-45 AAM • IR AIM-9B Sidewinder/AIM-9J Sidewinder; Python
AT • MSL 24+ III ARH AIM-120 AMRAAM
TOWED 24 HMMWV TOW ASM: AGM-65 Maverick
MANPATS M47 Dragon; TOW
AD • GUNS 12.7mm 14 Paramilitary ε113,700 active
ARV 1 AAVR-7
Border Patrol Police 41,000
Air Force ε46,000
Marine Police 2,200
4 air divs, one flying trg school
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 95
Flying hours 100 hrs/year PCO 1 Srinakrin
FORCES BY ROLE PCC 2 Hameln
FIGHTER PB 46: 1 Burespadoongkit; 2 Chasanyabadee; 3 Cutlass; 1
2 sqn with F-5E/5F Tiger II Sriyanont; 1 Yokohama; 38 (various)
3 sqn with F-16A/B Fighting Falcon PBR 46
1 sqn with L-39ZA Albatros*
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK National Security Volunteer Corps 45,000 –
1 sqn with Gripen C/D Reserves
GROUND ATTACK
Police Aviation 500
1 sqn with Alpha Jet*
AIRCRAFT 6 combat capable
1 sqn with AU-23A Peacemaker
ATK 6 AU-23A Peacemaker
1 sqn with L-39ZA Albatros*
TPT 16 Light 15: 2 CN-235; 8 PC-6 Turbo-Porter; 3 SC-7
ELINT/ISR
3M Skyvan; 2 Short 330UTT PAX 1 F-50
1 sqn with DA42 MPP Guardian; IAI-201 Arava, Learjet
HELICOPTERS
35A
MRH 6 Bell 412 Twin Huey
AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL
TPT • Light 67: 27 Bell 205A; 14 Bell 206 Jet Ranger; 20
1 sqn with Saab 340 Erieye
Bell 212 (AB-212)
TRANSPORT
1 (Royal Flight) sqn with A310-324; A319CJ; B-737-400; Provincial Police 50,000 (incl est. 500 Special
BAe-748; Beech 200 King Air; Bell 412 Twin Huey Action Force)
1 sqn with ATR-72; BAe-748; G-222
1 sqn with BT-67; N-22B Nomad Thahan Phran (Hunter Soldiers) ε20,000
1 sqn with C-130H/H-30 Hercules Volunteer irregular force
Asia 289

FORCES BY ROLE are engaged in developing security structures with


MANOEUVRE international assistance.
Other FORCES BY ROLE
13 paramilitary regt (total: 107 paramilitary coy) MANOEUVRE
Light
Deployment 2 inf bn
COMBAT SUPPORT
Arabian Sea & Gulf of Aden 1 MP pl
Combined Maritime Forces • CTF-151: 1 PCO; 1 AORH COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
Sudan 1 log spt coy
UN • UNAMID 820; 10 obs; 1 inf bn
Naval Element 82
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 7
Foreign Forces PB 7: 2 Albatros; 2 Dili; 2 Shanghai II; 1 Sea Dolphin (ROK
United States US Pacific Command: 162 Chamsur)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Timor Leste TLS Foreign Forces


Australia ISF (Operation Astute) 380; 1 bn HQ; 2 inf coy;
US$ 2010 2011 2012 1 AD bty; elm 1 cbt engr regt; 1 hel det with 5 S-70A-9
GDP US$ 628m 709m (S-70A) Black Hawk; 4 OH-58 Kiowa; 3 C-130 • UNMIT 4
per capita US$ 544 602 obs
Growth % 6.05 7.34 Bangladesh UNMIT 3 obs

Asia
Inflation % 4.9 10.5 Brazil UNMIT 3 obs
China, People’s Republic of UNMIT 2 obs
Def bdgt US$ 1.24m 5.85m 8.95m
Fiji UNMIT 1 obs
Population 1,177,834 India UNMIT 1 obs
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Japan UNMIT 2 obs
Male 19% 6% 5% 3% 16% 1% Malaysia UNMIT 2 obs
Nepal UNMIT 1 obs
Female 18% 6% 5% 3% 16% 2%
New Zealand ISF (Operation Astute) 80; 1 inf coy • UNMIT
Capabilities 1 obs
Pakistan UNMIT 4 obs
The Timor-Leste Defence Force was formed in 2001 from Philippines UNMIT 3 obs
the former Falintil insurgent army. However, it soon be-
Portugal UNMIT 3 obs
came clear that the new force suffered from poor morale
Sierra Leone UNMIT 1 obs
and weak discipline. In 2006 these problems culminated
in the dismissal of large numbers of military personnel Singapore UNMIT 2 obs
who had protested over poor conditions and alleged dis-
crimination on regional lines, which precipitated the col-
lapse of both the Defence Force and the national police.
Turkmenistan TKM
These circumstances forced the government to call for an Turkmen New Manat TMM 2010 2011 2012
international intervention. Australian-led foreign forces GDP TMM 57bn 68.7bn
will remain in Timor-Leste until after elections in 2012.
US$ 20bn 24.1bn
Meanwhile, the government has attempted to rebuild
the Defence Force. Long-term plans outlined in the Force per capita US$ 4,048 4,824
2020 document, made public in 2006, call for an expanded Growth % 9.22 9.90
defence force, conscription, the establishment of an air Inflation % 4.5 6.1
component, and acquisition of modern weapons. In the Def bdgt TMM ε565m
meantime, the defence force continues to depend heavily
US$ ε198m
on foreign assistance and training, notably from Australia,
Portugal and Brazil. FMA (US) US$ 2.0m 1.2m
USD1=TMM 2.85 2.85
ACTIVE 1,332 (Army 1,250 Naval Element 82)
Population 4,997,503
Organisations by Service Ethnic groups: Turkmen 77%; Uzbek 9%; Russian 7%; Kazak 2%

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus


Army 1,250
Male 13.9% 5.5% 5.4% 4.7% 18.2% 1.8%
Training began in Jan 2001 with the aim of deploying
1,500 full-time personnel and 1,500 reservists. Authorities Female 13.6% 5.5% 5.4% 4.7% 18.9% 2.3%
290 The Military Balance 2012

Capabilities Navy 500


Intention to form a combined navy/coast guard and
Turkmenistan’s conscript-based armed forces struggle currently has a minor base at Turkmenbashy. Caspian Sea
with problems ranging from inadequate training to spares Flotilla (see Russia) is operating as a joint RUS, KAZ, TKM
shortages and equipment maintenance problems. There is flotilla under RUS comd based at Astrakhan.
still almost exclusive reliance on Soviet-era equipment and EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
doctrine. The air force has a limited number of fixed-wing PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6
combat aircraft and helicopters, though the level of avail- PBF 5 Grif-T
ability is uncertain. There is little capability to engage in PB 1 Point
operations beyond national territory.
Air Force 3,000
ACTIVE 22,000 (Army 18,500 Navy 500 Air 3,000)
Terms of service 24 months FORCES BY ROLE
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
2 sqn with MiG-29 Fulcrum; MiG-29UB Fulcrum; Su-17
Organisations by Service
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Fitter; Su-25MK Frogfoot


TRANSPORT
Army 18,500 1 sqn with An-26 Curl; Mi-8 Hip; Mi-24 Hind
5 Mil Districts TRAINING
FORCES BY ROLE 1 unit with Su-7B Fitter-A; L-39 Albatros
MANOEUVRE AIR DEFENCE
Mechanised Some sqn with S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline); S-125 Pechora
3 MR div (SA-3 Goa); S-200 Angara (SA-5 Gammon)
2 MR bde EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Air Manouvre AIRCRAFT 94 combat capable
1 air aslt bn FTR 24: 22 MiG-29 Fulcrum; 2 MiG-29UB Fulcrum
Other FGA 68: 3 Su-7B Fitter-A; 65 Su-17 Fitter-B;
1 MR trg div ATK 2 Su-25MK Frogfoot (41 more being refurbished)
COMBAT SUPPORT TPT • Light 1 An-26 Curl
1 arty bde TRG 7: 2 L-39 Albatros
1 MRL regt HELICOPTERS
1 AT regt ATK 10 Mi-24 Hind
1 SSM bde with Scud TPT • Medium 8 Mi-8 Hip
2 SAM bde AD • SAM 50 S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline)/S-125 Pechora
1 engr regt (SA-3 Goa)/S-200 Angara (SA-5 Gammon)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE †
MBT 680: 10 T-90S; 670 T-72
RECCE 170 BRDM/BRDM-2
Uzbekistan UZB
AIFV 942: 930 BMP-1/BMP-2; 12 BRM Uzbekistani Som s 2010 2011 2012
APC (W) 829 BTR-60/BTR-70/BTR-80
GDP s 61.8tr 75tr
ARTY 564
SP 56: 122mm 40 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 16 2S3 US$ 39bn 44bn
TOWED 269: 122mm 180 D-30; 152mm 89: 17 D-1; 72 per capita US$ 1,398 1,565
D-20 Growth % 8.50 7.05
GUN/MOR 120mm 17 2S9 Anona Inflation % 9.4 13.1
MRL 131: 122mm 65: 9 9P138; 56 BM-21; 220mm 60
Def bdgt s ε2.26tr
9P140 Uragan
300mm 6 BM 9A52 Smerch US$ ε1.42bn
MOR 97: 82mm 31; 120mm 66 PM-38 US$1=s 1587.32 1703.03
AT Population 28,128,600
MSL • MANPATS 100 9K11 (AT-3 Sagger); 9K111 (AT-4
Ethnic groups: Uzbek 73%; Russian 6%; Tajik 5%; Kazakh 4%;
Spigot); 9K113 (AT-5 Spandrel); 9K115 (AT-6 Spiral) Karakalpak 2%; Tatar 2%; Korean <1%; Ukrainian <1%
GUNS 100mm 72 MT-12/T-12
AD • SAM 53+ Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
SP 53: 40 9K33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko); 13 9K35 Strela-10 (SA- Male 13.6% 5.6% 5.6% 4.9% 18.1% 2.0%
13 Gopher)
Female 12.9% 5.5% 5.5% 4.8% 18.9% 2.7%
MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡
GUNS 70
SP 23mm 48 ZSU-23-4
Capabilities
TOWED 57mm 22 S-60 Uzbekistan’s conscript-based armed forces are significant-
MSL • SSM 10 SS-1 Scud ly better equipped than those of its immediate neighbours,
Asia 291

including Kyrgzstan, with which it has a territorial dispute, GROUND ATTACK


and Turkmenistan. The army is attempting to improve its 1 regt with Su-25/Su-25BM Frogfoot; Su-17M (Su-17MZ)
mobility in order to manage internal security challenges. Fitter C/Su-17UM-3 (Su-17UMZ) Fitter G
Air force flying hours are reported to be low, with signifi- ELINT/TRANSPORT
cant logistical and maintenance shortcomings affecting the 1 regt with An-12/An-12PP Cub; An-26/An-26RKR Curl
availability of aircraft. Uzbekistan is a member of the SCO TRANSPORT
and CSTO and participates in its joint exercises. Some sqn with An-24 Coke; Tu-134 Crusty
ACTIVE 67,000 (Army 50,000 Air 17,000) TRAINING
Paramilitary 20,000 Some sqn with L-39 Albatros
Terms of service conscription 12 months ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 regt with Mi-24 Hind (attack); Mi-26 Halo (tpt); Mi-8
Hip (aslt/tpt);
Organisations by Service
1 regt with Mi-6 Hook (tpt); Mi-6AYa Hook-C (C2)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Army 50,000
AIRCRAFT 135 combat capable
4 Mil Districts; 2 op comd; 1 Tashkent Comd
FTR 30 MiG-29 Fulcrum/MiG-29UB Fulcrum
FORCES BY ROLE
FGA 74: 26 Su-17M (Su-17MZ) Fitter C/Su-17UM-3 (Su-
SPECIAL FORCES
17UMZ) Fitter G; 23 Su-24 Fencer; 25 Su-27 Flanker/Su-
1 SF bde
27UB Flanker C
MANOEUVRE
Armoured ATK 20 Su-25/Su-25BM Frogfoot
1 tk bde EW/Tpt 26 An-12 Cub (med tpt)/An-12PP Cub (EW)
ELINT 11 Su-24MP Fencer F*

Asia
Mechanised
11 MR bde ELINT/Tpt 13 An-26 Curl (lt tpt)/An-26RKR Curl (ELINT)
Air Manoeuvre TPT • Light 2: 1 An-24 Coke; 1 Tu-134 Crusty
3 air aslt bde TRG 5 L-39 Albatros (9 more in store)
1 AB bde HELICOPTERS
Mountain ATK 29 Mi-24 Hind
1 lt mtn inf bde C2 2 Mi-6AYa Hook-C
COMBAT SUPPORT TPT 79 Heavy 27: 26 Mi-6 Hook; 1 Mi-26 Halo Medium
6 arty regt 52 Mi-8 Hip
1 MRL bde AD • SAM 45
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE TOWED S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline); S-125 Pechora (SA-3
MBT 340: 70 T-72; 100 T-64; 170 T-62 
RECCE 19: 13 BRDM- Goa)
2; 6 BRM STATIC S-200 Angara (SA-5 Gammon)
AIFV 399: 120 BMD-1; 9 BMD-2; 270 BMP-2 MSL
APC 309 ASM Kh-23 (AS-7 Kerry); Kh-25 (AS-10 Karen)
APC (T) 50 BTR-D ARM Kh-25P (AS-12 Kegler); Kh -28 (AS-9 Kyle); Kh-58
APC (W) 259: 24 BTR-60; 25 BTR-70; 210 BTR-80 (AS-11 Kilter)
ARTY 487+ AAM • IR R-60 (AA-8 Aphid); R-73 (AA-11 Archer); IR/
SP 83+: 122mm 18 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 17+: 17 2S3; 2S5 SARH R-27 (AA-10 Alamo)
(reported); 203mm 48 2S7
TOWED 200: 122mm 60 D-30; 152mm 140 2A36
Paramilitary up to 20,000
GUN/MOR 120mm 54 2S9 Anona
MRL 108: 122mm 60: 24 9P138; 36 BM-21; 220mm 48 Internal Security Troops up to 19,000
9P140 Uragan Ministry of Interior
MOR 120mm 42: 5 2B11; 19 2S12; 18 PM-120
AT • MSL • MANPATS 9K11 (AT-3 Sagger); 9K111 (AT-4 National Guard 1,000
Spigot) Ministry of Defence
GUNS 100mm 36 MT-12/T-12

Air Force 17,000 Deployment


FORCES BY ROLE Serbia
FIGHTER OSCE • Kosovo 1
1 regt with MiG-29/MiG-29UB Fulcrum; Su-27 Flanker/
Su-27UB Flanker C
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
Foreign Forces
1 regt with Su-24 Fencer; Su-24MP Fencer-F* (ISR) Germany 163; some C-160 Transall
292 The Military Balance 2012

SPECIAL FORCES
Vietnam VNM 1 SF bde (1 AB bde, 1 demolition engr regt)
MANOEUVRE
Vietnamese Dong d 2010 2011 2012
Armoured
GDP d 1,981tr 2,470tr 10 armd bde
US$ 102bn 119bn Mechanised
per capita US$ 1,144 1,318 3 mech inf div
Growth % 6.78 5.75 Light
58 inf div(-)
Inflation % 9.2 18.8
15 indep inf regt
Def exp d 49.7tn COMBAT SUPPORT
US$ 2.57bn 10+ arty bde
Def bdgt d 44.4tr 55.1tr 8 engr div
US$ 2.32bn 2.66bn 20 indep engr bde
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

FMA (US) US$ 2.0m 1.35m


10-16 economic construction div
US$1=d 19333.03 20698.80
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Population 90,549,390 MBT 1,315: 70 T-62; 350 Type-59; 850 T-54/T-55; (45 T-34 †)
Ethnic groups: Chinese 3% LT TK 620: 300 PT-76; 320 Type-62/Type-63
RECCE 100 BRDM-1/BRDM-2
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus AIFV 300 BMP-1/BMP-2
Male 13.2% 4.9% 5.1% 5.0% 19.6% 2.1% APC 1,380
Female 12.0% 4.6% 4.8% 4.8% 20.6% 3.4% APC (T) 280: 200 M113 (to be upgraded); 80 Type-63
APC (W) 1,100 BTR-40/BTR-50/BTR-60/BTR-152
Capabilities ARTY 3,040+
SP 30+: 152mm 30 2S3; 175mm M107
Communist Vietnam has a stronger military tradition and TOWED 2,300 100mm M-1944; 105mm M101/M102;
much more operational experience than any of its South- 122mm D-30/Type-54 (M-30); M-1938/Type-60 (D-74);
east Asian counterparts. Although the Vietnam People’s 130mm M-46; 152mm D-20; 155mm M114
Army (VPA) remained a central element of the political GUN/MOR 120mm 30 2S9 Nona-S (reported)
system led by the Vietnam Worker’s Party, following the MRL 710+: 107mm 360 Type-63; 122mm 350 BM-21;
cessation of Soviet military aid with the end of the Cold 140mm BM-14
War, the armed forces suffered from much-reduced bud- MOR 82mm; 120mm M-43; 160mm M-43
gets and only limited procurement. With Vietnam’s rapid AT • MSL • MANPATS 9K11 (AT-3 Sagger)
economic growth over the last decade, however, defence RCL 75mm Type-56; 82mm Type-65 (B-10); 87mm Type-
spending has increased, and particular efforts have been
51
made to re-equip the navy and air force, apparently with
GUNS
a view to deterring Chinese military pressure in the dis-
SP 100mm Su-100; 122mm Su-122
puted Spratly Islands. While Vietnam cannot hope to bal-
TOWED 100mm T-12 (arty)
ance China’s power on its own, acquisition of a submarine
AD • SAM • MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡; 9K310
capability during the present decade with Kilo-class boats
Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet); 9K38 Igla (SA-18 Grouse)
ordered from Russia in 2009 may complicate Beijing’s na-
GUNS 12,000
val options. The conscript-based armed forces have broad
SP 23mm ZSU-23-4
popular support, particularly in the context of current ten-
TOWED 14.5mm/30mm/37mm/57mm/85mm/100mm
sions with China.
MSL • SSM Scud-B/Scud-C (reported)
ACTIVE 482,000 (Army 412,000 Navy 40,000 Air
30,000) Paramilitary 40,000 Navy ε40,000 (incl ε27,000 Naval Infantry)
Terms of service 2 years Army and Air Defence, 3 years Air EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Force and Navy, specialists 3 years, some ethnic minorities SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSI 2 Yugo† (DPRK)
2 years PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 2
FRIGATES • FFGM 2
RESERVES 5,000,000
2 Gepard with 2 quad lnchr with Kh-35 Uran (SS-N-25
Switchblade); 1 Palma lnchr with Sosna-R SAM; 2 twin
Organisations by Service 533mm TT; 1 76mm gun
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 62
Army ε412,000 CORVETTES 7:
9 Mil Regions (incl capital) FSG 2:
FORCES BY ROLE 2 BPS-500 with 2 quad lnchr with 3M24 Uran (SS-N-25
COMMAND Switchblade) AShM (non-operational), 9K32 Strela-2M
14 corps HQ (SA-N-5 Grail) SAM (manually operated), 1 76mm gun
Asia 293

FSG 5: TRANSPORT
3 Petya II (FSU) with 1 quintuple 406mm ASTT, 4 RBU 3 regt with An-2 Colt; An-26 Curl; Mi-6 Hook; Mi-8 Hip;
6000 Smerch 2, 4 76mm gun Mi-17 Hip H; Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois); Yak-40 Codling
2 Petya III (FSU) with 1 triple 533mm ASTT, 4 RBU 2500 (VIP)
Smerch 1, 4 76mm gun TRAINING
PCFGM 7: 1 regt with L-39 Albatros; MiG-21UM Mongol B*; BT-6
4 Tarantul (FSU) with 2 twin lnchr with P-15 Termit ATTACK HELICOPTER
(SS-N-2D Styx) AShM, 1 quad lnchr with SA-N-5 Grail 1 regt with Mi-24 Hind
SAM (manually operated), 1 76mm gun
 AIR DEFENCE
3 Tarantul V with 4 quad lnchr with 3M24 Uran (SS-N- 4 ADA bde
25 Switchblade) AShM; 1 quad lnchr with SA-N-5 Grail Some (People’s Regional) force (total: ε1,000 AD unit, 6
SAM (manually operated), 1 76mm gun radar bde with 100 radar stn)
PCC 2 Svetlyak (Further 2 on order) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PBFG 8 Osa II with 4 single lnchr with 1 SS-N-2 AShM AIRCRAFT 235 combat capable
PBFT 3 Shershen† (FSU) with 4 single 533mm TT FGA 231: 140 MiG-21bis Fishbed L & N; 10 MiG-21UM
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

PHT 3 Turya† with 4 single 533mm TT Mongol B; 53 Su-22M-3/M-4 Fitter (some ISR); 7 Su-27SK
PH 2 Turya† Flanker; 5 Su-27UBK Flanker; 16 Su-30MK2 Flanker
PB 26: 2 Poluchat (FSU); 14 Zhuk†; 4 Zhuk (mod); 6 ASW 4 Be-12 Mail
(various) TPT • Light 28: 12 An-2 Colt; 12 An-26 Curl; 4 Yak-40
PBR 4 Stolkraft Codling (VIP)
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 13 TRG 43: 10 BT-6; 18 L-39 Albatros
MSO 2 Yurka HELICOPTERS
MSC 4 Sonya ATK 26 Mi-24 Hind
ASW 13: 3 Ka-25 Hormone; 10 Ka-28 Helix A

Asia
MHI 2 Yevgenya
MSR 5 K-8 MRH/Tpt 30 Mi-8 Hip/Mi-17 Hip H
AMPHIBIOUS TPT 48 Heavy 4 Mi-6 Hook Medium 2 KA-32 Helix C; 4
LANDING SHIPS 6 PZL W-3 Sokol Light 12 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois)
LSM 3: AD • SAM
1 Polnochny A† (capacity 6 MBT; 180 troops) SP 12+: 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful); 12 S-300PMU1 (SA-20
2 Polnochny B† (capacity 6 MBT; 180 troops) Gargoyle)
LST 3 LST-510-511 (US) (capacity 16 tanks; 200 troops) TOWED S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline); S-125 Pechora
LANDING CRAFT 30: 15 LCU; 12 LCM; 3 LCVP (SA-3 Goa)
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 25: MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡; 9K310 Igla-1
AKSL 20; AWT 1; AGS 1; AT 1; SPT 2 (floating dock) (SA-16 Gimlet)
GUNS 37mm; 57mm; 85mm; 100mm; 130mm
Naval Infantry ε27,000 MSL
ASM Kh-29T/L (AS-14 Kedge); Kh-31A (AS-17 Krypton);
Air Force 30,000 Kh-59M (AS-18 Kazoo)
3 air div (each with 3 regt), 1 tpt bde ARM Kh-28 (AS-9 Kyle); Kh-31P (AS-17A Krypton)
AAM • IR R-3 (AA-2 Atoll)‡; R-60 (AA-8 Aphid); R-73
FORCES BY ROLE
(AA-11 Archer); IR/SARH R-27 (AA-10 Alamo)
FIGHTER
7 regt with MiG-21bis Fishbed L
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
Paramilitary 40,000 active
2 regt with Su-22M-3/Su-22M-4 Fitter (some ISR Border Defence Corps ε40,000
designated); Su-27SK/Su-27UBK Flanker; Su-30MK2
ASW/SAR Local Forces ε5,000,000 reservists
1 regt with Ka-25 Hormone; Ka-28 (Ka-27PL) Helix A; Incl People’s Self-Defence Force (urban units), People’s
KA-32 Helix C; PZLW-3 Sokol Militia (rural units); comprises of static and mobile cbt
MARITIME PATROL units, log spt and village protection pl; some arty, mor
1 regt with Be-12 Mail and AD guns; acts as reserve.
294 The Military Balance 2012

Table 22 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Asia


Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Afghanistan (AFG)
G-222 (C-27A) Tpt ac 18 US$257m ITA Alenia 2008 2009 11 aircraft delivered
Aeronautica
G-222 (C-27A) Tpt ac 2 US$287m ITA Alenia 2010 n.k Additional order to orginal 18
Aeronautica
Cessna 208B Tpt ac 26 See notes US Cessna 2011 2011 Part of US$88.5m order including
six Cessna T-182T ac. Delivery in
progress
Cessna 182T Trg ac 6 See notes US Cessna 2011 n.k. Part of US$88.5m order including 26
Cessna 208B ac
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

MD-530F MRH Hel 6 US$19.9m US MD 2011 2011 Option on further 48. Aircraft due for
Helicopters delivery by end of 2011

Australia (AUS)
Bushmaster LFV 293 n.k. AUS Thales 2008 n.k. Deliveries ongoing. Final delivery
Australia June 2012
Bushmaster LFV 101 US$127m AUS Thales 2011 n.k. Includes 31 to replace lost and
Australia damaged veh from previous orders
Hobart-class DDGHM 3 US$8bn AUS/ESP AWD 2007 2014 Aka Air Warfare Destroyer (AWD).
Alliance Second to be delivered 2016, third
2017. Option on fourth. All to be
fitted with Aegis system
Canberra-class LHD 2 A$3.5bn AUS/ESP Navantia 2007 2012 To replace HMAS Tobruk and one
(US$3.5bn) Kanimbla-class amphib tpt. To be
named Canberra and Adelaide. First
vessel launched Feb 2011
B-737 AEW AEW&C ac 6 A$3.6bn US Boeing 2000 2010 First two delivered 2010; 6th ac due
Wedgetail (US$3.4bn) by end 2011
A330-200 Tkr/Tpt ac 5 A$1.5bn Int’l EADS 2004 2011 (KC-30B). First aircraft handed over
(MRTT) (US$1.4 bn) to RAAF Jun 2011, all to be delivered
within 18–24 months
MH-60R ASW Hel 24 US$3bn+ US Sikorsky 2011 2014 Will replace navy’s S-70Bs
Seahawk
NH90 Tpt Hel 46 A$2bn AUS/Int’l NH 2005 2007 Replacement programme. Six for
(US$1.47bn) Industries 2006 navy; 40 for army. AUS variant of
NH90. First four built in Europe;
remainder in AUS. Option for a
further 26. Deliveries ongoing
CH-47F Tpt Hel 7 A$755m US Boeing 2010 2014 All to be operational by 2017. To
Chinook (US$670m) replace CH-47Ds

Bangladesh (BGD)
MBT-2000 MBT 44 Tk 1,201 PRC NORINCO 2011 n.k. Order also includes three ARVs
crore
n.k. PCC 5 US$42m BGD Khulna 2010 2012 First vessel expected ISD Dec
Shipyard 2012; all vessels to be delivered
by Dec 2013. Programme includes
technology agreement with
China Shipbuilding and Offshore
International Corporation
Do-228NG Tpt ac 2 n.k. GER RUAG 2011 2013 -
Aviation

China, People’s Republic of (PRC)


JL-2 (CSS-NX-5) SLBM n.k. n.k. PRC Academy 1985 n.k. In development; range 8,000km.
of Rocket Reportedly to equip new Type 094
Motor SSBN. ISD uncertain
Technology
Asia 295

Table 22 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Asia


Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Type-96G MBT n.k. n.k. PRC NORINCO n.k. n.k. Delivery in progress
Type-99A/A2 MBT n.k. n.k. PRC NORINCO n.k. n.k. In limited production
Type-04 (ZBD- AIFV n.k. n.k. PRC n.k. n.k. n.k. Delivery in progress; being issued to
04) inf bn in Type-96/Type-99 armd regt
Type-05 AIFV n.k. n.k PRC n.k. n.k n.k. Amphib assault vehicle family. Issued
to marine and amphib army units
Type-09 (ZBL- APC (W) n.k. n.k. PRC n.k. n.k. n.k. 8x8 APC being issued to lt mech
09) units
Type-09 (PLL- 122mm SP n.k. n.k. PRC n.k. n.k. n.k. ZBL-09 chassis fitted with 122mm
09) arty howitzer
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Type-07 (PLZ- 122mm SP n.k. n.k. PRC NORINCO n.k. n.k. 122mm tracked SP howitzer, first
07) arty displayed in public at 2009 parade
Type-09 (PLC- 122mm SP n.k. n.k. PRC NORINCO n.k. n.k. Truck mounted 122mm howitzer.
09) arty Also referred to as SH2
Type-05 (PLZ- 155mm SP n.k. n.k. PRC NORINCO n.k. n.k. 155mm tracked SP howitzer, first
05) arty displayed in public at 2009 parade
Type-03 300mm n.k. n.k. PRC NORINCO n.k. n.k. 8x8 truck mounted MRL. Also
MRL referred to as AR2
HQ-16 SAM n.k. n.k. PRC n.k. n.k. 2011 First delivered to Shenyang MR in

Asia
2011
Type-07 (PGZ- SPAAG n.k. n.k PRC n.k. n.k. n.k. Twin 35mm-armed tracked SPAAG
07)
Jin-class (Type SSBN 5 n.k. PRC n.k. 1985 2008 Commissioning status unclear; two
094) vessels believed to be in service;
three more awaiting commissioning
Shang-class SSN 2 n.k. PRC Bohai 1994 2006 Production status unclear. Second
(Type 093) Shipyard boat commissioned, with third
reportedly laid down in 2003, but
no confirmation of launch. Probable
cancellation of programme
Yuan-class SSK 7 n.k. PRC Wuchang n.k. 2006 Four boats commissioned. Unclear
(Type 039A/B) Shipyard/ status on future hulls
Jiangnan
Shipyard
Admiral CV 1 n.k. PRC Dalian 1998 2012 Refit of ex-RUS Varyag. Sea trials
Kuznetsov-class Shipyard begun Aug 2011; re-entered dry
(Varyag) dock late 2011 for resurfacing;
possible ISD as test platform 2012
Luyang II-class DDGHM 4 n.k. PRC Jiangnan 2002 2004 Third vessel launched 2010, sea
(Type 052C) Shipyard trials begun Oct 2011; expected ISD
2012. Fourth and fifth units under
construction; probable launch in
2012
Jiangkai II-class FFGHM 16 n.k. PRC Huangpu 2005 2008 Tenth and 11th vessels launched
(Type 054A) Shipyard 2011; expected ISD for both 2012
/ Hudong
Shipyard
Houbei-class PCFG 60+ n.k. PRC n.k. n.k. 2004 Production status unclear. Likely
(Type 022) planned total of 85+ boats
Yuzhao-class LPD 3 n.k. PRC Hudong 2006 2008 Second vessel launched 2010; sea
(Type 071) Shipyard trials begun Sep 2011; ISD 2012.
Third launched 2011
Zubr-class LCAC 4 US$315m PRC/UKR PLAN/Morye 2009 n.k. Deal finalised in July 2010; two to be
hovercraft Shipyard constructed in Ukraine, two in China,
with blueprints also transferred to
China
J-10A/S FGA ac n.k. n.k. PRC AVIC (CAC) n.k. 2004 In service with PLAAF and PLANAF.
Improved J-10B variant currently in
flight test
296 The Military Balance 2012

Table 22 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Asia


Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
J-11B/BS FGA ac n.k. n.k. PRC AVIC (SAC) n.k. 2007 Upgraded J-11, now fitted with
indigenous WS-10 engines. In service
with PLAAF and PLANAF
JH-7A FGA ac n.k. n.k. PRC AVIC (XAC) n.k. 2004 Low rate production may continue
JL-9 Trg ac n.k. n.k. PRC GAIC n.k. n.k. Delivery in progress. In service with
PLANAF 7th div
Z-10 Atk Hel n.k. n.k. PRC Harbin n.k. n.k. In production; deployed with 5th
army aviation regt
Mi-171E Tpt Hel 34 n.k. RUS Rosoboron- 2011 n.k. For army
export
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

India (IND)
Agni III IRBM n.k. n.k. IND DRDO n.k. 2010 Reportedly entered service mid-
2011. Designed to carry 200–250 KT
warhead with a range of 3,000km
Agni V IRBM n.k. n.k. IND DRDO n.k. 2012 In development. Est 5,000km range
Prithvi II SRBM 54 INR12.13bn IND Bharat 2006 n.k. For air force
Dynamics
Sagarika K-15 SLBM n.k. n.k. IND Bharat 1991 n.k. Test-firing programme under way;
Dynamics est 700km range with 1 tonne
payload
BrahMos Block AShM/ n.k. US$1.73bn IND/RUS Brahmos 2010 n.k. To equip additional two regiments
II (Land Attack) LACM Aerospace
Nirbhay ALCM n.k. n.k. IND DRDO n.k. n.k. In development

T-90S Bhishma MBT 347 US$1.23bn IND/RUS Avadi Heavy 2007 n.k. Delivery in progress
Vehicles
Arjun II MBT 124 n.k. IND ICVRDE 2010 2014 Upgraded variant. Currently in trials
Akash SAM 36 INR12bn IND DRDO 2009 2009 To equip two squadrons. Final
(US$244m) delivery due 2012
Akash SAM 12 bty INR125 bn IND DRDO 2009 2009 To equip three army regiments
(US$2.77bn)
Akash SAM 96 INR42.7bn IND DRDO 2010 n.k. To equip six squadrons. For the IAF
Medium-range SAM/AD 18 units US$1.4bn ISR IAI 2009 2016 For air force. Development and
SAM procurement contract for a medium-
range version of the Barak long-
range naval AD system
Advanced SSBN 5 n.k. IND DRDO n.k. 2012 SSBN development programme. INS
Technology Arihant launched Jul 2009; expected
Vessel (ATV) ISD 2012. Second keel laid mid-2011
Scorpene SSK 6 INR235.62bn FRA/IND DCNS 2005 2015 First delivery delayed until 2015. Cost
increases owing to three-year delay
currently unclear. Option for a further
six SSK
Kiev-class CV 1 US$2.5bn RUS Rosoboron­ 1999 2012-3 Incl 16 MiG 29 K. To be renamed
Admiral export INS Vikramaditya. Sea trials delayed
Gorshkov by six months until 2012. Expected
to be commissioned late 2012, but
delay to 2013 possible
Project 71/ CV 1 US$730m IND Cochin 2001 2012 To be named Vikrant. Formerly
Indigenous Shipyard known as Air Defence Ship (ADS).
Aircraft Carrier Expected ISD has slipped to 2015.
Second vessel of class anticipated
Project 17 DDGHM 3 INR69bn IND Mazagon 1999 2010 Lead vessel commissioned Apr 2010.
(Shivalik-class) Dockyard INS Satpura commissioned Aug
2011. INS Sahyadri launched 2005;
expected commissioning 2012
Asia 297

Table 22 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Asia


Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Project 15A DDGHM 3 US$1.75bn IND Mazagon 2000 2013 All three vessels launched by 2010.
(Kolkata-class) Dockyard Deliveries delayed, first commission
expected in 2013
Project 15B DDGHM 4 US$6.5bn IND Mazagon 2011 2017 Follow-on from Kolkata class, with
Dockyard increased stealth capabilties
Project 17A DDGHM 7 INR450bn IND Mazagon 2009 2014 Follow-on to Project 17. Requires
(Shivalik-class) (US$9.24 Dockyard/ shipyard upgrade
bn) GRSE
Advanced FFGHM 3 US$1.5bn RUS Yantar 2006 2011 Option exercised 2006. Expected to
Talwar shipyard be commissioned from 2012, but
delays reported at shipyard
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

Project 28 FFGHM 4 INR70bn IND GRSE 2003 n.k. ASW role. First of class launched Apr
(Kamorta-class) 2010; second launched Oct 2011. ISD
expected from 2012–16
3M14E Klub-S SLCM 8 INR8.44bn RUS Zvezdochka 2006 n.k. For several Sindhughosh-class SSK.
(SS-N-27 (US$182m) Shipyard Four boats modernised by 2009.
Sizzler) Second contract for further four
boats signed Sep 2009. Upgrades
expected by 2015
BrahMos ASCM n.k. US$2bn IND/RUS Brahmos 2006 2010 Built jointly with RUS. For army, navy
Aerospace and air force. Air and submarine

Asia
launch versions undergoing testing
Su-30MKI FGA ac 140 See notes IND/RUS HAL/ 2000 n.k. Delivered in kit form and completed
Rosoboron­ in IND under licence. Part of a 1996
export US$8.5bn deal for 238 Su-30. Final
delivery due 2015
Su-30MKI FGA ac 40 US$1.6bn RUS Rosoboron­ 2007 2008 First four delivered early 2008
export
Su-30MKI FGA ac 42 INR150bn RUS HAL/ 2010 n.k. Delivery to be complete by 2016–17.
(US$3.3bn) Rosoboron­ 40 + 2 accident replacements
export
MiG-29K FGA ac 16 US$600m RUS Rosoboron­ 2004 2007 Incl four two-seat MiG-29KUB. For
Fulcrum D export INS Vitramaditya (ex CV Gorshkov). As
of mid-2011, 11 aircraft delivered
MiG-29K FGA ac 29 US$1.5bn RUS Rosoboron­ 2010 n.k. Initial manufacturing work on first
Fulcrum D export airframes under way as of mid-2011
Tejas FGA ac 20 INR20bn IND HAL 2005 2011 Limited series production. To be
US$445m delivered in initial op config. Option
for a further 20 in full op config. Plans
for 140
P-8I Poseidon ASW ac 8 US$2.1bn US Boeing 2009 2013 To replace current Ilyushin Il-38 and
Tupolev Tu-142M. Deliveries due
2013–15. First flight Sep 2011
Il-76TD Phalcon AEW&C ac 3 US$1bn ISR/RUS IAI 2008 2012 Option on 2003 contract exercised.
Two delivered by end 2010; third
aircraft yet to be handed over as of
Nov 2011
EMB-145 AEW&C ac 3 US$210m BRZ Embraer 2008 2014 Part of a INR18bn (US$400m) AEW&C
project. Aircraft to enter service in
2014
C-17A Tpt ac 10 US$4.1bn US Boeing 2011 2013 -
Globemaster III
Hawk Mk132 Trg ac 66 US$1.7bn IND/UK BAE/HAL 2004 2007 24 in fly-away condition and 42 built
Advanced Jet under licence. As of late 2011 HAL
Trainer had delivered 28 licence-built aircraft
Hawk Mk132 Trg ac 57 US$780m IND HAL 2010 n.k. 40 for air force and 17 for navy
Advanced Jet
Trainer
Dhruv MRH Hel 245 n.k. IND HAL 2004 2004 Deliveries ongoing of 159 Dhruvs and
76 Dhruv-WSI
298 The Military Balance 2012

Table 22 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Asia


Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Mi-17 Hip-H MRH Hel 80 INR58.41bn RUS Rosoboron­ 2008 2010 To be weaponised and replace
(US$1.2bn) export current Mi-8 fleet. Final delivery due
2014
Ka-31 AEW Hel 5 US$20m RUS Rosoboron­ 2009 n.k. For navy. Delivery status unclear
export
AW101 Merlin Tpt Hel 12 €560m UK/ITA Agusta- 2010 2012 For air force VIP tpt. Delivery
Westland anticipated to begin in 2012
Crystal Maze ASM n.k. US$60m ISR Rafael 2010 n.k. Delivery status unclear
AGM-84 AShM 24 US$170m US Boeing 2010 n.k. For integration on Jaguar maritime
Harpoon strike aircraft. Possible additional
Block II purchase of AGM-84L Block II for
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

P-8I MPA

Indonesia (IDN)
Satellite Sat 1 n.k. PRC n.k. 2009 n.k. Remote-sensing sat, to monitor IDN
seas
K21 AIFV 22 US$70m ROK Doosan DST 2010 n.k. Delivery to be complete 2014
CN-235 Tpt ac 2 n.k. IDN PT 2008 n.k. Delivery status unclear
Dirgantara
CN-235-220 MP ac 3 US$80m IDN PT 2009 n.k. To be delivered by 2012
MPA Dirgantara
EMB-314 Super Trg ac 8 US$142m BRZ Embraer 2010 2012 To replace OV-10F ac
Tucano
EMB-314 Super Trg ac 8 n.k. BRZ Embraer 2011 2012 Follow-on order
Tucano
T-50 Golden Trg ac 16 εUS$400m ROK KAI 2011 n.k. Delivery to be complete in 2013
Eagle
Bell 412EP MR Hel 20 US$250m IDN PT 2011 n.k. Manufactured under licence from
Dirgantara Bell Helicopter

Japan (JPN)
Theatre Missile BMD n.k. n.k. JPN/US n.k. 1997 n.k. Joint development with US from
Defence 1998. Programme ongoing and incl
System SM-3 and PAC-3 systems
Soryu-class SSK 6 n.k. JPN KHI / MHI 2004 2009 Second batch may be ordered. Third
vessel (Hauryu) delivered May 2011;
fourth vessel (Kenryu) launched Nov
2010; ISD expected 2012
Akizuki-class DDGHM 4 ¥84.8 bn JPN Mitsubishi 2007 2011 To replace the oldest five Hatsuyuki-
(19DD) (US$700m) Heavy class. First vessel launched Oct 2010;
Industries ISD expected 2012
Hirashima-class MSO 2 n.k. JPN Universal n.k. 2012 –
(improved) Shipbuilding
Standard SAM 9 US$458m US Raytheon 2006 – Part of Aegis BMD System for Kongou-
Missile 3 (SM-3) class DDGH
AH-64D Atk Hel 13 n.k. JPN Boeing 2001 2006 Up to six in Longbow config. Original
Apache ambition for 62 abandoned on cost
grounds. Three airframes remain to
complete
AW101 Merlin/ ASW/MCM 14 n.k. ITA/JPN/UK Agusta- 2003 2006 For JMSDF to replace MH-53E and
MCH-101 Hel Westland/ S-61 hel under MCH-X programme.
KHI Deliveries ongoing
Enstrom 480B Trg Hel 30 n.k. US Enstrom 2010 2010 Delivery to be complete by 2014. For
Helicopter JGSDF
Corporation
Asia 299

Table 22 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Asia


Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Kazakhstan (KAZ)
S-300 AD 40 n.k. RUS Rosoboron­ 2009 2009 To equip each of up to ten battalions
export with four missile launchers and
support systems. Delivery thought to
be under way
MiG-31 Ftr ac 20+ US$60m RUS Rosoboron­ 2007 2007 Upgrade to MiG-31BM configuration.
Upgrade export At least 20 aircraft thought to have
been upgraded

Korea, Republic of (ROK)


Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

K2 MBT up to 400 n.k. ROK Hyundai 2007 2013 Production delayed due to problems
Rotem with engine and transmission. Due to
enter operational testing Mar 2012
K21 AIFV ε500 US$3.5m per ROK Doosan 2008 2009 Delivery resumed after accident
unit Infracore investigation
M-SAM (Multi- SAM n.k. n.k. ROK n.k. 1998 2009 In development. To replace current
function army HAWK SAMs
Surface to Air
Missile)
KSS-II (Type SSK 6 εUS$3bn ROK DSME 2008 2014 A second batch of six KSS-II (with

Asia
214) AIP); three keels laid down. Expected
ISD of first boat 2014
KSS-III SSK 3 εUS$800m ROK n.k. 2006 2015 Construction due to start 2012.
Further three or six SSK to follow in
a second phase. To replace Chang
Bogo-class (Type 209) KSS-I SSK
Sejong CGHM 3 n.k. ROK DSME 2002 2008 Two vessels commissioned; third
Daewang-class launched Mar 2011. Final delivery
KDX-3 due 2012. Three additional vessels
may be ordered
Ulsan-1-class FFGHM 6 KRW1.7bn ROK Hyundai 2006 2015 To replace current lsan-class FFG.
FFX (US$1.8bn) Heavy First vessel (Incheon) launched May
Industries 2011. ISD by 2015. Up to 15 vessels
may be built
Gumdoksuri- FSG 9 n.k. ROK Hyundai 2003 2008 Further batches considered for total
class (PKX) Heavy of 20. Seven hulls launched; three
Industries/ commissioned
STX
Shipbuilding
Haeseong (Sea ASCM 100 KRW270m ROK n.k. 2006 2010 Delivery status unclear
Star – ASM/ (US$294m)
SSM-700K)
F-15K Eagle FGA ac 20/21 US$2.2bn US Boeing 2008 2010 Exercised option of the 2002
(KRW2.3trn) contract. Final delivery due 2012
B-737-700 AEW&C ac 4 US$1.7bn US Boeing 2006 2011 E-X programme. First ac delivered
AEW&C (E-737) Sep 2011; remaining three due 2012
CN-235-110 MP ac 4 INR1trn IDN PT 2008 2010 For coast guard. Final delivery due
MPA (US$91m) Dirgantara 2011
C-130J-30 Tpt ac 4 εUS$500m US Lockheed 2011 2014 -
Hercules Martin

Malaysia (MYS)
Pars APC (W) 257 US$559m MYS/TUR/ FNSS 2010 2012 Letter of intent signed Apr 2010
UK/US
A400M Tpt ac 4 MYR907m Int EADS 2006 2013 In development. First delivery
(US$246m) (Airbus) possible late 2014
EC 725 Cougar Tpt Hel 12 MYR1.6bn FRA Eurocopter 2010 2012 Initial contract scrapped Oct 2008.
(US$500m) Contract reinstated Apr 2010. Eight
for air force, four for army. To be
delivered 2012–13
300 The Military Balance 2012

Table 22 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Asia


Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Myanmar (MMR)
MiG-29 Ftr ac 20 US$570m RUS Rosoboron­ 2009 2010 Variant/s of aircraft delivered remains
Fulcrum export to be determined
K-8 Trg ac 50 n.k. PRC Hongdu 2009 2010 Delivery likely under way

New Zealand (NZL)


NH90 Tpt Hel 8 NZ$771m FRA NH 2006 2011 TTH version. First aircraft in test mid-
(US$477m) Industries 2011; Delivery of first two hel due
Oct 2011; six more in 2012
AW109 Hel 5 NZ$139m Int’l Agusta- 2008 2011 First hel delivered Mar 2011. Likely to
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

(US$109m) Westland replace Bell 47G-3B Sioux

Pakistan (PAK)
Hatf 8 (Raad) ALCM n.k. n.k. PAK n.k. n.k. n.k. In development. Successfully test
fired
Al Khalid (MBT MBT 460 n.k. PAK Heavy 1999 2001 Delivery status uncertain
2000) Industries
Taxila
Spada 2000 AD system 10 €415m ITA MBDA 2007 2009 Delivery in progress. Final delivery
due 2013
Zulfiquar-class FFGHM 4 See notes PAK/PRC Hudong- 2005 2009 Improved version of Jiangwei II FF.
(F-22P) Zhonghua Fourth ship to be built at Karachi.
Shipyard Deal worth εUS$750m, incl six Z-9EC
hels. Three vessels in service; final
delivery due 2013
Azmat-class FSG 2 n.k. PAK/PRC Xinggang 2010 2012 First vessel built in PRC and launched
Shipyard / Sep 2011; ISD 2012. Second to be
KS&EW built in PAK
JF-17 (FC-1) FGA ac 150–200 n.k. PAK/PRC PAC 2006 2008 Contract signed for 42 production ac
in early 2009
F-16 Block 15 FGA ac 42 US$75m TUR TAI 2009 2014 Upgrade to Block 40 standard. Initial
Fighting Falcon Upgrade ac upgraded in TUR; remainder to be
upgraded in PAK.
P-3C Orion ASW ac 8 US$970m US n.k. 2004 2007 Ex-US stock. Final delivery due 2011.
One for spares – two destroyed in
terrorist attack
Saab 2000 AEW&C ac 4 SEK8.3bn SWE SAAB 2006 2009 Plus one tpt ac for trg. Order reduced
Erieye (US$1.05bn) from six ac. Second ac delivered Apr
2010
ZDK-03 (KJ- AEW&C ac 4 n.k. PAK/PRC n.k. 2008 2011 First ac delivered
200)
Il-78 Midas Tkr/Tpt ac 4 n.k. UKR n.k. 2008 2010 Last aircraft reportedly due Nov 2011

Philippines (PHL)
SF-260F/PAF Trg ac 18 US$13.1m ITA Alenia 2008 2010 Contract renegotiated. First eight
Aermacchi delivered 2010. Final delivery due
2012
W-3 Sokol Tpt Hel 8 PHP2.8bn POL Agusta 2010 2011 First four now due for delivery in
(US$59.8m) Westland 2011; remainder to be delivered 2012
(PZL
Świdnik)
Tagbanua-class LCU 1 PHP189.9m PHL 2008 2011 Launched in Oct 2011; expected ISD
2012

Singapore (SGP)
Archer-class SSK 2 US$127m SWE Kockums 2005 2011 Archer delivered Sep 2011;
Swordsman to follow in 2012
Asia 301

Table 22 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Asia


Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
F-15SG Eagle FGA ac 12 n.k. US Boeing 2007 2010 Eight were option in original 2005
contract. Incl 28 GBU-10 and 56 GBU-
12 PGM. Delivery to be complete in
2012
Gulfstream AEW ac 4 n.k. ISR IAI 2007 2008 To replace E-2C Hawkeye AEW ac.
G550 CAEW Final delivery due 2011

M-346 Trg ac 12 SGD543m ITA/SGP ST Aerospace 2010 2012 To be based at Cazaux in France.
(US$411m) Delivery to begin in 2012

Sri Lanka (LKA)


Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

MiG-29 FGA ac 5 US$75m RUS Rosoboron­ 2008 n.k. Four MiG-29SM and one MiG-29UB
Fulcrum export
MA60 Tpt ac 4 n.k. PRC AVIC 2010 2010 First two to be delivered in 2010;
remainder in 2011

Taiwan (Republic of China) (ROC)


Patriot PAC-3 AD Up to 6 US$6bn US Raytheon 2009 n.k. FMS purchase of at least four
additional OFUs. Three existing being

Asia
upgraded from PAC-2 to PAC-3
Patriot PAC-3 AD n.k. US$154m US Raytheon 2009 n.k. Upgrade from config 2 to config 3
upgrade kits Upgrade
P-3C Orion ASW ac 12 US$1.3bn US Lockheed 2010 2013 Refurbished by Lockheed Martin
Martin
E-2C Hawkeye AEW ac 6 US$154m US Northrop 2009 n.k. Upgrade from Group II config to
Upgrade Grumman Hawkeye 2000 (H2K) export config. To
be completed by 2013
AH-64D Block Atk Hel 30 US$2.5bn US Boeing 2010 2014 –
III Apache
Longbow
UH-60M Tpt Hel 60 US$3.1bn US Sikorsky 2010 n.k. FMS
Blackhawk
AGM-84L AShM 60 US$89m US Boeing 2007 2009 For F-16. Delivery under way
Harpoon
Block II
Hsiung Feng IIE AShM n.k. n.k. ROC n.k. 2005 n.k. In production

Thailand (THA)
T-84 Oplot MBT 49 US$241m UKR KMP 2011 2013 -
BTR-3E AIFV 121 US$140m UKR KMDB 2011 n.k. -
BTR-3E1 8×8 APC (W) 96 THB4bn UKR ADCOM 2007 n.k. Amphib APC. Order on hold since
(US$134m) Oct 2007. First 14 delivered 2010
WMZ 551 APC (W) 97 US$51.3m PRC NORINCO 2005 n.k. Delivery date unknown
OPV PSO 1 n.k. THA Bangkok 2009 2012 Built to BAE design
Dock
141m landing LPD 1 THB5bn SGP ST Marine 2008 2012 Contract value incl two 23m landing
platform dock (US$144m) craft mechanised and two 13m
landing craft vehicle and personnel
Gripen C/D FGA ac 6 See notes SWE SAAB 2010 2013 THB14.8bn (US$415.5m) incl one
340 Erieye
Saab 340 Erieye AEW ac 1 See notes SWE SAAB 2010 n.k. THB14.8bn (US$415.5m) incl six
Gripen

Timor Leste (TLS)


n.k. PBF 2 n.k. IDN PT PAL 2011 n.k. -
302 The Military Balance 2012

Table 22 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Asia


Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Turkmenistan (TKM)
T-90S MBT 10 US$30m RUS Rosoboron­ 2009 2009 Delivery in progress
export
Project 12418 FSM 2 n.k. RUS JSC Sredne- 2008 2011 First vessel (Edermen) delivered Sep
Nevsky 2011; second (Gayratly) launched
Shipyard May 2011
New Type PCC 2 n.k. TUR Dearsan 2010 2012
Patrol Boat Shipyard

Vietnam (VNM)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:18 13 March 2012

VNREDSat-1 Sat 1 US$100m FRA / VNM EADS 2009 2012 –


(Astrium)/
VAST
Kilo-class SSK 6 US$1.8bn RUS Rosoboron- 2009 n.k. Delivery status unclear
export
Project PCGM 3 n.k. VNM Z173 2009 2012 First vessel launched Oct 2011
TT400TP Shipyard
Truong Sa LSM 1 n.k. VNM Z189 2009 2012 Launched Oct 2011; expected ISD
Shipyard 2012
Su-30MK2 FGA ac 12 US$1bn RUS Rosoboron­ 2010 2011 First four delivered Jun 2011.
export Procurement contract does not
include weaponry
PZL M-28B MP ac 10 n.k. POL Profus 2005 2005 Part of POL spt contract. One ac in
Bryza-1R/ service; plans for up to 12 ac. Owned
Skytruck by coast guard but operated by air
force. Deliveries ongoing
DHC-6 Twin Tpt ac 6 n.k CAN Viking Air 2010 2012 For MP role. To be delivered 2012–14
Otter
Chapter Seven
Middle East and North Africa
A region reshaped troops in his stronghold, and hometown, of Sirte.
Gadhafi was killed on 20 October, ending 42 years of
The tumult across the the Middle East and North rule. A key challenge for the NTC, and for the interna-
Africa, sparked by the self-immolation of Tunisian tional community, will be in disarming, demobilising
street vendor Mohamed Bouazizi in December 2010, and, where necessary, integrating the various armed
has rocked many states in the region, and toppled former rebel groups into new security and military
some long-established regimes. The way militaries institutions.
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

have behaved has depended on particular national In Yemen and Syria, however, fighting continued
situations (see p. 9 and Strategic Survey 2011, pp. at least into November. A September 2011 report
43–76). In some cases, such as Tunisia and Egypt, the by the Office of the UN High Commissioner for
armed forces distanced themselves from the regime; Human Rights (OHCHR) noted that ‘the Yemeni
in others, such as Bahrain, Syria, Yemen and, for a Government had lost effective control of parts of the
time, Libya (see p. 9), where relatives of the rulers country and within the major cities, where armed
were entrusted with command responsibilities, opponents appeared to have de-facto control’.
security forces remained more cohesive or fought Demonstrations calling for Saleh’s departure started
back. In these cases, dependable, elite and generally in February and, despite initial concessions, the
well-resourced units carried much of the repressive president organised counter demonstrations and
burden. ordered a crackdown. Violence spread outside the

and North Africa


capital, notably to Ta’izz in the south, where heavy

Middle East
Tensions within regional armed forces have at
times led to fractures. In Libya, the regular military force was used against demonstrators. Further,
quickly split, with significant numbers joining rebel fighters from al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
forces. In Syria, the military has remained largely (AQAP) ‘took advantage of the distraction of Saleh’s
cohesive, though there have been some defections security forces to temporarily seize the town of
to protesters’ ranks. In Yemen, General Ali Muhsin Zinjibar and advance through the region of Abyan’.
al-Ahmar, commander of the 1st Armoured Division Saleh’s stalling, and refusal to sign the power-
and former confidant of President Ali Abdullah Saleh, transfer deal brokered by the Gulf Cooperation
defected in March and ordered his troops to protect Council (GCC), led tribal fighters to declare support
crowds protesting against Saleh’s rule. This led to an for the opposition; clashes with forces loyal to the
armed stand-off with loyalist units; defections from president worsened across the country and, after an
military units continued in late 2011. In other cases, attack on his palace in June, a wounded Saleh left for
however, regimes have improved military pay and Saudi Arabia to seek medical treatment, though he
conditions in a bid to forestall discontent among the returned in late September.
armed forces, and ensure support. The OHCHR report said that the government
In the three cases where there was some frac- ‘resorted to using all the armed units at its disposal,
turing of the military, fighting proved persistent: in from the army to intelligence and law enforcement
the Libyan case this erupted into civil war. This war agencies, in responding to demonstrations or in
involved external military action in the wake of UN dealing with armed efforts to bring about regime
Security Council Resolution 1973 (see p. 12). UN change. The Yemeni air force was involved in clashes
member states were authorised to ‘take all necessary with armed groups around Sana’a and Abyan. In
measures … to protect civilians and civilian popu- addition, the Yemeni navy reportedly supported
lated areas under threat of attack’. After seven months ground troops fighting in Abyan, by shelling from the
of bitter fighting, anti-Gadhafi forces – by then the sea.’ The elite Republican Guard, concentrated near
Benghazi-based National Transitional Council (NTC) main towns, reportedly engaged in crowd control
was internationally recognised as the Libyan admin- along with other army units. The situation in Yemen
istration – defeated the former dictator’s remaining is complicated by the pre-existing tensions between
304 The Military Balance 2012

north and south, as well as tribal dynamics: key oppo- Strategic Comment noted increasing defections to the
nents of Saleh lead the Hashid tribal confederation, ‘Free Syrian Army’ (FSA), based across the border in
while other tribes remain loyal to the government. Turkey, headed by former Syrian army officers and
Notwithstanding Saleh’s decision, in late November, intent on overthrowing the regime. Estimates of FSA
to transfer power after signing the GCC-brokered strength varied between hundreds and, according
deal, instability persisted. Should fighting continue, to the FSA’s General Riadh Asaad, ‘10,000’. As of
and the Yemeni security forces fracture further, November, demonstrations and counter-demonstra-
the risk of this strategically significant country tions, and strikes, were occurring in some cities; and
descending once more into civil war increases; this low-level armed clashes continued.
will trouble regional as well as international states, Though there has been considerable international
notably Saudi Arabia, nearly two years on from its pressure, both diplomatic and in terms of personal
military actions against Houthi forces straddling the sanctions on regime officials, the government has not
Saudi–Yemeni border. relented in its tough response to protests. Unlike in
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Meanwhile, Yemen remains a source of interna- the Libyan case, there was little appetite for interna-
tional concern due to the presence of AQAP fighters. tional involvement and in October the UN Security
The preoccupation of Yemeni security forces with Council was unable to agree a resolution condemning
the political dispute – and the sharpened focus on the actions of the regime. Regional responses tough-
these issues of loyal units such as the US-equipped ened in November, with the Arab League announcing
special-forces units – has granted AQAP greater sanctions on Syria and reports that, while it had no
freedom of movement. It has not, thus far, led to plans to intervene in Syria, Turkey was ‘ready for any
a halt in US-led counter-terrorist actions: another scenario’.
Predator strike on a Yemen-based target killed, in Egypt’s Supreme Council for the Armed Forces
late September, the Islamist ideologue and terrorist (SCAF), headed by Defence Minister Field Marshal
suspect Anwar al-Awlaki. Washington faces a Mohammed Tantawi, assumed power in February
dilemma: on the one hand it has criticised Sana’a’s after the departure of former President Hosni
use of force and called both for Saleh to leave and Mubarak (see Strategic Survey 2011, pp. 63–4.) SCAF
for an orderly transition of power in Yemen. On the is overseeing the transition towards elections and,
other hand, further instability after Saleh’s depar- while the armed forces have generally proved to be
ture could increase AQAP’s freedom of action and a steadying hand, their actions have been governed
could make it more problematic for Washington by a desire to preserve military power and privileges.
to obtain accurate information of use for counter- After further demonstrations in April and May, the
terrorism purposes. military did address some of the demonstrators’
In Syria, as detailed in Strategic Survey 2011 (pp. grievances, but it also arrested activists and jour-
88–91), the heavy-handed response to anti-regime nalists ‘deemed to be endangering the transition or
sloganeering in the southern city of Deraa (when attacking the military’. There is little appetite for the
security forces arrested several children and killed armed forces to change strategic orientation. Cairo
three protesters) inflamed the city. Popular resis- still receives $1.3bn in US military aid, and has long
tance to security forces emerged, and assets and been upgrading its inventories with US systems.
symbols of the regime were destroyed. By mid-April, Indeed, a further notification of a foreign military
anti-regime demonstrations started in Baniyas, Deir sale to Egypt, of 125 Abrams tank kits, was made by
el-Zour, Hama, Homs, Lattaqiyah and in the Kurdish the US Defense Security Cooperation Agency in July.
northwest. Military units loyal to the regime have There is little incentive for the military to endanger its
been heavily mobilised, including elite troops from ability to continue this process, or endanger support
the 4th Armoured Division – commanded by Maher and maintenance agreements. But, as noted on p.
al-Assad, the president’s brother – the Republican 11, it is conceivable that Cairo might widen its list of
Guard and the Alawite shabbiha militia (see essay, suppliers in some capability areas.
p. 9). Conventional army units considered less reli- The fall of established rulers and continuing
able were kept away from the centres of dissent, but upheaval in the region has unnerved Israeli secu-
there were a growing number of defections, mostly rity planners. The persistent disturbances and secu-
from junior officers and soldiers, raising questions rity crackdown in Syria, and the impact any change
about the army’s cohesiveness. An October 2011 IISS of direction in Damascus could have on Lebanese
Middle East and North Africa 305

stability, raises concerns in Israel over the future around critical infrastructure. Kuwait, after its parlia-
activities of Hizbullah, now a part of the Beirut ment had vetoed ground troops, sent a naval force
government and which, Israel alleges, continues to to Bahrain’s waters. Bahrain’s military sealed off
build its weapons holdings in villages south of the protest sites, established military checkpoints and
Litani River. In the south, the long-established ‘cold enforced a curfew. Military authorities then took
peace’ with Egypt is also under increased scrutiny measures designed to crush the political opposition.
and, while conflict there remains unlikely, there will Pearl roundabout was bulldozed, the largest hospital
be renewed focus on the southern flank. At the very was placed under military control and a number of
least, Israel might engage in contingency planning human-rights violations took place, including the
to contain possible threats from Sinai and knock-on destruction of Shia mosques. The Peninsula Shield
effects in Gaza. force was still deployed as of November (see Strategic
Indeed, the continued intermittent firing of rockets Survey 2011, pp. 76–9). However, for many Gulf armed
from Gaza remains a concern for Israel and has driven forces and international military forces stationed in
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

some recent capability additions. The Iron Dome the region the effects of the Arab Awakening merely
short-range anti-missile system was used operation- added a new layer of security preoccupations to those
ally for the first time in April, and by August three already motivating military planners.
batteries had been deployed in Ashdod, Ashkelon
and Beersheba. Defence Minister Ehud Barak has Middle East AND North Africa
announced a plan for a fourth battery by the end of Defence Economics
2011. The Trophy active defence system for armoured
vehicles was also deployed on vehicles near the Gaza The region continued to experience reasonably robust
border. Iran, and its ballistic-missile and nuclear economic growth, largely owing to high global oil
programmes, remains another concern. In the field prices. Despite relatively stable levels for most of 2010
of ballistic-missile defence, Arrow 3 continues under ($75–$85 per barrel), oil prices rose dramatically from

and North Africa


Middle East
development by the US and Israel, designed to the last quarter of 2010 to the middle of 2011 (to above
engage incoming missiles in the upper atmosphere – $110 per barrel), due to strong demand from fast-
a development of Arrow 2 and complementing Israel’s growing emerging economies (particularly China),
Patriot missiles. Israel has furthered its military-to- market perceptions of economic recovery among
military ties with Greece, an interesting shift given industrialised economies, and the fighting in Libya.
the apparent foundering of Israel’s defence relation- Indeed, global demand for oil grew by 3.3% in 2010,
ship with Turkey. Naval exercises in the Aegean Sea the fastest rate in more than 20 years. Higher prices
and air exercises in Larissa using IAF UH-60 and boosted overall economic activity in much of the
AH-64 helicopters were held and, in September, a region, which the IMF expected to grow by around
security-cooperation agreement was signed by the 4% in 2011.
two nations’ defence ministers. Air exercises have This masks a severe discrepancy between
again been held in Romania, with C-130s flying the economic performances of oil-exporting and
for two weeks in August in locations including the -importing countries (see Table 23, note 3, for details
Carpathian mountains; early November saw Israeli of regional groupings). Higher oil prices boosted
F-16Cs and Ds depart for week-long exercises in the public finances of oil exporters, as tax revenues
Sardinia, Italy. grew by nearly 55% between 2009 and 2011. The
Bahrain’s security forces reacted to the 14 GCC states are expected to see an expansion of more
February 2011 ‘Day of Rage’ with tear gas and rubber than 70% in their collective current-account surplus,
bullets. Demonstrators started camping out at the with economic growth of greater than 7% in 2011.
city’s Pearl roundabout. Mixed responses from the Meanwhile, the public coffers of oil-importing coun-
government suggested an internal rift in the ruling tries grew by a much more modest 14%, and their
family. Although moves for a ‘national dialogue’ overall growth in 2011 was expected to be just 1.9%.
were proposed, the king instituted a state of emer- However, high oil prices have been a mixed blessing
gency. Troops from the GCC’s Peninsula Shield force, for oil exporters. The rapid increase stoked strong
comprising Saudi, UAE and Qatari contingents, domestic inflation, which in 2011 rose to approxi-
then deployed in Bahrain in mid-March following mately 8.5% compared with 5.9% for non-exporters.
a Bahraini request. These troops were deployed Overall, in 2011 the region as a whole experienced
306 The Military Balance 2012

Table 23 Middle East and North Africa Defence Expenditure 2010–11: Top 10 and Regional Break-
down1 (US$bn)
2010 % of Regional Total 2011 Estimate % of Regional Total Real % Change2
Saudi Arabia 45.17 38.11% 46.18 36.18% –3.1%
Israel 17.17 14.49% 18.25 14.30% –2.8%
Iran* 10.56 8.91% 11.96 9.37% –3.4%
UAE 8.65 7.29% 9.32 7.30% 5.1%
Algeria 5.59 4.72% 8.61 6.74% 44.0%
Egypt 5.43 4.58% 5.53 4.33% –3.2%
Iraq 4.19 3.53% 4.79 3.75% 8.9%
Oman 4.19 3.53% 4.29 3.36% –1.6%
Kuwait 3.91 3.30% 4.05 3.17% –6.2%
Qatar 3.12 2.63% 3.45 2.71% 8.2%
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Sub-Total 107.97 91.09% 116.42 91.21% –1.01%


Regional Expenditure Breakdown3
Oil Exporting States 87.97 74.21% 95.57 74.88% 0.08%
Non-Oil Exporting States 30.57 25.79% 32.07 25.12% –3.16%
Total 118.53 127.64 –0.77%
*Figures for both 2010 and 2011 are estimates.
1
Current prices and exchange rates. Figures include US Foreign Military Assistance funds for relevant countries. Analysis excludes Mauritania,
Libya, Tunisia and the West Bank & Gaza due to insufficient data.
2
Percentage changes calculated in real terms (i.e. constant 2010 prices and exchange rates). These will differ from any percentage-change
calculations made based on the defence-expenditure figures contained in the rest of the table, which are based on current prices and current
exchange rates.
3
Regional groupings: Oil-exporting states (Algeria, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Yemen); Non-oil exporting states
(Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco and Syria).

one of the highest levels of inflation in the world


(around 10%, up from 6.6% in 2009 and 6.8% in 2010). Maghreb
Estimated changes in defence allocations over 13.8%

2010 and 2011 mirrored these underlying trends. Levant (Jordan,


As shown in Table 23, oil-exporting states made up Lebanon and Saudi Arabia
Syria) 4.0% 37.3%
nearly 75% of total regional defence expenditure, and
in 2011 their collective spending rose to US$95.57bn, a
nominal increase of 8.6%. Adjusting for inflation, this Israel
14.2%
amounted to a negligible real-terms increase in expen-
diture of 0.08%. By contrast, although defence outlays
by oil importers rose by 4.9% in nominal terms to Other Gulf
(Iraq and Yemen)
US$32.07bn, this corresponds to a 3.16% real decline 5.3%
Iran GCC (excluding Saudi
in expenditure once inflation is taken into account.
8.7% Arabia – i.e. Bahrain,
Among exporters, significant increases in real Kuwait, Qatar, Oman
spending are estimated to have occurred in Algeria and UAE) 17.0%

(at 44%, the largest increase in the region), Iraq (8.9%)


and Qatar (8.2%); while among non-exporters Syria Figure 10 Approximate Middle East and North
saw the highest real increase in spending (5.4%). The Africa Defence Expenditure: Sub-Regional
region as a whole saw a nominal spending increase of Breakdown
7.7%, which equated to a fall in real terms of 0.77% as
a result of high inflation. over Iran’s ballistic-missile and nuclear programmes,
Oil-exporting countries, particularly those that coupled with concerns closer to home, may also drive
perceive a deteriorating security environment or Israeli spending. Yet states with uncertain economic
face a specific threat, will probably use their growing futures or considerable constraints on economic
revenues from hydrocarbon exports to continue growth, including Libya, Yemen and Iran, are likely
to increase defence spending, despite competing to continue to struggle to expand their defence
imperatives of social-security spending. Concern spending to any significant degree.
Middle East and North Africa 307

7 6.48
6.21
5.67 5.86
6 5.49 5.29 5.06 5.09 5.01
4.62
5
% of GDP

0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Figure 11 Middle East and North Africa Regional Defence Expenditure as % of GDP

The GCC, cooperative defence and regard to interoperability, integration, unified logis-
Iran tics, joint training and sustainment, or collective
combat effectiveness. There are to date no projects that
The GCC has been successful in promoting greater enable GCC forces to deploy rapidly and coherently
diplomatic, economic and cultural cooperation to meet an external military threat. And despite two
amongst its members (Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, decades of discussions and external encouragement,
Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) since it the GCC has yet to establish a regional air-defence

and North Africa


Middle East
was formed in 1981. However, it has largely failed capacity outside US coordination and control.
in its attempts to create a multilateral, cooperative This may change, as the threats facing the GCC
defence network. While the GCC’s military wing, the evolve; the decision in November to set up a GCC
Peninsula Shield force, has of late had some limited marine security coordination centre in Bahrain may
impact on mutual security, this has been in relation be a useful pointer. The primary threat to the GCC
to internal, not external, problems. The military inef- does not flow from Iran’s conventional forces, which
fectiveness of its land component was exposed during consist mostly of ageing military hardware acquired
the Gulf War, and although it is reported to comprise well before the Islamic revolution. Iranian airpower
some 40,000 troops based at King Khalid Military City, is operationally limited and cannot compete with the
its first and only deployment was in the form of the modern air forces of Saudi Arabia or the UAE. Iran’s
Saudi National Guard, UAE and Qatari elements sent ground forces have scant expeditionary capacity and
to Bahrain in March 2011 in an internal-security role. cannot realistically threaten GCC territory. Rather,
The GCC’s failure to establish a collective security the GCC is threatened today by Iran’s navy, which is
framework can be traced to divergent threat percep- focused on developing a capacity to conduct irregular,
tions, parochial interests of the individual states, asymmetric warfare, rather than maritime supremacy
issues of sovereignty, lingering fears of Saudi domi- in the traditional sense. Iran is also investing heavily
nance, and a general distrust of Arab military compe- in the acquisition of ballistic missiles and long-range
tence. Consequently, the individual states of the GCC, artillery rockets. Though the missiles lack the accu-
with ample oil and gas revenues, have used lavish racy needed to be militarily effective, they could be
military-acquisition programmes to cement formal used as terror weapons, to sow fear and degrade GCC
and informal bilateral security arrangements with the political resolve.
United States. This strategy has further complicated These developments have prompted the GCC to
efforts to develop joint military capabilities founded invest in modern air and missile defences, and new
on burden-sharing and rational allocation of security naval platforms capable of protecting vital infra-
responsibilities across the GCC. structure, military facilities and civilian population
Indeed, GCC countries have procured major centres against asymmetric attacks. At the April 2011
weapons systems and military technologies without International Symposium on Air Defence, held in
308 The Military Balance 2012

Jeddah, there were calls for more joint alignment of approached. With this in mind, the US Iraq Training
GCC defence capabilities, such as coordinated early- and Advisory Mission’s goal was to train and mentor
warning and missile-defence structures. While these the Iraqi security forces in the hope that they could
advanced systems, particularly the air and missile reach what the US government termed the ‘minimum
defences, are operated individually by each of the essential capability’ standards needed to replace US
Gulf states, they are electronically linked to a US infor- forces by 2012.
mation and operations ‘hub’. The US-coordinated By April 2011, it was clear that the US government
system, while operationally effective at protecting was keen to renegotiate the SOFA to allow between
against limited strikes on any one sector within the 10,000 and 20,000 American troops to remain past the
Gulf, is far from optimised and remains vulnerable original deadline. Both the then-Secretary of Defense
to concentrated Iranian fire against a single sector or Robert Gates and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
country. The US, and its private defence contractors, Admiral Mike Mullen visited Baghdad in an attempt
will therefore likely push hard to create a region- to persuade the Iraqi government to allow the troops
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

wide, interconnected air- and missile-defence system to stay, secure legal protection for American soldiers
that pools all space- and ground-based sensor data from Iraqi law, and gain approval from the Iraqi parlia-
collected within the region to all parties to provide an ment. In late May, Gates estimated that the US would
enhanced and unified threat picture and notification need a minimum of 8,000 soldiers in the country to
of attack. Further, with no compromise of sovereignty, meet its ongoing commitments to training Iraqi forces.
operational protocols and weapon-system algorithms By October 2011, however, it was apparent that
could be negotiated in advance to commit intercep- the US would not get an extension to the SOFA on
tors in one country to launch at incoming threats to terms that would allow them to retain several thou-
a neighbour, increasing the number of interceptors sand troops in Iraq. In private, key Iraqi politicians
available at any given moment. Such action would acknowledged that the Iraqi armed forces, particu-
only be taken if the target country had consented in larly the Iraqi air force, were still heavily dependent
advance to the operational protocol automatically on US support for key functions. In public, however,
authorising such action. With cooperative air and Iraqi opinion was against any renegotiation. Muqtada
missile defence as a precedent, greater GCC defence al-Sadr’s party mobilised popular sentiment in oppo-
cohesion and collective action could be fostered over sition to a continuing US presence, staging demon-
the long term strations and promising to use violence if necessary
to drive the remaining American troops from Iraq.
Iraq: the US military departs In his public statements, Maliki attempted to balance
the needs of the Iraqi military with the political reality
US President Barack Obama announced on 21 of Iraqi opinion. In an interview he gave to the Wall
October 2011 that ‘the rest of our troops in Iraq will Street Journal at the end of 2010, he appeared to leave
come home by the end of the year. After nearly little room for treaty revision, stating: ‘I do not care
nine years, America’s war in Iraq will be over.’ This about what’s being said. I care about what’s on paper
announcement came after a failure to agree terms and what has been agreed to. The withdrawal of
to continue a US military presence in Iraq, and ‘the forces agreement expires on December 31, 2011. The
determination of the Iraqi people to forge their own last American soldier will leave Iraq.’ Yet he also left
future’ as discussed between Obama and Iraqi Prime open the possibility of a new agreement if the Iraqi
Minister Nuri al-Maliki. The timetable for US troop parliament agreed to it. Given that the Sadrists are the
withdrawal, set in place by the Status of Forces largest party in parliament and only the Kurdistan
Agreement (SOFA) signed in 2008, had been a key Democratic Party and Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
discussion point between the US and Iraq throughout were expressly backing a new agreement, enacting
2011 as well as the major factor shaping the Iraqi secu- legislation before the deadline was always highly
rity forces since August 2010. Under the SOFA, all US unlikely.
forces were to leave the country by 31 December 2011. This means that from 2012, the US State
From August 2010 onwards, the working assump- Department will have to shoulder the responsibility
tion of American ground commanders was that the for protecting its own diplomats and overseeing the
US deployment would be reduced to the ‘tens or low continued training of the Iraqi security forces. To do
hundreds’ as the final deadline of 31 December 2011 this the American Embassy has hired 5,000 private
Middle East and North Africa 309

security contractors. It will also take over a substan- MoD budget grew annually by 28% between 2005
tial proportion of the base adjacent to Baghdad and 2009, compared to an average increase of 45%
International Airport and open consulates in both annually for the MoI. The size, speed and scale of
the north and south of the country. The Embassy will the Iraqi armed forces’ expansion since 2005 raises
also house an Office of Security Cooperation with 157 two key questions. Firstly, against a background of
military personnel to manage the US government’s Iraq’s recent civil war, can a force built so quickly
relations with Iraq’s armed forces and their purchase by an external actor function coherently once that
of new weaponry. actor (the US) ends its military presence at the end
of 2011? If not, the domestic stability of the country
Iraqi security capacity and capabilities could again be in doubt. Secondly, and perhaps of
It will now be up to the Iraqi security forces to guar- greater importance in the long term, given Iraq’s
antee order across the country and protect Iraq’s history of military-led regime change, can such
borders. They have had the lead in these tasks since armed forces be kept out of politics, subservient to
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

the US withdrew all its combat forces in August 2010. the civilian arm of government and ultimately to the
As of June 2011, the Iraqi security forces employed Iraqi electorate?
806,600 people, spread between the MoD, the The speed with which the Iraqi army was recon-
Ministry of Interior (MoI) and the Prime Minister’s stituted after 2003 meant that up to 70% of old,
Counter-Terrorism Force. The fact that these forces pre-regime-change officers were eventually reinte-
are primarily designed to impose order on Iraq’s own grated into the new officer corps. To counter this,
population, not protect the country from external Iraq’s ruling elite inserted so-called dimaj officers
aggression, is indicated by their size: the MoI has into senior military ranks. These political appoint-
double the staff of the MoD. The latter employs a total ments were either militia leaders or had no mili-
of 271,400 personnel, spread between the Iraqi army tary experience at all. They owe their allegiance and
(193,421), the air force (5,053) and subsidiary organisa- appointment to the sectarian political parties who

and North Africa


inserted them into the chain of command and act to

Middle East
tions. The Ministry of Interior employs 531,000. The
Iraqi police has 302,000 on its payroll, the Facilities tie the military to the parties rather than the state.
Protection Service 95,000, Border Enforcement 60,000, The result is a struggle within the security forces
Iraqi Federal Police 44,000 and Oil Police 30,000. In between those who gained their experience under
2010, the total number of people employed by the the old regime and those who were inserted into the
security forces equalled 8% of the Iraqi workforce, or senior ranks of the military by those who dominate
12% of the total population of adult males. the new government.
Rebuilding the security forces has played a domi- Some 75–80% of the army’s rank and file are
nant role in Iraqi government policy since 2003: the Shi’ites. This is comparable to the pre-regime-change

Iraq’s F-16 deal 50/52s along with weapons and support was made in
A decade of stagnation, with two wars at either side, September 2011. The Iraqi government had delayed
destroyed Iraq’s air force. The pull-out of US combat the purchase in early 2011, instead prioritising social
forces at the end of 2011 rendered further rebuilding of expenditure. Iraq had first considered ordering 36 aircraft,
a national air capability that much more desirable. US subsequently reduced to 24, and then further cut to the
mentors and others have been training and supporting initial procurement number of 18. Training and support is
the embryonic Iraqi air force, which at least initially projected to extend over 15 years. US Defense Secretary
constituted a mix of junior pilots and a scattering of older Leon Panetta said in October 2011 that the US would
aircrew, some with thousands of hours of flight time on ‘work with [Iraq] to try to ensure they have the capability
Soviet-era aircraft types. and training … to use [them] to protect their own air
Initially a mix of light utility and rotary-wing aircraft, space’. It would be logical to assume that training and
the air force now also operates medium transport aircraft maintenance aspects of the deal would lead to a USAF
and is acquiring a multi-role fighter in the shape of the presence in some capacity. However, the announcement
Lockheed Martin F-16; there is currently no indigenous that US forces were to leave Iraq at the end of December
capability to police and defend national airspace. 2011 leaves uncertain the precise level of any continuing
The first payment on a package of 18 F-16C Block US military support in-country.
310 The Military Balance 2012

figure. The senior ranks of the army are more reli- The politicisation of the military has extended well
giously and ethnically balanced, with divisional beyond the national police, special forces and intelli-
commanders coming from the three major ethnic gence services. From 2006 onwards, Maliki has used
and religious communities. The ethnic diversity of a number of tactics to tighten his personal grip over
specific army divisions and the influence of political Iraq’s armed forces. First he used the Office of the
parties on them is, to a large extent, dependent upon Commander in Chief to control overall security policy,
whether they were recruited locally or have had their undermining the independent chains of command
rank and file diluted. The 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 15th and 16th within both the MoI and MoD. Maliki then forced
divisions of the army have high numbers of Kurdish a number of technocratic senior commanders aside,
soldiers and are considered to be heavily influenced appointing individuals close to him into positions
by the Kurdistan Democratic Party and the Patriotic of influence in both ministries. These appointments
Union of Kurdistan. were labelled ‘temporary’ to avoid parliamentary
The MoI has acquired responsibility not only for oversight. Finally, Maliki set up nine joint-operation
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

day-to-day law and order but also for paramilitary commands. Each of them consolidates, under one
counter-insurgency. The risks involved in this expan- commanding officer, the management of all the secu-
sion of its role are evident in Iraq’s recent history. rity services operating in one of the nine provinces
Between 2005 and 2006, MoI forces were a major (out of 18) considered unstable. The officers, in turn,
factor in driving Iraq into civil war. The Ministry’s are appointed and managed from a central office in
Special Police Commandos (later renamed the Federal Baghdad under Maliki’s control. Through the use of
Police) were alleged to have acted as a sectarian death the joint-operation commands, Maliki has bypassed
squad, frequently resorting to extra-judicial execu- the security ministers and their senior commanders,
tion and torture. After 2007, the Federal Police was securing control over Iraq’s armed forces at the oper-
purged of its most egregious sectarian elements ational level. While this arrangement has made a mili-
when 60,000 officers were dismissed and the force tary coup in Iraq highly unlikely, it has also brought
was greatly expanded and further restructured. But incoherence to the chain of command, allowed
despite extensive vetting, restructuring and sustained the promotion of political cronies over talented
expansion, the force is still plagued by corruption and commanders and detracted from the military’s esprit
sectarianism. de corps.
The politicisation of Iraq’s security forces is most Beyond political interference, a broad set of prob-
evident in the Iraqi National Counter Terrorism Force. lems continue to plague Iraq’s army and need to be
Over 6,000-strong, it is organised into two brigades addressed for it to fulfil its new responsibilities. The
and is considered to be one of the best trained in the first involves weaknesses in management, logistics
Middle East. It operates its own detention centres and and strategic planning. The unwillingness of senior
intelligence-gathering operations and has surveil- military officials to delegate responsibility down the
lance cells in every governorate. Its politicisation chain of command also stifles innovation and inde-
began in April 2007, when managerial responsibility pendent decision-making at junior level. Overall,
was transferred from US Special Forces, which estab- in spite of ongoing inefficiencies and politicisation,
lished the force, to the Iraqi government. The prime Iraq’s security forces will probably be able to impose
minister set up a ministerial body, the Counter- a rough order on the country from 2012 onwards.
Terrorism Bureau, to control it, effectively removing They will not, however, be able to defend the coun-
the force from the oversight of parliament or the try’s borders or air space.
control of either MoI or the MoD. Since then, the In 2011, Iraq’s defence procurements reached
force has become known as the Fedayeen al-Maliki, new levels. Though acquisitions of tanks and other
a reference to its reputation as the prime minister’s armoured vehicles have taken place in recent years,
tool for covert action against his rivals as well as an the long-mooted deal for F-16 fighters from the US (see
ironic comparison to Saddam Hussein’s militia. Iraq’s box, page 309) has started to proceed. In September,
intelligence services have been similarly politicised. Iraq transferred the first funds for 18 Block 50/52 aircraft
Maliki’s personal control over them has directly and the sale is valued – according to the Pentagon – at
hampered their ability to collect and analyse intelli- around $3bn. Earlier in the year, it was reported that
gence professionally and objectively without close US Iraq had delayed the deal and diverted some $900m of
supervision. funding to its national food-ration programme.
Middle East and North Africa 311

Saudi Arabia The primary responsibilities of the Saudi Arabian


National Guard (SANG) include protecting the
Saudi Arabia’s size, wealth, population and strategic royal family, guarding against internal unrest and
location should make it a pre-eminent regional power. terrorism, protecting strategic facilities and resources,
But on paper at least, Saudi defence capabilities are not and protecting the Holy Places of Mecca and Medina.
overwhelmingly superior to those of its neighbours. As the campaign against indigenous terrorism has
In numbers of tanks, artillery pieces, naval vessels, intensified in recent years, the police and other forces
combat aircraft and personnel under arms, Saudi of the interior ministry have played a more promi-
forces appear to be matched or exceeded by those of a nent role. There is now closer coordination between
number of other regional nations. However, the Saudi the SANG and the interior forces on domestic secu-
inventory is generally more modern and better main- rity issues, although still very little between the
tained. Whether it is configured to meet the country’s Guard and the regular armed forces; this is a reflec-
security requirements is another matter. tion of the historical allegiance of the former to King
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Determining these requirements is problematic. Abdullah and his branch of the royal family, and the
Riyadh does not publish defence and security poli- latter to the late Crown Prince Sultan (the king’s half-
cies and doctrines, and even private discussions brother) who was defence and aviation minister from
with Saudi officials rarely go into more detail than 1982 until his death in October 2011.
‘the security of the nation and its borders, and of Coordination and cooperation between the
the Two Holy Places’ (Mecca and Medina). The regular armed forces remains poor, and deci-
main factors threatening that security seem clear sion-making at the highest levels is hampered by
to outside analysts: they include indigenous and inter-service competition as well as the age and
regional terrorist groups; internal unrest; instability infirmity of senior ministers. The king himself has
within neighbours, particularly Iraq and Yemen; become much more closely involved in issues hith-
threats to oil and gas installations and export routes; erto the responsibility of the Ministry of Defence

and North Africa


Middle East
and the threats – military, religious and even existen- and Aviation (MoDA) and the decisions in 2010 to
tial – posed by Iran. In the absence of any detailed replace the long-standing chiefs of the Naval and Air
published doctrine, the response to these threats Forces, both princes, by non-royal military profes-
has to be assessed by Saudi actions. Saudi Arabia sionals were reportedly taken by the king rather
has preferred, where possible, to pursue diplomacy than by Crown Prince Sultan. Analysts believe that
rather than to use force, with this perhaps stemming this may reflect a desire to exert greater control over
from Riyadh’s desire to preserve the status quo when the MoDA following concern over departmental
possible, and its propensity to take the path of least efficiency. All major equipment-procurement deci-
resistance. sions are taken by the king in person, advised by
the Council of Ministers, and not by the services or
Armed forces MoDA. How this may change in the wake of Sultan’s
With few exceptions, noted below, Saudi Arabian death, and the annoucement of his replacement by
forces have not been deployed in action outside the Prince Salman, former Governor of Riyadh and a
nation, and are generally not configured for expedi- half-brother of the king, remains uncertain. Deputy
tionary warfare. The emphasis given over the years Minister Abdulrahman has been replaced by Sultan’s
to equipping the Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF) eldest son, Prince Khalid. Responsibility for civil avia-
with modern combat aircraft and weapons follows tion has been removed from the ministry and placed
this judgement, since it is also clear that the RSAF’s with a new General Authority for Civil Aviation
priorities are air defence and deterrence, not expedi- under the current minister, Prince Fahd. Salman has
tionary air operations. The same is true of the much little direct experience of defence, although for some
less powerful and less well equipped naval forces. years he was Sultan’s constant companion during his
The Land Forces (RSLF) are configured militarily and frequent overseas visits for medical treatment and
geographically to meet threats such as instability at convalescence. It is likely that the king will continue
key borders, especially those with Iraq and Yemen. to play a leading part in key defence decisions, at
Furthermore, Saudi Arabia has historically looked to least until Salman has been longer in post. Khalid’s
its allies to provide support and security assistance, appointment as deputy minister may be a significant
up to and including military intervention. pointer for the future.
312 The Military Balance 2012

Riyadh’s preference for diplomacy over force is The preference has historically been to procure
illustrated by its approach to other regional players. equipment through government-to-government
Even in the case of Iran, dialogue has, at least in public, arrangements. Most procurement from the US has
been the preferred course. For many years Saudi been carried out using Foreign Military Sales (FMS)
Arabia pursued quiet diplomacy in relations with procedures; and both the SBDCP and the Salam
Syria, notwithstanding the latter’s close alliance with project consist of formal arrangements between
Iran; and the king’s public criticism in mid-2011 of the the Saudi Arabian and UK governments, with BAE
attempts by Damascus to suppress its own internal Systems being the nominated prime contractor
opposition indicates Riyadh’s alarm and frustration. for the delivery of all systems included within the
programmes. For many years, government policy has
Deployments required a commitment by suppliers to maximise the
Contingents of the Land Forces were deployed use of Saudi Arabian companies to support and main-
during the Arab–Israeli wars of 1948, 1967 and 1973, tain, and increasingly to manufacture or assemble,
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

but played no combat role at least in the last two. the equipment procured. For instance, the Salam deal
Elements of all forces, including the National Guard, specified that the final 48 Typhoon aircraft out of the 72
took part in Coalition operations during the 1991 ordered should be assembled in Saudi Arabia. (This
Gulf War to expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait (and commitment may now not be met, mainly as a conse-
from Khafji in the Eastern Province). More recently, quence of Riyadh’s failure to agree on a location for
the RSLF and RSAF took part in operations against final assembly.) It has also been long-standing policy
Houthi militias straddling the Yemeni–Saudi border to require as many posts as possible within compa-
in 2009–10 and, in March 2011, units of the National nies operating in the kingdom to be filled by Saudis:
Guard were deployed to Bahrain after the Bahraini about half of BAE Systems’ 4,000 or so employees
government requested support from the GCC in based in Saudi Arabia are now Saudi nationals.
suppressing Bahrain’s protest movement. This obligation has in the past made it necessary for
companies to invest in their own technical training
Partnerships and procurements programmes, both within Saudi Arabia and else-
The long-standing partnerships with key allies – where, to make up for the shortfall of personnel with
notably the US, but also the UK – allow Saudi Arabia relevant skills emerging from the Saudi educational
to maintain the capabilities of its armed forces system. It remains to be seen whether recent substan-
and equipment. Most of the Land Force’s inven- tial investments by Riyadh in domestic education and
tory is American, and most air-force equipment has training programmes will improve the supply of suit-
been procured from the US and UK. Much atten- ably qualified individuals.
tion has been paid to the procurement from the US
of an additional 84 F-15SA aircraft, together with Capability
supporting equipment, munitions and upgrades to The Saudi armed forces continue to rely to a consider-
existing aircraft, in a package with a lifetime value able extent on overseas partners for training and other
of some $60bn. However, the Saudi–British Defence support. The US maintains a substantial Military
Cooperation Programme (SBDCP), which supplanted Training Mission. This was created under the 1951
the former Al Yamamah project in 2006 to main- Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement, and is funded
tain and upgrade the equipment procured under through the FMS Security Assistance Program to
that project, and the Salam project for the procure- ‘train, advise and assist the Saudi Arabian Armed
ment and support of Typhoon aircraft, will together Forces’. Its six divisions interact with all the main
be worth about as much over the lifetimes of those Saudi armed services except the National Guard, for
programmes. Other significant suppliers include which there is a separate US Program Management
France, which has provided a number of naval Office. The UK also maintains a liaison mission to the
vessels and aircraft, as well as air-defence equipment. SANG and a small Royal Navy liaison team at the
Nevertheless the US remains the primary supplier, King Faisal Naval Academy; in addition, one of the
evidenced by other substantial deals in recent years, tasks of the UK MoD Saudi Arabian Projects Team
including the October 2010 $25.6bn deal for a range is to provide advice and assistance to the RSNF and
of helicopters (including AH-64D and AH-6i), muni- RSAF. The Saudi armed forces also place importance
tions and support assets for the SANG. on access to overseas training courses, ranging from
Middle East and North Africa 313

officer training to higher command and staff courses ministry, although it is still not clear whether lessons
to specific qualifications such as fast-jet flying. If have been learned. Given the scale and compara-
financial considerations and capacity limitations lead tive lack of sophistication of the Houthis, the ability
Western military training establishments to reduce the of the Saudi Arabian armed forces to withstand on
number of places available to international students, their own a determined attack by a well-armed and
it is possible that the Saudi armed forces will seek to -trained enemy must remain in some doubt. And the
place their students elsewhere. It is unlikely that their will and resources needed to resolve that doubt are
own military schools will be capable of fully meeting unlikely to be forthcoming as long as the Saudi leader-
the requirement. ship continues to be compromised by slow decision-
The three main regular forces increasingly partic- making, family rivalry, poor health and uncertainty
ipate in exercises with other nations, either bilater- about the succession.
ally or multilaterally, which allows some insight into
their professional military capabilities. All three have Defence economics
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

held recent exercises with their counterparts in both Saudi Arabia recovered swiftly from the global finan-
India and Pakistan. The army has exercised with cial crisis, with growth of 0.1% in 2009 accelerating
Egyptian and US forces, often with units of the US to 4% in 2010, buoyed by domestic fiscal expan-
National Guard. The navy frequently takes part in sion as well as by higher oil prices stemming from
passage exercises with US, French and UK forces, as improving global demand. The upwards trajectory
well as more complex exercises with deployed task in oil prices continued into 2011, as the shutdown in
groups. In June 2011, the Royal Navy’s Cougar task Libyan production and heightened uncertainty over
group conducted a series of exercises (Red Alligator) the political turmoil across the region caused prices
with the RSNF, ranging from maritime security and to spike nearly to the record levels seen in 2008; they
counter-piracy operations to a full-scale amphib- remained above $100 per barrel for much of the year.
ious assault. Saudi naval forces have joined CTF In response to concern that persistently high oil

and North Africa


Middle East
151, tasked with anti-piracy operations in the Gulf prices would choke off a fragile global recovery, in
of Aden, and are receiving relevant training from June 2011 Saudi Arabia broke with OPEC consensus
the US Fifth Fleet. The RSAF regularly takes part in to unilaterally provide ‘whatever the market needed’,
exercises such as Red Flag in the US and Anatolian drawing on its vast (over two-thirds of the world’s
Express in Turkey, and in exchanges with friendly air total) spare capacity to augment the global supply
forces. Over the years, the picture is one of increasing of crude. This stabilised global oil markets and offset
professionalism and sophistication on the part of shortfalls elsewhere. As the Saudi government relies
Saudi Arabian forces, although they continue to on oil for more than 80% of its revenues, the combina-
require considerable planning and logistic support tion of high prices and increased production meant
from their exercise partners. that 2011 governmental oil revenues were projected
The most recent operational test of combat capa- to reach SR931 billion (US$266bn), more than double
bility came during the Houthi conflict of 2009–10. their levels in 2009 and only marginally below the
Militarily, both the land and air-force components record revenues accrued during the previous cyclical
performed adequately. Though Saudis did, according peak in 2008 (see Table 24).
to one cable released by WikiLeaks, raise doubts This windfall meant that the kingdom was finan-
about the air force’s ability to ‘operate with adequate cially well placed to placate any popular discon-
precision’ and expressed a desire for Predator UAVs, tent arising from the Arab Awakening in the rest
in general the air force made disciplined use of of the region. King Abdullah issued royal decrees
their advanced reconnaissance and target acqui- in February and March 2011 announcing massive
sition equipment (such as the Damocles pod) to spending measures aimed at tackling a wide array
produce tactical imagery. But coordination between of social issues. Totalling SR400bn (US$114bn) –
land and air forces was inconsistent, reflecting of which SR117bn was to be disbursed in 2011 (an
the long-standing stovepipe mentality of the indi- amount equivalent to 5.5% of projected 2011 GDP) –
vidual services, as was communication and liaison the measures included a two-month salary bonus for
between Saudi and Yemeni forces. These shortcom- public-sector workers, a 70% increase in the govern-
ings are understood to have been noted with disquiet ment minimum wage, the provision of unemploy-
by senior Saudi officials in MoDA and the interior ment benefits, increased social-security and transport
314 The Military Balance 2012

Table 24 Saudi Arabia Macroeconomic and Budgetary Trends 2001–10 (SR bn)
  2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Saudi Arabia GDP 686 707 805 939 1,183 1,336 1,443 1,786 1,409 1,679
Inflation –1.1 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.6 2.3 4.1 9.9 5.1 5.4
Gross Government Debt (as a %
of GDP) 93.7% 96.9% 82.0% 65.0% 38.9% 27.3% 18.5% 13.2% 15.9% 9.9%
Average Oil Price ($) 23.1 24.4 28.1 36.1 50.6 61.1 69.1 94.5 61.1 77.5
Total Revenue 228 213 293 392 564 674 643 1,101 510 742
Oil Revenue 184 166 231 330 505 604 562 983 434 670
Oil Revenue (% of Total Revenue) 80.6% 78.0% 78.8% 84.1% 89.4% 89.7% 87.5% 89.3% 85.2% 90.4%
Total Expenditure 255 234 257 285 346 393 466 520 596 654
Defence Budget 78.9 69.4 70.3 78.4 95.1 110.8 132.9 143.3 154.8 169.7
Annual % Change in Defence
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Budgets 5.3% –12.0% 1.3% 11.5% 21.3% 16.4% 20.0% 7.8% 8.0% 9.6%
Defence Budget (% of Planned
Outlays) 36.7% 34.3% 33.6% 34.1% 34.0% 33.1% 35.0% 35.0% 32.6% 31.4%
Defence Budget (% of GDP) 11.49% 9.81% 8.74% 8.35% 8.05% 8.29% 9.21% 8.02% 10.98% 10.10%
Annual % Change in Real
Defence Budget* 9.0% –14.5% –4.1% 0.6% 1.7% 6.3% 13.3% –9.2% 36.75 –3.9%
*Real defence and national-security budgets calculated based on IMF GDP deflator figures at 1999 constant prices. The large fall in the 2008
figures are in part due to an inflation rate that was more than double the rate during the previous year. These figures may underestimate true
defence spending due to large outlays on foreign equipment procurement and maintenance programmes.

Sources: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Economy and Planning, Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry
of Finance, Saudi Arabian Central Department of Statistics and Information, OPEC Annual Basket Price Statistics, International Monetary Fund
2011 Article IV Consultation Country Report No. 11/292 (September 2011), International Monetary Fund World Economic Outlook Database
(September 2011).

allowances, hospital expansions, mosque restorations of total planned outlays in 2000 (not shown) to just
and the building of 500,000 affordable homes. over 30% of planned outlays in 2010 (see Table 24).
These extraordinary measures came on top of However, despite this relative decline, the defence
the planned 2011 budget, announced in December budget has more than doubled over the period (in
2010, which at SR580bn (US$165bn) was scheduled nominal terms), whilst real defence spending in 2010
to be the largest-ever national budget plan – SR40bn was 20.5% higher than 2001 levels. Furthermore, the
(US$11bn) or 7.4% higher than the planned allocation defence budget has consistently hovered at around
for the 2010 budget. It focused heavily on job creation, 10% of Saudi GDP, one of the highest levels of defence
economic diversification away from the oil sector and spending, as a proportion of GDP, in the world.
on investments in education, health and infrastruc- Indeed, various decisions and negotiations over
ture projects. More generally, Saudi Arabia has used the course of 2010 and 2011 indicate that Saudi
the steady rise in oil prices since 2001 to pay down defence spending is set to rise significantly. Personnel
government debts, which has resulted in a dramatic expenditure increments are likely to be driven by the
decline in its gross government debt-to-GDP ratio increase in military wages introduced from late 2010
from almost 97% of GDP in 2002 to a projected 7% of onwards, as well as by the creation of 60,000 addi-
GDP in 2011 (see Table 24). tional security jobs at the interior ministry announced
by King Abdullah in March 2011, as part of Riyadh’s
Defence and Security Spending Trends reaction to the Arab Awakening.
The recent budgetary emphasis on education, health Increases in procurement expenditure are also
and civil infrastructure projects follows a decade- anticipated, with the Obama administration’s October
long effort to reform and diversify the economy, in 2010 proposal, noted above, to sell up to $60bn worth
response to the financial crisis the country experi- of fast jets and helicopters to the kingdom over a
enced in the late 1990s. This shift in emphasis towards 15–20 year period receiving Congressional assent the
debt reduction and economic development has following month. As the largest proposed US Foreign
meant that defence has occupied a shrinking share Military Sale (FMS) ever, the deal provided for the
of total government outlays, falling from over 40% acquisition of 84 F-15SA multi-role fighters, 190 mili-
Middle East and North Africa 315

tary helicopters, and up to 12,000 missiles and 15,000 Table 25 Notifications of October 2010
bombs; as well as the upgrade of the existing RSAF Proposed US Foreign Military Sales to Saudi
fleet of 70 F-15S aircraft to the F-15SA configuration. Arabia ($bn)
However, despite claims on 5 January 2011 by Royal Saudi Land Forces 5.5
Assistant Defence Minister Prince Khaled bin Sultan 34 AH-64D Block III Apache Longbow helicopters
that final details of the package were being negoti- 24 Hellfire training missiles
ated, overall progress on the final composition of the 2,176 AGM-114R Hellfire II missiles
transfer slowed in 2011, with the Letter of Agreement 6,000 2.75in 70mm laser-guided rockets
only signed at the end of 2011. Analysts have argued Royal Saudi Air Force 29.4
the delay may have stemmed from political factors 84 F-15SA aircraft and associated equipment, parts and
logistical support
either in Riyadh or Washington: in the former case
600 AGM-88B HARM missiles
perhaps due to concern over Washington’s posi-
400 AGM-84 Block II Harpoon missiles
tion on the Arab Awakening and related regional
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

300 AIM-9X Sidewinder missiles


unrest; and in the latter case possible heightened
500 AIM-120C/7 Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missiles
sensitivity surrounding the sales in light of the Arab (AMRAAM)
Awakening in general, as well as Saudi Arabia’s role 50 air training missiles
in the suppression of protests in Bahrain in March 2,000 Dual Mode Laser/GPS-Guided Munitions (500lb &
2011. Similar concerns have also affected the planned 2,000lb)
1,100 GBU-24 Paveway III Laser Guided Bombs (2,000lb)
purchase of 200 Leopard-2 tanks from Germany and
1,000 GBU-31B V3 Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAM)
Spain, as German opposition parties baulked at the (2,000lb)
prospect that the Federal Security Council might 3,000 MK-82 General-Purpose Bombs (500lb & 2,000lb)
overturn the country’s export regulations, despite 8,000 MK-82 Inert Training Bombs (500lb & 2,000lb)
both the United States and Israel reportedly signing Upgrade of existing RSAF fleet of 70 F-15S multi-role fighters
off on the purchase beforehand. to F-15SA configuration

and North Africa


Middle East
The F-15 deal reinforced the long-standing mili- Saudi Arabian National Guard 25.6
tary alliance between the US and Saudi Arabia. 36 AH-64D Block III Apache helicopters
However, such deals have a history of running 72 UH-60M Black Hawk helicopters
into Congressional opposition and this could have 36 AH-6i light attack helicopters
prompted subsequent attempts by Riyadh to diver- 12 MD-530F light turbine helicopters

sify arms suppliers, including by entering into arms 2,592 AGM-114R Hellfire II Missiles
Total Estimated Value: 60.5
discussions with Russia (in late 2011, discussions
were reported to have centred on assets includng
air-defence systems). Indeed, even the current a variety of other vessels. Although no decisions are
US$60bn package only received Congressional imminent (the Saudis have reportedly been consid-
blessing after strong assurances from both the then- ering Aegis-class Littoral Combat Ship designs from
defence secretary Robert Gates and Secretary of State both Austal USA and Lockheed Martin since at least
Hillary Clinton that the deal would not adversely 2008), if the existing arms package was expanded
affect Israel’s qualitative military edge, assurances to incorporate these additional items, the value of
that were given in response to a bipartisan letter in the final deal could eventually rise to US$90bn.
November 2010 from 198 members of the House of Elsewhere, the kingdom received 24 tranche-2
Representatives. Eurofighter Typhoon aircraft from BAE Systems,
Furthermore, the magnitude of the currently part of Project Salam (see above). Negotiations over
envisaged purchases does not necessarily diminish elements of this project continued during 2011, as
the prospect that further acquisitions may be in the parts of the overall programme were recast. This
pipeline. For example, signs emerged in May 2011 included the possibility that the final 24 aircraft be
of possible sales to the Royal Saudi Navy after a delivered to the tranche-3 standard. Saudi ambitions
reported briefing by US Navy officials on the capabil- to licence assembly of 48 of the 72 aircraft have been
ities of Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, also providing reconsidered, with the likelihood that aircraft will
the kingdom with information and price estimates on now be assembled in the UK.
316 The Military Balance 2012

MANOEUVRE
Algeria ALG Armoured
2 armd div (3 tk regt; 1 mech regt, 1 arty gp)
Algerian Dinar D 2010 2011 2012
1 indep armd bde
GDP D 11.7tr 14.1tr Mechanised
US$ 156bn 193bn 2 mech div (1 tk regt; 3 mech regt, 1 arty gp)
per capita US$ 4,497 5,502 4 indep mech/mot bde
Growth % 3.26 2.86 Air Manoeuvre
1 rapid reaction div (4 para regt; 1 SF regt)
Inflation % 3.9 3.9
COMBAT SUPPORT
Def bdgt D 422bn 631bn
2 arty bn
US$ 5.59bn 8.61bn 7 AD bn
US$1=D 75.45 73.32 4 engr bn
Population 34,994,937 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

MBT 1,080: 185 T-90S; 325 T-72; 300 T-62; 270 T-54/T-55
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus RECCE 134: 44 AML-60; 26 BRDM-2; 64 BRDM-2M with
Male 12.3% 5.2% 5.2% 5.2% 20.0% 2.4% 9M133 Kornet (AT-14 Spriggan)
Female 11.8% 5.0% 5.1% 5.2% 19.8% 2.8% AIFV 1,089: 100 BMP-3; 304 BMP-2M with 9M133 Kornet
(AT-14 Spriggan); 685 BMP-1
Capabilities APC 707
APC (W) 705: 250 BTR-60; 150 BTR-80; 150 OT-64; 55 M3
Algeria’s military has experience in counter-insurgency, Panhard; 100 Fahd
although recent procurement has been focused on PPV 2 Marauder
conventional weaponry for state-on-state contingencies, ARTY 1,019
with which the armed forces have little familiarity. SP 170: 122mm 140 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 30 2S3
There is limited experience of tri-service joint operations, TOWED 375: 122mm 160 D-30; 25 D-74; 100 M-1931/37;
and few training exercises have focused on this issue. 60 M-30 M-1938; 130mm 10 M-46; 152mm 20 ML-20
Nonetheless, Algeria has been a leading proponent M-1937
of combined training with regional powers, partially MRL 144: 122mm 48 BM-21; 140mm 48 BM-14/16;
to build capacity in neighbouring states to combat al- 240mm 30 BM-24; 300mm 18 9A52 Smerch
Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb. Algeria, Mali, Niger and MOR 330: 82mm 150 M-37; 120mm 120 M-1943; 160mm
Mauritania formed a joint operation staff committee in 60 M-1943
2010 to co-ordinate intelligence and operations. Algiers has AT
conducted joint operations with Mali. Limited combined MSL • MANPATS Milan; 9K133 Kornet-E (AT-14
training has occurred with the US, with SF exercises and Spriggan); 9K115-2 Metis-M1 (AT-13 Saxhorn-2); 9K11
through the International Military Education and Training (AT-3 Sagger); 9K111 (AT-4 Spigot); 9K113 (AT-5 Spandrel)
programme, as well as with France, the UK and Belgium. RCL 180: 107mm 60 B-11; 82mm 120 B-10
The army maintains a division-sized rapid-reaction force, GUNS 250: 57mm 160 ZIS-2 M-1943; 85mm 80 D-44:
although the fact that two-thirds of the army is conscript- 100mm 10 T-12; (50 SU-100 SP in store)
based reduces expertise and the ability to deploy quickly. AD • SAM 288+
Mobility is enhanced by a large fleet of light armoured SP 132+: ε48 9K-33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko); ε20 9K31 Strela-1
vehicles and helicopters. A modest power-projection (SA-9 Gaskin); 4+ S-300PMU2 (SA-20 Gargoyle); ε20
capability is also apparent in the transport and tanker air S-125 Pechora-M (SA-3 Goa); ε40 2K12 Kub (SA-6
fleet, although given the size of the country these may be Gainful)
more useful for internal rather than overseas deployment. MANPAD 200+: ε200 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7A/B Grail)
GUNS ε830
ACTIVE 130,000 (Army 110,000 Navy 6,000 Air SP ε225 ZSU-23-4
14,000) Paramilitary 187,200 TOWED ε605: 14.5mm 100: 60 ZPU-2; 40 ZPU-4 23mm
Terms of service Conscription in army only, 18 months (6 100 ZU-23 37mm ε150 M-1939 57mm 75 S-60 85mm 20
months basic, 12 months wth regular army often involving M-1939 KS-12 100mm 150 KS-19 130mm 10 KS-30
civil projects)

RESERVE 150,000 (Army 150,000) to age 50 Navy ε6,000


EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 4
Organisations by Service 2 Kilo (FSU Paltus) with 6 single 533mm TT with Test-
71ME HWT
Army 35,000; 75,000 conscript (total 110,000) 2 Improved Kilo (RUS Varshavyanka) with 6 single 533mm
FORCES BY ROLE TT
6 Mil Regions; re-org into div structure on hold PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 3
Middle East and North Africa 317

FRIGATES • FFM 3 TRANSPORT


3 Mourad Rais (FSU Koni) with 1 twin lnchr with 9M33 2 sqn with C-130H Hercules; C-130H-30 Hercules;
Osa-M (SA-N-4 Gecko) SAM, 2 twin 53mm TT, 2 RBU Gulfstream IV-SP; Gulfstream V; Il-76MD Candid B; Il-
6000 Smerch 2, 2 twin 76mm gun 76TD Candid; L-100-30
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 24 2 (VIP) sqn with F-27 Friendship; Falcon 900
CORVETTES 6 TRAINING
FSGM 3: 2 sqn with Z-142
3 Rais Hamidou (FSU Nanuchka II) with 4 quad 1 sqn with Yak-130
2 sqn with L-39C/ZA Albatros
lnchr with 3M24 Uran (SS-N-25 Switchblade) AShM,
1 (hel) sqn with PZL Mi-2 Hoplite
1 twin lnchr with 9M33 Osa-M (SA-N-4 Gecko) SAM
ATTACK HELICOPTER
FSG 3 Djebel Chenona with 2 twin lnchr with C-802
3 sqn with Mi-24 Hind
(CSS-N-8 Saccade) AShM, 1 76mm gun
TRANSPORT
PBFG 9 Osa II (3†) with 4 single lnchr with P-15 Termit 7 sqn with AS355 Ecureuil; Mi-8 Hip; Mi-17 Hip H; Mi-
(SS-N-2B Styx) AShM 171, Ka-27PS Helix D; Ka-32T Helix
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

PB 9 Kebir AIR DEFENCE


AMPHIBIOUS • LS 3 3 ADA bde
LSM 1 Polnochny B (capacity 6 MBT; 180 troops) 3 SAM regt with S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline)/S-125 Neva
LST 2 Kalaat beni Hammad (capacity 7 tanks; 240 troops) (SA-3 Goa)/2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful)/9K33 Osa (SA-8
with 1 med hel landing platform Gecko)
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 11 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AGS 1 El Idrissi AIRCRAFT 125 combat capable
AX 1 Daxin FTR 55: 12 MiG-25 Foxbat; 25 MiG-29C Fulcrum/MiG-
YGS 2 Ras Tara 29UB Fulcrum; 18 MiG-23MF/MS/U Flogger (possibly
YPT 1 Poluchat I (used for SAR) withdrawn)
YTB 6: 1 El Chadid; 1 Kader; 4 Mazafran FGA 62: 28 Su-30MKA; 34 Su-24M/Su-24MK Fencer D
ISR 8: 4 MiG-25RBSh Foxbat D*; 4 Su-24MR Fencer E*
Naval Aviation TKR 6 Il-78 Midas

and North Africa


TPT 51 Heavy 9: 3 Il-76MD Candid B; 6 Il-76TD Candid;

Middle East
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
HELICOPTERS Medium 19: 9 C-130H Hercules; 8 C-130H-30 Hercules;
SAR 10: 6 AW101 SAR; 4 Super Lynx Mk130 2 L-100-30 Light 15: 6 Beech 200T (additional units on
order); 6 Beech 1900D (electronic surv); 3 F-27 Friendship
Coast Guard ε500 PAX 8: 3 Falcon 900; 4 Gulfstream IV-SP; 1 Gulfstream V
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 55 TRG 99: 36 L-39ZA Albatros; 7 L-39C Albatros; 16 Yak-130
PBF 6 Baglietto 20 being delivered; 40 Z-142
PB 49: 6 Baglietto Mangusta; 12 Jebel Antar; 21 Deneb; 4 HELICOPTERS
El Mounkid; 6 Kebir ATK 33 Mi-24 Hind
SAR 3 Ka-27PS Helix D
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 8
MRH/TPT 75 Mi-8 Hip (med tpt)/Mi-17 Hip H
ARL 1 El Mourafek
TPT 40 Medium 4 Ka-32T Helix Light 36: 8 AS355
AXL 7 El Mouderrib (PRC Chui-E) (2 in reserve†)
Ecureuil; 28 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite
AD
Air Force 14,000 SAM ε140 SA-2 Guideline Towed/SA-3 Goa/SA-6 Gainful
Flying hours  150 hrs/year SP/SA-8 Gecko SP (140–840 eff.)
FORCES BY ROLE GUNS 725 100mm/130mm/85mm
FIGHTER MSL
1 sqn with MiG-23MF/MS/U Flogger (possibly with- ASM Kh-25 (AS-10 Karen); Kh-29 (AS-14 Kedge); Kh-23
(AS-7 Kerry); Kh-31P/A (AS-17A/B Krypton); Kh-59ME
drawn)
(AS-18 Kazoo)
1 sqn with MiG-25PDS/RU Foxbat
ARM Kh-25MP (AS-12 Kegler)
4 sqn with MiG-29C/UB Fulcrum
AAM • IR R-3 (AA-2 Atoll)‡; R-60 (AA-8 Aphid); R-73 (A-
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
11 Archer) IR/SARH R-40/46 (AA-6 Acrid); R-23/24 (AA-7
2 sqn with Su-24M/MK Fencer
Apex); R-27 (AA-10 Alamo)
2 sqn with Su-30MKA Flanker
MARITIME PATROL Paramilitary ε187,200
2 sqn with Beech 200T
ISR Gendarmerie 20,000
1 sqn with Su-24MR Fencer E*; MiG-25RBSh Foxbat D* Ministry of Defence control; 6 regions
TANKER EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 sqn with Il-78 Midas RECCE AML-60/110 M-3 Panhard APC (W)
318 The Military Balance 2012

APC (W) 100 Fahd The GCC’s defence obligations were invoked in 2011,
HELICOPTERS • TPT • Light Some PZL Mi-2 Hoplite reflecting the Bahraini military’s inability to quench
protests. Following a series of crackdowns on protesters
National Security Forces 16,000 a state of emergency was declared and Saudi, Qatari and
Directorate of National Security. Small arms
Emirati personnel were deployed to Bahrain as part of
Republican Guard 1,200 the GCC’s Peninsula Shield Force. The deployment was a
tacit admission by Manama that its security forces needed
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
RECCE AML-60 assistance in the internal security role and suggested
APC (T) M-3 greater training and improved rules of engagement might
be required for any similar future operations.
Legitimate Defence Groups ε150,000
Self-defence militia, communal guards (60,000)
ACTIVE 8,200 (Army 6,000 Navy 700 Air 1,500)
Paramilitary 11,260
Deployment
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Organisations by Service
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
UN • MONUSCO 5 obs Army 6,000
FORCES BY ROLE
Bahrain BHR SPECIAL FORCES
1 bn
Bahraini Dinar D 2010 2011 2012
MANOEUVRE
GDP D 8.52bn 9.94bn Armoured
US$ 22.5bn 26.3bn 1 armd bde(–) (1 recce bn, 2 armd bn)
per capita US$ 19,044 21,610 Mechanised
Growth % 4.09 1.48
1 inf bde (2 mech bn, 1 mot bn)
Light
Inflation % 2.0 1.0
1 (Amiri) gd bn
Def exp a D 279m COMBAT SUPPORT
US$ 736m 1 arty bde (1 hvy arty bty, 2 med arty bty, 1 lt arty bty,
Def bdgt a D 283m 330m 358m 1 MRL bty)
US$ 747m 873m 1 AD bn (1 ADA bty, 2 SAM bty)
1 engr coy
FMA (US) US$ 19.0m 19.5m
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
US$1=D 0.38 0.38 1 log coy
a
Includes expenditure on National Guard and the Supreme 1 tpt coy
Council for Defence Secretariat General. Excl arms purchases 1 med coy
Population 1,214,705 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Ethnic groups: Nationals 64%; Asian 13%; other Arab 10%; Iranian MBT 180 M60A3
8%; European 1%) RECCE 30: 22 AML-90; 8 S52 Shorland; (8 Ferret & 8 Saladin
in store)
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
AIFV 25 YPR-765 (with 25mm)
Male 12.6% 4.4% 4.2% 3.8% 27.8% 2.4% APC 375
Female 12.4% 4.3% 4.0% 3.5% 18.6% 2.0% APC (T) 200 M113A2
APC (W) 120: 10 AT105 Saxon; 110 M3 Panhard
Capabilities PPV 55: 49 Cobra; 6 Nimer-1
Bahrain retains moderately well trained and equipped ARTY 151
forces, but their small size limits their effectiveness. SP 82: 155mm 20 M109A5; 203mm 62 M110A2
While in general focused on the possibility of state-to- TOWED 36: 105mm 8 L118 Light Gun; 155mm 28 M198
state conflict, their role in internal security became more MRL 227mm 9 M270 MLRS (with 30 ATACMS)
apparent in 2011. With regards to its primary role, defence MOR 24: SP 120mm 12 M113A2; 81mm 12 L16
of the island from an amphibious invasion and/or aerial AT • MSL • MANPATS 75: 60 Javelin; 15 BGM-71A TOW
assault from Iran, Bahrain could mount a sturdy defence RCL 31: 106mm 25 M40A1; 120mm 6 MOBAT
though it would eventually be overwhelmed by concerted AD • SAM 91
operations. The kingdom therefore relies on the security SP 7 Crotale
umbrella offered by the Gulf Cooperation Council and TOWED 6 I-HAWK MIM-23B
the deterrent effect provided by the presence of the US MANPAD 78: 18 FIM-92A Stinger; 60 RBS-70
through Fifth Fleet/NAVCENT. Bahrain is a member of the GUNS 24: 35mm 12 Oerlikon; 40mm 12 L/70
GCC, and has participated in GCC military exercises. ARV 53 Fahd 240
Middle East and North Africa 319

Navy 700 AAM • IR AAM AIM-9P Sidewinder SARH AAM


EQUIPMENT BY TYPE AIM-7 Sparrow
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 1 AT • MSL some TOW
FRIGATES • FFGHM 1 Sabha (US Oliver Hazard Perry)
with 1 Mk13 GMLS with SM-1MR SAM/RGM-84C Paramilitary ε11,260
Harpoon AShM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT, 1 76mm gun,
(capacity 1 Bo-105 hel) Police 9,000
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 12 Ministry of Interior
CORVETTES • FSG 2 Al Manama (GER Lurssen 62m) HELICOPTERS
with 2 twin lnchr with MM-40 Exocet AShM, 1 76mm MRH 2 Bell 412 Twin Huey
gun, 1 hel landing platform ISR 2 Hughes 500
PCFG 4 Ahmed el Fateh (GER Lurssen 45m) with 2 twin TPT • Light 1 Bo-105
lnchr with MM-40 Exocet AShM, 1 76mm gun
PB 4: 2 Al Jarim (US Swift FPB-20); 2 Al Riffa (GER Lurssen National Guard ε2,000
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

38m) FORCES BY ROLE


PBF 2 Mk V SOC MANOEUVRE
AMPHIBIOUS • CRAFT 9 Other
LCU 9: 1 Loadmaster; 4 Mashtan; 2 Sea Keeper; 2 ADSB 42m
3 paramilitary bn
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 4
YFU 1 Ajeera Coast Guard ε260
YFL 3: 1 Tighatlib; 2 Halmatic Ministry of Interior
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 50
Naval Aviation
PBF 23: 6 Jaris; 6 Saham; 6 Fajr; 5 Jarach
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PB 27: 6 Haris; 1 Al Muharraq; 10 Deraa; 10 Saif
HELICOPTERS • TPT • Light 2 Bo-105
AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT • LCU 1 Load-
master II
Air Force 1,500
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • YAG 1 Safra
FORCES BY ROLE

and North Africa


Middle East
FIGHTER
2 sqn with F-16C/D Fighting Falcon Foreign Forces
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK Saudi Arabia GCC (SANG): Peninsula Shield ε1,000
1 sqn with F-5E/F Tiger II
United Kingdom Air Force 1 BAe-125 CC-3; 1 BAe-146
TRANSPORT
MKII
1 (Royal) flt with B-727; B-747; BAe-146; Gulfstream II;
Gulfstream IV; Gulfstream 450; Gulfstream 550; S-92A United States US Central Commmand: 1,894; 1 HQ (5th
TRAINING Fleet)
1 sqn with Hawk Mk-129*
1 sqn with T-67M Firefly
ATTACK HELICOPTER
2 sqn with AH-1E/F Cobra; TAH-1P Cobra
Egypt EGY
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER Egyptian Pound E£ 2010 2011 2012
1 sqn with Bell 212 (AB-212); UH-60M Black Hawk GDP Ε£ 1.21tr 1.35tr
1 (VIP) sqn with Bo-105; S-70A Black Hawk; UH-60L
US$ 212bn 226bn
Black Hawk
per capita US$ 2,639 2,579
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 39 combat capable Growth % 5.15 1.22
FTR 12: 8 F-5E Tiger II; 4 F-5F Tiger II Inflation % 11.7 11.1
FGA 21: 17 F-16C Fighting Falcon; 4 F-16D Fighting Falcon Def exp Ε£ 23.5bn
TPT • PAX 10: 1 B-727; 2 B-747; 1 Gulfstream II; 1 US$ 4.13bn
Gulfstream IV; 1 Gulfstream 450; 1 Gulfstream 550; 3
Def bdgt Ε£ 25.4bn 25.2bn 25.3bn
BAe-146
TRG 9: 6 Hawk Mk-129*; 3 T-67M Firefly US$ 4.47bn 4.23bn
HELICOPTERS FMA (US) US$ 1.30bn 1.30bn
ATK 28: 16 AH-1E Cobra; 12 AH-1F Cobra US$1=E£ 5.68 5.96
TPT 27 Medium 13: 3 S-70A Black Hawk; 1 S-92A (VIP);
Population 82,079,636
1 UH-60L Black Hawk; 8 UH-60M Black Hawk Light 14: 11
Bell 212 (AB-212); 3 Bo-105 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
TRG 6 TAH-1P Cobra
Male 16.7% 4.8% 4.8% 4.9% 17.5% 2.0%
MSL
ASM AGM-65D/G Maverick Female 16.0% 4.6% 4.5% 4.6% 17.3% 2.5%
320 The Military Balance 2012

1 SSM bde with Scud-B


Capabilities 6 engr bde (3 engr bn)
Egypt’s Supreme Council for the Armed Forces (SCAF), 2 spec ops engr bn
headed by Defence Minister Field Marshal Mohammed 6 salvage engr bn
Tantawi, assumed power in February 2011 after the 24 MP bn
departure of former President Hosni Mubarak. SCAF is in 18 sigs bn
charge of overseeing the transition towards elections. COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
With the armed forces in 2011 preoccupied with 36 log bn
their political role, there is likely little appetite to change 27 med bn
strategic orientation. Cairo still receives $1.3bn in US
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
military aid, and has long been upgrading its inventories
MBT 2,412: 1,002 M1A1 Abrams; 300 M60A1; 850 M60A3;
with US systems. Indeed, a further notification of a sale of
Abrams tank kits was made by the US in July. There is little 260 Ramses II (mod T-54/55); (840 T-54/T-55 in store); (500
incentive to endanger its ability to continue this process, T-62 in store)
or undermine support and maintenance agreements. That RECCE 412: 300 BRDM-2; 112 Commando Scout
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Cairo might widen its list of suppliers is not inconceivable AIFV 390 YPR-765 (with 25mm); (220 BMP-1 in store)
in some capability areas, but since the two countries’ APC 3,560
Peace Vector deal in 1980, US equipment has increasingly APC (T) 2,000 M113A2/YPR-765 (incl variants); (500
replaced Egypt’s ageing Soviet-era equipment. Though the BTR-50/OT-62 in store)
armed forces have not been tested in large-scale combat APC (W) 1,560: 250 BMP-600P; 250 BTR-60S; 410 Fahd-30/
since Operation Desert Storm, they maintain a regular TH 390 Fahd; 650 Walid
exercise schedule including with foreign militaries (such as
ARTY 4,468
the Bright Star series). However, while training will be at a
SP 492: 122mm 124 SP 122; 155mm 368: 164 M109A2; 204
high standard for many within the military, it is harder to
judge effectiveness across the entire force, given the level M109A5
of conscription. TOWED 962: 122mm 526: 190 D-30M; 36 M-1931/37; 300
M-30 M-1938; 130mm 420 M-46; 155mm 16 GH-52
ACTIVE 438,500 (Army 310,000 Navy 18,500 Air MRL 450: 122mm 356: 96 BM-11; 60 BM-21; 50 Sakr-10; 50
30,000 Air Defence Command 80,000) Paramilitary Sakr-18; 100 Sakr-36; 130mm 36 Kooryong; 140mm 32 BM-
397,000 14; 227mm 26 M270 MLRS; 240mm (48 BM-24 in store)
Terms of service 12 months–3 years (followed by refresher
MOR 2,564
training over a period of up to 9 years)
SP 136: 107mm 100: 65 M106A1; 35 M106A2 120mm
RESERVE 479,000 (Army 375,000 Navy 14,000 Air 36 M1064A3
20,000 Air Defence 70,000) 81mm 50 M125A2; 82mm 500 120mm 1,848: 1,800
M-1943; 48 Brandt 160mm 30 M160
Organisations by Service AT • MSL
SP 262: 52 M-901, 210 YPR 765 PRAT
Army 90,000–120,000; 190,000–220,000 MANPATS 2,100: 1,200 9K11 Malyutka (AT-3 Sagger)
conscript (total 310,000) (incl BRDM-2); 200 Milan; 700 TOW-2
FORCES BY ROLE UAV • ISR • Heavy R4E-50 Skyeye
SPECIAL FORCES AD • SAM
5 cdo gp SP 96: 50 FIM-92A Avenger; 26 M48 Chaparral; 20 9K31
1 counter-terrorist unit Strela-1 (SA-9 Gaskin)
MANOEUVRE MANPAD 2,764: 2,000 Ayn al-Saqr/9K32 Strela-2 (SA-
Armoured 7 Grail)‡; 164 FIM-92A Stinger; 600 Igla (SA-18 Grouse)
4 armd div (2 armd bde, 1 mech bde, 1 arty bde) GUNS
4 indep armd bde
SP 355: 23mm 165: 45 Sinai-23; 120 ZSU-23-4; 37mm
1 Republican Guard bde
Mechanised 150; 57mm 40 ZSU-57-2
7 mech div (1 armd bde, 2 mech bde, 1 arty bde) TOWED 700: 14.5mm 300 ZPU-4; 23mm 200 ZU-23-2;
4 indep mech bde 57mm 200 S-60
Light RADAR • LAND AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder; AN/TPQ-37
1 inf div Firefinder (arty/mor)
2 indep inf bde MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 42+: 9 FROG-7; 24 Sakr-80; some
Air Manoeuvre
(trials); 9 Scud-B
2 air mob bde
ARV 355+: Fahd 240; GMR 3560.55; 220 M88A1; 90 M88A2;
1 para bde
COMBAT SUPPORT M113 ARV; 45 M578; T-54/55 ARV
15 arty bde VLB KMM; MTU; MTU-20
1 SSM bde with FROG-7 MW Aardvark JFSU Mk4
Middle East and North Africa 321

Navy ε8,500 (incl 2,000 Coast Guard); 10,000 AX 5: 1 El Fateh† (UK ‘Z’ class); 1 El Horriya (also used
conscript (total 18,500) as the presidential yacht); 1 Al Kousser; 1 Intishat; 1 other
YPT 2 Poluchat 1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 4 Romeo† (PRC Type YDT 2
033) with 8 single 533mm TT with UGM-84C Harpoon
Coastal Defence
AShM
Army tps, Navy control
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 8
MSL • AShM 4K87 (SSC-2B Samlet)
FRIGATES 8:
LNCHR 3: 3 twin lnchr with Otomat MkII AShM
FFGHM 4 Mubarak (US Oliver Hazard Perry) with 1
GUN 100mm; 130mm SM-4-1; 152mm
Mk13 GMLS with RGM-84C Harpoon AShM/SM-1MP
SAM, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 2 SH-2G Super Seasprite Naval Aviation
ASW hel) All aircraft operated by Air Force
FFGH 2 Damyat (US Knox) with 1 octuple Mk16 GMLS AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 4 Beech 1900C (Maritime
with RGM-84C Harpoon AShM/ASROC, 2 twin 324mm Surveillance)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

TT, 1 127mm gun, (capacity 1 SH-2G Super Seasprite HELICOPTERS


ASW hel) ASW 14: 10 SH-2G Super Seasprite with Mk 46 LWT; 4
FFG 2 Najim Al Zaffer (PRC Jianghu I) with 2 twin lnchr Sea King Mk47
with HY-2 (CSS-N-2 Silkworm) AShM, 2 RBU 1200 MRH 5 SA-342 Gazelle
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 51 UAV • ISR • Light 2 Camcopter 5.1
CORVETTES • FSGM 2
2 Abu Qir (ESP Descubierta) with 2 quad Mk141 lnchr Coast Guard 2,000
with RGM-84C Harpoon AShM, 1 octuple lnchr with PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 74
Aspide SAM, 2 triple 324mm with Sting Ray LWT, 1 PBF 15: 6 Crestitalia; 6 Swift Protector; 3 Peterson
twin 375mm A/S mor, 1 76mm gun PB 59: 5 Nisr; 12 Sea Spectre MkIII; 9 Swiftships; 21
PCFG 11 Timsah; 3 Type 83; 9 Peterson
6 Ramadan with 4 single lnchr with Otomat MkII AShM
5 Tiger with 2 single lnchr with Otomat MkII AShM Air Force 30,000 (incl 10,000 conscript)
PCC 5

and North Africa


FORCES BY ROLE
5 Hainan (PRC – 3 more in reserve†) with 2 triple

Middle East
FIGHTER
324mm TT, 4 single RL 1 sqn with F-16A/B Fighting Falcon
PBFG 21 8 sqn with F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
4 Hegu (PRC – Komar type) with 2 single lnchr with 6 sqn with J-7/MiG-21 Fishbed/MiG-21U Mongol A*
SY-1 AShM 2 sqn with Mirage 5D/E
5 October (FSU Komar – 1†) with 2 single lnchr with 1 sqn with Mirage 2000B/C
Otomat MkII AShM FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
12 Osa I (FSU – 3†) with 4 single lnchr with P-15 Termit 2 sqn with F-4E Phantom II
(SS-N-2A Styx) AShM 1 sqn with Mirage 5E2
PBFM 4 ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE
4 Shershen (FSU) with 1 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-N-5 Grail) 1 sqn with SH-2G Super Seasprite
SAM (manual aiming), 1 12 tube BM-24 MRL 1 sqn with Sea King Mk47
PB 8 MARITIME PATROL
4 Shanghai II (PRC) 1 sqn with Beech 1900C
2 Shershen (FSU – 1†) with 4 single 533mm TT, 1 8-tube ELECTRONIC WARFARE
BM-21 MRL 1 sqn with Beech 1900 (ELINT); Commando Mk2E (ECM)
2 Swiftships 28 ELECTRONIC WARFARE/TRANSPORT
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 14 1 sqn with C-130H/VC-130H Hercules
MHC 5: 2 Osprey; 3 Dat Assawari (US Swiftships) AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING
MSI 2 Safaga (US Swiftships) 1 sqn with E-2C Hawkeye
MSO 7: 3 Assiout (FSU T-43 class); 4 Aswan (FSU Yurka) TRANSPORT
AMPHIBIOUS 12 1 sqn with An-74TK-200A;
LANDING SHIPS • LSM 3 Polnochny A (FSU) (capacity 1 sqn with C-130H/C-130H-30 Hercules
6 MBT; 180 troops) 1 sqn with DHC-5D Buffalo
LANDING CRAFT • LCU 9 Vydra (capacity either 3 1 sqn with B-707-366C; B-737-100; Beech 200 Super King
AMX-30 MBT or 100 troops) Air; Falcon 20; Gulfstream III; Gulfstream IV; Gulfstream
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 26: IV-SP
AOT 7 Toplivo (1 additional in reserve) TRAINING
AE 1 Halaib (Westerwald-class) 1 sqn with Alpha Jet*
AKR 3 Al Hurreya 1 sqn with DHC-5 Buffalo
ARL 1 Shaledin (Luneberg-class) 3 sqn with EMB-312 Tucano
ATA 5† Okhtensky 1 sqn with Grob 115EG;
322 The Military Balance 2012

ε6 sqn with K-8 Karakorum* ADA bn), 12 SAM bty with I-HAWK MIM-23B, 14
1 sqn with L-39 Albatros; L-59E Albatros* SAM bty with Crotale, 18 SAM bn with Skyguard, 110
ATTACK HELICOPTER SAM bn with S-125 Pechora-M (SA-3A Goa); 2K12 Kub
2 sqn with AH-64D Apache (SA-6 Gainful); S-75M Volkhov (SA-2 Guideline))
2 sqn with SA-342K Gazelle (with HOT) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 sqn with SA-342L Gazelle AD
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER SYSTEMS 72+: Some Amoun with RIM-7F Sea Sparrow
1 sqn with CH-47C/D Chinook SAM, 36+ quad SAM, Skyguard towed SAM, 36+ twin
2 sqn with Mi-8 Hip 35mm guns
1 sqn with S-70 Black Hawk; UH-60A/L Black Hawk SAM 702+
UAV
SP 130+: 24+ Crotale; 50+ M48 Chaparral; 56+ SA-6
Some sqn with R4E-50 Skyeye; Teledyne-Ryan 324 Scarab
Gainful
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE TOWED 572+: 78+ I-HAWK MIM-23B; S-75M Volkhov
AIRCRAFT 589 combat capable (SA-2 Guideline) 282+ Skyguard; 212+ S-125 Pechora-M
FTR 82: 26 F-16A Fighting Falcon; 6 F-16B Fighting
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

(SA-3A Goa)
Falcon; ε50 J-7 GUNS 1,566+
FGA 310: 29 F-4E Phantom II; 127 F-16C Fighting Falcon; SP • 23mm 266+: 36+ Sinai-23 (SPAAG) each with Ayn
38 F-16D Fighting Falcon; 3 Mirage 2000B; 15 Mirage al-Saqr MANPAD, Dassault 6SD-20S land; 230 ZSU-23-4
2000C; 36 Mirage 5D/E; 12 Mirage 5E2; ε50 MiG-21 TOWED 57mm 600 S-60; 85mm 400 M-1939 KS-12;
Fishbed/MiG-21U Mongol A* 100mm 300 KS-19
ELINT 2 VC-130H Hercules
ISR 6 Mirage 5R (5SDR)*
Paramilitary ε397,000 active
AEW&C 7 E-2C Hawkeye
TPT 56 Medium 24: 21 C-130H Hercules; 3 C-130H-30 Central Security Forces 325,000
Hercules Light 21: 3 An-74TK-200A (3 more on order); Ministry of Interior; Includes conscripts
1 Beech 200 King Air; 4 Beech 1900 (ELINT); 4 Beech APC (W) 100+: 100 Hussar; Walid
1900C; 9 DHC-5D Buffalo PAX 11: 1 B-707-366C; 3 Falcon
20; 2 Gulfstream III; 1 Gulfstream IV; 4 Gulfstream IV-SP National Guard 60,000
TRG 331: 36 Alpha Jet*; 54 EMB-312 Tucano; 74 Grob Lt wpns only
115EG; 120 K-8 Karakorum*; 10 L-39 Albatros; 35 L-59E FORCES BY ROLE
Albatros* MANOEUVRE
HELICOPTERS Other
ATK 35 AH-64D Apache 8 paramilitary bde (cadre) (3 paramilitary bn)
ASW 15: 10 SH-2G Super Seasprite (opcon Navy); 5 Sea EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
King Mk47 (opcon Navy)
APC (W) 250 Walid
ELINT 4 Commando Mk2E (ECM)
MRH 70: 65 SA-342K Gazelle (some with HOT); 5 SA- Border Guard Forces 12,000
342L Gazelle (opcon Navy) Ministry of Interior; lt wpns only
TPT 93: Heavy 19: 3 CH-47C Chinook; 16 CH-47D
FORCES BY ROLE
Chinook; Medium 74: 2 AS-61; 24 Commando (of which
MANOEUVRE
3 VIP); 40 Mi-8 Hip; 4 S-70 Black Hawk (VIP); 4 UH-60L Other
Black Hawk (VIP) 18 Border Guard regt
TRG 17 UH-12E
UAV • ISR • Heavy 49: 20 R4E-50 Skyeye; 29 Teledyne-
Ryan 324 Scarab Deployment
MSL
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
ASM 245+: 80 AGM-65A Maverick; 123 AGM-65D
UN • UNOCI 176; 1 engr coy
Maverick; 12 AGM-65F Maverick; 30 AGM-65G Maverick;
AGM-119 Hellfire; AGM-84 Harpoon; AM-39 Exocet; AS- Democratic Republic of the Congo
30L HOT UN • MONUSCO 1,000; 24 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 SF coy
ARM Armat; Kh-25MP (AS-12 Kegler)
AAM • IR R-3(AA-2 Atoll)‡; AIM-9FL/P Sidewinder; Liberia
R-550 Magic; SARH AIM-7E/F/M Sparrow; R530 UN • UNMIL 7 obs
South Sudan
Air Defence Command 80,000 conscript; UN • UNMISS 8; 7 obs
70,000 reservists (total 150,000)
FORCES BY ROLE Sudan
AIR DEFENCE UN • UNAMID 2,398; 21 obs; 2 inf bn; 1 engr coy; 1 sigs
5 AD div (geographically based) (total: 12 SAM bty with coy; 1 tpt coy
M48 Chaparral, 12 radar bn, 12 ADA bde (total: 100 UN • UNISFA 11; 4 obs
Middle East and North Africa 323

Western Sahara prime antagonists, the US and Israel, and also the ability to
UN • MINURSO 21 obs act with greater impunity regionally.
The Iran–Iraq War of the 1980s and various counter-
insurgency campaigns mean the military is battle hardened
Foreign Forces and experienced. Yet its lack of modern and useable
Australia MFO (Operation Mazurka) 25 equipment means the military must rely on personnel
Canada MFO 28 and platform numbers rather than technology to wage
Colombia MFO 354; 1 inf bn war. Large numbers of small, fast-attack craft with anti-
Czech Republic MFO 3 ship missiles, for instance, would be able to use swarm
Fiji MFO 338; 1 inf bn or hit-and-run tactics to attempt to disable much larger
France MFO 2 opponents. Similarly, army equipment may rely on
Hungary MFO 38; 1 MP unit numerical superiority, not sophistication, to prevent an
opponent’s advance. The air force’s ageing fleets of US
Italy MFO 75; 4 coastal ptl unit
and European fighters is of limited value and many may
New Zealand MFO 28 1 trg unit; 1 tpt unit
already have been cannibalised to keep others flying. The
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Norway MFO 3 imposition of a UN embargo on most major conventional


United States MFO 700; 1 ARNG inf bn; 1 spt bn (1 EOD weapons imports into Iran in June 2010 will only exacerbate
coy, 1 medical coy, 1 hel coy) the debilitated state of Iran’s equipment. Although Tehran
Uruguay MFO 58 1 engr/tpt unit has attempted, with partial success, to invigorate its
domestic defence industry, it relies on foreign states for
high-technology equipment, including anti-ship missiles
Iran IRN and advanced air-defence platforms.

Iranian Rial r 2010 2011 2012 ACTIVE 523,000 (Army 350,000 Islamic
Revolutionary Guard Corps 125,000 Navy 18,000 Air
GDP r 4,212tr 5,314tr
30,000) Paramilitary 40,000
US$ 413bn 499bn
Armed Forces General Staff coordinates two parallel
per capita US$ 5,365 6,400
organisations: Regular Armed Forces and Revolutionary

and North Africa


Growth % 3.24 2.52 Guard Corps

Middle East
Inflation % 12.4 22.5
Def bdgt r ε108tn ε128tn
RESERVE 350,000 (Army 350,000, ex-service
volunteers)
US$ ε10.6bn ε12bn
US$1=r 10,206.31 10,658.37
Organisations by Service
Population 77,891,220
Ethnic groups: Persian 51%; Azeri 24%; Gilaki/Mazandarani 8%; Army 130,000; 220,000 conscript (total
Kurdish 7%; Arab 3%; Lur 2%; Baloch 2%; Turkman 2%
350,000)
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus FORCES BY ROLE
Male 12.3% 5.1% 6.2% 5.6% 19.1% 2.4% 5 corps-level regional HQ
SPECIAL FORCES
Female 11.7% 4.8% 5.8% 5.4% 18.8% 2.6%
2 cdo div (3 cdo bde)
Capabilities 3 cdo bde
1 SF bde
Iran’s military, and in particular the Iranian Revolutionary MANOEUVRE
Guard Corps (IRGC), is a capable organisation well versed Armoured
in a variety of different operations. Although the armed 4 armd div (1 recce bn, 2 armd bde, 1 mech bde, 1 SP
forces suffer from a generally outdated arsenal, innovative arty bn, 1 engr bn, 1 log bn, 1 tpt bn)
and cost-effective tactics and techniques (particularly 1 indep armd bde
the use of asymmetric warfare) mean that Iran is able to Mechanised
pose a challenge to most potential adversaries, especially 2 mech inf div (1 recce bn, 1 armd bde, 2–3 mech bde, 1
its weaker neighbours. At the same time, the inability to SP arty bn, 1 arty bn, 1 engr bn, 1 log bn, 1 tpt bn)
offer effective deterrence to an advanced military such Light
as that of the United States, or even potentially Turkey, 4 inf div (3–4 inf bde, 1 arty bde, 1 log bn, 1 tpt bn)
may be a motivation for Iran’s pursuit of dual-use nuclear 1 indep inf bde
programmes. Tehran claims its uranium enrichment is for Air Manoeuvre
a civil energy purpose but, in conjunction with evidence 1 AB bde
of weapons-design work, it provides a potential break-out Aviation
capability. A nuclear deterrent, based on its burgeoning Some avn gp
ballistic-missile programme, would, in Tehran’s view, COMBAT SUPPORT
afford Iran greater security in its relations with two of its 6 arty gp
324 The Military Balance 2012

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps 125,000+


Totals incl those held by IRGC Ground Forces. Some
equipment serviceability in doubt Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground
MBT 1,663+: ε150 Zulfiqar; 480 T-72Z; 150 M60A1; 75+ T-62; Forces 100,000+
100 Chieftain Mk3/Mk5; 540 T-54/T-55/Type-59/Safir-74; 168 Controls Basij paramilitary forces. Lightly manned in
M47/M48 peacetime. Primary role: internal security; secondary
LT TK 80+: 80 Scorpion; Towsan role: external defence, in conjunction with regular armed
RECCE 35 EE-9 Cascavel forces.
AIFV 610: 210 BMP-1; 400 BMP-2 with 9K111 Fagot (AT-4 FORCES BY ROLE
Spigot) COMMAND
APC 640+ 31 provincial corps HQ (2 in Tehran)
APC (T) 340+: 140 Boragh with 9K111 Fagot (AT-4 Spigot); MANOEUVRE
200 M113; BMT-2 Cobra Light
APC (W) 300+: 300 BTR-50/BTR-60; Rakhsh Up to 15 div (some divs are designated as armd or
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

ARTY 8,798+ mech but all are predominantly infantry)


SP 292+: 122mm 60+: 60 2S1 Carnation; Raad-1 (Thunder Some indep bde (each bde allocated 10 Basij militia bn
1) 155mm 150+: 150 M109; Raad-2 (Thunder 2) 170mm 30 for ops)
M-1978; 175mm 22 M107; 203mm 30 M110 Air Manoeuvre
TOWED 2,030+; 105mm 150: 130 M101A1; 20 M-56; 1 indep AB bde
122mm 640: 540 D-30; 100 Type-54 (M-30) M-1938;
130mm 985 M-46; 152mm 30 D-20; 155mm 205: 120 Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps Naval
GHN-45; 70 M114; 15 Type 88 WAC-21; 203mm 20 M115 Forces 20,000+ (incl 5,000 Marines)
MRL 1,476+: 107mm 1,300: 700 Type-63; 600 HASEB FORCES BY ROLE
Fadjr 1; 122mm 157: 7 BM-11; 100 BM-21; 50 Arash/Hadid/ COMBAT SUPPORT
Noor; 240mm 19: ε10 Fadjr 3; 9 M-1985; 330mm Fadjr 5 Some arty bty
MOR 5,000: 60mm; 81mm; 82mm; 107mm M-30; 120mm Some AShM bty with HY-2 (CSS-C-3 Seersucker)
M-65 AShM
AT EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MSL • MANPATS 9K11 I-Raad (AT-3 Sagger); 9K111 In addition to the vessels listed the IRGC operates a
Fagot (AT-4 Spigot); 9K113 Towsan-1 (AT-5 Spandrel); substantial number of patrol boats with a full-load dis-
Saeqhe 1; Saeqhe 2; Toophan; Toophan 2 placement below 10 tonnes, including ε40 Boghammar-
RCL 200+: 75mm M-20; 82mm B-10; 106mm ε200 M-40; class vessels and small Bavar-class wing-in-ground effect
107mm B-11 air vehicles
AIRCRAFT • TPT 17 Light 16: 10 Cessna 185; 2 F-27 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 95
Friendship; 4 Turbo Commander 690 PAX 1 Falcon 20 PBFG 40:
HELICOPTERS 5 China Cat with 2 twin lnchr with C-701/Kosar
ATK 50 AH-1J Cobra AShM
TPT 173: Heavy 20 CH-47C Chinook; Medium 25 Mi-171; 10 Thondor (PRC Houdong) with 2 twin lnchr with
Light 128: 68 Bell 205A (AB-205A); 10 Bell 206 Jet Ranger C-802 (CSS-N-8 Saccade) AShM
(AB-206); 50 Bell 214 25 Peykaap II (IPS-16 mod) with 2 single lnchr with
UAV • ISR • Medium Mohajer IV; Light Mohajer II/ C-701/Kosar AShM
Mohajer III PBF 35: 15 Peykaap I (IPS -16); 10 Tir (IPS 18); ε10 Pashe
AD • SAM (MIG-G-1900)
SP HQ-7 (reported); 10 Pantsyr S-1E (SA-22 Greyhound); PB ε 20 Ghaem
250 Shabab Thaqeb (FM-80); 29 Tor-M1 (SA-15) AMPHIBIOUS
MANPAD 9K36 Strela-3 (SA-14 Gremlin); 9K32 Strela-2 LANDING SHIPS 4
(SA-7 Grail)‡; Misaq 1 (QW-1 Vanguard); Misaq 2 (QW- 2 Hejaz (mine-laying capacity)
11); Igla-S (SA-24 Grinch); HN-54 2 MIG-S-5000
GUNS 1,122 MSL • TACTICAL • AShM HY-2 (CSS-C-3 Seersucker)
SP 180: 23mm 100 ZSU-23-4; 57mm 80 ZSU-57-2
TOWED 942 14.5mm ZPU-2; ZPU-4; 23mm 300 ZU-23- Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps Marines
2; 35mm 92 Skyguard; 37mm M-1939; 40mm 50 L/70; 5,000+
57mm 200 S-60; 85mm 300 M1939 FORCES BY ROLE
MSL • TACTICAL • SSM ε30 CSS-8 (175 msl); Shahin-1/ MANOEUVRE
Shahin-2; Nazeat; Oghab Amphibious
ARV 20+: BREM-1 reported; 20 Chieftain ARV; M578; 1 marine bde
T-54/55 ARV reported
VLB 15: 15 Chieftain AVLB Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps Air Force
MW Taftan 1 Controls Iran’s strategic missile force.
Middle East and North Africa 325

FORCES BY ROLE LANDING CRAFT 10


MISSILE LCT 2
ε1 bde with Shahab-1/2 LCU 1 Liyan 110
ε1 bn with Shahab-3; Ghadr-1; Sajjil-2 (in devt) UCAC 7: 6 Wellington; 1 Iran
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 43
MISSILE • TACTICAL AORH 3: 2 Bandar Abbas; 1 Kharg
MRBM 12+: 12+ Shahab-3/Ghadr-1; some Sajjil-2 (in AWT 5: 4 Kangan; 1 Delvar
devt) AE 2 Delvar
AK 3 Delvar
SRBM 18+: some Fateh 110; 12-18 Shahab-1/2 (ε200–300
AG 1 Hamzah
msl)
AB 12 Hendijan (also used for coastal patrol)
SSM Some Zelzal
YTB 17
MSL • AshM C-802/A Noor/Ghader; C-701/Kosar; Nasr;
Navy 18,000 Ra’ad (reported; coastal defence)
HQ at Bandar-e Abbas
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Marines 2,600


In addition to the vessels listed the Iranian Navy operates FORCES BY ROLE
a substantial number of patrol boats with a full-load dis- MANOEUVRE
placement below 10 tonnes. Amphibious
SUBMARINES 23 2 marine bde
TACTICAL 15
SSK 3 Kilo (RUS Type 877EKM) with 6 single 533mm Naval Aviation 2,600
TT EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
SSW 12: 11 Qadir (additional vessels in build); 1 Nahang AIRCRAFT 3 combat capable
SDV 8: 5 Al Sabehat (SF insertion and mine-laying ASW 3 P-3F Orion
capacity); 3 other TPT 16 Light 13: 5 Do-228; 4 F-27 Friendship; 4 Turbo
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 68 (+ ε50 Commander 680 PAX 3 Falcon 20 (ELINT)
small craft under 10 tonnes) HELICOPTERS

and North Africa


CORVETTES 6 ASW ε10 SH-3D Sea King

Middle East
FSGM 1 Jamaran (UK Vosper Mk 5 – 1 more under MCM 3 RH-53D Sea Stallion
construction at Bandar-e Abbas, expected ISD 2013) TPT • Light 17: 5 Bell 205A (AB-205A); 2 Bell 206
with 2 twin lnchr with CSS-N-4 Sardine AShM, 2 lnchr JetRanger (AB-206); 10 Bell 212 (AB-212)
with SM-1 SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT, 1 76mm gun, 1
hel landing platform Air Force 30,000 (incl 12,000 Air Defence)
FSG 4 FORCES BY ROLE
3 Alvand (UK Vosper Mk 5) with 2 twin lnchr with Serviceability probably about 60% for US ac types and
CSS-N-4 Sardine AShM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT, 1 about 80% for PRC/Russian ac. Includes IRGC Air Force
114mm gun equipment.
1 Bayandor (US PF-103) with 2 twin lnchr with C-802 FIGHTER
AShM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT, 2 76mm gun 1 sqn with F-7M Airguard; JJ-7 Mongol A*
FS 1 Bayandor (US PF-103) with 2 76mm gun 2 sqn with F-14 Tomcat
PCFG 13 Kaman (FRA Combattante II) with 1–2 twin lcnhr 2 sqn with MiG-29A/UB Fulcrum
with CSS-N-4 Sardine AShM FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
PBFG 8 1 sqn with Mirage F-1E; F-5E/F Tiger II
ε4 Mk13 with 2 single lnchr with C-701 (Kosar) AShM 1 sqn with Su-24MK Fencer D
4 China Cat with 2 single lnchr with C-701 (Kosar) 5 sqn with F-4D/E Phantom II
AShM 3 sqn with F-5E/F Tiger II
PBF 16: 15 Kashdom II; 1 M155 MARITIME PATROL
PB 22: 3 Kayvan; 6 MkII; 10 MkIII; 3 Parvin 1 sqn with P-3MP Orion*
PTF 3 Kajami (semi-submersible) ISR
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 5 1 (det) sqn with RF-4E Phantom II*
MSC 3: 2 Type-292; 1 Shahrokh (in Caspian Sea as trg SEARCH & RESCUE
ship) Some flt with Bell-214C (AB-214C)
MSI 2 Riazi (US Cape) TANKER/TRANSPORT
AMPHIBIOUS 1 sqn with B-707; B-747; B-747F
LANDING SHIPS 13 TRANSPORT
LSM 3 Farsi (ROK) (capacity 9 tanks; 140 troops) 1 sqn with B-707; Falcon 50; L-1329 Jetstar; Bell 412
LST 4 Hengam each with up to 1 hel (capacity 9 tanks; 2 sqn with C-130E/H Hercules
225 troops) 1 sqn with F-27 Friendship; Falcon 20
LSL 6 Fouque 1 sqn with Il-76 Candid; An-140 (Iran-140 Faraz)
326 The Military Balance 2012

TRAINING Paramilitary 40,000-60,000


1 sqn with Beech F33A/C Bonanza
1 sqn with F-5B Freedom Fighter Law-Enforcement Forces 40,000–60,000
1 sqn with PC-6 (border and security troops); 450,000 on
1 sqn with PC-7 Turbo Trainer mobilisation (incl conscripts)
Some units with EMB-312 Tucano; MFI-17 Mushshak; TB- Part of armed forces in wartime
21 Trinidad; TB-200 Tobago PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB ε 90
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER AIRCRAFT • TPT: 2 Iran-140; some Cessna 185/Cessna
1 sqn with CH-47 Chinook 310
Some units with Bell 206A JetRanger (AB-206A); Shabaviz HELICOPTERS • UTL ε24 AB-205 (Bell 205)/AB-206
2-75; Shabaviz 2061 (Bell 206) Jet Ranger
AIR DEFENCE
16 bn with MIM-23B I-HAWK/Shahin Basij Resistance Force up to ε1,000,000 on
5 sqn with FM-80 (Crotale); Rapier; Tigercat; S-75M mobilisation
Volkhov (SA-2 Guideline); S-200 Angara (SA-5 Gammon); Paramilitary militia, with claimed membership of 12.6
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

FIM-92A Stinger; 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡; 9K331 million; perhaps 1 million combat capable; in the process
Tor-M1 (SA-15 Gauntlet) (reported) of closer integration with IRGC Ground Forces.
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE FORCES BY ROLE
AIRCRAFT 336 combat capable MANOEUVRE
FTR 189+: 20 F-5B Freedom Fighter; 60+ F-5E Tiger II/F- Other
2,500 militia bn (claimed, limited permanent member-
5F Tiger II; 24 F-7M Airguard; 44 F-14 Tomcat; 35 MiG-
ship)
29A/U/UB Fulcrum; up to 6 Azarakhsh reported
FGA 108: 65 F-4D/E Phantom II; 10 Mirage F-1E; 30 Su-
24MK Fencer D; up to 3 Saegheh reported
Cyber
Iran is believed to have a developed capacity for cyber
ATK 13: 7 Su-25K Frogfoot; 3 Su-25T Frogfoot; 3 Su-25UBK
operations. The precise relationship of groups such as the
Frogfoot
‘Iranian Cyber Army’ to regime and military organisations
ASW 5 P-3MP Orion
is unclear, but the former has launched hacking attacks
ISR: 6+ RF-4E Phantom II*
against a number of foreign organisations. In 2011, it was
TKR/TPT 3: ε1 B-707; ε2 B-747
reported by state-sponsored media that Iran was stepping
TPT 117: Heavy 12 Il-76 Candid; Medium 19 C-130E/H
up its cyber defences and conducting exercises in this area,
Hercules; Light 75: 11 An-74TK-200; 5 An-140 (Iran-140
and that Iran was establishing its own cyber command.
Faraz) (45 projected); 10 F-27 Friendship; 1 L-1329 Jetstar;
10 PC-6B Turbo Porter; 8 TB-21 Trinidad; 4 TB-200 Tobago;
3 Turbo Commander 680; 14 Y-7; 9 Y-12; PAX 11: 2 B-707; 1 Deployment
B-747; 4 B-747F; 1 Falcon 20; 3 Falcon 50 GUlf of Aden and SOMALI Basin
TRG 151: 25 Beech F33A/C Bonanza; 15 EMB-312 Tucano; Navy: 1 FSG; 1 AORH
15 JJ-7*; 25 MFI-17 Mushshak; 12 Parastu; 15 PC-6; 35 PC-7
Turbo Trainer; 9 T-33
HELICOPTERS Iraq IRQ
MRH 32: 30 Bell 214C (AB-214C); 2 Bell 412 Iraqi Dinar D 2010 2011 2012
TPT 4+: Heavy 2+ CH-47 Chinook; Light 2+: 2 Bell 206A
Jet Ranger (AB-206A); some Shabaviz 2-75 (indigenous GDP D 94.9tr 127tr
versions in production); some Shabaviz 2061 US$ 80.2bn 107bn
AD • SAM 279+: FM-80 (Crotale); 30 Rapier; 15 Tigercat; per capita US$ 2,704 3,534
150+ MIM-23B I-HAWK/Shahin; 45 S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Growth % 0.84 9.65
Guideline); 10 S-200 Angara (SA-5 Gammon); 29 9K331 Inflation % 2.4 5.0
Tor-M1 (SA-15 Gauntlet) (reported)
Def exp D 5.73tn
MANPAD FIM-92A Stinger; 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡
GUNS • TOWED 23mm ZU-23; 37mm Oerlikon US$ 4.85bn
MSL Def bdgt D 4.95tn 5.66tn
ASM AGM-65A Maverick; Kh-25 (AS-10 Karen); Kh-29 US$ 4.19bn 4.79bn
(AS-14 Kedge); C-801K (CSS-N-4 Sardine) AShM US$1=D 1,182.71 1,182.80
ARM Kh-58 (AS-11 Kilter)
AAM • IR PL-2A‡; PL-7; R-60 (AA-8 Aphid); R-73 (AA- Population 30,399,572
11 Archer): AIM-9 Sidewinder; IR/SARH R-27 (AA-10 Ethnic and religious groups: Arab 75–80% (of which Shia Muslim
Alamo) SARH AIM-54 Phoenix; AIM-7 Sparrow 55%, Sunni Muslim 45%) Kurdish 20–25%

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus


Air Defence Command
Male 19.4% 5.2% 4.9% 4.6% 15.2% 1.4%
Established to co-ordinate Army, Air Force and IRGC air-
defence assets. Precise composition unclear. Female 18.7% 5.1% 4.8% 4.4% 14.8% 1.6%
Middle East and North Africa 327

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Capabilities MBT 336+: 140 M1A1 Abrams; 120+ T-72; 76 T-55;
In conjunction with the police and other security services, RECCE 73: 18 BRDM 2; 35 EE-9 Cascavel; 20 Fuchs NBC
the Iraqi Army’s prime role is to provide internal security. AIFV 120: 100 BMP-1; 20 BTR-4
The speed with which the Iraqi Army was reconstituted APC 2,799+
after 2003 meant that up to 70% of old, pre-regime-change APC (T) 605+: 100 FV 103 Spartan; 400+ M113A2; 61
officers were eventually reintegrated into the new officer MT-LB; 44 Talha
corps. To counter this, Iraq’s ruling elite have inserted so- APC (W) 850: 570 Akrep/Scorpion; 60 AT-105 Saxon; 100
called dimaj officers into the senior ranks of the military. BTR-80; 50 M3 Panhard; 60 Mohafiz; 10 VCR-TT
These political appointments were either militia leaders PPV 1,344: 600 DZIK-3; 12 Barracuda; 607 ILAV Cougar;
or had no military experience at all. Beyond political 10 Cobra; 115 Mamba
interference, a broad set of problems continue to plague ARTY 1,386+
the Iraqi Army and need to be addressed for it to fulfil SP 48+: 152mm 18+ Type 83; 155mm 30: 6 M109A1; 24
its new responsibilities. The first involves weaknesses M109A5
in management, logistics and strategic planning. The TOWED 138+: 130mm 18+ M-46; 155mm 120 M198
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

unwillingness of senior military officials to delegate MLRS 122mm some BM-21


responsibility down the chain of command also stifles MOR 1,200: 81mm 650 M252; 120mm 550 M120
innovation and independent decision-making at a junior ARV 215+: 180 BREM; 35+ M88A1/2; Type 54/55 ARV;
level. In spite of ongoing inefficiencies and politicisation, Type 653; VT-55A
Iraq’s security forces will probably be able to impose a HELICOPTERS
rough order on the country from 2012 onwards. They will MRH 30+: 26 Mi-17 Hip H; 4+ SA342 Gazelle
not however be able to defend the country’s borders or air ISR 10 OH-58C Kiowa
space. TPT 37: Medium 8 Mi-171Sh; Light 29: 16 Bell 205
(UH-1H Huey II); 10 Bell 206B3 Jet Ranger; 3 Bell T407
ACTIVE 271,400 (Army 193,400 Navy 3,600 Air
5,050 Support 69,350) Ministry of Interior 531,000 Navy 3,600
Iraqi Coastal Defence Force (ICDF)
Organisations by Service

and North Africa


EQUIPMENT BY TYPE

Middle East
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 28+:
Military Forces PCO 5
Figures for Iraqi security forces reflect ongoing changes in 1 RiverHawk (one further in build; expected ISD
organisation and manpower. 2012)
4 Fateh (ITA Diciotti)
Army 193,400 PB 17: 9 Swiftships 35; 5 Predator (PRC-27m); 3 Al
FORCES BY ROLE Faw
SPECIAL FORCES PBR 6: 2 Type-200; 4 Type-2010
2 SF bde
MANOEUVRE Iraqi Air Force 5,050
Armoured FORCES BY ROLE
1 armd div (3 armd bde, 1 lt mech bde, 1 engr bn, 1 ISR
sigs regt, 1 log bde) 1 sqn with CH-2000 Sama; SB7L-360 Seeker
Light 1 sqn with Cessna 208B Grand Caravan; Cessna AC-
8 mot div (4 mot inf bde, 1 engr bn, 1 sigs regt, 1 log 208B Combat Caravan*
bde) 1 sqn with Beech 350 King Air
2 mot div (3 mot inf bde, 1 engr bn, 1 sigs regt, 1 log TRANSPORT
bde) 1 sqn with C-130E Hercules
1 inf div (1 mech bde, 2 inf bde, 1 air mob bde, 1 engr TRAINING
bn, 1 sigs regt, 1 log bde) 1 sqn with Cessna 172
1 inf div (4 lt inf bde, 1 engr bn, 1 sigs regt, 1 log 1 sqn with Lasta-95
bde) 1 sqn with T-6A
1 inf div (3 lt inf bde, 1 engr bn, 1 sigs regt, 1 log EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
bde) AIRCRAFT 3 combat capable
2 (presidential) mot bde ISR 5: 3 Cessna AC-208B Combat Caravan*; 2 SB7L-360
1 (Baghdad) indep mot bde Seeker
Aviation TPT 25: Medium 3 C-130E Hercules; Light 22: 6 Beech
1 sqn with Bell 205 (UH-1H Huey II) 350 King Air; 8 Cessna 208B Grand Caravan; 8 Cessna
1 sqn with Bell 206; OH-58C Kiowa 172
1 sqn with Bell T407 TRG 33+: 8 CH-2000 Sama; 10+ Lasta-95; 15 T-6A
3 sqn with Mi-17 Hip H; Mi-171 MSL
1 sqn with SA342M Gazelle ASM AGM-114 Hellfire
328 The Military Balance 2012

Ministry of Interior Forces 531,000 Capabilities


Iraqi Police Service 302,000 (incl Highway The Israel Defence Forces (IDF) remain the most capable
Patrol) in the region, with the motivation, equipment and training
to considerably overmatch the conventional capability of
Iraqi Federal Police 44,000 other regional armed forces. Though the changing strategic
Facilities Protection Service 95,000 environment arising from the Arab Awakening will concern
Israeli planners, they are currently able to contain the
Border Enforcement 60,000 military threats posed by Hamas and Hizbullah. Many of
the lessons of the unsuccessful 2006 war against Hizbullah
Oil Police 30,000 in Lebanon appear to have been addressed. Operation Cast
Lead against Hamas in Gaza in 2008–09 demonstrated a
Foreign Forces high degree of combined-arms and air–land cooperation as
well as advances in ISR and command capabilities, albeit
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Australia 35; 1 sy det with ASLAV • UNAMI 2 obs


against an enemy significantly less capable than Hizbullah.
Bulgaria NTM-I 2
In a war against the re-armed Hizbullah, the IDF could
Denmark 23 (sy forces) • NTM-I 1 • UNAMI 2 obs
probably only partially neutralise the rocket and missile
Estonia NTM-I 2 threat to Israel, but the capability of its forces to damage
Fiji UNAMI 278; 3 sy unit Hizbullah’s organisation and infrastructure may have a
Hungary NTM-I 3 deterrent effect.
Italy NTM-I 67 Continued intermittent firing of rockets from Gaza
Jordan UNAMI 2 obs remains a key concern and has driven recent capability
Lithuania NTM-I 2 additions such as the Iron Dome system. Israel remains
Nepal UNAMI 1 obs concerned by Iran’s nuclear and ballistic-missile activities.
Netherlands NTM-I 7 Developments continue in the field of ballistic-missile
defence, with Arrow 3 under development by the US
New Zealand UNAMI 1 obs
and Israel, designed to engage incoming missiles in
Poland NTM-I 17
the upper atmosphere – a development of Arrow 2 and
Romania NTM-I 2 complementing Israel’s Patriot missiles. During the year,
Turkey NTM-I 2 Israel’s highly capable air force has held flying training
Ukraine NTM-I 9 exercises in Greece, Italy and Romania.
United Kingdom NTM-I 15 • UNAMI 1 obs
United States Operation New Dawn 34,000 (withdrawn by
ACTIVE 176,500 (Army 133,000 Navy 9,500 Air
end 2011) • NTM-I 12 • UNAMI 4 obs 34,000) Paramilitary 8,000
RESERVE 565,000 (Army 500,000 Navy 10,000 Air
55,000)
Israel ISR Terms of service officers 48 months, other ranks 36 months,
women 24 months (Jews and Druze only; Christians,
New Israeli Shekel NS 2010 2011 2012 Circassians and Muslims may volunteer). Annual trg as
GDP NS 813bn 903bn cbt reservists to age 40 (some specialists to age 54) for male
US$ 218bn 255bn other ranks, 38 (or marriage/pregnancy) for women
per capita US$ 29,580 34,070
Growth % 4.85 4.80 Organisations by Service
Inflation % 2.7 3.4
Def exp NS 52.5bn Strategic Forces
US$ 14.0bn Israel is widely believed to have a nuclear capability –
Def bdgt NS 53.8bn 54.1bn 55.6bn
delivery means include ac, Jericho 1 SRBM and Jericho 2
IRBM
US$ 14.4bn 15.3bn
FORCES BY ROLE
FMA (US) US$ 2.78bn 3.0bn
MISSILE
US$1=NS 3.74 3.55
3 sqn with Jericho 1/2
Population 7,473,052 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MSL • STRATEGIC
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
IRBM: Jericho 2
Male 14.1% 4.1% 4.0% 3.8% 19.7% 4.4%
SRBM: Jericho 1
Female 13.5% 3.9% 3.8% 3.7% 19.3% 5.7% WARHEADS up to 200 nuclear warheads
Middle East and North Africa 329

Strategic Defences Air Manoeuvre


2 para bde
FORCES BY ROLE
AIR DEFENCE Mountain
1 mtn inf bn
3 bty with 24 Arrow/Arrow 2 ATBM with Green Pine ra-
COMBAT SUPPORT
dar and Citrus Tree command post.
7 arty bde
1 bty with Iron Dome
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
17 bty with MIM-23B I-HAWK
6 log unit
6 bty with MIM-104 Patriot
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Space MBT 480: ε160 Merkava MkII; ε160 Merkava MkIII; ε160
SATELLITES • IMAGERY 4: 3 Ofeq (5, 7 & 9); 1 TecSAR-1 Merkava MkIV (ε440 Merkava Mk1; ε290 Merkava MkII; ε270
(Polaris) Merkava MkIII; ε140 Merkava MkIV; 111 Magach-7; 711 M60/
M60A1/M60A3 all in store)
Army 26,000; 107,000 conscript; (total 133,000) RECCE 308: ε300 RBY-1 RAMTA; ε8 Tpz-1 Fuchs (NBC)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Organisation and structure of formations may vary APC 1,265


according to op situations. Equipment includes that APC (T) 1,165: ε65 Namer; ε200 Achzarit (modified
required for reserve forces on mobilisation. T-55 chassis); 500 M113A2; ε400 Nagmachon (Centurion
FORCES BY ROLE chassis); Nakpadon (5,000 M-113A1/A2 in store)
COMMAND APC (W) 100 Ze’ev
3 (regional comd) corps HQ ARTY 530
2 armd div HQ SP 250: 155mm 250 M109A5 (155mm 148 L-33; 30
4 (territorial) inf div HQ M109A1; 50 M-50; 175mm 36 M107; 203mm 36 M110 all
SPECIAL FORCES in store)
3 SF bn TOWED (122mm 5 D-30; 130mm 100 M-46; 155mm 171:
MANOEUVRE 40 M-46; 50 M-68/M-71; 81 M-839P/M-845P all in store)
Reconnaissance MRL 30: 227mm 30 M270 MLRS (122mm 58 BM-21;
1 indep recce bn 160mm 50 LAR-160; 227mm 30 M270 MLRS; 240mm 36
Armoured BM-24; 290mm 20 LAR-290 all in store)

and North Africa


Middle East
3 armd bde (1 armd recce coy, 3 armd bn, 1 AT coy, 1 cbt MOR 250 81mm 250 (81mm 1,100; 120mm 650 160mm 18
engr bn) M-66 Soltam all in store)
Mechanised AT • MSL
3 mech inf bde (3 mech inf bn, 1 cbt spt bn,1 sigs coy) SP M113 with Spike
1 mech inf bde (6 mech inf bn) MANPATS IMI MAPATS; Spike MR/LR/ER/NLOS
1 indep mech inf bn AD • SAM
Light SP 20 Machbet
1 indep inf bn MANPAD FIM-92A Stinger
Air Manoeuvre RADAR • LAND AN/PPS-15 (arty); AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder
1 para bde (3 para bn,1 cbt spt bn. 1 sigs coy) (arty); EL/M-2140 (veh)
Other MSL 100
1 armd trg bde (3 armd bn) STRATEGIC ε100 Jericho 1 SRBM/Jericho 2 IRBM
COMBAT SUPPORT TACTICAL • SSM (7 Lance in store)
3 arty bde AEV D9R; Puma
3 engr bn ARV Centurion Mk2; Eyal; Merkava; M88A1; M113 ARV
1 EOD coy VLB Alligator MAB; M48/60; MTU
1 CBRN bn
3 int bn Navy 7,000; 2,500 conscript (total 9,500)
2 MP bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Reserves 500,000+ on mobilisation SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 3 Dolphin (GER
Type-212 variant) with 6 single 533mm TT with UGM-84C
FORCES BY ROLE
Harpoon AShM/HWT, 4 single 650mm TT (3 more to be
COMMAND
delivered from 2012)
8 armd div HQ
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 59
1 AB div HQ
MANOEUVRE CORVETTES • FSGHM 3 Eilat (Sa’ar 5) 2 quad Mk140
Armoured lnchr with RGM-84C Harpoon AShM, 2 32 cell VLS with
17 armd bde Barak SAM, 2 triple 324mm TT with Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm
Mechanised gun, (capacity either 1 AS-565SA Panther ASW hel or 1
11 mech inf bde AS-366G Dauphin II SAR hel)
Light PCGM 8 Hetz (Sa’ar 4.5) with 6 single lnchr with Gabriel
13 (territorial/regional) inf bde II AShM, 2 twin Mk140 lnchr with RGM-84C Harpoon
330 The Military Balance 2012

AShM, 1 16-32 Cell Mk56 VLS with Barak SAM, 1 76mm 1 medevac unit with CH-53D Sea Stallion
gun UAV
PCG 2 Reshef (Sa’ar 4) with 4–6 single lnchr with Gabriel 1 ISR sqn with Hermes 450
II AShM, 1 twin Mk140 lnchr with RGM-84C Harpoon 1 ISR sqn with Searcher MkII
AShM, 1 76mm gun 1 ISR sqn with Heron (Shoval); Heron TP (Eitan)
PBFT 13: 9 Super Dvora MkI with 2 single 324mm TT with AIR DEFENCE
Mk 46 LWT (AShM may also be fitted); 4 Super Dvora 3 bty with Arrow/Arrow 2
MkII with 2 single 324mm TT with Mk 46 LWT (AShM 1 bty with Iron Dome
may also be fitted) 17 bty with MIM-23 I-HAWK
PBT 15 Dabur with 2 single 324mm TT with Mk 46 LWT 6 bty with MIM-104 Patriot
PBF 18: 5 Shaldag; 3 Stingray; 10 Super Dvora MK III EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
(AShM & TT may be fitted) AIRCRAFT 440 combat capable
AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT • LCT 1 Ashdod FTR 143: 16 F-15A Eagle; 6 F-15B Eagle; 17 F-15C Eagle; 11
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 3 F-15D Eagle; 77 F-16A Fighting Falcon; 16 F-16B Fighting
AG 2 (ex German Type T45) Falcon
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

AX 1 FGA 251: 25 F-15I Ra’am; 78 F-16C Fighting Falcon; 48


F-16D Fighting Falcon; 100 F-16I Sufa
Naval Aviation ATK 46: 20 A-4N Skyhawk; 10 TA-4H Skyhawk; 16 TA-4J
AC • TPT • Medium 2 C-130 Hercules
Skyhawk
HELICOPTERS
FTR/FGA/ATK (200+ A-4N Skyhawk/F-4 Phantom II/F-
ASW 7 AS565SA Panther
15A Eagle/F-16A/B Fighting Falcon/Kfir C-7 in store)
SAR 2 SA366G Dauphin II
MP 3 IAI-1124 Seascan
TPT • Light 17 Bell 212
ISR 6 RC-12D Guardrail
Naval Commandos ε300 ELINT 4: 1 EC-707; 3 Gulfstream G550 Shavit
AEW 4: 2 B-707 Phalcon; 2 Gulfstream G550 Eitam (1 more
Air Force 34,000 on order)
Responsible for Air and Space Coordination TKR/TPT 11: 4 KC-130H Hercules; 7 KC-707
TPT 58: Medium 11: 5 C-130E Hercules; 6 C-130H
FORCES BY ROLE
Hercules; Light 47: 3 AT-802 Air Tractor; 9 Beech 200 King
FIGHTER & FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
Air; 8 Beech 200T King Air; 5 Beech 200CT King Air; 22
1 sqn with F-15A/B/D Eagle
Beech A36 Bonanza (Hofit)
1 sqn with F-15B/C/D Eagle
TRG 37: 17 Grob G-120; 20 T-6A
1 sqn with F-15I Ra’am
HELICOPTERS
7 sqn with F-16A/B/C/D Fighting Falcon
ATK 77: 33 AH-1E/F Cobra; 27 AH-64A Apache; 17 AH-
4 sqn with F-16I Sufa
64D Apache (Sarat)
(3 sqn with A-4N Skyhawk/F-4 Phantom II/Kfir C-7 in
ASW 7 AS565SA Panther (missions flown by IAF but
reserve)
with non-rated aircrew)
ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE
ISR 12 OH-58B Kiowa
1 sqn with AS565SA Panther (missions flown by IAF but
TPT 200: Heavy 38 CH-53D Sea Stallion; Medium 49: 39
with non-rated aircrew)
MARITIME PATROL/TANKER/TRANSPORT S-70A Black Hawk; 10 UH-60A Black Hawk; Light 6 Bell
1 sqn with IAI-1124 Seascan; KC-707 206 JetRanger
ELECTRONIC WARFARE UAV • ISR 26+: Heavy 4+: Hermes 450; Heron (Shoval); 4
2 sqn with RC-12D Guardrail; Beech A36 Bonanza (Hofit); Heron TP (Eitan); RQ-5A Hunter; Medium 22 Searcher MkII
Beech 200 King Air; Beech 200T King Air; Beech 200CT (22+ in store); Light Harpy
King Air; AD
AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL SAM 24+: 24 Arrow/Arrow 2; some Iron Dome; some MIM-
1 sqn with Gulfstream G550 Eitam; Gulfstream G550 104 Patriot; some MIM-23 I-HAWK
Shavit GUNS 920
TANKER/TRANSPORT SP 165: 20mm 105 M163 Machbet Vulcan; 23mm 60
2 sqn with C-130E/H Hercules; KC-130H Hercules ZSU-23-4
TRAINING TOWED 755: 23mm 150 ZU-23; 20mm/37mm 455
1 OPFOR sqn with F-16A/B Fighting Falcon M167 Vulcan towed 20mm/M-1939 towed 37mm/TCM-
1 sqn with A-4N/TA-4H/TA-4J Skyhawk 20 towed 20mm; 40mm 150 L/70
ATTACK HELICOPTER MSL
1 sqn with AH-1E/F Cobra ASM AGM-114 Hellfire; AGM-62B Walleye; AGM-65
1 sqn with AH-64A Apache Maverick; Popeye I/Popeye II; Delilah AL
1 sqn with AH-64D Apache AAM • IR AIM-9 Sidewinder; Python 4; IIR Python 5;
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER ARH Derby; AIM-120A/C AMRAAM
2 sqn with CH-53D Sea Stallion BOMB • PGM • JDAM GBU-31; Spice, Lizard, Opher,
2 sqn with S-70A Black Hawk; UH-60A Black Hawk Griffon
Middle East and North Africa 331

Airfield Defence 3,000 active (15,000


reservists) Jordan JOR
Jordanian Dinar D 2010 2011 2012
Paramilitary ε8,000
GDP D 18.8bn 20.2bn
Border Police ε8,000 US$ 26.3bn 28.3bn
per capita US$ 4,107 4,052
Cyber
Israel is widely reported to have developed capacity for Growth % 2.31 2.46
cyber operations. Some reporting has highlighted a ‘Unit Inflation % 5.0 5.4
8200’ believed to be responsible for ELINT, and reportedly Def exp D 1.02bn
cyber, operations. The IDF’s C4I Corps would also likely US$ 1.42bn
have involvement in cyber-related activity, with telecoms
Def bdgt a D 971m 971m
and EW within its purview. Meanwhile, in August 2011, a
National Cyber Directorate was created, to coordinate rel- US$ 1.36bn 1.36bn
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

evant agencies and expand the cyber-security of national FMA (US) US$ 300m 300m
infrastructure. US$1=D 0.71 0.71
a
Excludes expenditure on public order and safety
Foreign Forces Population 6,508,271
UNTSO unless specified. Figures represent total numbers Ethnic groups: Palestinian ε50–60%
for mission in Israel, Syria & Lebanon
Argentina 3 obs Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Australia 12 obs Male 18.1% 5.5% 4.9% 4.3% 15.6% 2.4%
Austria 7 obs Female 17.1% 5.2% 4.6% 4.2% 15.5% 2.5%
Belgium 2 obs
Canada 7 obs • 9 (Operation Proteus) USSC Capabilities
Chile 2 obs
Long-standing political accommodation with Israel

and North Africa


China 4 obs

Middle East
Denmark 11 obs means that the country does not face a major external
Estonia 2 obs threat. Jordan’s armed forces are capable of combat and
Finland 14 obs contributing to international expeditionary operations,
France 3 obs as demonstrated by the deployment of Jordanian fighter
aircraft to escort Jordanian C-130s flying humanitarian
Ireland 12 obs
aid to Libya. Jordanian special forces (SF) have served
Italy 8 obs
alongside US and ISAF forces in Afghanistan and
Malawi 1 obs
participate in various UN missions. Jordanian forces are
Nepal 3 obs
well trained, particularly their SF and aircrew, and regular
Netherlands 12 obs
exercises take place with foreign air forces.
New Zealand 7 obs
Norway 12 obs ACTIVE 100,500 (Army 88,000 Navy 500 Air 12,000)
Russia 4 obs Paramilitary 10,000
Slovakia 3 obs
Slovenia 3 obs RESERVE 65,000 (Army 60,000 Joint 5,000)
Sweden 6 obs
Switzerland 11 obs Organisations by Service
United States 1 obs • US European Command; 1 AN/
TPY-2 X-band radar at Nevatim Army 88,000
Jordan has reorganised from a divisional structure to
4 commands (Northern, Central, Eastern and Southern), a
strategic reserve and a special operations command. The
strategic reserve still has a divisional structure and special
operations command is responsible for counter terrorism
and unconventional operations. The Royal Guard also
comes under this command.
FORCES BY ROLE
SPECIAL FORCES
1 spec ops bde (2 SF bn, 2 AB bn, 1 AB arty bn, 1 psyops
unit)
332 The Military Balance 2012

MANOEUVRE PB 7: 3 Al Hussein (UK Vosper 30m); 4 Abdullah (US


Armoured Dauntless)
1 (strategic reserve) armd div (3 armd bde, 1 arty bde, 1
AD bde) Air Force 12,000
1 armd bde Flying hours  180 hrs/year
Mechanised
FORCES BY ROLE
5 mech bde
FIGHTER
Light
1 sqn with F-16A/B ADF Fighting Falcon
3 lt inf bde
1 sqn with Mirage F-1C/E (F-1CJ/EJ – possibly stored)
COMBAT SUPPORT
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
3 arty bde
2 sqn with F-5E Tiger II/F-5F Tiger II (one ISR sqn)
3 AD bde
1 sqn with F-16AM/BM Fighting Falcon
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 1 sqn with Mirage F-1E (F-1EJ – possibly stored)
MBT 752: 390 CR1 Challenger 1 (Al Hussein); 274 FV4030/2 ISR
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Khalid; 88 M60 Phoenix; (292 Tariq Centurion; 115 M60A1A3; 1 unit with Seeker SB7L
23 M47/M48A5 in store) ISR/TRANSPORT
LT TK (19 Scorpion; in store) 1 (spec ops) sqn wth SA 2-37B; EC 635; AS-350,
RECCE 153: 103 Scimitar; 50 Ferret TRANSPORT
AIFV 472: 31 BMP-2; 321 Ratel-20; ε120 YPR-765 1 sqn with Il-76MF; C-130H Hercules; CN-235; Cessna
APC 450+ 208B
APC (T) 400+: 100 M113A1; 300 M113A2 Mk1J; some 1 (Royal) flt with S-70A Black Hawk; UH-60 Black Hawk
Temsah TRAINING
PPV 50: 25 Marauder; 25 Matador 4 sqn with F-5E (OCU); T-67M Firefly; C-101 Aviojet;
ARTY 1,339 AS-350B3; Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois); Hughes 500
SP 468: 105mm 30 M-52; 155mm 290: 270 M109A1/A2; 20 ATTACK HELICOPTER
M-44; 203mm 148 M110A2 2 sqn with AH-1F Cobra (with TOW)
TOWED 100: 105mm 72: 54 M102; 18 MOBAT; 155mm TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
28: 10 M-1/M-59; 18 M114; 203mm (4 M115 in store) 2 sqn with AS332M Super Puma; Bell 205 (UH-1H
MRL 227mm 12 HIMARS (with 432 guided msl) Iroquois)
MOR 759: AIR DEFENCE
SP 81mm 50 1 comd (5–6 bty with PAC-2 Patriot; 5 bty with I-HAWK
TOWED 709: 81mm 359; 107mm 50 M-30; 120mm 300 MIM-2BB Phase III; 6 bty with Skyguard/Aspide)
Brandt EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AT • MSL 975 AIRCRAFT 115 combat capable
SP 115: 70 M901; 45 YPR-765 with Milan FTR 46: 30 F-5E/F Tiger II; 16 F-16A/B ADF Fighting Falcon
MANPATS 860: 30 Javelin (116 msl); 310 M47 Dragon; 320 FGA 69: 39 F-16AM/BM Fighting Falcon; 15 Mirage F-1C
TOW/TOW-2A; 200 9K123 Kornet (AT-14 Spriggan with (F-1CJ – possibly stored); 15 Mirage F-1E (F-1EJ – possibly
2,000 msl) stored)
RL 112mm 2,300 APILAS ISR 1 SA 2-37B
AD TPT 15: Heavy 2 Il-76MF Candid; Medium 4 C-130H
SAM 1,112 Hercules; Light 9: 2 C-295; 2 CN-235; 5 Cessna 208B 
TRG
SP 140: 92 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher); 48 9K33 26: 16 T-67M Firefly; 10 C-101 Aviojet
Osa-M (SA-8 Gecko) HELICOPTERS
MANPAD 972: 250 FIM-43 Redeye; 9K32M Strela-2M ATK 25 AH-1F Cobra (TOW)
(SA-7B2 Grail); 300 9K36 Strela-3 (SA-14 Gremlin); MRH 13 EC-635 (Tpt/SAR)
240 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet); 9K38 Igla/Igla-1 (SA-18 TPT 75: Medium 25: 12 AS332M Super Puma; 13 S-70A
Grouse); 182 209-OPU Dzhigit (for use with SA-18) Black Hawk; Light 50: 36 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois); 8
GUNS • SP 356: 20mm 100 M163 Vulcan; 23mm 40 ZSU- Hughes 500D; 6 AS350B3
23-4; 40mm 216 M-42 (not all op) AD • SAM 80+: 24 I-HAWK MIM-23B Phase III; 40 PAC-
RADAR • LAND 7 AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder/AN/TPQ-37 2 Patriot
Firefinder (arty, mor) MSL
ARV 137+: Al Monjed; 55 Chieftain ARV; Centurion Mk2; 20 ASM AGM-65D Maverick; BGM-71 TOW
M47; 32 M88A1; 30 M578; YPR-806 AAM • IR AIM-9J/N/P Sidewinder; R-550 Magic; SARH
MW 12 Aardrvark Mk2 AIM-7 Sparrow; R530; ARH AIM-120C AMRAAM

Navy ε500 Paramilitary 10,000 active


EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 7 (+ 10 patrol Public Security Directorate ε10,000 active
boats under 10 tonnes) Ministry of Interior
Middle East and North Africa 333

FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE Kuwait KWT
Other
Kuwaiti Dinar D 2010 2011 2012
1 security bde
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE GDP D 38bn 48.1bn
LT TK: Scorpion US$ 132bn 174bn
APC (W) 55+: 25+ EE-11 Urutu; 30 FV603 Saracen per capita US$ 51,841 66,974
Growth % 3.41 5.73
Reserve Organisations 60,000 reservists
Inflation % 4.1 6.2
FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE Def exp D 1.34bn
Armoured US$ 4.65bn
1 Royal Guard armd div with (3 armd bde, 1 arty bde, Def bdgt D 1.13bn 1.12bn
1 AD bde) US$ 3.91bn 4.05bn
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Civil Militia ‘People’s Army’ ε35,000 reservists US$1=D 0.29 0.28


Men 16–65, women 16–45 Population 2,595,628
Ethnic groups: Nationals 35%; other Arab 35%; South Asian 9%;
Deployment Iranian 4%; other 17%

Afghanistan Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus


Operation Enduring Freedom- Afghanistan 720; 1 ranger bn Male 13.2% 3.6% 6.6% 10.4% 25.0% 1.9%

CÔTE D’IVOIRE Female 12.7% 3.8% 5.2% 5.7% 10.7% 1.2%


UN • UNOCI 1,068; 8 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 SF coy
Capabilities
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Kuwait’s military has been transformed since its failure
UN • MONUSCO 220; 25 obs; 1 SF coy; 1 fd hospital
to prevent or deter an Iraqi invasion in 1991. A more

and North Africa


Haiti professional officer corps now exists, with better training,

Middle East
UN • MINUSTAH 612; 1 inf bn greater joint force capabilities and a higher state of
readiness. However, the force remains too small to deter
IRAQ
a resolute threat from its larger neighbours, and hence
UN • UNAMI 2 obs
the country relies on its membership of the GCC and
Liberia relationship with the US to guarantee its security.
UN • UNMIL 120; 4 obs; 1 fd hospital A close defence relationship with the US has afforded
Kuwait access to high-technology weapons systems and
South Sudan
combined training exercises. This has allowed Kuwait to
UN • UNMISS 2
develop a professional, relatively well-equipped, land-
Sudan focused force. The US maintains large bases in the country,
UN • UNAMID 7; 4 obs latterly preoccupied with managing the drawdown of
UN • UNISFA 3 obs personnel and equipment from Iraq. Kuwait’s navy is
small, with patrol boats capable of ensuring maritime
security within and defence against small flotillas entering
Kuwaiti waters. The air force regularly deploys aircraft to
GCC air exercises and flew humanitarian flights during
2011 to bring injured Libyans to Kuwait.

ACTIVE 15,500 (Army 11,000 Navy 2,000 Air 2,500)


Paramilitary 7,100
Terms of service voluntary

RESERVE 23,700 (Joint 23,700)


Terms of service obligation to age 40; 1 month annual trg

Organisations by Service

Army 11,000
FORCES BY ROLE
SPECIAL FORCES
1 SF unit (forming)
334 The Military Balance 2012

MANOEUVRE PBG 8 Um Almaradim (FRA P-37 BRL) with 2 twin lnchr


Reconnaissance with Sea Skua AShM, 1 sextuple lnchr (lnchr only)
1 mech/recce bde LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • AG 1 Sawahil
Armoured
3 armd bde Air Force 2,500
Mechanised Flying hours  210 hrs/year
2 mech inf bde
FORCES BY ROLE
Light FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
1 cdo bn 2 sqn with F/A-18C/D Hornet
Other TRANSPORT
1 (Amiri) gd bde 1 sqn with L-100-30
COMBAT SUPPORT TRAINING
1 arty bde 1 unit with EMB-312 Tucano (Tucano Mk52)*; Hawk
1 engr bde Mk64*
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

1 MP bn ATTACK HELICOPTER
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT 1 sqn with AH-64D Apache
1 log gp 1 atk/trg sqn with SA342 Gazelle with HOT
1 fd hospital TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 sqn with AS532 Cougar; SA330 Puma; S-92
Reserve AIR DEFENCE
FORCES BY ROLE 1 comd (5–6 SAM bty with PAC-2 Patriot; 5 SAM bty
MANOEUVRE with MIM-23B I-HAWK Phase III; 6 SAM bty with
Mechanised Skyguard/Aspide)
1 bde EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE AIRCRAFT 66 combat capable
MBT 293: 218 M1A2 Abrams; 75 M-84 (75 more in store) FGA 39: 31 F/A-18C Hornet; 8 F/A-18D Hornet
RECCE 11 TPz-1 Fuchs TPT • Medium 3 L-100-30
AIFV 432: 76 BMP-2; 120 BMP-3; 236 Desert Warrior (incl TRG 27: 11 Hawk Mk64*; 16 EMB-312 Tucano (Tucano
variants) Mk52)*
APC 260 HELICOPTERS
APC (T) 260: 230 M113A2; 30 M577 ATK 16 AH-64D Apache
APC (W) (40 TH 390 Fahd in store) MRH 13 SA342 Gazelle with HOT
ARTY 218 TPT 13: Medium 3 AS532 Cougar; 7 SA330 Puma; 3 S-92
SP 155mm 106: 37 M109A3; 18 (AMX) Mk F3; 51 PLZ45; MSL
(18 AU-F-1 in store) ASM AGM-65G Maverick; AGM-84A Harpoon; AGM-
MRL 300mm 27 9A52 Smerch 114K Hellfire
MOR 78: 81mm 60; 107mm 6 M-30; 120mm ε12 RT-F1 AAM • IR AIM-9L Sidewinder; R-550 Magic; SARH
AIM-7F Sparrow; ARH AIM-120C7 AMRAAM
AT • MSL 118+
SAM 76: 40 PAC-2 Patriot; 24 MIM-23B I-HAWK Phase III;
SP 74: 66 HMMWV TOW; 8 M901
12 Skyguard/Aspide
MANPATS 44+: 44 TOW-2; M47 Dragon
RCL 84mm ε200 Carl Gustav
AD • SAM 60+
Paramilitary ε7,100 active
STATIC/SHELTER 12 Aspide National Guard ε6,600 active
MANPAD 48 Starburst; Stinger
FORCES BY ROLE
GUNS • TOWED 35mm 12+ Oerlikon
SPECIAL FORCES
ARV 24+: 24 M88A1/2; Type 653A; Warrior
1 SF bn
MW Aardvark Mk2
MANOEUVRE
Reconnaissance
Navy ε2,000 (incl 500 Coast Guard) 1 armd car bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Other
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 11 3 security bn
PCFG 2: COMBAT SUPPORT
1 Al Sanbouk (GER Lurssen TNC-45) with 2 twin lnchr 1 MP bn
with MM-40 Exocet AShM, 1 76mm gun EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 Istiqlal (GER Lurssen FPB-57) with 2 twin lnchr with RECCE 20 VBL
MM-40 Exocet AShM, 1 76mm gun APC (W) 97+: 5+ Desert Chameleon; 70 Pandur; 22 S600
PBF 1 Al Nokatha (US Mk V Pegasus) (a further 9 on order; (incl variants)
ISD by end-2013) ARV Pandur
Middle East and North Africa 335

Coast Guard 500 with modernised ex-US M113s. US security assistance


PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 32 continues, with initiatives in 2011 including the arrival
PBF 12 Manta late in the year of a team to conduct counter-terrorism
PB 20: 3 Al Shaheed; 4 Inttisar (Austal 31.5m); 3 Kassir training. The armed forces have also received donations of
(Austal 22m); 10 Subahi equipment from UNIFIL, the UN force in Lebanon.
AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT • LCU 4: 2 Al
ACTIVE 59,100 (Army 57,000 Navy 1,100 Air 1,000)
Tahaddy; 1 Saffar; 1 other
Paramilitary 20,000
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • SPT 1 Sawahil
The number of troops can increase to 291,735 if conscripts
are recalled.
Foreign Forces
United Kingdom Army 35 Organisations by Service
United States United States Central Command: 23,000;
2 AD bty with total of 16 PAC-3 Patriot; elm 1 (APS)
Army 57,000
HBCT eqpt set (equipment in use). Remaining US log
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

installations and units supporting US troops in Iraq. FORCES BY ROLE


5 regional comd (Beirut, Bekaa Valley, Mount Lebanon,
North, South)
SPECIAL FORCES
Lebanon LBN 1 cdo regt
Lebanese Pound LP
5 SF regt
2010 2011 2012
MANOEUVRE
GDP LP 59.1tr 62.5tr Armoured
US$ 38.9bn 41.1bn 2 armd regt
per capita US$ 9,439 9,927 Mechanised
Growth % 7.50 1.50 5 mech inf bde
Inflation % 4.5 5.9 Light
6 mot inf bde
Def exp LP 2.46tn

and North Africa


Air Manoeuvre

Middle East
US$ 1.62bn 1 AB regt
Def bdgt LP 1.74tr 1.69tn 1.73tn Amphibious
US$ 1.15bn 1.11bn 1 mne cdo regt
FMA (US) US$ 100m 100m Other
1 Presidential Guard bde
US$1=LP 1,519.01 1,519.61
5 intervention regt
Population 4,143,101 2 border sy regt
Ethnic and religious groups: Christian 30%; Druze 6%; Armenian COMBAT SUPPORT
4%, excl ε300,000 Syrians and ε350,000 Palestinian refugees 2 arty regt
1 engr regt
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
1 MP bde
Male 11.8% 4.6% 4.8% 4.5% 19.2% 4.2% COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
Female 11.2% 4.4% 4.6% 4.4% 21.5% 4.8% 1 log bde
1 med regt
Capabilities EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
The most capable armed forces in Lebanon are those of MBT 326: 233 T-54/T-55; 93 M48A1/A5
Hizbullah. These have extensively re-armed since the 2006 RECCE 54 AML
war with Israel and have sufficient rockets and missiles AIFV 16 AIFV-B-C25
to pose a significant threat to at least northern Israeli APC 1,240
territory. Although it could not prevent an attack by the APC (T) 1,164 M113A1/A2
modernised Israeli land forces, it has continued to develop APC (W) 76: 1 M3 VTT; 75 VAB VCT
its forces, fortifications and military infrastructure to ARTY 522
impose significant costs on any Israeli ground incursion. TOWED 166: 105mm 13 M101A1; 122mm 41: 8 D-30; 33
Its armed forces are more than capable of protecting its M-30 M-1938; 130mm 15 M-46; 155mm 97: 18 M114A1; 65
political position within Lebanon, where it now is part of M198; 14 Model-50
the government. Meanwhile, the Lebanese regular military MRL 122mm 22 BM-21
is able to meet internal-security requirements for those MOR 334: 81mm 134; 82mm 112; 120mm 88 Brandt
parts of the state not controlled by Hizbullah. But they are AT
not capable of countering Hizbullah influence and activity. MSL • MANPATS 38: 26 Milan; 12 TOW
The army in recent years has seen a number of inventory RCL 106mm 113 M40A1
modernisation drives, such as that to re-equip its APC fleet RL 73mm M-50; 90mm 8 M-69
336 The Military Balance 2012

AD Customs
SAM • MANPAD 84 9K32 Strela-2/2M (SA-7A Grail/SA- PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 7
7B Grail)‡ PB 7: 5 Aztec; 2 Tracker
GUNS • TOWED 81: 20mm 23; 23mm 58 ZU-23
ARV M113 ARV; T-54/55 ARV reported Foreign Forces
VLB MTU-72 reported
Unless specified, figures refer to UNTSO and represent
MW Bozena
total numbers for the mission in Israel, Syria & Lebanon.
UAV • ISR • Medium 8 Mohajer IV
Argentina 3 obs
Navy 1,100 Australia 12 obs
Austria 7 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Bangladesh UNIFIL 326: 1 FFG; 1 PCO
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 11
Belarus UNIFIL 3
PB 11: 1 Aamchit (GER Bremen); 1 Al Kalamoun (FRA Avel
Gwarlarn); 7 Tripoli (UK Attacker/Tracker Mk 2); 1 Naquora Belgium 2 obs • UNIFIL 99: 1 engr coy
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

(GER Bremen); 1 Tabarja (GER Bergen) Brazil UNIFIL 11


AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT • LCT 2 Sour (FRA Brunei UNIFIL 30
Edic – capacity 8 APC; 96 troops) Cambodia UNIFIL 217: 1 engr coy
Canada 7 obs (Op Jade)
Air Force 1,000 Chile 2 obs
3 air bases China, People’s Republic of 4 obs • UNIFIL 344: 1 engr
FORCES BY ROLE bn; 1 fd hospital
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK Croatia UNIFIL 1
1 sqn with Hunter Mk6/Mk9/T66 at Rayak; Cessna AC- Cyprus UNIFIL 2
208 Combat Caravan* Denmark 11 obs • UNIFIL 151: 1 log bn
ATTACK HELICOPTER El Salvador UNIFIL 52: 1 inf pl
1 sqn with SA342L Gazelle Estonia 2 obs
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER Finland 14 obs
2 sqn with Bell 205 (UH-1H); 1 sqn with Bell 205 (UH- France 3 obs • UNIFIL 1,439: 1 mech inf BG; Leclerc; AMX-
1H); 1 sqn with Bell 205 (UH-1H) 10P; PVP; VAB; CAESAR; AU-F1; Mistral
1 sqn with AS330/IAR330SM Puma Germany UNIFIL 232: 2 PC; 1 SPT
1 trg sqn with R-44 Raven II Ghana UNIFIL 876: 1 mech inf bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Greece UNIFIL 52: 1 PB
AIRCRAFT 7 combat capable Guatemala UNIFIL 3
FGA 4: 3 Hunter Mk6/Mk9; 1 Hunter T66 Hungary UNIFIL 4
ISR 1 Cessna AC-208 Combat Caravan* India UNIFIL 896: 1 mech inf bn; elm 1 fd hospital
TRG (3 Bulldog; could be refurbished) Indonesia UNIFIL 1,356: 1 mech inf bn; 1 MP coy; elm 1
HELICOPTERS fd hospital
MRH 9: 1 AW139; 8 SA342L Gazelle (plus 5 Ireland 12 obs • UNIFIL 445 1 mech inf bn
unserviceable – could be refurbished); (5 SA316 Alouette Italy 8 obs • UNIFIL 1,686: 1 inf bde HQ; 1 armd recce bn;
III unserviceable – 3 could be refurbished); (1 SA318 1 armd inf bn; 1 hel bn; 1 sigs coy; 1 CIMIC coy
Alouette II unserviceable – could be refurbished) Korea, Republic of UNIFIL 369: 1 mech inf bn
TPT 29: Medium 13: 3 S-61N (fire fighting); 10 AS330/ Luxembourg UNIFIL 3
IAR330 Puma; Light 16: 12 Bell 205 (UH-1H Huey) (11 Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of UNIFIL 1
more unserviceable); 4 R-44 Raven II (basic trg); (7 Bell
Malaysia UNIFIL 780: 1 mech inf bn
212 unserviceable – 6 could be refurbished)
Malawi 1 obs
Nepal 3 obs • UNIFIL 1,019: 1 inf bn
Paramilitary ε20,000 active
Netherlands 12 obs
Internal Security Force ε20,000 New Zealand 7 obs
Ministry of Interior Nigeria UNIFIL 1
FORCES BY ROLE Norway 12 obs
Other Combat Forces Portugal UNIFIL 150: 1 engr coy
1 (police) judicial unit Qatar UNIFIL 3
1 regional sy coy Russia 4 obs
1 Beirut Gendarmerie coy Serbia UNIFIL 5
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Sierra Leone UNIFIL 3
APC (W) 60 V-200 Chaimite Slovakia 3 obs
Middle East and North Africa 337

Slovenia 3 obs • UNIFIL 14; 1 inf pl transitional government controls a small number of
Spain UNIFIL 1,069: 1 mech inf bde HQ; 1 armd inf bn formations, including the Tripoli brigade. Other brigades,
Sri Lanka UNIFIL 151: 1 inf coy including the Misrata brigade, are of fluctuating size and
Sweden 6 obs organisation and are not fully under control of the new
Switzerland 11 obs government. A tank company and artillery battery appear
Tanzania UNIFIL 154; 2 MP coy extant, but there is no evidence of their use of any other
combat support.
Turkey UNIFIL 357: 1 engr coy; 1 PB
United States 1 obs EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Much equipment was damaged or destroyed during the
civil war. It is not yet clear how much of Libya’s previous
Libya LBY holdings are still operational and available to the new
Libyan Dinar D 2010 2011 2012 government.
MBT some: T-72; T-62; T-55
GDP D 90.3bn -
RECCE some: BRDM-2; EE-9 Cascavel
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

US$ 70.2bn - AIFV some: BMP-1; BMD


per capita US$ 10,863 - APC
Growth % 4.16 - APC (T) some: M113; BTR-50/BTR-60
Inflation % 2.5 - APC (W) some: EE-11 Urutu; OT-62/OT-64
ARTY
Def exp D ε3.27bn
SP some: 122mm 2S1 Carnation; 152mm: 2S3; M-77 Dana;
US$ ε2.54bn
155mm M109; VCA 155 Palmaria
FMA (US) US$ 0.15m TOWED some: 105mm M101; 122mm D-30; D-74;
US$1=D 1.29 1.24 130mm M-46; 152mm M-1937
Population 6,597,960
MRL some: 107mm Type-63; 122mm BM-11; BM-21; RM-
70 Dana
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus MOR some: 82mm; 120mm M-43; 160mm M-160
Male 16.7% 4.6% 4.7% 4.7% 18.3% 2.2% AT • MSL

and North Africa


Female 16.0% 4.4% 4.5% 4.5% 17.1% 2.3%
SP some 9P122 BRDM-2 Sagger

Middle East
MANPATS some: 9K11 Maljutka (AT-3 Sagger); 9K11
Capabilities Fagot (AT-4 Spigot); 9K113 Konkurs (AT-5 Spandrel); Milan
RCL some: 106mm M40A1; 84mm Carl Gustav
Although the National Transitional Council is acting AD • SAM • SP: Crotale (quad); 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡;
as interim government, it is not clear that it has any 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher); 9K31 Strela-1 (SA-9 Gaskin);
meaningful authority over the forces of the former rebels. 9K338 Igla-S (SA-24 Grinch)
These consist of a large number of ‘brigades’, most of GUNS
which have little formal structure of command and SP 23mm some ZSU-23-4
control and vary in size from a few tens of personnel to TOWED: 14.5mm some ZPU-2; 30mm M-53/59; 40mm
several thousand. These include the relatively cohesive L/70; 57mm S-60
and capable ‘Misrata Brigade’ and the externally trained RADAR • LAND RASIT (veh, arty)
‘Tripoli Brigade’. Several hundred foreign advisers, many MSL • TACTICAL • SSM some: FROG-7; Scud-B
from Qatar, assisted the rebel forces during the war. It ARV T-54/55 ARV
is not clear how many, if any, remain. Although only a
proportion of Gadhafi-regime weapons were destroyed
Navy (incl Coast Guard) not known
in the fighting, the rebels are mostly infantry mounted in
4×4 ‘technical’ vehicles, largely armed with anti-aircraft EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
cannon. Although it is possible to estimate remaining SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 2 Khyber† (FSU
warships and military aircraft (many were destroyed Foxtrot) each with 10 533mm TT (6 fwd, 4 aft)
during the air campaign), it is not clear if Libya retains any PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 1
credible air or maritime capability. FRIGATES • FFGM 1 Al Hani† (FSU Koni) with 2 twin
lnchr (with P-15 Termit-M (SS-N-2C Styx) AShM, 1 twin
ACTIVE not known lnchr with 9K33 Osa-M (SA-N-4 Gecko) SAM, 2 twin
RESERVE not known 406mm ASTT with USET-95 Type 40 LWT, 1 RBU 6000
Smerch 2, 2 twin 76mm gun
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 11
Organisations by Service CORVETTES • FSGM 1Tariq Ibin Ziyad (FSU Nanuchka
II) with 4 single lnchr with P-15 Termit-M (SS-N-2C
Army not known Styx) AShM, 1 twin lnchr with SA-N-4 Gecko SAM
FORCES BY ROLE PBFG 10:
The old Libyan army effectively ceased to exist as an 4 Al Zuara (FSU Osa II) with 4 single lnchr with P-15
organised force during the 2011 civil war. The new Termit-M (SS-N-2C Styx) AShM
338 The Military Balance 2012

6 Sharaba (FRA Combattante II) with 4 single with EQUIPMENT BY TYPE


Otomat Mk2 AShM, 1 76mm gun AD
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES • SAM some:
MSO 4 Ras al Gelais (FSU Natya) SP 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful)/9K33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko)
AMPHIBIOUS 7 TOWED S-75 Volkhov (SA-2 Guideline)
LANDING SHIPS • LST 2 Ibn Harissa (capacity 1 SA- STATIC S-200 Angara (SA-5A Gammon); S-125
316B Alouette III hel; 11 MBT; 240 troops) Pechora (SA-3 Goa)
LANDING CRAFT 5 GUNS some
LCT 3† C107
UCAC 2 Slingsby SAH 2200
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 19: Deployment
ARS 1 Al Munjed (YUG Spasilac) Philippines
AG 10 El Temsah
IMT 3 obs
YDT 1 Al Manoud (FSU Yelva)
YTB 7
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Coastal Defence Mauritania MRT


EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PBF 6 Bigliari Mauritanian Ouguiya OM 2010 2011 2012
GDP OM 997bn 1.15tr
Naval Aviation US$ 3.56bn 4.04bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE per capita US$ 1,109 1,230
HELICOPTERS • TPT • Heavy SA321 Super Frelon (air
Growth % 5.19 5.11
force assets)
Inflation % 6.3 6.2
Air Force not known Def exp OM ε30.1bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE US$ ε107m
(many non-operational, serviceability in doubt) US$1=OM 280.41 283.85
AIRCRAFT
Population 3,281,634
FTR some: MiG-23 Flogger; MiG-23U Flogger; MiG-25
Foxbat; MiG-25U Foxbat Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
FGA some: MiG-21 Fishbed; MiG-23BN Flogger H; Mirage
Male 20.3% 5.3% 4.5% 3.7% 12.9% 1.5%
5DP30; Mirage F-1A (F-1AD); Mirage F-1B (F-1BD);
Mirage F-1E (F-1ED); Su-17M-2 Fitter D/Su-20 Fitter C; Female 20.1% 5.4% 4.8% 4.2% 15.2% 2.0%
Su-24MK Fencer D
ISR some MiG-25R Foxbat Capabilities
TPT some: Heavy: An-124 Condor; Il-76 Candid; Medium While Mauritania’s armed forces may be able to cope with
C-130H Hercules; G-222; L-100-20; L-100-30; Light: An-26 some internal-security contingencies, a lack of transport
Curl; L-410 Turbolet
aircraft means the military lacks mobility and deployability
TRG: G-2 Galeb; L-39ZO Albatros; SF-260WL Warrior*
across the country’s extensive territory. Force readiness
HELICOPTERS
appears low, with little combat experience.
ATK: Mi-25 Hind D; Mi-35 Hind
Much of the military’s equipment is outdated.
MRH SA316 Alouette III
Investment in new equipment is sporadic and often lacks
MRH/TPT Mi-8 Hip (med tpt)/Mi-17 Hip H
TPT: Heavy CH-47C Chinook; Light: Bell 206 Jet Ranger direction, although a focus on the air force and navy since
(AB-206); PZL Mi-2 Hoplite the 1990s has marginally improved resource-protection
MSL capabilities and light transport. Patrol craft donated
ASM Kh-23 (AS-7 Kerry); 9M17 (AT-2 Swatter) by the EU have been key to the navy’s improvement,
ARM Kh-28 (AS-9 Kyle); Kh-58 (AS-11 Kilter) but also signal the lack of funds available for military
AAM • IR AAM R-3 (AA-2 Atoll)‡; R-60 (AA-8 Aphid); modernisation. Mauritania’s capabilities are inadequate
R-550 Magic) IR/SARH AAM R-40/46 (AA-6 Acrid); to secure its territory and resources; combined with the
R-23/24 (AA-7 Apex); R530 perceived regional threat from al-Qaeda in the Islamic
Maghreb, this has encouraged the US to provide training
Air Defence Command to the armed forces through the Flintlock Joint Combined
Senezh (C2 system, degraded by air strikes in 2011) Exchange Training as part of the Trans-Sahara Counter-
FORCES BY ROLE terrorism Initiative.
AIR DEFENCE
Equipment includes 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful)/9K33 ACTIVE 15,870 (Army 15,000 Navy 620 Air 250)
Osa (SA-8 Gecko); S-125 Pechora (SA-3 Goa); S-75 Paramilitary 5,000
Volkhov (SA-2 Guideline); S-200 Angara (SA-5 Gammon) Terms of service conscription 24 months authorised
Middle East and North Africa 339

Organisations by Service Paramilitary ε5,000 active

Army 15,000 Gendarmerie ε3,000


Ministry of Interior
FORCES BY ROLE
FORCES BY ROLE
6 mil regions
MANOEUVRE
MANOEUVRE
Other
Reconnaissance 6 regional sy coy
1 armd recce sqn
Armoured National Guard 2,000
1 armd bn Ministry of Interior
Light Aux  1,000
7 mot inf bn
8 (garrison) inf bn Customs
Air Manoeuvre PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 2: 1
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

1 cdo/para bn Dah Ould Bah (FRA Amgram 14); 1 Yaboub Ould Rajel (FRA
Other RTB 18)
2 (camel corps) bn
1 gd bn
COMBAT SUPPORT
3 arty bn
Morocco MOR
4 ADA bty Moroccan Dirham D 2010 2011 2012
1 engr coy GDP D 767bn 815bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE US$ 90.4bn 101bn
MBT 35 T-54/T-55 per capita US$ 2,857 3,147
RECCE 70: 20 AML-60; 40 AML-90; 10 Saladin
Growth % 3.70 4.62
APC
Inflation % 1.0 1.5

and North Africa


APC (W) 25: 5 FV603 Saracen; ε20 M3 Panhard

Middle East
ARTY 194 Def bdgt D 26.9bn 27.0bn
TOWED 80: 105mm 36 HM-2/M-101A1; 122mm 44: 20 US$ 3.16bn 3.34bn
D-30; 24 D-74 FMA (US) US$ 9.0m 9.0m
MOR 114: 60mm 24; 81mm 60; 120mm 30 Brandt US$1=D 8.49 8.10
AT • MSL • MANPATS 24 Milan
Population 31,968,361
RCL 114: 75mm ε24 M20; 106mm ε90 M40A1
AD • SAM 104 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
SP ε4 SA-9 Gaskin (reported)
Male 14.1% 4.6% 4.7% 4.5% 18.5% 2.8%
MANPAD ε100 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡
Female 13.7% 4.6% 4.8% 4.7% 19.6% 3.3%
GUNS • TOWED 82: 14.5mm 28: 16 ZPU-2; 12 ZPU-
4; 23mm 20 ZU-23-2; 37mm 10 M-1939; 57mm 12 S-60;
100mm 12 KS-19
Capabilities
ARV T-54/55 ARV reported Morocco’s armed forces are well trained, enjoying a good
relationship with the US and French militaries. The armed
Navy ε620 forces have gained extensive experience in counter-
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE insurgency operations in difficult operating conditions
in the Western Sahara. This has given them expertise
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 12
in desert warfare and combined air–land operational
PCO 1 Voum-Legleita
experience, although there is little capability to launch tri-
PCC 5: 1 Abourbekr Ben Amer (FRA OPV 54); 1 Arguin; 2
service operations. The country has taken part in many
Conjera; 1 Limam El Hidran (PRC Huangpu)
peacekeeping operations, providing overseas experience for
PB 6: 1 El Nasr (FRA Patra); 4 Mandovi; 1 Yacoub Ould Rajel
thousands of its troops.
However, there has been little experience in state-on-
Air Force 250 state warfare. The military is relatively mobile, relying
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE on mechanised infantry, supported by a modest fleet of
AIRCRAFT medium-lift, fixed-wing transport aircraft and various
TPT 7: Light 6: 2 BN-2 Defender; 2 PA-31T Navajo/ transport helicopters. Air force equipment is ageing, with
Cheyenne II; 2 Y-12(II); PAX 1 Basler BT-67 the bulk of the combat fleet procured in the 1970s and
TRG 8: 4 EMB-312 Tucano; 4 SF-260E 1980s. However, this is being rectified by an order for 24
HELICOPTERS F-16 fighter aircraft that have begun delivery, one of the
MRH 3: 1 SA313B Alouette II; 2 Z-9 benefits of a closer relationship with the US since the early
340 The Military Balance 2012

2000s built amid a shared concern over non-state armed APC (T) 486: 400 M113A1/A2; 86 M577A2
threats. The navy is the least favoured and used of the APC (W) 365: 45 VAB VCI; 320 VAB VTT
three services, with a moderately sized but ageing fleet of ARTY 2,141
patrol and coastal craft that is incapable of preventing fast- SP 282: 105mm 5 Mk 61; 155mm 217: 84 M109A1/A1B;
boat smuggling across the Mediterranean. Nonetheless, 43 M109A2; 90 (AMX) Mk F3; 203mm 60 M110
the navy’s two French-built frigates have, over the past TOWED 118: 105mm 50: 30 L118 Light Gun; 20 M101;
decade, provided a much-improved sea-control capability. 130mm 18 M-46; 155mm 50: 30 FH-70; 20 M114
Morocco is a partner in the FREMM frigate programme. MRL 35 BM-21
MOR 1,706
ACTIVE 195,800 (Army 175,000 Navy 7,800 Air SP 56: 106mm 32–36 M106A2; 120mm 20 (VAB APC)
13,000) Paramilitary 50,000 TOWED 1,650: 81mm 1,100 Expal model LN; 120mm
Terms of service conscription 18 months authorised; most 550 Brandt
enlisted personnel are volunteers AT • MSL 790
RESERVE 150,000 (Army 150,000) SP 80 M-901
MANPATS 710: 40 9K11 Malyutka (AT-3 Sagger); 440
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Terms of service obligation to age 50


M47 Dragon; 80 Milan; 150 TOW
RCL 106mm 350 M40A1
Organisations by Service RL 700: 66mm 500 M72 LAW; 89mm 200 M20
GUNS 36
Army ε75,000; 100,000 conscript (total SP 100mm 8 SU-100
175,000) TOWED 90mm 28 M-56
FORCES BY ROLE UAV • Heavy R4E-50 Skyeye
2 comd (Northern Zone, Southern Zone) AD • SAM 119
MANOEUVRE SP 49: 12 2K22M Tunguska-M (SA-19 Grison)
Armoured SPAAGM; 37 M-48 Chaparral
12 armd bn MANPAD 70 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡
Mechanised GUNS 407
3 mech inf bde SP 60 M-163 Vulcan
Mechanised/Light TOWED 347: 14.5mm 200: 150-180 ZPU-2; 20 ZPU-
8 mech/mot inf regt (2–3 bn) 4; 20mm 40 M-167 Vulcan; 23mm 75-90 ZU-23-2;
Light 100mm 17 KS-19
1 lt sy bde RADAR • LAND: RASIT (veh, arty)
3 (camel corps) mot inf bn ARV 48+: 10 Greif; 18 M88A1; M578; 20 VAB-ECH
35 lt inf bn
4 cdo unit Navy 7,800 (incl 1,500 Marines)
Air Manoeuvre EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
2 para bde PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS
2 AB bn FRIGATES 3
Mountain FFGH 2 Mohammed V (FRA Floreal) with 2 single lnchr
1 mtn inf bn with MM-38 Exocet AShM, 1 76mm gun (capacity 1 AS-
COMBAT SUPPORT 565SA Panther)
11 arty bn FFGHM 1 SIGMA with 2 sextuple lnchr with MICA
7 engr bn SAM, 4 single lnchr with MM-40 Exocet Block II AShM,
1 AD bn 2 triple 324 mm ASTT with Mu-90 LWT, 1 76mm gun
(two more in trials; expected ISD 2012)
Royal Guard 1,500 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 49
FORCES BY ROLE CORVETTES • FSGM 1
MANOEUVRE 1 Lt Col Errhamani (ESP Descubierto) with 2 twin lnchr
Other with MM-38 Exocet AShM, 1 octuple Albatros lnchr
1 gd bn with Aspide SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT with Mk 46
1 cav sqn LWT, 1 76mm gun
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE PSO 1 Bin an Zaran (OPV 70) with 1 76mm gun (three
MBT 380: 40 T-72, 220 M60A1; 120 M60A3; (ε200 M48A5 more in build; expected ISDs 2012-14)
in store) PCG 4 Cdt El Khattabi (ESP Lazaga 58m) with 4 single
LT TK 116: 5 AMX-13; 111 SK-105 Kuerassier lnchr with MM-40 Exocet AShM, 1 76mm gun
RECCE 384: 38 AML-60-7; 190 AML-90; 80 AMX-10RC; PCO 5 Rais Bargach (under control of fisheries dept)
40 EBR-75; 16 Eland; 20 M1114 HMMWV PCC 12:
AIFV 70: 10 AMX-10P; 30 MK III-20 Ratel-20; 30 MK III- 4 El Hahiq (DNK Osprey 55, incl 2 with customs)
90 Ratel-90 6 LV Rabhi (ESP 58m B-200D)
APC 851 2 Okba (FRA PR-72) each with 1 76mm gun
Middle East and North Africa 341

PB 26: 6 El Wacil (FRA P-32); 10 VCSM (RPB 20); 10 15 C-130H Hercules; 2 C-130H Hercules (with side-looking
Rodman 101 radar); Light 21: 4 Beech 100 King Air; 2 Beech 200 King
AMPHIBIOUS 6 Air; 1 Beech 200C King Air; 2 Beech 300 King Air; 3 Beech
LANDING SHIPS 4: 350 King Air; 7 CN-235; 2 Do-28; PAX 9: 1 B-737BBJ; 2
LSM 3 Ben Aicha (FRA Champlain BATRAL) (capacity 7 Falcon 20; 2 Falcon 20 (ELINT); 1 Falcon 50 (VIP); 1
tanks; 140 troops) Gulfstream II (VIP); 1 Gulfstream III; 1 Gulfstream V-SP
LST 1 Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdallah (US Newport)
TRG 64: 12 AS-202 Bravo; 19 Alpha Jet*; 2 CAP-10; 8 T-6C
(capacity 3 LCVP; 400 troops)
Texan; 9 T-34C Turbo Mentor; 14 T-37B Tweet
LANDING CRAFT 2
HELICOPTERS
LCM 1 CTM (FRA CTM-5)
LCU 1 Lt Malghah (FRA Edic) MRH 19 SA342L Gazelle (7 with HOT, 12 with cannon)
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 4: TPT 70: Heavy 7 CH-47D Chinook; Medium 24 SA330
AK 2; AGOR 1 (US lease); YDT 1 Puma; Light 39: 25 Bell 205A (AB-205A); 11 Bell 206 Jet
Ranger (AB-206); 3 Bell 212 (AB-212)
Marines 1,500 MSL
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

FORCES BY ROLE ASM AGM-62B Walleye (for F-5E); HOT


MANOEUVRE AAM • IR AIM-9B/D/J Sidewinder; R-550 Magic; SARH
Amphibious R530
2 naval inf bn

Naval Aviation Paramilitary 50,000 active


EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Gendarmerie Royale 20,000
HELICOPTERS • ASW/ASUW 3 AS-565SA Panther
FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE
Air Force 13,000
Air Manoeuvre
Flying hours  100 hrs/year on Mirage F-1/F-5A Freedom
1 para sqn
Fighter/F-5E Tiger
Other
FORCES BY ROLE

and North Africa


1 paramilitary bde

Middle East
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK 4 (mobile) paramilitary gp
2 sqn with F-5E/F-5F Tiger II 1 coast guard unit
1 sqn (forming) with F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 sqn with Mirage F-1C (F-1CH)
1 sqn
1 sqn with Mirage F-1E (F-1EH)
ELECTRONIC WARFARE EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 sqn with EC-130H Hercules; Falcon 20 (ELINT) PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS PB33
MARITIME PATROL AIRCRAFT • TRG 2 R-235 Guerrier
1 flt with Do-28 HELICOPTERS
TANKER/TRANSPORT MRH 14: 3 SA-315B Lama; 2 SA-316 Alouette III; 3 SA-
1 sqn with C-130/KC-130H Hercules 318 Alouette II; 6 SA-342K Gazelle
TRANSPORT TPT 8: Medium 6 SA-330 Puma; Light 2 SA-360
1 sqn with CN-235 Dauphin
1 VIP sqn with B-737BBJ; Beech 200/300 King Air; Falcon
50; Gulfstream II/III/V-SP Force Auxiliaire 30,000 (incl 5,000 Mobile
TRAINING
 Intervention Corps)
1 sqn with Alpha Jet*
ATTACK HELICOPTER Customs/Coast Guard
1 sqn with SA342L Gazelle (Some with HOT) PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 11
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER PB 49: 4 Erraid; 18 Arcor 46; 15 Arcor 53; 12 (other SAR
1 sqn with Bell 205A (AB-205A); Bell 206 Jet Ranger (AB- craft)
206); Bell 212 (AB-212)
1 sqn with CH-47D Chinook
1 sqn with SA330 Puma Deployment
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE CÔTE D’IVOIRE
AIRCRAFT 72 combat capable
UN • UNOCI 726; 1 inf bn
FTR 22: 19 F-5E Tiger II; 3 F-5F Tiger II
FGA 31: 4 F-16C/D Fighting Falcon; 16 Mirage F-1C Democratic Republic of the Congo
(F-1CH); 11 Mirage F-1E (F-1EH) UN • MONUSCO 848; 5 obs; 1 mech inf bn; 1 fd hospital
ELINT 2 EC-130H Hercules
TKR/TPT 2 KC-130H Hercules Serbia
TPT 49: Medium 19: 2 C-27J Spartan (2 more on order); NATO • KFOR 158; 1 inf coy
342 The Military Balance 2012

Light
Oman OMN 1 inf bde (5 inf regt, 1 arty regt, 1 fd engr regt, 1 engr
regt, 1 sigs regt)
Omani Rial R 2010 2011 2012
1 inf bde (3 inf regt, 2 arty regt)
GDP R 22.2bn 25.7bn 1 indep inf coy (Musandam Security Force)
US$ 57.5bn 66.6bn Air Manoeuvre
per capita US$ 19,386 21,983 1 AB regt
Growth % 4.11 4.35 COMBAT SUPPORT
1 ADA regt (2 ADA bty)
Inflation % 3.3 3.8
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
Def bdgt R 1.62bn 1.65bn 1 tpt regt
US$ 4.18bn 4.27bn EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FMA (US) US$ 11.85m 13.0m MBT 117: 38 CR2 Challenger 2; 6 M-60A1; 73 M-60A3
US$1=R 0.39 0.39 LT TK 37 Scorpion
RECCE 137: 13 Sultan; 124 VBL
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Population 3,027,959
APC 206
Expatriates: 27% APC (T) 16: 6 FV 103 Spartan; 10 FV4333 Stormer
APC (W) 190: 175 Piranha (incl variants); 15 AT-105 Saxon
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
ARTY 233
Male 16.0% 5.2% 5.6% 6.3% 20.3% 1.6% SP 155mm 24 G-6
Female 15.2% 4.9% 4.9% 4.9% 13.6% 1.5% TOWED 108: 105mm 42 ROF lt; 122mm 30 D-30; 130mm
24: 12 M-46; 12 Type-59-I; 155mm 12 FH-70
Capabilities MOR 101: 81mm 69; 107mm 20 M-30; 120mm 12 Brandt
AT • MSL 88
Oman’s armed forces are relatively capable and, although
SP 8 VBL (TOW)
small in comparison to larger regional neighbours, the MANPATS 80: 30 Javelin; 32 Milan; 18 TOW/TOW-2A
military is well-staffed given the country’s population, RL 73mm RPG-7 Knout; 94mm LAW-80
with a strong history of cooperation and training with the AD • SAM 74+
UK armed forces. It retains an effective inventory handled SP 20: up to 12 Pantsyr S1E SPAAGM; 8 Mistral 2
by well-trained personnel. Despite a lack of warfighting MANPAD 54: 20 Javelin; 34 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡
experience it maintains a good state of readiness. GUNS 26: 23mm 4 ZU-23-2; 35mm 10 GDF-005 (with
The armed forces have remained well funded. This has Skyguard); 40mm 12 L/60 (Towed)
ensured a steady flow of new equipment, primarily from ARV 11: 4 Challenger; 2 M88A1; 2 Piranha; 3 Samson
the UK and the US, to maintain military effectiveness.
Although focused on territorial defence, there is some Navy 4,200
versatility of roles within the military, with a small EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
amphibious capability, a relatively high proportion of SUBMARINES • SWIMMER DELIVERY VEHICLES 2
airlift and modest sealift and the Royal Guard brigade, Mk 8
which reports directly to the sultan and carries out internal PRIMARY SURFACE COMBATANTS 1
security and ceremonial functions. FFGHM 1 Al-Shamikkh with 2 quadruple lnchr with MM-
40 Exocet Block III AShM, 2 sextuple lnchr with VL MICA
However, there are capability gaps, such as anti-
SAM, 1 76mm gun
submarine warfare, and greater training and equipment
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 13
(particularly ISR systems) are required to cope more
CORVETTES • FSGM 2
effectively with security issues such as smuggling across 2 Qahir Al Amwaj with 2 quad lnchr with MM-40 Exocet
the Strait of Hormuz. Oman is a GCC member. AShM, 2 triple 324mm TT (to be fitted), 1 octuple lnchr
ACTIVE 42,600 (Army 25,000 Navy 4,200 Air with Crotale SAM, 1 76mm gun, 1 hel landing platform
PCFG 4 Dhofar with 2 quad lnchr with MM-40 Exocet
5,000 Foreign Forces 2,000 Royal Household 6,400)
AShM, 1 76mm gun
Paramilitary 4,400 PCC 3 Al Bushra (FRA P-400) with 4 single 406mm TT, 1
76mm gun
Organisations by Service PB 4 Seeb (UK Vosper 25m, under 100 tonnes)
AMPHIBIOUS 6
LANDING SHIPS • LST 1 Nasr el Bahr (with hel deck)
Army 25,000
(capacity 7 tanks; 240 troops)
FORCES BY ROLE LANDING CRAFT 5: 1 LCU; 3 LCM; 1 LCT
(Regt are bn size) LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 9
MANOEUVRE AK 1 Al Sultana
Armoured AKSH 1 Fulk Al Salamaf
1 armd bde (2 armd regt, 1 recce regt) AGHS 1
Middle East and North Africa 343

AP 2 Shinas (Commercial Tpt - Auxiliary military role Royal Yacht Squadron 150
only) (capacity 56 veh; 200 tps) PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • MISC
AX 1 Al Mabrukah (with hel deck, also used in OPV role) BOATS/CRAFT • DHOW 1 Zinat Al Bihaar
AXS 1 Shabab Oman LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 3
YAC 2 RY 2: 1 Al Said; 1 (Royal Dhow)
TPT 1 Fulk Al Salamah (also veh tpt) with up to 2 AS332
Air Force 5,000 Super Puma hel
FORCES BY ROLE
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK Royal Flight 250
1 sqn with F-16C/D Block 50 Fighting Falcon; AIRCRAFT • TPT • PAX 5: 2 B-747SP; 1 DC-8-73CF; 2
1 sqn with Hawk Mk103; Hawk Mk203 Gulfstream IV
2 sqn with Jaguar S (OS)/Jaguar B (OB) HELICOPTERS • TPT • Medium 6: 3 SA330 (AS330)
TRANSPORT Puma; 2 AS332F Super Puma; 1 AS332L Super Puma
1 sqn with C-130H Hercules;
1 sqn with SC.7 3M Skyvan (7 radar-equipped, for MP) Paramilitary 4,400 active
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

TRAINING
1 sqn with MFI-17B Mushshak; PC-9*; AB-206 Tribal Home Guard 4,000
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER org in teams of ε100
3 (med) sqn with Bell 205 (AB-205) Jet Ranger; Bell 212
(AB-212); Super Lynx Mk300 (maritime/SAR)
Police Coast Guard 400
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 56
AIR DEFENCE
PCO 2 Haras
2 sqn with Rapier; Blindfire; S713 Martello
PBF 23: 20 Cougar Enforcer 33; 3 Mk V Pegasus
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE PB 31: 5 Vosper 75; 1 CG27; 3 CG29; 1 P1903; 14 Rodman
AIRCRAFT 54 combat capable 58; 2 D59116; 5 Zahra
FGA 26: 8 F-16C Block 50 Fighting Falcon; 4 F-16D Block
50 Fighting Falcon; 12 Jaguar S (OS); 2 Jaguar B (OB) Police Air Wing
TPT 12: Medium 3 C-130H Hercules; Light 7 SC.7 3M AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 4: 1 BN-2T Turbine Islander; 2
Skyvan (7 radar-equipped, for MP); PAX 2 A320-300 CN-235M; 1 Do-228

and North Africa


TRG 36: 4 Hawk Mk103*; 12 Hawk Mk203*; 8 MFI-17B HELICOPTERS • TPT • Light 5: 2 Bell 205A; 3 Bell

Middle East
Mushshak; 12 PC-9* 214ST (AB-214ST)
HELICOPTERS
MRH 15 Super Lynx Mk300 (maritime/SAR)
TPT 31: Medium 6 NH-90 (20 on order); Light 25: 19 Bell
Foreign Forces
205 (AB-205); 3 Bell 206 (AB-206) Jet Ranger; 3 Bell 212 United Kingdom Army 40; Navy 20; Air Force 20; 1
(AB-212) Tristar tkr; 1 Sentinel
AD • SAM 40 Rapier
RADAR • LAND 6+: 6 Blindfire; S713 Martello
MSL Palestinian Territories PT
AAM • IR AIM-9N/M/P Sidewinder; ARH AIM-120C
AMRAAM New Israeli Shekel NS 2010 2011 2012
ASM 20 AGM-84D Harpoon; AGM-65 Maverick GDP US$
per capita US$
Royal Household 6,400
Growth %
(incl HQ staff)
Inflation %
FORCES BY ROLE

SPECIAL FORCES US$1=NS 3.74 3.55
2 SF regt *definitive economic data unavailable

Royal Guard bde 5,000 Population 4,225,710

FORCES BY ROLE Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus


MANOEUVRE
Male 18.4% 5.9% 5.2% 4.2% 15.7% 1.5%
Light
1 gd bde (2 gd regt, 1 armd sqn, 1 cbt spt bn) Female 17.4% 5.6% 4.9% 4.0% 15.0% 2.2%

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
LT TK 9 VBC-90
Capabilities
APC (W) 73: ε50 Type-92; 14 VAB VCI; 9 VAB VDAA The Palestinian Authority’s National Security Force is a
ARTY • MRL 122mm 6 Type-90A paramilitary organisation intended to provide internal se-
AT • MSL • MANPATS Milan curity support within Gaza and the West Bank. However,
AD • SAM • MANPAD 14 Javelin since 2007 the Gaza strip has been run by Hamas, which
GUNS • SP 9: 20mm 9 VAB VDAA seems to be transitioning from solely a terror group to a
344 The Military Balance 2012

paramilitary guerrilla organisation. This includes improve-


ments to its command and control structure, the acquisi- Qatar QTR
tion of better weapons and the creation of a training pro-
Qatari Riyal R 2010 2011 2012
gramme. The Hamas military wing, Izz al-Din al-Qassam,
is seen by the organisation as its best-trained and most-dis- GDP R 463bn 630bn
ciplined force. It was deployed against Fatah in June 2007 US$ 127bn 173bn
and it will bear the brunt of any engagement with the IDF, per capita US$ 73,912 93,554
as during Operation Cast Lead in 2008. It relies on weapons
Growth % 16.64 18.75
smuggling and domestic manufacture, and rockets con-
tinue to be fired from Gaza into Israel. Inflation % -2.4 2.3
Def exp R 11.4bn 12.6bn
ACTIVE 0 Paramilitary 56,000 US$ 3.12bn 3.45bn
Precise personnel strength figures for the various
Palestinian groups are not known US$1=R 3.65 3.64

Population 1,849,257
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Organisations by Service Ethnic groups: Nationals 25%; Expatriates 75% of which Indian
18%; Iranian 10%; Pakistani 18%
There are few data available on the status of the organisa-
tions mentioned below. Following internal fighting in June Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
2007, Gaza is under the de facto control of Hamas, while
Male 11.2% 4.1% 5.3% 7.8% 37.1% 0.9%
the West Bank is controlled by the emergency Palestinian
Authority administration. Female 10.5% 3.0% 3.0% 3.1% 13.3% 0.6%

Paramilitary Capabilities
Qatar maintains a small military with limited capability,
National Forces ε56,000 (reported) although its equipment is relatively modern and its forces
GENERAL SECURITY are well trained and motivated. As with other small Gulf
Presidential security 3,000 states, Qatar relies on its international alliances, primarily
SF 1,200 with the US and through the GCC, to guarantee its security.
Police 9,000 However, a high proportion of government spending goes
to defence, so the Qatari military has been able to maintain
Preventative Security n.k.
an adequate defence capability despite its small size. Some
Civil Defence 1,000 equipment, particularly main battle tanks and fast missile
AD • SAM • MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡; craft, are ageing, but high-technology weapons, such as
Stinger reported Exocet anti-ship missiles, make these platforms capable
The Al-Aqsa Brigades profess loyalty to the Fatah group of fulfilling their primary role of border and maritime
that dominates the Palestinian Authority. The strength of security.
this group is not known. The armed forces suffer from a number of capability
Hamas groupings include internal-security groupings gaps, particularly in air defence, and the age of some
such as the Executive Force (est strength: 10–12,000; major equipment may hamper its ability to perform in high-
equipment include: artillery rockets, mortars, SALW) and tempo operations. A substantial boost to spending and
the al-Qassam Brigades (est strength: 10,000; major equip- procurement is unlikely without a more immediate external
ment include: mines and IEDs, artillery rockets, mortars, stimulus. However, the air force has seen investment in
SALW) recent years, with the arrival of C-17 transports, which
– along with Mirage 2000 aircraft – were deployed on
operations over Libya to enforce UNSCR 1973. Later in the
year, the chief of staff also admitted that Qatar deployed
‘hundreds’ of ground troops to conduct liaison duties.

ACTIVE 11,800 (Army 8,500 Navy 1,800 Air 1,500)

Organisations by Service

Army 8,500
FORCES BY ROLE
SPECIAL FORCES
1 SF coy
MANOEUVRE
Armoured
1 armd bde (1 tk bn, 1 mech inf bn, 1 AT bn, 1 mor sqn)
Middle East and North Africa 345

Mechanised TRANSPORT
3 mech inf bn 1 sqn with C-17; C-130J (4 on order, delivery to begin by
Light end 2011)
1 (Royal Guard) bde (3 inf regt) 1 sqn with A-340; B-707; B-727; Falcon 900
COMBAT SUPPORT ATTACK HELICOPTER
1 fd arty bn 1 ASuW sqn with Commando Mk3 with Exocet;
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE SA342L Gazelle with HOT
MBT 30 AMX-30 TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
RECCE 68: 12 AMX-10RC; 20 EE-9 Cascavel; 12 Ferret; 8 Some sqn with Commando Mk2A; Commando Mk2C;
V-150 Chaimite; 16 VBL AW139; SA341 Gazelle
AIFV 40 AMX-10P EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
APC 226 AIRCRAFT 18 combat capable
APC (T) 30 AMX-VCI FGA 12: 9 Mirage M-2000ED; 3 Mirage M-2000D
APC (W) 196: 36 Piranha II; 160 VAB TPT 8: Heavy 2 C-17 Globemaster; Medium (4 C-130J on
ARTY 89 order); PAX 6: 1 A340; 2 B-707; 1 B-727; 2 Falcon 900
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

SP 155mm 28 (AMX) Mk F3 TRG 6 Alpha Jet*


TOWED 155mm 12 G-5 HELICOPTERS
MRL 4 ASTROS II ASuW 8 Commando Mk3
MOR 45 MRH 34: 21 AW139 being delivered; 2 SA341 Gazelle; 11
SP • 81mm 4 VAB VPM 81 SA342L Gazelle
81mm 26 L16 TPT • Medium 4: 3 Commando Mk2A; 1 Commando Mk2C
120mm 15 Brandt AD • SAM 75: 24 Mistral
AT • MSL 148 SP 9 Roland II
SP 24 VAB VCAC HOT MANPAD 42: 10 Blowpipe; 12 FIM-92A Stinger; 20 9K32
MANPATS 124: 24 HOT; 100 Milan Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡
RCL 84mm ε40 Carl Gustav MSL
ARV 3: 1 AMX-30D; 2 Piranha ASM AM-39 Exocet; Apache; HOT
AAM • IR R-550 Magic 2; ARH Mica

and North Africa


Navy 1,800 (incl Marine Police)

Middle East
1 HQ located at Doha Deployment
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 10 LEBANON
PCFG 7: UN • UNIFIL 3
4 Barzan (UK Vita) with 2 quad lnchr with MM-40
Exocet AShM, 1 sextuple lnchr with Mistral SAM, 1 Foreign Forces
76mm gun
United Kingdom Air Force: 4 C-130J
3 Damsah (FRA Combattante III) with 2 quad lnchr with
United States US Central Command: 678; elm 1 (APS)
MM-40 Exocet AShM, 1 76mm gun
HBCT set (equipment in use); USAF CAOC
PB 3 Q-31 series
AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT • LCT 1 Rabha
(capacity 3 MBT; 110 troops)

Marine Police
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 11
PBF 4 DV 15
PB 7: 4 Crestitalia MV-45; 3 Halmatic M160

Coastal Defence
FORCES BY ROLE
MISSILE
1 bty with 3 quad lnchr with MM-40 Exocet AShM
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MSL • AShM Some MM-40 Exocet AShM

Air Force 1,500


FORCES BY ROLE
FIGHTER & FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
1 sqn with Alpha Jet*
1 sqn with Mirage M-2000ED; Mirage M-2000D
346 The Military Balance 2012

ACTIVE 233,500 (Army 75,000 Navy 13,500 Air


Saudi Arabia SAU 20,000 Air Defence 16,000 Industrial Security Force
Saudi Riyal R 2010 2011 2012 9,000 National Guard 100,000) Paramilitary 15,500
GDP R 1.68tr 2.10tr
US$ 447bn 559bn Organisations by Service
per capita US$ 17,373 21,402
Growth % 4.15 6.47 Army 75,000
Inflation % 5.4 5.4 FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE
Def exp R 170bn
Armoured
US$ 45.2bn 3 armd bde (1 recce coy, 3 tk bn, 1 mech bn, 1 fd arty bn,
Def bdgt a R 170bn ε173bn 1 AD bn, 1 AT bn,1 engr coy, 1 log bn, 1 maint coy, 1
US$ 45.2bn ε46.2bn med coy)
Mechanised
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

US$1=R 3.76 3.75


5 mech bde (1 recce coy, 1 tk bn, 3 mech bn, 1 fd arty bn,
a
Defence and security budget 1 AD bn, 1 AT bn, 1 engr coy, 1 log bn, 1 maint coy, 1
Population 26,131,703 med coy)
Light
Ethnic groups: Nationals 73% of which Bedouin up to 10%, Shia
1 (Royal Guard) regt (3 lt inf bn)
6%, Expatriates 27% of which Asians 20%, Arabs 6%, Africans 1%,
Europeans <1% Air Manoeuvre
1 AB bde (2 AB bn, 3 SF coy)
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Aviation
Male 15.1% 5.0% 5.7% 6.0% 21.5% 1.5% 1 comd (1 atk hel bde, 1 tpt hel bde)
COMBAT SUPPORT
Female 14.4% 4.6% 4.6% 4.6% 15.5% 1.4%
1 arty bde (5 fd arty bn, 2 MRL bn, 1 msl bn)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Capabilities
MBT 565: 115 M1A2 Abrams (200 more in store); 450
Saudi Arabia has the best-equipped military forces in the M60A3; (145 AMX-30 in store)
Gulf region, and is a GCC member. The Saudi inventory is RECCE 300 AML-60/AML-90
generally more modern and better maintained than its neigh- AIFV 780: 380 AMX-10P; 400 M2 Bradley
bours’. However, coordination and cooperation between the APC 1,800
regular armed forces remains poor and decision-making at APC (T) 1,650 M113A1/A2/A3 (incl variants)
the highest levels is hampered by inter-service competition APC (W) 150 M3 Panhard; (ε40 AF-40-8-1 Al-Fahd in store)
as well as the age and infirmity of senior ministers. ARTY 855
Air force priorities are air defence and deterrence, not SP 155mm 170: 60 AU-F-1; 110 M109A1B/A2
expeditionary air operations. The same is true of the less TOWED 50: 105mm (100 M101/M102 in store); 155mm
well equipped naval forces. The land forces are configured 50 M114 (40 FH-70; 27 M198 in store); 203mm (8 M115
militarily and geographically to meet threats such as in store)
instability at key borders. The ability of the armed forces MRL 60 ASTROS II
to effectively utilise its advanced inventory was questioned MOR 437
by operations against Houthi rebels in late 2009 and early SP 220: 81mm 70; 107mm 150 M30
2010; these appeared to demonstrate the capabilities of TOWED 217: 81mm/107mm 70 incl M30 120mm 147:
the air force, but land forces reportedly struggled to fight 110 Brandt; 37 M12-1535
effectively in the mountainous terrain of the south. Saudi AT • MSL 2,240+
Arabia relies on overseas partners to ultimately guarantee SP 290+: 90+ AMX-10P (HOT); 200 VCC-1 ITOW
its security in the face of any substantial threats and assist MANPATS 1950: 1,000 M47 Dragon; 950 TOW-2A
its military development. The Saudi armed forces retain a RCL 450: 84mm 300 Carl Gustav; 106mm 50 M40A1;
good relationship with overseas militaries, in particular the 90mm 100 M67
US, the UK and France, which affords combined training RL 112mm ε200 APILAS
possibilities as well as access to equipment. AD • SAM 1,000+
The country’s air-defence network is extensive and SP Crotale
highly capable. Meanwhile, the armed forces require a MANPAD 1,000: 500 FIM-43 Redeye; 500 FIM-92A Stinger
range of lift to be able to deploy across the country. Airlift RADAR • LAND AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder/AN/TPQ-37
capability is good, meaning a moderate power-projection Firefinder (arty, mor)
capability exists, but sealift is inadequate to sustain a MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 10+ CSS-2 (40 msl)
large force overseas for any period of time. The National AEV 15 M728
Guard was the primary contributor to the Peninsula Shield ARV 283+: 8 ACV ARV; AMX-10EHC; 55 AMX-30D; Leclerc
Force that entered Bahrain in March 2011, but given the ARV; 130 M88A1; 90 M578
proximity of the island to the country, no significant VLB 10 AMX-30
support or sustainment is necessary. MW Aardvark Mk2
Middle East and North Africa 347

HELICOPTERS FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK


ATK 12 AH-64 Apache 2 sqn with F-15S Eagle;
MRH 21: 6 AS365N Dauphin 2 (medevac); 15 Bell 406CS 3 sqn with Tornado IDS; Tornado GR1A
Combat Scout 2 sqn with Typhoon (1 training/OCU, second unit
TPT • Medium 34: 12 S-70A-1 Desert Hawk; 22 UH-60A forming)
Black Hawk (4 medevac) AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL
1 sqn with E-3A Sentry
Navy 13,500 TANKER
Navy HQ at Riyadh; Eastern Fleet HQ at Jubail; Western
Some sqn with KC-130H Hercules (tkr/tpt); KE-3A
Fleet HQ at Jeddah
(1 sqn due to begin forming 2011 with A330 MRTT)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
TRANSPORT
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 7
DESTROYERS • DDGHM 3 Al Riyadh with 2 quad 3 sqn with C-130E Hercules; C-130H Hercules; C-130H-30
lnchr with MM-40 Exocet Block II AShM, 2 8-cell VLS Hercules; CN-235; L-100-30HS (hospital ac); VC-130H
with Aster 15 SAM, 4 single 533mm TT with F17P HWT, (VIP)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

1 76mm gun (capacity 1 AS365N Dauphin 2 hel) TRAINING


FRIGATES • FFGHM 4 Madina (FRA F-2000) with 2 3 sqn with Hawk Mk65*; Hawk Mk65A*
quad lnchr with Otomat Mk 2 AShM, 1 octuple lnchr with 1 sqn with Jetstream Mk31
Crotale SAM, 4 single 533mm ASTT with F17P HWT, 1 Some sqn with MFI-17 Mushshak
100mm gun (capacity 1 AS365N Dauphin 2 hel) 1 sqn with Cessna 172
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 30 2 sqn with PC-9
CORVETTES • FSG 4 Badr (US Tacoma) with 2 quad TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
Mk140 lnchr with RGM-84C Harpoon AShM, 2 triple
2 sqn with AS532 Cougar (CSAR); Bell 212 (AB-212); Bell
324mm ASTT with Mk 46 LWT, 1 76mm gun
412 (AB-412) Twin Huey (SAR): AS-61A-4
PCFG 9 Al Siddiq (US 58m) with 2 twin Mk140 lnchr with
RGM-84C Harpoon AShM, 1 76mm gun EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PB 17 (US Halter Marine) AIRCRAFT 296 combat capable
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 7 FTR 82: 57 F-15C Eagle; 25 F-15D Eagle

and North Africa


MCC 4 Addriyah (US MSC-322) FGA 163: 71 F-15S Eagle; 70 Tornado IDS; 22 Typhoon

Middle East
MHC 3 Al Jawf (UK Sandown) ISR 10 Tornado GR1A*
AMPHIBIOUS 8 AEW&C 5 E-3A Sentry
LCU 4 1610 (capacity 120 troops) ELINT 3: 2 RE-3A/1 RE-3B
LCM 4 LCM 6 (capacity 80 troops) TKR/TPT 7 KC-130H Hercules
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 17
TKR 8: 7 KE-3A, 1 A330 MRTT (total of 6 on order)
AORH 2 Boraida (mod FRA Durance) (capacity either 2
TPT 53 Medium 35: 29 C-130H; 2 C-130H-30 Hercules; 4
AS365F Dauphin 2 hel or 1 AS332C Super Puma)
YAC 2 L-100-30HS (hospital ac); Light 18: 13 Cessna 172; 4 CN-
YTB 2 235; 1 Jetstream Mk31
YTM 11 Radhwa TRG 101: 25 Hawk Mk65* (incl aerobatic team); 16 Hawk
Mk65A*; 20 MFI-17 Mushshak; 40 PC-9
Naval Aviation HELICOPTERS
HELICOPTERS MRH 15 Bell 412 (AB-412) Twin Huey (SAR)
MRH 34: 6 AS365N Dauphin 2; 15 AS565 with AS-15TT TPT 30: Medium 10 AS532 Cougar (CSAR); Light 20: 20
AShM; 13 Bell 406CS Combat Scout
Bell 212 (AB-212)
TPT • Medium 12 AS332F Super Puma/AS532B Super
MSL
Puma with AM-39 Exocet AShM
ASM AGM-65 Maverick
Marines 3,000 AShM Sea Eagle
FORCES BY ROLE LACM Storm Shadow
MANOEUVRE ARM ALARM
Amphibious AAM • IR AIM-9P/AIM-9L Sidewinder; SARH AIM-7
1 inf regt with (2 inf bn) Sparrow; AIM-7M Sparrow; ARH AIM-120 AMRAAM
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
APC (W) 140 BMP-600P Royal Flt
AIRCRAFT • TPT 20; Medium 4 VC-130H; Light 3: 1
Air Force 20,000 Cessna 310; 2 Learjet 35; PAX 13: 1 B-737-200; 2 B-747SP; 4
FORCES BY ROLE BAe-125-800; 2 Gulfstream III; 1 A340; 2 Boeing 737-BBJ;
FIGHTER 1 Gulfstream GIV
1 sqn with F-15S Eagle HELICOPTERS • TPT 3+; Medium 3: 2 AS-61; 1 S-70
4 sqn with F-15C/D Eagle Black Hawk; Light Some Bell 212 (AB-212)
348 The Military Balance 2012

Air Defence Forces 16,000 18 harbour def units


Some coastal def units
FORCES BY ROLE
COMBAT SUPPORT
AIR DEFENCE
Some MP units
16 bty with PAC-2; 17 bty with Shahine/AMX-30SA; 16
bty with MIM-23B I-HAWK; 73 units (static defence) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
with Crotale/Shahine HELICOPTERS
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE ASW 6 AS332F Super Puma with AM-39 Exocet AShM
AD • SAM 1,805 TPT • Medium 6 AS332B Super Puma
SP 581: 40 Crotale; 400 FIM-92A Avenger; 73 Shahine; 68
Coast Guard 4,500
Crotale/Shahine
TOWED 224: 128 MIM-23B I-HAWK; 96 PAC-2 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MANPAD 500 FIM-43 Redeye PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 53 (100+
NAVAL 500 Mistral small patrol boats are also in service)
GUNS 1,070 PBF 6: 4 Al Jouf; 2 Sea Guard
PB 47: 39 Simonneau; 6 StanPatrol 2606; 2 Al Jubatel
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

SP 942: 20mm 92 M163 Vulcan; 30mm 850 AMX-30SA


TOWED 128: 35mm 128 GDF Oerlikon; 40mm (150 AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT 8: 3 UCAC; 5
L/70 in store) LCAC Griffin 8000
RADARS • AD RADAR 80: 17 AN/FPS-117; 28 AN/TPS- LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 4: 1 AXL; 3 AO (small)
43; AN/TPS-59; 35 AN/TPS-63; AN/TPS-70
General Civil Defence Administration Units
HELICOPTERS • TPT • Medium 10 Boeing Vertol 107
Industrial Security Force 9,000+
The force is part of a new security system that will Special Security Force 500
incorporate surveillance and crisis management. APC (W): UR-416

National Guard 75,000 active; 25,000 (tribal


levies) (total 100,000) Deployment
FORCES BY ROLE BAHRAIN
MANOEUVRE
Mechanised GCC • Peninsula Shield ε1,000 (SANG)
3 mech bde (4 combined arms bn)
Light Foreign Forces
5 inf bde (3 combined arms bn, 1 arty bn, 1 log bn)
Other United States US Central Command: 435
1 (ceremonial) cav sqn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
RECCE 450 LAV-25 Coyote Syria SYR
AIFV 1,117 IFV-25
Syrian Pound S£ 2010 2011 2012
APC • APC (W) 1,410: 1,120 Piranha II; 290 V-150 Commando
(810 in store) GDP S£ 2.76tr 3.02tr
ARTY US$ 58.3bn 62.1bn
TOWED 108: 105mm 50 M102; 155mm 58 M198 per capita US$ 2,624 2,760
MOR 81mm
Growth % 3.23 -2.02
AT • MSL • MANPATS 116+: 116 TOW-2A (2,000 msl);
M47 Dragon Inflation % 4.4 6.0
RCL • 106mm M40A1 Def exp S£ 109bn
AD • GUNS • TOWED 160: 20mm 30 M167 Vulcan; 90mm US$ 2.3bn
130 M2 Def bdgt S£ 89.5bn 100bn
ARV LAV-R ARV; V-150 ARV; Piranha ARV reported
US$ 1.89bn 2.06bn
US$1=S£ 47.43 48.51
Paramilitary 15,500+ active
Population 22,517,750
Border Guard 10,500
FORCES BY ROLE Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Subordinate to Ministry of Interior. HQ in Riyadh. 9 Male 18.1% 5.6% 5.4% 4.7% 15.4% 1.7%
subordinate regional commands Female 17.2% 5.3% 5.1% 4.5% 15.1% 2.0%
MANOEUVRE
Other Capabilities
Some mobile def (long range patrol/spt) units
2 border def (patrol) units The Syrian armed forces have spent much of 2011 engaged
12 infrastructure def units in internal security activities and brutal armed repression
Middle East and North Africa 349

of protesters. Elite units have demonstrated loyalty 1 SSM bde (3 SSM bn with SS-21)
to the Assad regime and ruthlessness in suppressing 1 SSM bde (3 SSM bn with Scud-B/C)
demonstrators. Conventional army units, seen as less
reliable, have been kept away from the centres of dissent. Reserves
Even so, a growing number of defections, mostly from FORCES BY ROLE
junior officers and soldiers, have been recorded, raising COMMAND
questions about the army’s cohesiveness. A proportion 1 armd div HQ
of conscript and regular personnel have refused to fight. MANOEUVRE
Armoured
There is some evidence that a ‘Free Syrian Army’ composed
4 armd bde
largely of defectors from the regular forces has a limited 2 tk regt
capability to mount small-scale attacks on government Light
forces. It is not clear that the regime has sufficient loyal 31 inf regt
forces to guarantee survival against a sustained campaign COMBAT SUPPORT
of protest or an active armed insurgency, particularly if 3 arty regt
violence spreads further across the country. EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Since the unhindered 2007 destruction, by airstrike, of MBT 4,950: 1,500–1,700 T-72 T-72M; 1,000 T-62K/T-62M;
the alleged Syrian nuclear reactor at Deir Al Zoir – which 2,250 T-55/T-55MV (some in store)
was widely believed to have been carried out by Israel – the RECCE 590 BRDM-2
conventional balance has moved further in Israel’s favour, AIFV up to 2,450 BMP-1/BMP-2/BMP-3
with doubts over Syrian air defence raised by that raid, and APC (W) 1,500: 500 BTR-152; 1,000 BTR-50/BTR-60/BTR-
the combat capability of Syrian land forces being eroded 70
by the adverse effects of their current internal-security ARTY up to 3,440+
operations. However, capability acquisitions continue, and SP 500+: 122mm 450+: 400 2S1 Carnation (Gvosdik);
in late 2011 it was reported that Syria was due to procure 50+ D-30 (mounted on T34/85 chassis); 152mm 50 2S3
the Yakhont supersonic anti-ship missile for the Bastion (Akatsiya)
coastal defence system from Russia. TOWED 2,030: 122mm 1,150: 500 D-30; 150 (M-30)
M1938; 500 in store (no given designation); 130mm
ACTIVE 295,000 (Army 220,000 Navy 5,000 Air 700-800 M-46; 152mm 70 D-20/ML-20 M1937; 180mm

and North Africa


30,000 Air Defence 40,000) Paramilitary 108,000 10 S23

Middle East
MRL up to 500: 107mm up to 200 Type-63; 122mm up
RESERVE 314,000 (Army 280,000 Navy 4,000 Air
to 300 BM-21 (Grad)
10,000 Air Defence 20,000)
MOR 410+: 82mm; 120mm circa 400 M-1943; 160mm
Terms of service conscription, 30 months
M-160 (hundreds); 240mm up to 10 M-240
AT • MSL 2,600
Organisations by Service SP 410 9P133 BRDM-2 Sagger
MANPATS 2190+: 150 AT-4 9K111 Spigot; 40 AT-5
Army 220,000 (incl conscripts) 9K113 Spandrel; AT-7 9K115 Saxhorn; 800 AT-10
FORCES BY ROLE 9K116 Stabber; 1,000 AT-14 9M133 Kornet; 200 Milan
COMMAND RL 105mm RPG-29
3 corps HQ AD • SAM 4,184+
SPECIAL FORCES SP 84: 14 9K33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko); 20 9K31 Strela-1
1 SF div (10 SF gp) (SA-9 Gaskin); 20 9K37 Buk (SA-11 Gadfly); 30 9K35
MANOEUVRE Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher)
Armoured MANPAD 4,100+: 4,000+ 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7
7 armd div (3 armd bde, 1 mech bde, 1 arty bde) Grail)‡; 9K38 Igla (SA-18 Grouse); 100 9K36 Strela-3
1 (Republican Guard) armd div (3 armd bde, 1 mech (SA-14 Gremlin)
bde, 1 arty bde) GUNS 1,225+
1 indep tk regt SP ZSU-23-4
Mechanised TOWED 23mm 600 ZU-23; 37mm M-1939; 57mm
3 mech div(-) (1 armd bde, 2 mech bde, 1 arty bde) 600 S-60; 100mm 25 KS-19
Light MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 94+: 18 Scud-B/Scud-C/
4 indep inf bde Scud-D; 30 look-a-like; 18 FROG-7; 18+ SS-21 Tochka
5 (Border Guard) lt inf bde (under command of the (Scarab); 4 P-35 (SS-C-1B Sepal); 6 P-15M Termit-R (SS-C-3
General Security Directorate for border sy) Styx) (ε850 SSM msl total)
COMBAT SUPPORT ARV BREM-1 reported; T-54/55
2 arty bde VLB MTU; MTU-20
2 AT bde
1 (coastal defence) AShM bde with SS-C-1B Sepal and Navy 5,000
SS-C-3 Styx EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 SSM bde (3 SSM bn with FROG-7) PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 32:
350 The Military Balance 2012

CORVETTES • FS 2 Petya III (1†) with 1 triple 533mm TPT 23: Heavy 3 Il-76 Candid; Light 13: 1 An-24 Coke; 6
ASTT with SAET-60 HWT, 4 RBU 2500 Smerch 1†, 2 twin An-26 Curl; 2 PA-31 Navajo; 4 Yak-40 Codling; PAX 7: 2
76mm gun Falcon 20; 1 Falcon 900; 4 Tu-134B-3
PBFG 22 TRG 81: 40 L-39 Albatros*; 35 MBB-223 Flamingo (basic);
16 Osa I/II with 4 single lnchr with P-15M Termit-M (SS- 6 MFI-17 Mushshak
N-2C Styx) AShM HELICOPTERS
6 Tir with 2 single lnchr with C-802 (CSS-N-8 Saccade) ATK 33 Mi-25 Hind D
AShM MRH 70: 40 Mi-17 Hip H; 30 SA342L Gazelle
PB 8 Zhuk TPT • Medium 40 Mi-8 Hip
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 7: MSL
MHC 1 Sonya ASM Kh-25 (AS-7 Kerry); HOT
MSO 1 Natya AAM • IR R-3 (AA-2 Atoll)‡; R-60 (AA-8 Aphid); R-73
MSI 5 Yevgenya (AA-11 Archer); IR/SARH R-40/46 (AA-6 Acrid); R-23/24
AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING SHIPS • LSM 3 Polnochny B (AA-7 Apex); R-27 (AA-10 Alamo)
(capacity 6 MBT; 180 troops)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • AX 1 Air Defence Command 60,000


FORCES BY ROLE
Naval Aviation AIR DEFENCE
HELICOPTER 2 AD div (total: 25 AD bde (total: 150 SAM bty with S-125
ASW 13: 2 Ka-28 Helix A (air force manned); 11 Mi-14 Pechora (SA-3 Goa); 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful); S-75 Dvina
Haze (SA-2 Guideline); some ADA bty with 9K32 Strela-2/M
(SA-7A Grail/SA-7B Grail)‡)
Air Force 40,000 (incl 10,000 reserves); 60,000 2 AD regt (2 SAM bn with (2 SAM bty with S-200 Angara
Air Defence (incl 20,000 reserves) (total (SA-5 Gammon))
100,000) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Flying hours  15 to 25 hrs/year on FGA/ftr; 70 hrs/year; AD • SAM 4,707
50 hrs/year on MBB-223 Flamingo trg ac SP 195 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful)
TOWED 468: 320 S-72 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline); 148 S-125
FORCES BY ROLE Pechora (SA-3 Goa)
FIGHTER STATIC/SHELTER 44 S-200 Angara (SA-5 Gammon)
2 sqn with MiG-23 MF/ML/UM Flogger MANPAD 4,000 9K32 Strela-2/2M (SA-7A Grail/SA-7B
2 sqn with MiG-25/MiG-25R/MiG-25U Foxbat (non- Grail)‡
operational)
2 sqn with MiG-29A/U Fulcrum A Paramilitary ε108,000
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
6 sqn with MiG-21MF/bis Fishbed; MiG-21U Mongol A Gendarmerie 8,000
2 sqn with MiG-23BN/UB Flogger Ministry of Interior
4 sqn with Su-22 Fitter D
1 sqn with Su-24 Fencer
Workers’ Militia ε100,000
People’s Army (Ba’ath Party)
TRANSPORT
1 sqn with An-24 Coke; An-26 Curl; Il-76 Candid
1 sqn with Falcon 20; Falcon 900 Foreign Forces
1 sqn with Tu-134B-3 UNTSO unless specified. UNTSO figures represent total
1 sqn with Yak-40 Codling numbers for mission in Israel, Syria and Lebanon.
TRAINING Argentina 3 obs
1 sqn with L-39 Albatros* Australia 12 obs
ATTACK HELICOPTER Austria 7 obs • UNDOF 374; elm 1 inf bn
3 sqn with Mi-25 Hind D
Belgium 2 obs
2 sqn with SA342L Gazelle
Canada 7 obs • UNDOF 3
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
Chile 2 obs
6 sqn with Mi-8 Hip/Mi-17 Hip H
China, People’s Republic of 4 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Croatia UNDOF 95; 1 inf coy
AIRCRAFT 365 combat capable
Denmark 11 obs
FTR 85: 50 MiG-23MF/ML/UM Flogger; 35 MiG-29A/U
Fulcrum; (30 MiG-25 Foxbat non-operational); (2 MiG- Estonia 2 obs
25U Foxbat non-operational) Finland 14 obs
FGA 240: 105 MiG-21MF/bis Fishbed; 15 MiG-21U Mongol France 3 obs
A; 50 MiG-23BN/UB Flogger; 50 Su-22 Fitter D; 20 Su-24 India UNDOF 192; elm 1 log bn
Fencer Ireland 12 obs
ISR (8 MiG-25R Foxbat* non-operational) Italy 8 obs
Middle East and North Africa 351

Japan UNDOF 31; elm 1 log bn in the short term. As such, the country will most probably
Malawi 1 obs continue to rely on surplus stocks of US, French and Italian
Nepal 3 obs equipment for its arsenal, and will continue to use its
Netherlands 12 obs ageing combat equipment for the foreseeable future.
New Zealand 7 obs ACTIVE 35,800 (Army 27,000 Navy 4,800 Air 4,000)
Norway 12 obs Paramilitary 12,000
Philippines UNDOF 343; 1 inf bn Terms of service 12 months selective
Russia 4 obs • Army/Navy 150, naval facility reportedly
under renovation at Tartus Organisations by Service
Slovakia 3 obs
Slovenia 3 obs Army 5,000; 22,000 conscript (total 27,000)
Sweden 6 obs
FORCES BY ROLE
Switzerland 11 obs SPECIAL FORCES
United States 1 obs
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

1 SF bde
1 (Sahara) SF bde
MANOEUVRE
Tunisia TUN Mechanised
3 mech bde (1 armd regt, 2 mech inf regt, 1 arty regt, 1
Tunisian Dinar D 2010 2011 2012 AD regt, 1 engr bn, 1 log gp)
GDP D 63.4bn 66.3bn COMBAT SUPPORT
1 engr regt
US$ 43.9bn 47.3bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
per capita US$ 4,129 4,452
MBT 84: 30 M60A1; 54 M60A3
Growth % 3.05 0.01 LT TK 48 SK-105 Kuerassier
Inflation % 4.4 3.5 RECCE 60: 40 AML-90; 20 Saladin
Def exp D APC 268
APC (T) 140 M113A1/A2

and North Africa


US$
APC (W) 128: 18 EE-11 Urutu; 110 Fiat 6614

Middle East
FMA (US) US$ 15.0m 4.9m
ARTY 276
US$1=D 1.44 1.40 TOWED 115: 105mm 48 M101A1/A2; 155mm 67: 12
Population 10,629,186 M114A1; 55 M198
MOR 161: 81mm 95; 107mm 48 (some SP); 120mm 18
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Brandt
Male 11.3% 4.6% 4.8% 5.0% 21.4% 3.4% AT • MSL 590
Female 10.6% 4.3% 4.5% 4.8% 21.5% 4.0% SP 35 M901 ITV TOW
MANPATS 555: 500 Milan; 55 TOW
Capabilities RL 89mm 600: 300 LRAC; 300 M20
AD • SAM 86
Small and relatively poorly equipped by regional SP 26 M48 Chaparral
standards, Tunisia’s armed forces are reliant on conscripts, MANPAD 60 RBS-70
and much of the equipment across the three services is GUNS 127
outdated and in some cases approaching obsolescence. In SP 40mm 12 M-42
terms of internal security, the military’s role is limited as TOWED 115: 20mm 100 M-55; 37mm 15 Type-55 (M-
the National Guard, arguably better trained and designed 1939)/Type-65
to act as a counterbalance to the armed forces, takes the RADAR • LAND RASIT (veh, arty)
lead on domestic stability. AEV 2 Greif
Nonetheless, the army was integral to the ‘Jasmine ARV 3 Greif; 6 M88A1
Revolution’ of January–February 2011, as it refused to
fire on protesters and verbally leant its support to the Navy ε4,800
demonstrations. The military was also utilised during the EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Libyan uprising in 2011, with the army and air force able PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 25
to patrol the borders relatively successfully and the navy PCFG 3 La Galite (FRA Combattante III) with 2 quad
competently dealing with migrant flows and search-and- Mk140 lnchr with MM-40 Exocet AShM, 1 76mm gun
rescue operations in Tunisian waters. Tunisia’s armed forces PCG 3 Bizerte (FRA P-48) with 8 SS 12M AShM
were well suited to these constabulary roles, with more PCF 6 Albatros (GER Type 143B) with 2 single 533mm TT
traditional military roles such as high-tempo warfighting PB 13: 3 Utique (mod PRC Haizhui II); 4 Istiklal; 6 V Series
largely beyond their current capabilities. Modernisation of LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 7:
the military’s current equipment may be undermined by AWT 1
the 2011 revolution, which will hamper economic growth AGS 1
352 The Military Balance 2012

ABU 3
AX 1 Salambo (US Conrad, survey) United Arab Emirates UAE
YTB 1
Emirati Dirham D 2010 2011 2012

Air Force 4,000 GDP D 1.11tr 1.32tr


FORCES BY ROLE US$ 302bn 358bn
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK per capita US$ 60,684 69,528
1 sqn with F-5E/F-5F Tiger II Growth % 3.23 3.30
TRANSPORT
Inflation % 0.9 2.5
1 sqn with C-130B Hercules; C-130H Hercules; G-222;
L-410 Turbolet Def bdgt a D 31.8bn 34.2bn
1 liaison unit with S-208A US$ 8.65bn 9.32bn
TRAINING US$1=D 3.67 3.67
2 sqn with L-59 Albatros*; MB-326B; SF-260 a
Excludes possible extra-budgetary procurement funding
1 sqn with MB-326K; MB-326L
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

TRANSPORT HELICOPTER Population 5,148,664


2 sqn with AS350B Ecureuil; AS365 Dauphin 2; AB-205 Ethnic groups: Nationals 24%; Expatriates 76% of which Indian
(Bell 205); SA313; SA316 Alouette III; UH-1H Iroquois; 30%, Pakistani 20%; other Arab 12%; other Asian 10%; UK 2%;
UH-1N Iroquois other European 1%
1 sqn with HH-3E Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Male 10.4% 2.9% 5.5% 10.7% 38.6% 0.6%
AIRCRAFT 24 combat capable
Female 10.0% 2.4% 3.3% 4.1% 11.2% 0.3%
FTR 12: 10 F-5E Tiger II; 2 F-5F Tiger II
ATK 3 MB-326K
TPT 18: Medium 16: 5 C-130B Hercules; Hercules; 1 Capabilities
C-130H Hercules; 5 G-222; Light 5: 3 L-410 Turbolet; 2 The UAE maintains a capable military. Although
S-208A objectively small in personnel numbers, the armed forces
TRG 30: 9 L-59 Albatros*; 4 MB-326B; 3 MB-326L; 14 comprise a relatively large percentage of the population
SF-260 (about 1%), and maintain an extensive array of high-
HELICOPTERS quality equipment. Arms purchases will continue in the
MRH 10: 1 AS365 Dauphin 2; 6 SA313; 3 SA316 Alouette near future. In common with other regional states, and
III perhaps in line with regional threat perceptions, the UAE
SAR 11 HH-3 Sea King has expanded its air-defence capabilities with purchases in
TPT • Light 33: 6 AS350B Ecureuil; 15 Bell 205 (AB-205); recent years of Patriot missile systems. It is a GCC member.
10 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois); 2 Bell 212 (UH-1N Iroquois) However, the UAE comprises seven separate emirates
MSL • AAM • IR AIM-9P Sidewinder joined in a federation, each retaining influence within the
overall command structure through regional commands,
Paramilitary 12,000 essentially nominally independent forces maintained
by three emirates (in 1976, the Abu Dhabi Defence Force
National Guard 12,000 became the Western Command, Dubai Defence Force
Ministry of Interior
became the Central Command and the Ras al-Khaimah
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 21
Mobile Force became the Northern Command). Although
PCC 6 Kondor I (GDR)
under the aegis of the federal Union Defence Force, this
PCI 15: 5 Bremse (GDR); 4 Gabes; 4 Rodman; 2 Socomena
situation leads to greater autonomy and influence from
HELICOPTERS • MRH 8 SA318 Alouette II/SA319
these emirates on procurement and organisation. The
Alouette III
country was one of the leading proponents of Arab
participation in operations in Libya in 2011, sending six
Deployment F-16s and six Mirage fighter aircraft in support.
Côte D’Ivoire ACTIVE 51,000 (Army 44,000 Navy 2,500 Air 4,500)
UN • UNOCI 3; 5 obs The Union Defence Force and the armed forces of the UAE
(Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Ras al-Khaimah, Fujairah, Ajman,
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Umm al-Qawayn and Sharjah) were formally merged
UN • MONUSCO 31 obs
in 1976 and headquartered in Abu Dhabi. Dubai still
maintains independent forces, as do other Emirates to a
lesser degree.

Organisations by Service

Army 44,000 (incl Dubai 15,000)


Middle East and North Africa 353

FORCES BY ROLE Navy ε2,500


GHQ Abu Dhabi EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MANOEUVRE SUBMARINES • SWIMMER DELIVERY VEHICLES ε10
Armoured PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 17
1 armd bde
CORVETTES 3
Mechanised
FSGHM 1 Baynunah with 2 quadruple lnchr with MM-
3 mech bde
40 Exocet Block III AShM, 1 8-cell Mk 56 VLS with RIM-
Light
162 ESSM SAM, 1 21-cell MR49 lnchr with RIM 116B
2 inf bde
SAM, 1 76mm gun
Aviation
FSGM 2 Muray Jib (GER Lurssen 62m) with 2 quad
1 bde with AH-64D Apache; CH-47F Chinook; UH-60L
lnchr with MM-40 Exocet AShM, 1 octuple lnchr with
Black Hawk
Crotale SAM, 1 76mm gun, 1 hel landing platform
Other
PCFGM 2 Mubarraz (GER Lurssen 45m) with 2 twin
1 Royal Guard bde
lnchr with MM-40 Exocet AShM, 1 sextuple lnchr with
COMBAT SUPPORT
Mistral SAM, 1 76mm gun
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

1 arty bde (3 arty regt)


PCFG 6 Ban Yas (GER Lurssen TNC-45) with 2 twin lnchr
1 engr gp
with MM-40 Exocet AShM, 1 76mm gun
Dubai Independent Forces PB 6 Ardhana (UK Vosper 33m)
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES •
FORCES BY ROLE
MHO 2 Al Murjan (Frankenthal class Type 332)
MANOEUVRE
AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT 28
Mechanised
LCP 16: 12 Ghannatha (capacity 40 troops); 4 (Fast Supply
2 mech inf bde
Vessel multi-purpose)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE LCU 5: 3 Al Feyi (capacity 56 troops); 2 (capacity 40
MBT 471: 390 Leclerc; 36 OF-40 Mk2 (Lion); 45 AMX-30 troops and additional vehicles)
LT TK 76 Scorpion LCT 7
RECCE 89: 49 AML-90; 24 VBL; 16 TPz-1 Fuchs (NBC); LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 4: 1 YDT; 1 YTB; 2 YTM
(20 Ferret in store); (20 Saladin in store)

and North Africa


AIFV 430: 15 AMX-10P; 415 BMP-3 Naval Aviation

Middle East
APC 892 AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 2 Learjet 35A
APC (T) 136 AAPC (incl 53 engr plus other variants) HELICOPTERS
APC (W) 756: 90 BTR-3U Guardian; 120 EE-11 Urutu; ASW 7 AS332F Super Puma (5 in ASUW role)
370 M-3 Panhard; 80 VCR (incl variants); 20 VAB; MRH 11: 7 AS565 Panther; 4 SA316 Alouette III
76 RG-31 Nyala
ARV 46 Air Force 4,500
ARTY 561+ Flying hours  110 hrs/year
SP 155mm 221: 78 G-6; 125 M-109A3; 18 Mk F3 FORCES BY ROLE
TOWED 93: 105mm 73 ROF lt; 130mm 20 Type-59-I FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
MRL 92+: 70mm 18 LAU-97; 122mm 48+: 48 Firos-25 (est 3 sqn with F-16E/F Block 60 Fighting Falcon
24 op); Type-90 (reported); 227mm 20 HIMARS being 3 sqn with Mirage 2000-9DAD/EAD/RAD
delivered; 300mm 6 9A52 Smerch SEARCH & RESCUE
MOR 155: 81mm 134: 20 Brandt; 114 L16; 120mm 21 2 flt with AW109K2; AW139
Brandt TRANSPORT
AT • MSL 305+ 1 sqn with C-130H/C-130H-30 Hercules; L-100-30
SP 20 HOT 1 sqn with CN-235M-100
MANPATS 285+: 30 HOT; 230 Milan; 25 TOW; (Vigilant 1 (Spec Ops) sqn with AS-365F Dauphin 2; AS-550C3
in store) Fennec; AW-139; Cessna 208B Grand Caravan; CH-47C
RCL 262: 84mm 250 Carl Gustav; 106mm 12 M-40 Chinook; DHC-6-300 Twin Otter
AD • SAM • MANPAD 40+: 20+ Blowpipe; 20 Mistral TRAINING
GUNS 62 1 sqn with Grob 115TA
SP 20mm 42 M3 VDAA 1 sqn with Hawk Mk63A/C*
TOWED 30mm 20 GCF-BM2 1 sqn with Hawk Mk102*
MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 6 Scud-B (up to 20 msl) 1 sqn with PC-7 Turbo Trainer
AEV 53 ACV-AESV TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
ARV 143: 8 ACV-AESV Recovery; 4 AMX-30D; 85 BREM-L; 1 sqn with Bell 412 Twin Huey
46 Leclerc ARV EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
HELICOPTERS AIRCRAFT 178 combat capable
ATK 30 AH-64D Apache FGA 139: 54 F-16E Block 60 Fighting Falcon (Desert
TPT 15 Heavy 4 CH-47F Chinook Medium 11 UH-60L Eagle); 25 F-16F Block 60 Fighting Falcon (13 to remain in
Black Hawk US for trg); 16 Mirage 2000-9DAD; 44 Mirage 2000-9EAD
354 The Military Balance 2012

ISR 7 Mirage 2000 RAD*


TPT 31: Heavy 3 C-17 Globemaster III; Medium 6: 3 Yemen, Republic of YEM
C-130H Hercules; 1 C-130H-30 Hercules; 2 L-100-30; Light
Yemeni Rial R 2010 2011 2012
22: 2 Beech 350 King Air; 8 Cessna 208B Grand Caravan;
7 CN-235M-100; 1 DHC-6-300 Twin Otter; 4 DHC-8 Dash GDP R 6.88tr 8.08tr
8 (MP) US$ 31.4bn 37.1bn
TRG 74: 12 Grob 115TA; 20 Hawk Mk63A/C*; 12 Hawk per capita US$ 1,336 1,538
Mk102*; 30 PC-7 Turbo Trainer Growth % 8.02 -2.47
HELICOPTERS
Inflation % 11.2 19.0
MRH 31: 4 AS-365F Dauphin 2 (VIP); 18 AS-550C3
Def bdgt R 400bn 445bn
Fennec; 9 Bell 412 Twin Huey
TPT 35: Heavy 12 CH-47C Chinook (SF): Light 12: 3 US$ 1.83bn 2.04bn
AW109K2; 8 AW139 (incl 2 VIP); 1 Bell 407 FMA (US) US$ 12.5m 35.0m
MSL US$1=R 219.04 217.67
ASM AGM-65G Maverick; AGM-114 Hellfire; Hydra-70;
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Population 24,133,492
Hakeem 1/2/3 (A/B) HOT
LACM Black Shaheen (Storm Shadow/SCALP EG variant) Ethnic groups: Majority Arab, some African and South Asian
AAM • IR AIM-9L Sidewinder; R-550 Magic; IIR/ARH
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Mica; ARH AIM-120 AMRAAM
Male 21.9% 5.7% 5.0% 4.5% 12.4% 1.2%
Air Defence Female 21.1% 5.5% 4.9% 4.1% 12.2% 1.4%
FORCES BY ROLE
AIR DEFENCE Capabilities
2 AD bde (3 bn with I-HAWK MIM-23B)
Yemen’s armed forces are under-equipped, poorly trained,
3 (short range) AD bn with Crotale; Mistral; Rapier; RB-
and in light of events in 2011, will have problems with
70; Javelin; 9K38 Igla (SA-18 Grouse)
morale across the force. Despite a relatively high level
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE of defence spending compared to GDP, the country’s
AD • SAM underdeveloped economic status means that the state is
SP Crotale; RB-70 unable to exercise full control over internal security. The
TOWED I-HAWK MIM-23B; Rapier army is the best equipped of the services, but still relies
MANPAD Javelin; 9K38 Igla (SA-18 Grouse) on Soviet-era equipment. The importance of tribal ties
NAVAL Mistral
within Yemen, combined with a conscription service
that was reintroduced in 2007, highlights the difficulties
Paramilitary facing the military in encouraging loyalty to the armed
Coast Guard forces and morale. This was compounded in early 2011
Ministry of Interior by the instability that beset the country as part of the Arab
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 53 Awakening, as a number of high-ranking military officers
PBF 9 (ITA Baglietto) deserted the president, defections were reported across
PB 44: 2 Protector; 16 (US Camcraft ’65); 5 (US military units and, in certain cases, loyal military units
Camcraft ’77); 6 Watercraft 45; 12 Halmatic Work; 3 Al exchanged fire with defectors. The Yemeni air force and navy
Saber (a further 9 are in build; ISD by 2013) are unable to fulfil their core roles of defending territorial
sovereignty, with insufficient equipment and training.
UAE National Infrastructure Authority Given the size of the country, airlift is almost non-existent,
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS leading to severe problems in rapid internal military
PBF 7 MRTP 16 (a further 27 are in build) deployments. Some of the combat aircraft, meanwhile –
particularly the aged MiG-21s – are unreliable. The navy’s
Deployment Chinese-supplied Hounan class patrol boats may well be
unserviceable and, while international maritime forces on
AFGHANISTAN counter-piracy duties do liaise with representatives from
NATO • ISAF 35 the Yemeni Coast Guard, the rest of the small naval force
faces challenges in monitoring and securing the country’s
Foreign Forces extensive coastline. In an unusual privatisation of the
military, four naval patrol boats are hired by Yemen LNG,
Australia 313; 1 tpt det with 3 C-130 Hercules; 1 MP det
a Total-led foreign investment, to provide security outside
with 2 AP-3C Orion
a maritime exclusion zone around the LNG plant.
France 800: 6 Rafale, 1 KC-135F; 1 (Foreign Legion) BG (2
recce sqn, 2 inf sqn, 1 aty bty, 1 engr coy) ACTIVE 66,700 (Army 60,000 Navy 1,700 Air Force
South Korea: 140 (trg activities at UAE Spec Ops School) 3,000, Air Defence 2,000) Paramilitary 71,200
United States: 140; 2 bty with MIM-104 Patriot Terms of service conscription, 2 years
Middle East and North Africa 355

Organisations by Service ARV T-54/55 reported


VLB MTU reported
Army 60,000 (incl conscripts)
Navy 1,700
FORCES BY ROLE
SPECIAL FORCES EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 SF bde PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 22
MANOEUVRE PCO 1 Tarantul† with 2 twin lnchr (fitted for P-15
Armoured Termit-M (SS-N-2C Styx) AShM)
8 armd bde PBF 6 Baklan
Mechanised PB 15: 3 Hounan† with 4 single lnchr (fitted for C-801
6 mech bde (CSS-N-4 Sardine) AShM); 10 P-1000 (Austal 37.5m); 2
Light Zhak (FSU Osa II) (1†)
16 inf bde MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES •
Air Manoeuvre MSO 1 Natya (FSU)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

2 cdo/AB bde AMPHIBIOUS


Other
LANDING SHIPS • LSM 1 NS-722 (capacity 5 MBT;
1 (Central Guard) gd force
110 troops)
COMBAT SUPPORT
LANDING CRAFT • LCU 3 Deba
3 arty bde
1 SSM bde
2 AD bn Air Force 3,000
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE FORCES BY ROLE
MBT 856: 50 M60A1; 60 T-72; 66 T-80; 200 T-62; 450 FIGHTER
T-54/T-55; 30 T-34 3 sqn with F-5E Tiger II; MiG-21 Fishbed; MiG-29SMT/
RECCE 130: 80 AML-90; 50 BRDM-2 MiG-29UBT Fulcrum
AIFV 200: 100 BMP-1; 100 BMP-2 FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
APC 258 1 sqn with Su-22 Fitter D/Su-22UMS Fitter G
APC (T) 60 M113A TRANSPORT

and North Africa


APC (W) 180: 60 BTR-40; 100 BTR-60; 20 BTR-152; (470 1 sqn with An-12 Cub; An-26 Curl; C-130H Hercules; Il-76

Middle East
BTR-40/BTR-60/BTR-152 in store) Candid
PPV 18 YLAV Cougar ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
ARTY 1,307 3 sqn with Bell 205 (UH-1H); Bell 212; Ka-27; Mi-8 Hip;
SP 122mm 25 2S1 Carnation Mi-17 Hip H; Mi14PS; Mi-35 Hind
TOWED 310: 105mm 25 M101A1; 122mm 200: 130 D-30; EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
30 M-1931/37; 40 M-30 M-1938; 130mm 60 M-46; 152mm AIRCRAFT 79 combat capable
10 D-20; 155mm 15 M114 FTR 10 F-5E Tiger II
COASTAL 130mm 36 SM-4-1 FGA 69: 15 MiG-21 Fishbed; 4 MiG-21U Mongol A*; 15
MRL 294: 122mm 280 BM-21 (150 op); 140mm 14 BM-14
MiG-29SMT Fulcrum; 1 MiG-29UBT; 30 Su-22 Fitter D; 4
MOR 642: 81mm 250; 82mm 144 M-43; 107mm 12;
Su-22UM3 Fitter G
120mm 136; 160mm ε100
TPT 12: Heavy 3 Il-76 Candid; Medium 3: 2 An-12 Cub; 1
AT • MSL • MANPATS 71: 35 AT-3 9K11 Sagger; 24 M47
C-130H Hercules; Light 6 An-26 Curl
Dragon; 12 TOW
TRG 36: 24 L-39C; 12 Z-242
RCL 75mm M-20; 82mm B-10; 107mm B-11
HELICOPTERS
RL 66mm M72 LAW
ATK 8 Mi-35 Hind
GUNS 50+
ASW 1 Ka-27 (tpt role)
SP 100mm 30 SU-100
TOWED 20+: 85mm D-44; 100mm 20 M-1944 MRH 10 Mi-17 Hip H
AD • SAM ε800 TPT 26: Medium 9 Mi-8 Hip; Light 6: 2 Bell 212; 4 Bell
SP 9K31 Strela-1 (SA-9 Gaskin); 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 205 (UH-1H)
Gopher)
MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡; 9K36 Strela-3 Air Defence 2,000
(SA-14 Gremlin) AD • SAM:
GUNS 530 SP 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful); 9K31 Strela-1 (SA-9 Gaskin);
SP 70: 20mm 20 M163 Vulcan; 23mm 50 ZSU-23-4 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher)
TOWED 460: 20mm 50 M-167 Vulcan; 23mm 100 ZU- TOWED S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline); S-125 Pechora (SA-
23-2; 3 Goa)
37mm 150 M-1939; 57mm 120 S-60; 85mm 40 M-1939 MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail); 9K36 Strela-3 (SA-
KS-12 14 Gremlin)
MSL • TACTICAL • SSM 28: 12 FROG-7; 10 SS-21 Scarab MSL • IR R-3 (AA-2 Atoll)‡; R-60 (AA-8 Aphid); AIM-9
(Tochka); 6 Scud-B (ε33 msl) Sidewinder; IR/SARH R-27 (AA-10 Alamo)
356 The Military Balance 2012

Paramilitary 71,200+ Democratic Republic of the Congo


UN • MONUSCO 6 obs
Ministry of the Interior Forces 50,000
LIBERIA
Tribal Levies 20,000+ UN • UNMIL 1

Yemeni Coast Guard Authority ε1,200 South sudan


PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 12 UN • UNMISS 2; 6 obs
PBF 4 Archangel (US) sudan
PB 10: 2 Marine Patrol; 8 various UN • UNAMID 5; 24 obs
UN • UNISFA 2 obs
Deployment WESTERN SAHARA
COTE D’IVOIRE UN • MINURSO 8 obs
UN • UNOCI 1; 7 obs
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012
Middle East and North Africa 357

Table 26 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Middle East and North Africa
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Algeria (ALG)
T-90S MBT 300 US$1bn RUS Rosoboron­ 2006 2006 Deliveries ongoing
export
S-300PMU-2 SAM 8 US$1bn RUS Rosoboron­ 2006 2008 1st battery delivered 2008
export
Pantsir-S1 AD 38 US$500m RUS Rosoboron­ 2006 2010 Delivery underway
export
n.k. LPD 1 EUR 400 ITA Orizzonte 2011 2015 Contract signed in July 2011. To be
million Sistemi based on San Giusto class
(US$550 Navali
million)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Su-30MKA FGA ac 16 US$1bn RUS Rosoboron­ 2010 2011 Delivery to be complete by end 2012
export
Yak-130 Trg ac 16 US$250m RUS Rosoboron­ 2006 2011 Incl simulator. First delivered late
export 2011

Bahrain (BHR)
M113A2 APC n.k. n.k. TUR FNSS 2007 n.k. Refit with MKEK 81mm mortars
Upgrade

Egypt (EGY)
M1A1 Abrams MBT 125 US$349m US General 2007 2009 Co-production with Cairo plant. Final
Dynamics delivery due 2011

and North Africa


S-125 Pechora SAM 30 n.k. RUS Oboronit­ 1999 n.k. Upgrade to Pechora-2M. Thirty btn

Middle East
(SA-3 Goa) Upgrade elniye to be upgraded in three stages. First
Sistemy stage completed 2006. Second stage
ongoing
Ambassador PCFG 4 US$1.3bn US VT Halter 2008 2012 Phase II of the Fast Missile Craft (FMC)
Mk III Marine project. First vessel delivered Oct
2011
n.k. PCC 4 US$20.2m US Swiftships 2011 n.k. Delivery to be complete by 2014
F-16C/D Fighting FGA ac 20 n.k. US Lockheed 2010 n.k. Sixteen F-16C and four F-16D. To be
Falcon Martin complete by 2013
C-295 Tpt ac 3 n.k. ESP EADS-CASA 2010 2011 First ac delivered Sep 2011;
remainder due late 2011

Iraq (IRQ)
BTR-4 APC (W) 420 US$2.5bn UKR Khariv 2010 2011 Contract value includes six An-32
Morozov tpt ac
Swiftships 35m PB 15 US$181m US Swiftships 2009 2012 For navy. Initial order was for
nine vessels. Option for further
three exercised with another
option for three more. First vessel
commissioned Sep 2010. As of Oct
2011, six had arrived in Iraq
F-16C/D Fighting FGA ac 18 εUS$3bn US Lockheed 2011 n.k. -
Falcon Block 52 Martin
Beech 350ER Tpt ac 6 US$10.5m US Hawker 2008 2010 Five Extended Range (ER) ISR ac; one
King Air Beechcraft lt tpt ac, plus spares and spt
C-130J Super Tpt ac 4 US$292.8m US Lockheed 2009 2012 Delivery to begin late 2012 and
Hercules Martin continue through 2013
C-130J-30 Tpt ac 2 US$140.3m US Lockheed 2009 n.k. For air force
Martin
358 The Military Balance 2012

Table 26 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Middle East and North Africa
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
An-32 Tpt ac 6 US$2.5bn UKR Antonov 2010 2011 Three aircraft complete, further two
ASTC/Aviant near completion. As of late 2011
delivery delayed by row between
purchaser and manufacturer.
Contract value includes 420 BTR-4
APC
Lasta-95 Trg ac 20 see notes SER UTVA 2007 2010 Option for further 16. Part of
US$230m deal. First 3 delivered Aug
2010
EC635 Tpt Hel 24 €360m FRA Eurocopter 2009 n.k. Cost incl training and maintenance
(US$490m)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Bell 407 Tpt Hel 24 US$60.3m US Bell 2009 n.k. For air force. FMS contract

Israel (ISR)
Arrow 2 ATBM/BMD n.k. n.k. ISR/US IAI 2008 n.k. Number and cost not known
Merkava Mk IV MBT up to 400 n.k. ISR n.k. 2001 2004 Estimated 50–60 tk per year over
four years
Dolphin (Type SSK 3 €1bn GER HDW 2006 2012 With Air-Independent Propulsion
800) class (US$1.21bn) (AIP) system. Third boat confirmed
by German defence minister in July
2011; contract not yet signed
F-35 Lightning II FGA ac 20 US$2.75bn US Lockheed 2010 2016 Option for a further 75
Martin
C-130J Hercules Tpt ac 1 US$98.6m US Lockheed 2010 2013 -
Martin
C-130J-30 Tpt ac 1 US$76.2m US Lockheed 2011 n.k. Contract includes long-lead items for
Hercules Martin additional C-130J-30 ac
Skylark I-LE ISR UAV 100 n.k. ISR Elbit 2008 n.k. Delivery in progress. Part of Sky Rider
Systems programme
Hermes 900 ISR UAV n.k. US$50m ISR Elbit 2010 2010 Price includes additional Hermes 450
Systems UAVs. Deliveries to occur 2010–13

Jordan (JOR)
YPR-765 AIFV 510 n.k. NLD n.k. 2010 2010 Order includes 69 M577s and
unknown number of YPR-806s.
Deliveries to be complete by 2014
M109A2 155mm SP 121 n.k. NLD n.k. 2010 2010 Deliveries to be complete by 2014
Arty

Kuwait (KWT)
Mk V PBF 10 US$461m US USMI 2009 July 2011 For navy. Final delivery due 2013
KC-130J Tkr ac 3 US$245m US Lockheed 2010 2013 Deliveries to be complete in early
Martin 2014

Lebanon (LBN)
T-72 MBT 31 Free transfer RUS n.k. 2010 n.k. Delivery status unclear
Mi-24 Hind Atk Hel 6 Free transfer RUS n.k. 2010 2010 In place of previously offered MiG-29
Fulcrum ac. Delivery status unclear

Libya (LBY)
Molniya-class PCGM 3 est $150m– RUS Vympel 2009 n.k. Contract status unclear following
$200m regime change
Yak-130 Trg ac 6 εUS$100m RUS Rosoboron­ 2010 2011 Contract status unclear following
export regime change
Middle East and North Africa 359

Table 26 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Middle East and North Africa
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Morocco (MOR)
FREMM DDGHM 1 €470m FRA/ITA DCNS 2008 2012 Vessel launched in September 2011.
(US$676m) Delivery now expected 2013. Ship
named Mohammed VI
SIGMA FFGHM 3 €600m NLD Schelde 2008 2011 (Ship Integrated Geometrical
(US$875m) Modularity Approach) First vessel
launched Jul 2010. Final delivery due
2013
OPV-70 PSO 4 US$140m FRA STX 2008 2010 First vessel launched Aug 2010;
contract to be completed by 2014
F-16C/D Block 52 FGA ac 24 US$841.9m US Lockheed 2008 2011 Inc. mission equipment and spt
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Fighting Falcon Martin package. Eighteen Cs and six Ds. First


deliveries 2011
C-27J Spartan Tpt ac 4 €130m ITA Alenia 2008 2010 Three in service as of late 2011; final
(US$166m) Aeronautica aircraft anticipated by year end
T-6C Texan Trg ac 24 US$37m+ US Hawker 2009 2010 Twenty delivered as of late 2011, with
Beechcraft remainder expected early 2012

Oman (OMN)
Project Khareef FFGHM 3 GB£400m UK BAE Systems 2007 2011 First vessel (Al-Shamikh) launched Jul
(US$785m) 2009; delivered 2011. Second vessel
(Al-Rahmani) launched Jul 2010
C-130J-30 Tpt ac 1 n.k. US Lockheed 2009 2012 -
Hercules Martin
C-130J-30 Tpt ac 2 n.k. US Lockheed 2010 2013 Delivery due in 2013 and 2014

and North Africa


Hercules Martin

Middle East
NH90 TTH Tpt Hel 20 n.k. NLD EADS 2003 2010 First delivered Jun 2010

Qatar (QTR)
AW139 MRH Hel 18 €260m ITA/UK Agusta 2008 2010 Twelve delivered by end 2011
(US$413m) Westland
AW139 MRH Hel 3 n.k. ITA/UK Agusta 2011 n.k. -
Westland

Saudi Arabia (SAU)


LAV II APC (W) 724 US$2.2bn CAN General 2009 2011 For national guard
Dynamics
(GDLS)
M113 APC (T) 300 US$200m TUR FNSS 2007 2008 Upgrade. Follow-on contract could
Upgrade upgrade entire fleet of 2,000 M113.
Delivery status unclear
CAESAR 155mm 155mm SP 100 n.k. FRA Nexter 2006 2009 For national guard; to replace M198.
arty Systems First four delivered March 2010.
Deliveries to be completed by 2011
Eurofighter FGA ac 72 GB£4.43bn Int’l Eurofighter 2005 2008 Project Salam. First 24 delivered
Typhoon (US$8.9bn) by Sept 2011. Orignal plan to final
assemble remaining 48 in SAU
dropped
Saab 2000 Erieye AEW&C ac 1 US$670m SWE Saab 2010 n.k. -
A330 MRTT Tkr/Tpt ac 6 US$600m FRA EADS 2008 2011 Three more purchased July 2009
for undisclosed fee. First delivery
expected 2011
S-76 Tpt Hel 15 n.k. US Sikorsky 2007 n.k. For Interior Ministry
UH-60L Black Tpt Hel 22 US$286 m US Sikorsky 2008 2010 Delivery to be complete in 2012
Hawk
360 The Military Balance 2012

Table 26 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Middle East and North Africa
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
UH-60L Black Tpt Hel 2 US$28.6m US Sikorsky 2011 2012 Delivery to be complete in 2012
Hawk

Syria (SYR)
Buk-M2 SAM n.k. US$200m RUS Rosoboron­ 2007 2008 Delivery status unclear
export
96K6 Pantsir- AD 36 US$730m RUS Rosoboron­ n.k. 2007 Delivery reported to have begun in
S1E (SA-22 export late 2009; status unclear
Greyhound)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Tunisia (TUN)
C-130J Hercules Tpt ac 2 n.k. US Lockheed 2010 2013 To be delivered 2013–14
Martin
SA342L Gazelle MRH Hel 6 n.k. FRA Aerotec 2010 n.k. Delivery status unclear

United Arab Emirates (UAE)


Patriot Advanced AD System 10 fire US$3.3bn US Raytheon 2008 2009 To replace HAWK. Incl 172 PAC-3 msl
Capability (PAC) 3 units, 172 and 42 launcher mod packs, plus
msl some GEM-T msl. Final delivery due
2012
96K6 Pantsir-S1E AD 50 US$734m RUS Rosoboron­ 2000 2004 To be mounted on MAN SX 45 8×8
export trucks. First four delivered Mar 2009
Agrab (Scorpion) 120mm SP 48 AED390m RSA/SGP/ IGG 2007 2008 Delivery status unclear
MMS Mor (US$106m) UAE/UK
Agrab Mk2 120mm SP 72 US$214m RSA/SGP/ IGG 2011 n.k. -
(Scorpion) MMS Mor UAE/UK
Javelin MANPAT 100 (US$135m) US Raytheon/ 2008 2009 1,000 msl
Lockheed
Martin
Abu Dhabi-class FFGHM 1 n.k. ITA Fincantieri 2009 2011 Launched Feb 2011
Baynunah-class FSGHM 6 AED3bn FRA/UAE ADSB 2003 2006 First of class built in FRA, others to
(US$820m) be built in UAE. First vessel delivered
2010; second vessel 2011. Delivery
expected to be complete by 2014
Falaj II FS 2 AED430m ITA Fincantieri 2009 2012 First vessel to be launched Dec 2011;
(US$117m) second Apr 2012. Delivery of both
vessels scheduled for late 2012
Project PBFG 12 AED771m UAE ADSB 2009 2011 ISD for all vessels expected 2012
‘Ghannatha’
Project Al Saber PB 12 AED127m UAE ADSB 2008 2011 For coast guard
(US$34.6m)
Saab 340 Erieye AEW&C ac 2 SEK1.5bn SWE Saab 2009 2011 First delivered Apr 2011
(US$234m)
A330 MRTT Tkr/Tpt ac 3 n.k. Int’l EADS 2008 2011 Delivery now scheduled for 2012.
Order for three more possible
C-17 Tpt ac 2 n.k. US Boeing 2010 2012 -
Globemaster III
C-130 J-30 Tpt ac 12 AED5.9bn US Lockheed 2009 n.k. Acquisition deferred to an as yet
Hercules Martin unspecified date
PC-21 Trg ac 25 CHEfr500m CHE Pilatus 2009 2011 First aircraft flew in 2011. Deliveries
($492.4m) under way
UH-60M Black Tpt Hel 10 n.k. US Sikorsky 2007 2010 Delivery status unclear
Hawk
UH-60M Black Tpt Hel 14 US$171m US Sikorsky 2009 n.k. To be delivered by end 2012
Hawk
Chapter Eight
Latin America and the Caribbean

Central American challenges Zetas drug gang into Guatemala’s Petén province.
The most significant driver of policy change in the Costa Rica also signed agreements on law-enforce-
region in 2011 was non-state in nature – a security ment cooperation and border security with Mexico
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

crisis in Mexico and Central America as violence in and Panama.


Mexico reached unprecedented levels and several Honduras and El Salvador were most active.
Central American states acknowledged the presence Firstly, both countries looked to implement tax
of predominantly Mexican criminal networks in their reforms aimed at raising funds for increased
territories. Little changed in Mexico itself, however: defence and security spending. Rather than directly
President Felipe Calderón resisted calls for a change addressing structural issues responsible for regional
of course in his government’s war against the cartels, governments’ notoriously low tax revenues, these
which has thus far been largely ineffective despite reforms would be taxes on wealth, following the
a reported 400% increase in US military assistance example of the special Colombian levy instituted in
between 2007 and 2011. Instead, Calderón continued 2002 that funded counter-insurgency. Secondly, both
to seek modification of the country’s National took steps to strengthen their capabilities. Honduras,
Security Law, giving the armed forces a greater role like Guatemala, expressed interest in enhancing its
in internal security. For Central American coun- radar-monitoring capabilities and plans to moder-
tries, a security summit held in June in Guatemala nise its air force; as well as extending for another year
City by the member states of the Central American the role of the Salvadoran army in internal security, a
Integration System (SICA) was notable. It was special measure that has been in force since late 2009.
convened in order to launch, and seek funding for, a President Mauricio Funes in El Salvador extended the
multilateral regional security strategy encompassing mandatory period of military service to 18 months
security-force strengthening and rearmament, intel- and sought extra budgetary resources to spend on

Latin America and


ligence, institutional development, and both preven- security.

the Caribbean
tive and rehabilitative activities. Notwithstanding In this context, one southern neighbour in partic-
the US commitment to provide Central America ular made its presence felt. Colombia has sought to
with US$300m of counter-narcotics funding, SICA play a greater role in Central America. It carried out
appealed unsuccessfully for approximately US$1bn joint air-interdiction exercises and signed an over-
from various prospective donors, including European flight agreement with Honduras and agreed trea-
governments preoccupied with their own sovereign- ties with Mexico on extradition, prisoner exchange,
debt crisis. Some external actors offered assistance in and legal and counter-narcotics cooperation. This
the form of credit. was closely linked to a wider effort by Bogotá to
Despite this setback, the SICA conference marked strengthen its regional defence and security ties.
an important milestone for the sub-region’s govern- As part of this drive, bilateral military–military
ments, which were united in recognition of the ties that had largely fallen into disuse in the final
scale of the security challenge they face. It was also years of the previous Álvaro Uribe administration
accompanied by a raft of policy initiatives aimed were reactivated, leading to fresh border-security
at improving Central American capabilities and accords with Ecuador, Panama, Peru and Brazil,
cooperation. The Guatemalan government began a and a Memorandum of Understanding on defence
programme to expand radar coverage of its airspace; and security cooperation with Chile. Meanwhile, a
moved to annul a 2004 cap on the defence budget Defence and Military Cooperation agreement with
of 0.33% of GDP (the new ceiling will be the 0.66% Brazil (originally signed in 2008 to promote joint
of GDP established in the 1996 peace accords); and research and development in naval and air capabili-
agreed to improve information exchange and coop- ties) continues to progress in respective legislatures,
eration with Mexico to counter the incursion of the while the August 2011 Binational Border Security Plan
362 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

was swiftly followed by a joint river patrol involving the need to respond to illegal drug trafficking flows
Colombia’s army and Brazil’s army and marines. through the region, have focused on improving
Colombia’s relationship with Venezuela, poten- surveillance and control of their airspace and borders.
tially most difficult of all, was the key target of The Paraguayan government began to implement
Bogotá’s diplomacy – and here it was least satis- integrated civil–military airspace control and report-
factory. The countries’ defence ministers signed a edly directed funds towards increasing the number
counter-narcotics information exchange agreement of military outposts along its northwestern border;
on 26 January, which was followed by the handover Argentina channelled extra spending, under the
of a small number of guerrillas and drug traffickers. ‘Northern Shield’ programme, into the development of
Nevertheless, cooperation between the governments a radar system that would allow for the interdiction of
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

was shaky and the extent of ongoing Colombian unauthorised flights; and Bolivia also announced that
insurgent presence in Venezuela remained unclear. it would install radar along its borders. Furthermore,
In addition, in a move that suggested the Venezuelan some governments also focused on improving the
armed forces’ underlying doctrinal hypothesis of administration of defence resources, expressing or
defensive war had not changed, Caracas continued acting on concerns over alleged corruption in defence
to build up its capabilities along the border with ministries. In Colombia, the perceived need to miti-
Colombia. Brigades in this area received significant gate the risk of maladministration led to the decision
amounts of their weaponry arriving from Russia. The to re-centralise all military procurement, reversing a
introduction of new Russian infantry-fighting vehi- decree issued by the Uribe government in 2006; and in
cles allowed the mechanisation of an existing infantry Paraguay, Congress and the military high command
brigade into the new 25th Mechanised Infantry clashed over allegations of bribery and the latter’s will-
Brigade, based only 13km from the Colombian ingness to contract services without issuing tenders.
border; this brigade and another (likely the 21st While long-standing inter-state disputes over
Infantry) based in the border town of San Cristóbal, territory and resources did not disappear, rhetoric
received Russian heavy mortars; and a new helicopter was cooler than before. Tensions between Costa Rica
battalion was created in the border state of Barinas. and Nicaragua, for example, subsided in early 2011
after both sides were ordered by the International
Policy matters Court of Justice to stand down, in a ruling phrased
At a strategic level, only Colombia and Peru imple- so that neither lost face by doing so. The dispute
mented major policy changes during 2011. The govern- over contested territory on the Caribbean side of
ment of Juan Manuel Santos in Colombia introduced their border did, however, lead to policy changes
the ‘Policy of Security and Defence for Prosperity’ in in Costa Rica. The government not only announced
May. This was essentially a modification of previous plans to improve defence infrastructure, such as heli-
initiatives to reflect improved state control over ports, along the shared border and the restoration
many areas of the country and the emergence of new of a substantial border police force abolished by the
threats, notably criminal bands (BACRIM) associated previous government, but also publicly mooted the
with drug trafficking. However, growing concern creation of armed forces (abolished more than 60
over security later in the year resulted in a set of new years ago). The first unit of the new border police
appointments at the Ministry of Defence and an order force was set up in March. It is believed that the force
to undertake an urgent revision of strategy. In Peru, will be paramilitary in character, with a focus on
President Ollanta Humala began his term in office countering transnational threats.
with a reform of the government’s security strategy In general, the region enjoyed a high degree
that would look to provide an integrated response to of benign neglect from extra-regional powers.
the growing problem of coca cultivation and associ- Despite high-profile visits by US President Barack
ated terrorist activity. Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and
There has generally been less equipment procure- the routine contacts and multilateral military exer-
ment than in recent years, with the notable excep- cises of Southern Command (SOUTHCOM), the
tion of Venezuela, which poured resources into the US maintained a low profile. Only SOUTHCOM’s
purchase of hardware and claimed it received further co-hosting with the Chilean Joint Staff of the third
credit from Russia, its principal arms supplier. Several Annual Conference of South American Defence
countries in the Southern Cone, increasingly aware of Chiefs, held in Santiago in late August, provided a
Latin America and the Caribbean 363

substantial public platform. This event focused on Guyana and Suriname) participated in its first mili-
regional military disaster-response and humani- tary exercise, UNASUR I, in Argentina. Meanwhile,
tarian-relief missions, with the US seeking to wrest some countries made bilateral progress in initia-
back some of the initiative regarding this topic from tives aligned with UNASUR’s agenda for confi-
the Union of South American Nations’ (UNASUR) dence- and security-building measures: Peru and
South American Defence Council (SADC). Russia Ecuador agreed that their plan to adopt a common
continued to channel substantial arms sales and mili- methodology for measuring defence expenditure
tary assistance to Venezuela, and Foreign Minister would be brought in by the end of the year, and in
Sergey Lavrov visited the region in August, but other- June Argentine and Chilean defence ministers Arturo
wise Moscow was cautious. It barred Venezuela from Puricelli and Andrés Allamand formally presented
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

a mooted transfer of an S-300 air-defence system to their binational peacekeeping force ‘Southern Cross’
Iran. However, Chinese defence contacts with the to visiting UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and
region showed little sign of slowing. The People’s signed a Memorandum of Understanding incorpo-
Liberation Army (PLA) liaised and/or signed agree- rating the force into the UN’s peacekeeping reserves.
ments with Bolivia, Chile, Peru and Uruguay; The first exercise for the binational force, one of the
Venezuela bought eight Chinese tactical transport most potent symbols of recent improvements in
aircraft (possibly Y-8s, due for delivery in mid-2012) Argentine–Chilean defence cooperation, is set to take
and Bolivia received six K-8 aircraft. place in mid-2012.
Following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, various
Latin American countries had promoted their DEFENCE ECONOMICS
majority participation in the UN Haiti Stabilisation
Mission (MINUSTAH) as an example of Latin The years since the financial crisis have witnessed
Americanist South–South cooperation. However, in diverging growth trajectories in Latin America
2011 questions emerged over the entity’s future as and the Caribbean. High growth rates – sometimes
a result of alleged abuses committed by Uruguayan above 7% – have been experienced in countries
troops and consequent protests in Haiti. This, which have successfully decoupled themselves from
along with other factors, led Brazil and other Latin the advanced industrial economies of the US and
American governments to begin discussing a gradual Western Europe, and reoriented themselves towards
drawdown of their peacekeeping commitments on fast-growing emerging economies such as China.

Latin America and


the Island. (MINUSTAH’s mandate was renewed Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru

the Caribbean
in October, but with reduced troop numbers.) Most and Uruguay are net commodities exporters, and
governments normalised their expectations and rhet- have benefited from strong demand for commodities,
oric about the SADC, although Brazil continued to rapidly expanding international trade with emerging
promote the institution. Despite the SADC’s reduced markets, and low dependence on remittances from
visibility, in September ten member states (all except industrial countries. With relatively healthy public

1.46 1.47
1.5 1.37 1.35
1.31 1.29 1.33 1.29
1.25
1.19
1.2
% of GDP

0.9

0.6

0.3

0.0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Figure 12 Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Defence Expenditure as % of GDP
364 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

Table 27 Latin America Defence Expenditure 2010–2011: Top 10 and Sub-Regional Breakdown1 (US$ bn)
2010 % of Regional Total 2011 % of Regional Total Real % Change3
Top 10 Defence Spending Countries
Brazil 33.70 55.71% 36.55 55.27% - 5.1%
Colombia 5.92 9.79% 6.43 9.72% 1.3%
Mexico 4.62 7.93% 5.15 7.79% 3.9%
Venezuela2 4.26 7.05% 4.38 6.62% - 6.4%
Chile 3.49 5.76% 4.24 6.41% 9.0%
Argentina 3.22 5.32% 3.10 4.68% - 9.7%
Peru 1.31 2.16% 1.82 2.75% 31.7%
Ecuador 1.51 2.50% 1.51 2.28% - 4.6%
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

Panama 0.32 0.54% 0.48 0.73% 40.5%


Uruguay 0.42 0.70% 0.48 0.72% 0.4%
Sub-Total 58.77 97.14% 64.13 96.96% 2.06%
Sub-Regional Expenditure Breakdown
South America 54.26 89.69% 59.06 89.30% - 4.27%
Mexico & Central America4 5.64 9.32% 6.49 9.81% 7.29%
Caribbean 0.60 0.99% 0.59 0.89% - 7.99%
Total 60.50 100.0% 66.14 100.0% - 2.71%
1
Current prices and exchange rates. Analysis excludes Cuba, Haiti and Suriname due to incomplete data availability.
2
Figures for 2010 and 2011 are estimates.
3
Real terms percentage changes calculated using constant 2010 prices and exchange rates.
4
Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama.

balance sheets before the crisis, they have been able to Defence Spending
pursue expansionary fiscal policies between 2009 and Although total regional defence spending in 2011
2010, spurring domestic demand to counterbalance rose by 9.3% in nominal terms from 2010 levels (to a
shortfalls in global demand. However, the positive total of US$66.1bn), the effects of high inflation and
economic performance of these countries has meant currency appreciation across the region meant that
that they have also attracted strong capital inflows, regional defence spending actually fell in real terms
which have posed policy tensions as policymakers by 2.7% between 2010 and 2011. Of the 2011 total,
grapple with real exchange-rate appreciation, rapid approximately 80% consisted of planned expendi-
credit growth and rising inflation. These concerns ture by the region’s top four defence spending coun-
have been particularly relevant for the group of coun- tries (Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela), while
tries termed by the IMF as ‘financially integrated the remaining six countries in the region’s top ten
commodity exporters’: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru defence spenders (Chile, Argentina, Peru, Ecuador,
and Uruguay (see textbox for details). Panama and Uruguay) accounted for over 17% of
In contrast, countries that are heavily reliant on the regional total (see Table 27). Together, these
commercial links with advanced industrial coun- ten countries made up 97.0% of aggregate regional
tries – such as Mexico, Central American states defence spending. Commodities exporters which
(Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador and saw large spending increases included Paraguay
Panama) and Caribbean countries – have experienced (43.0%) and Peru (31.7%). Although strong commod-
lower growth rates (on average under 4%): this has ities-led growth enabled Brazil to maintain its share
been due to higher commodity prices (these countries of regional defence spending at around 55% of the
are net importers of commodities), lower remittances nominal regional total, rising domestic inflation
and sharp reductions in tourism from industrial coun- resulted in an overall 5.1% decline in real expenditure
tries, particularly the US. Additionally, Caribbean between 2010 and 2011. This economic overheating
Community countries have been hamstrung by high has also raised a degree of uncertainty over whether
public debt levels (on average above 90% of GDP) due the recent trend of rising Brazilian defence spending
to severely diminished levels of revenue collection; will continue in the near term (see Brazil: Overheating
they are only just beginning to recover from deep and and Capital Flows – pp. 365). Defence expenditure in
protracted recessions caused by the financial crisis. Venezuela is estimated to have risen by around 18%
Latin America and the Caribbean 365

Brazil: Overheating and Capital Flows which was instituted between November 2010 and June
Since 2007, with the exception of a mild recession in- 2011) saw US$600bn worth of liquidity injected into global
duced in 2009 by the financial crisis, Brazil has experi- financial markets over the period. These funds were easily
enced strong growth rates of over 5%. In 2010, real GDP and rapidly shifted from US Treasuries to more risky asset
expanded by almost 7.5%, spurred by global demand for classes, such as commodity currencies like the Brazilian
commodities and by expansionary fiscal policy. However, real, as investors engaged in ‘risk-on’ currency trades dur-
as Brazil’s output gap (the difference between actual and ing periods of higher risk appetite from mid-2010 onwards.
potential output) narrowed in 2010, the economy started Overall, these factors caused the Brazilian real to appreci-
showing signs of overheating, with inflation increasing ate by nearly 50% against the US dollar between end-2008
steadily over the course of the year. By August 2011, it and mid-2011, reaching a 12-year high in July 2011.
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

had risen above 7%, exceeding the inflation target upper While some of these inflows were absorbed by a com-
limit of 6.5% set by the central bank. In response to this bination of exchange-rate appreciation, record Brazilian
sustained rise in inflation, and in a bid to cool economic equity and corporate bond issues, as well as other mac-
activity by raising borrowing costs, the bank consistently ro-prudential measures undertaken by the authorities to
raised its benchmark ‘Selic’ overnight rate from the first sterilise inflows (where the central bank attempts to in-
quarter of 2010 onwards. This continued though to July sulate the money supply from foreign-exchange markets
2011, when its policy rate peaked at 12.5%. by limiting domestic credit creation), overall these factors
Brazil simultaneously experienced strong capital in- failed to prevent substantial increases in credit growth
flows, which in 2010 reached their highest levels in more within the Brazilian banking system of between 10% and
than a decade, as part of a general reallocation of investor 20% per year. Brazilian per capita credit in 2010 almost
portfolios away from poorly performing advanced econo- doubled from its 2006 levels, thereby fuelling inflationary
mies towards high-growth emerging economies. Flows pressures further and negating the impact of the policy-
were also driven by increased ‘carry trade’ positions (trades rate hikes outlined above. With the effect of monetary
where investors engage in interest-rate arbitrage by taking policy tools neutralised by inflows, Brazil has resorted to
advantage of interest rate differentials between countries) fiscal measures in an attempt to curb inflation, with the
in emerging market fixed-income instruments financed by government announcing R$50bn in spending reductions
cheap US dollar, Japanese yen and Swiss franc denominat- in February 2011. Defence spending – particularly discre-
ed borrowings, as investors sought to take advantage of tionary spending – has borne a disproportionate burden
the higher policy (interest) rates that Brazil had instituted of these reductions, with a number of planned equipment
procurement programmes put on hold. Non-discretionary

Latin America and


to prevent the overheating described above, as well as

the Caribbean
any currency appreciation that was likely to occur in the items such as salaries and pensions have been less af-
process. Flows were further boosted when the US Federal fected. At the time of writing, the schedule for reinstating
Reserve’s ‘quantitative easing’ policy (a second round of these programmes was uncertain (see pp. 368).

in nominal terms, but even higher inflation rates (at able in 2012, while the remaining $2bn is earmarked
around 25%, Venezuela had the highest rate of infla- to be disbursed in 2013.
tion in the region) mean that the net effect was a 6.4% Despite relatively modest rates of overall economic
decline in real spending. Also, Venezuelan figures growth, Central American defence spending
should be treated with caution due to the opacity increased considerably in 2011, with the sub-region’s
of the country’s public finances, the increased use aggregated defence budget total rising by 30.1% in
of off-budget mechanisms and para-fiscal funds nominal terms between 2010 and 2011 (21.4% in real
(which disburse revenues not covered by the legisla- terms) – reflecting the growing importance being
tive process) to channel government expenditures; as placed on defence and security noted above (see p.
well as due to conversion difficulties caused by large 361). The largest increases were seen in Nicaragua
adjustments in official exchange rates which distort (37.6%), Panama (40.5%) and Costa Rica (31.7%).
year-on-year US dollar figures used for international By contrast, the economic difficulties afflicting the
comparisons. Venezuela continues to receive sizeable Caribbean filtered through to its defence spending,
lines of credit from Russia for arms procurement, which fell by nearly 8% to make up 0.89% of total
with a new $4bn facility reportedly agreed in October regional defence spending. The largest declines
2011 following a $4bn package agreed a year earlier. were seen in Antigua and Barbuda (-15.8%), Jamaica
Half of the new facility is scheduled to become avail- (-15.9%) and Barbados (-21.7%).
366 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

BRAZIL respectively, been competing with the full support


of their governments. US interest was intense, with
Heavy spending cuts meant that 2011 was marked the Super Hornet on the agenda of both Senator John
not by the accelerated defence diplomacy and McCain and President Obama during their visits to
ambitious rhetoric that characterised the previous Brazil. However, the administration remained non-
administration of Luis Inácio Lula da Silva, but by committal, conceding later in the year that the issue
retrenchment and cautious policy development. might be reconsidered in 2012 depending on the
Along with other participating Latin American economic situation.
countries, Brazil also began to plan for a drawdown In general, Brazil’s timetable for military trans-
of MINUSTAH. Nevertheless, President Dilma formation appeared to be under threat. Tensions
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

Rousseff did not institute any strategic changes in between Rousseff and Jobim grew throughout the
defence policy during 2011. The schedule for imple- year, before boiling over in July with a series of
menting the 2008 National Defence Strategy’s long- inflammatory comments to the press that resulted
term plan for procurement and reorganisation has in Jobim’s resignation and replacement with former
slipped, but the plan was not much altered, and foreign minister Celso Amorim. In addition, ques-
important moves were made in both defence-indus- tions regarding the readiness of military hardware
trial policy and in border control and cooperation. added urgency to procurement uncertainties. A
The armed forces also continued to be committed to Ministry of Defence report, leaked early in the year to
internal security duties in Rio de Janeiro. Folha de São Paolo newspaper, revealed that only 53%
Rousseff took office in January 2011, prom- of armed forces equipment was battle-ready; and in
ising continuity in defence policy, and she initially September Amorim stated that progress with the
retained her predecessor’s Defence Minister, Nelson fighter contract was ‘very urgent [and] very impor-
Jobim. However, economic imperatives led her to tant’ because all of the air force’s 12 existing Mirage
reduce spending across government, including in 2000s would become unusable by 2013. The original
defence, and there were delays to some of the armed plan to buy 36 fighters by 2013, with a total of 120 by
forces’ flagship programmes. First, Rousseff delayed 2025, was timed to avoid any gap in fighter capability.
the decision on a contract plan for five ocean-patrol The acquired momentum from existing contracts
boats, five frigates and a logistical support vessel (the led to some key deliveries. These include Leopard
PROSUPER programme). Marine group Fincantieri 1A5s from the 2008 contract with Krauss-Maffei
had been favourite to win the bid, with Britain’s Wegmann (KMW); a further five-year contract for
BAE Systems and France’s DCNS its main rivals; it integrated training, support and repairs was signed
was reported in October that the navy was restarting with the same company in September. Work also
the programme. Meanwhile, budget cuts have also continued on the development of the VBTP-MR
affected Brazil’s plans for submarine development Guaraní: Italy’s Iveco made progress in preparing a
(See The Military Balance 2011, p.348). Although production plant, and the Israeli firm Elbit was sub-
the navy completed the work necessary to begin contracted to provide a turret with 30mm cannon.
producing reactor fuel, reports emerged of significant Tests on the prototype Guaraní were completed by
delays with respect to the construction of the subma- September. The extent of reorganisation associated
rine base and shipyard at Itaguaí, Rio de Janeiro. with the army’s ‘Protected Amazon’ and ‘Homeland
However, the plan for advanced conventionally Guard’ programmes was uncertain. The airborne
powered submarines proceeded: in July, construction infantry brigade, for example, has not yet moved
began on the first of four S-BR Scorpene diesel-electric from Rio de Janeiro to Anápolis, but as of June at least
submarines in partnership with DCNS, the first of three more Special Border Platoons (PEFs) had been
which is due to enter service in 2017. installed in the Amazon, taking the total to 24, out of
The most notable casualty was the long-discussed a target of 49.
contract for the purchase of 36 fighter aircraft for Throughout the year the air force remained
the air force; this was delayed until further notice. engaged with Embraer, as the Brazilian defence-
This FX2 programme (see The Military Balance 2011, industrial giant progressed with the development of
p.347) is a potentially lucrative fighter replacement the KC-390 tanker-transport aircraft. (In 2010 the air
contract for which Boeing, Dassault and Saab have, force had signed a letter of intent to acquire 28). In
with the FA-18E/F Super Hornet, Rafale and Gripen NG September the air force received the first P-3AM, a
Latin America and the Caribbean 367

maritime-patrol aircraft aimed at improving Brazil’s Operation Sentinel, a law-enforcement initiative dating
ability to protect its offshore oilfields. By mid-year, from 2010 and led by the Ministry of Justice. However,
at least three of the 18 Piranha IIICs purchased in it also mandated the deployment of Agate I in August
2008 for the Marines had been delivered, while the and Agate II in September, two major operations in
navy also increased its contract with Sikorsky from 4 the Amazon and the southern tri-border area respec-
to 6 S-70B helicopters, the first of which is due to be tively. Both involved the federal police, intelligence
delivered in 2012. Two key contracts signed during services, customs, environmental and local authori-
the year were with Embraer and local Eurocopter ties, and 3,500-7,000 armed forces personnel, in a
subsidiary Helibras to modernise AMX aircraft and crackdown on transnational crime. Both Agate opera-
36 AS350 helicopters respectively. The EC725 Super tions also involved social actions and the provision
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

Cougar helicopter deal noted in last year’s Military of healthcare to build support among local popula-
Balance continues: 50 helicopters, jointly developed tions and extensively used Hermes UAVs and substan-
by Helibras and Eurocopter, are being built at a cost tial numbers of aircraft from the air force and army
of R$5bn. The army, navy and air force will receive aviation. Agate I was focused on the identification
16 each, with two more destined for the office of the and destruction of clandestine airstrips and Agate II
president. on mobile patrols.
However, the only real dynamism in new procure-
ment during the year was seen – as in much of the Defence economics
rest of Latin America – in relation to border control Brazil’s defence spending has increased steadily in
and surveillance. This was part of a broader develop- recent years, rising by about 35% in nominal terms
ment in policy. As in previous years, the government between 2008 and 2011 (see Table 28). Around one-
looked to translate into reality its rhetoric on Brazilian fifth of this increase was channelled towards equip-
sovereignty over the Amazon. In 2011, however, it ment procurement, the budget for which doubled
also sought to respond to mounting public disquiet over the period, with more resources being allocated
over the scale of a range of transnational threats to the acquisition of new weapons. Brasilia regards
along the country’s extensive land borders, princi- defence investments as vital. Firstly, they will help
pally lawlessness, drug trafficking, the smuggling of to protect the recently discovered riches of the ‘Blue
various goods and the penetration of foreign armed Amazon’ (this Atlantic coast region is estimated to
groups, notably the Colombian FARC. hold 10bn barrels of oil, sufficient to expand the coun-

Latin America and


In January, the government revealed that it try’s reserves by 60%). Secondly, they will be useful

the Caribbean
planned to spend US$6bn to complete development of in the fight against transnational threats to security,
the Integrated Border Monitoring System (SISFRON) principally on the western border, especially the
before 2019. SISFRON is intended to link 33 border Amazon rainforest. Thirdly, they are seen as a means
outposts with command centres along Brazil’s land to enhance economic and technological development.
borders. After the government announcement, The government has introduced measures in 2011
Embraer bought a controlling stake in Orbisat, the with the aim of boosting the national defence industry
Brazilian electronic and radar surveillance company. and making it more competitive internationally.
This move was rewarded the following month when However, the rise in defence spending over recent
the air force signed a letter of intent for the purchase of years may be set to reverse in 2011 and 2012. The
four M-60 Saber radars, devices used for low-altitude defence budget faces the prospect of cuts as part of
search and surveillance. In addition, the Brazilian a more general reduction in public spending that
subsidiary of Elbit won a contract in January to has affected ministries across the Brazilian govern-
supply RQ-450 Hermes UAVs to the Brazilian air force. ment, although the precise scale and distribu-
This monitoring and surveillance procurement tion of budgetary reductions is at present unclear.
is tied to immediate operational requirements. In Brazil’s economy is slowing, with GDP growth
tandem with increasing cooperation in counter- in 2011 projected at 3.5–4%, significantly lower
narcotics and law enforcement with neighbouring than the impressive 7.5% registered in 2010. On 5
countries, Rousseff in June launched a Strategic October 2011, the IMF listed Brazil as the second-
Border Plan aimed at countering transnational threats worst performer in South America in 2011, with
with a multi-institutional approach. The plan inte- only Venezuela predicted to register slower growth
grated and revived the pre-existing Federal Police rates. In addition, inflation hit a six-year high and
368 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

Table 28 Brazilian Defence Expenditure by Function (R$ m)


2008 2009 2010
Personnel
Wages and Salaries Total (excluding pensions) (% of total) 13,255 (29.7%) 14,812 (29.2%) 16,484 (27.7%)
Army 6,603 7,339 8,101
Navy 3,204 3,607 4,068
Air Force 3,223 3,551 3,876
Other Personnel 225 315 439
Total Pensions 22,179 24,747 27,378
Total Personnel Expenditure – Wages, Salaries & Pensions (% of total) 35,434 (79.5%) 39,559 (77.9%) 43,862 (73.6%)
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

Equipment Procurement
Weapons Systems Total (of which:) 566 1,209 2,578
Army 301 395 475
Navy 231 769 2,063
Air Force 34 45 40
Physical Infrastructure 278 456 1,549
Other Equipment 2,389 2,795 3,738
Total Equipment Procurement Expenditure (% of total) 3,233 (7.3%) 4,460 (8.8%) 7,865 (13.2%)

Operations & Maintenance


Army 1,899 2,153 2,661
Navy 1,314 1,509 1,403
Air Force 1,592 1,691 1,821
Other Operations & Maintenance 818 1,041 1,543
Total Operations & Maintenance Expenditure (% of total) 5,623 (12.6%) 6,394 (12.6%) 7,428 (12.5%)

Research & Development


Army 54 55 70
Navy 174 282 138
Air Force 52 31 201
Total Research & Development (% of total) 280 (0.63%) 368 (0.73%) 409 (0.69%)
Total Defence Expenditure 44,570 50,781 59,564

the government came under considerable pressure was one of the hardest-hit ministries. Despite some
to reduce spending in order to prevent the economy resources being made available throughout the
from overheating. In February 2011, President year, authorities said that major procurement proj-
Roussef’s government announced an R$50bn ects would have to be curtailed, though by October
(US$30bn) budget cut. Partly because of this, overall 2011 there was no public statement on which projects
investment by the Federal government has grown by would be affected. One key development was noted
just 0.2% during the first eight months of the year, in above: the programme to buy new fighters has been
comparison with the same period in 2010. frozen and, while the government has said that the
The moderation in growth has meant that Brazil acquisition process might resume in 2012, industry
is struggling to keep its commitments to modernise insiders suggest this is likely to be postponed to
the armed forces as part of the 2008 National Defence 2013 or later. Procurement costs have remained low
Strategy (NDS), and timelines have slipped. While in comparison to personnel expenditure. The latter
total procurement under the NDS was planned at constitutes by far the largest share of the budget and
R$21.9bn between 2008 and 2011, the MoD was has remained untouched by the recent spending cuts.
forced to freeze R$4.3bn of the R$14.4bn earmarked In 2011, procurement was predicted to receive 10.5%
for procurement, operations and maintenance under of the budget – down from 13.2% in 2010, whereas
the original budget for 2011. In terms of cuts, it spending on personnel (that is, wages and pensions)
Latin America and the Caribbean 369

Table 29 Breakdown of Brazilian Defence finalised a host of sub-contractual agreements with


Budget (2011) (R$ m) other international providers for different system
2011 components, although the extent of technology
Personnel (Wages, Salaries and Pensions) transfer written into these deals was unclear. Embraer
Army 22,580 also broke new ground by creating and taking, in
Navy 11,334 partnership with Elbit, a controlling stake in new
Air Force 10,047 company Harpia, which will develop new UAVs for
Other Personnel (Ministry of Defence and Joint) 356 the Latin American market.
Total Personnel Expenditure (% of total) 44,317 (73.6%) Embraer’s interest in expanding its defence oper-
ations was made clear in December 2010, when it
Equipment Procurement
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

created the subsidiary Embraer Defesa e Segurança,


Army 900 specifically tailored towards defence projects. Other
Navy 2,709
companies are also betting that defence spending
Air Force 2,395
will increase as Brazil prepares to host the Olympic
Other (Ministry of Defence and Joint) 347
games and World Cup, continues modernisation
Total Equipment Procurement Expenditure 6,351 (10.5%)
(% of total) under NDS planning, and maintains its great-power
aspirations. While Embraer retains its dominant
Operations & Maintenance position in the sector, the field began to diversify,
Army 2,835 with Odebrecht embarking on a programme of
Navy 1,771 aggressive acquisition; it has created a defence arm
Air Force 2,362 and acquired the missile-manufacturing company
Other (Ministry of Defence and Joint) 1,110 Mectron. The government has scheduled R$1bn for
Total Operations & Maintenance Expenditure 8,078 (13.4%) spending between 2011 and 2016 on the develop-
(% of total)
ment by Avibras of a new surface-to-surface rocket
system to upgrade the army’s existing Astros II.
Other Expenditures 1,484 (2.5%)
Meanwhile, technology company Atech has been
Total Defence Budget 60,230
chosen to develop a plan for the SISFRON project,
Brazil’s planned 2011 budget. Actual 2011 defence expenditure may though other companies, Brazilian and foreign,
diverge from these figures due to spending reductions highlighted are moving to compete for elements of the US$6bn

Latin America and


elsewhere in this chapter
programme. In September, moreover, as a corollary

the Caribbean
to the previously launched programme of industrial
amounted to no less than 73.6% of the total defence incentives, the ‘Greater Brazil Plan’, the government
budget, a proportion that was unchanged from 2010. announced a set of new incentives specific to the
If defence policy faltered in 2011 with respect to defence sector. The first of these was an exemption
procurement, progress on the defence-industrial from several key taxes and social security contribu-
component of the NDS proved less directly vulner- tions for the production of ‘strategic’ defence mate-
able to budget cuts. Through the NDS, Brazil aspires riel, which is estimated in net terms to reduce the
to develop an internationally competitive defence- effective tax burden on the sector by 30%. The govern-
industrial base gaining autonomy through tech- ment also gave the Ministry of Defence the ability to
nology transfer, allowing the armed forces to procure contract from domestic providers at costs up to 25%
from domestic sources, and supporting the country’s greater than those offered by international competi-
economy and foreign policy priorities as an aspirant tors. Defence-sector representatives greeted the new
great power. As noted above, the KC-390 programme policy with optimism, predicting it would create
continues to make progress. Partnership agreements 23,000 new jobs within ten years, but its effectiveness
were signed in April between Embraer and defence remains to be proven, and the unequal contracting
aviation companies FAdeA and Aero Vodochody, conditions in particular could harm the international
from Argentina and the Czech Republic respectively. competitiveness of Brazilian defence products in the
Argentina intends to acquire six KC-390s, and the long term – an outcome that would be at odds with
Czech Republic two. During the year Embraer also the aims set out in the NDS.
370 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

Antigua and Barbuda ATG Argentina ARG


East Caribbean Dollar EC$ 2010 2011 2012 Argentine Peso P 2010 2011 2012
GDP EC$ 3.36bn 3.54bn GDP P 1.44tr 1.8tr
US$ 1.25bn 1.31bn US$ 368bn 439bn
per capita US$ 14,446 14,884 per capita US$ 8,894 10,499
Growth % -4.11 2.02 Growth % 9.16 7.99
Inflation % 3.4 3.7 Inflation % 10.5 11.5
Def bdgt EC$ 18m 16m Def expa P 11.6bn
US$ 7m 6m US$ 3.0bn
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

US$1=EC$ 2.68 2.71 Def bdgta P 12.6bn 12.7bn 12.5bn


Population 87,884 US$ 3.22bn 3.1bn
US$1=P 3.92 4.10
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus a
Excludes funds allocated to Interior Security
Male 13.1% 4.3% 3.7% 3.5% 19.9% 2.9%
Population 41,769,726
Female 12.7% 4.4% 4.0% 3.9% 23.7% 3.9%
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Capabilities Male 13.0% 4.1% 4.1% 3.9% 19.7% 4.5%
ACTIVE 170 (Army 125 Navy 45) Female 12.4% 3.9% 4.0% 3.9% 20.1% 6.5%
(all services form combined Antigua and Barbuda Defence
Force) Capabilities
RESERVE 75 (Joint 75) ACTIVE 73,100 (Army 38,500 Navy 20,000 Air
14,600) Paramilitary 31,240
ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE CIVILIAN 21,100 (Army 7,000 Navy 7,200 Air 6,900)
Army 125 RESERVE none formally established or trained

Navy 45 ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE


EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 2: 1 Army 38,500; 7,000 civilian
Dauntless; 1 Swift Regt and gp are usually bn sized
FORCES BY ROLE
FOREIGN FORCES SPECIAL FORCES
United States US Strategic Command: 1 detection and 1 SF gp
tracking radar at Antigua Air Station MANOEUVRE
Mechanised
1 (1st) div (1 armd bde (4 tk regt, 1 mech inf regt, 1 SP
arty gp, 1 cbt engr bn, 1 int coy, 1 sigs coy, 1 log coy),
1 jungle bde (3 jungle inf regt, 1 arty gp, 1 engr bn, 1
int coy, 1 sigs coy, 1 log coy, 1 med coy), 2 engr bn, 1
sigs bn, 1 log coy)
1 (3rd) div (1 mech bde (1 armd recce regt, 1 tk regt, 2
mech inf regt,1 SP arty gp, 1 cbt engr bn, 1 int coy, 1
sigs coy, 1 log coy), 1 mech bde (1 armd recce tp, 1 tk
regt, 2 mech inf regt, 1 SP arty gp, 1 cbt engr bn, 1 int
coy, 1 sigs coy, 1 log coy), 1 int bn, 1 sigs bn, 1 log coy)
1 (Rapid Deployment) force (1 armd bde (1 recce sqn, 3
tk regt, 1 mech inf regt, 1 SP arty gp, 1 cbt engr coy,
1 int coy, 1 sigs coy, 1 log coy), 1 mech bde (1 armd
recce regt, 3 mech inf regt, 1 arty gp, 1 cbt engr coy,
1 int coy, 1 sigs coy,1 log coy), 1 AB bde (1 recce tp,
2 para regt, 1 arty gp, 1 cbt engr coy, 1 sigs coy, 1 log
coy), 1 AD gp (2 AD bn))
Light
1 mot cav regt (presidential escort)
Latin America and the Caribbean 371

Air Manoeuvre Navy 20,000; 7,200 civilian


1 air aslt regt Commands: Surface Fleet, Submarines, Naval Avn,
Mountain Marines
1 (2nd) div (2 mtn inf bde (1 armd recce regt, 3 mtn inf
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
regt, 2 arty gp, 1 cbt engr bn, 1 sigs coy, 1 log coy), 1
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 3:
mtn inf bde (1 armd recce bn, 2 mtn inf regt, 1 jungle
1 Salta (GER T-209/1200) with 8 single 533mm TT with
inf regt, 2 arty gp, 1 cbt engr bn, 1 sigs coy, 1 construc-
Mk 37/SST-4 HWT
tion coy, 1 log coy), 1 AD gp, 1 sigs bn)
2 Santa Cruz (GER TR-1700) with 6 single 533mm TT
Aviation
with SST-4 HWT
1 avn gp (bde)
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 11
COMBAT SUPPORT
DESTROYERS 5:
1 arty gp (bn)
DDGHM 4 Almirante Brown (GER MEKO 360) with
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

1 engr bn
2 quad lnchr with MM-40 Exocet AShM, 2 triple
1 sigs gp (1 EW bn, 1 sigs bn, 1 maint bn)
B515 ILAS-3 324mm with A244 LWT, 1 127mm gun,
1 sigs bn
(capacity 1 AS555 Fennec/SA316B Alouette III hel)
1 sigs coy
DDH 1 Hercules (UK Type 42 - utilised as a fast troop
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
transport ship), with 1 114mm gun, (capacity 1 SH-3H
5 maint bn
Sea King hel)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE FRIGATES • FFGHM 6:
MBT 213: 207 TAM, 6 TAM S21
6 Espora (GER MEKO 140) with 2 twin lnchr with
LT TK 123: 112 SK-105A1 Kuerassier; 6 SK-105A2
MM-38 Exocet AShM, 2 triple B515 ILAS-3 324mm
Kuerassier; 5 Patagón
ASTT with A244 LWT, 1 76mm gun (capacity either 1
RECCE 81: 47 AML-90; 34 M1025A2 HMMWV
SA319 Alouette III utl hel or 1 AS555 Fennec utl hel)
AIFV 337: 263 VCTP (incl variants); 114 M-113A2 (20mm
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 17
cannon)
CORVETTES • FSG 3 Drummond (FRA A-69) with 2
APC (T) 294: 70 M113 A1-ACAV; 224 M113A2
twin lnchr with MM-38 Exocet AShM, 2 triple Mk32
ARTY 1,103
324mm ASTT with A244 LWT, 1 100mm gun
SP 155mm 37: 20 Mk F3; 17 VCA 155 Palmaria
PSO 3:
TOWED 179: 105mm 70 M-56 (Oto Melara); 155mm
2 Irigoyen (US Cherokee AT);
109: 25 M-77 CITEFA/M-81 CITEFA; 84 SOFMA L-33
MRL 105mm 4 SLAM Pampero 1 Teniente Olivieri (ex-US oilfield tug)
MOR 883: 81mm 492; 120mm 353 Brandt PCO 3:
SP 38: 25 M106A2; 13 TAM-VCTM 2 Murature (US King - trg/river patrol role) with 3
AT 105mm gun
1 Sobral (US Sotoyomo AT)

Latin America and


MSL • SP 3 HMMWV with total of 18 TOW-2A

the Caribbean
RCL 150 M-1968 PCGT 1 Interpida (GER Lurssen 45m) with 2 single lnchr
RL 78mm MARA with MM-38 Exocet AShM, 2 single 533mm TT with SST-
AIRCRAFT 4 HWT, 1 76mm gun
ISR 1+ OV-1D Mohawk PCT 1 Interpida (GER Lurssen 45m) with 2 single
TPT 18 Medium 3 G-222; Light 15: 1 Beech 80 Queen Air; 533mm TT with SST-4 HWT, 1 76mm gun
1 C-212-200 Aviocar; 3 Cessna 207 Stationair; 1 Cessna PB 6: 4 Baradero (Dabur); 2 Point
500 Citation (survey); 2 DHC-6 Twin Otter; 3 SA-226 AMPHIBIOUS 18 LCVP
Merlin IIIA; 3 SA-226AT Merlin IVA; 1 Sabreliner 75A LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 12
(Gaviao 75A) AOR 1 Patagonia (FRA Durance) with 1 hel platform
TRG 5 T-41 Mescalero AORL 1 Ingeniero Julio Krause
HELICOPTERS AK 3 Costa Sur
MRH 4 SA315B Lama AGOR 1 Commodoro Rivadavia
TPT 48 Medium 3 AS332B Super Puma Light 45: 5 AW109; AGHS 1 Puerto Deseado (ice breaking capability, used
1 Bell 212; 30 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois - 6 armed); 9 UH- for polar research)
1H-II Huey II AGB 1 Almirante Irizar
TRG 8 UH-12E ABU 3 Red
AD AX 1 Libertad
SAM 6 RBS -70
GUNS • TOWED 411: 20mm 230 GAI-B01; 30mm 21 Naval Aviation 2,000
HS L81; 35mm 12 GDF Oerlikon (Skyguard fire control); AIRCRAFT 24 combat capable
40mm 148: 24 L/60 training, 40 in store; 76 L/60; 8 L/70 FGA 2 Super Etendard (9 more in store)
RADAR • AD RADAR 11: 5 Cardion AN/TPS-44; ATK 1 AU-23 Turbo-Porter
6 Skyguard ASW 11: 5 S-2T Tracker; 6 P-3B Orion
LAND 18+: M-113 A1GE Green Archer (mor); 18 TPT 9 Light 7 Beech 200F/M King Air PAX 2 F-28
RATRAS (veh, arty) Fellowship
ARV Greif TRG 10 T-34C Turbo Mentor*
372 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

HELICOPTERS 1 sqn with F-28 Fellowship; Learjet 60;


ASW 6 SH-3H (ASH-3H) Sea King 1 (Pres) flt with B-757-23ER; S-70A Black Hawk, S-76B
MRH 4 AS555 Fennec TRAINING
TPT • Medium 2 UH-3H Sea King 1 sqn with AT-63 Pampa
MSL 1 sqn with EMB-312 Tucano
AAM • IR AAM R-550 Magic
1 sqn with T-34 Mentor
ASM AS-25K CITEFA Martin Pescador
1 sqn with Hughes 369
AShM AM-39 Exocet
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
Marines 2,500 1 sqn with Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois)
FORCES BY ROLE 3 sqn with Hughes 369; MD-500; MD500D
MANOEUVRE EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

Amphibious AIRCRAFT 110 combat capable


1 (fleet) force (1 cdo gp, 1 (AAV) amph bn, 1 mne bn, FGA 22: 8 Mirage IIID/E (Mirage IIIEA/DA); 11 Nesher S
1 arty bn, 1 ADA bn) (Dagger A), 3 Nesher T (Dagger B);
1 (fleet) force (2 mne bn, 2 navy det) ATK 64: 34 A-4 (A-4AR)/OA-4 (OA-4AR) Skyhawk; 21
1 force (1 mne bn) IA-58 Pucara; 9 IA-58M Pucara
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE TKR 2 KC-130H Hercules
RECCE 52: 12 ERC-90F Sagaie; 40 M1097 HMMWV TPT 38: Medium 9: 3 C-130B Hercules; 5 C-130H
APC (W) 24 Panhard VCR Hercules; 1 L-100-30 Light 22: 8 DHC-6 Twin Otter; 4 F-27
AAV 17: 10 LARC-5; 7 LVTP-7 Friendship; 5 Learjet 35A (test and calibration); 1 Learjet
ARTY 100 60; 4 Saab 340 PAX 7: 1 B-757-23ER; 6 F-28 Fellowship
TOWED 105mm 18: 6 M-101; 12 Model 56 pack TRG 67: 18 AT-63 Pampa* (LIFT); 19 EMB-312 Tucano; 6
howitzer EMB-312 Tucano* (LIFT) (on loan from Brazil); 24 T-34
MOR 82: 70 81mm; 12 120mm Mentor
AT HELICOPTERS
MSL • MANPATS 50 Cobra/RB-53 Bantam MRH 25: 15 Hughes 369; 3 MD-500; 4 MD-500D; 3
RCL 105mm 30 M-1974 FMK-1 SA315B Lama
RL 89mm 60 M-20 TPT 9+ Medium 2+: 2 Mi-171E (3 more on order);
AD Some S-70A Black Hawk Light 7: 6 Bell 212; 1 S-76B
SAM 6 RBS-70 MSL
GUNS 30mm 10 HS-816; 35mm GDF-001 AAM • IR AIM-9L Sidewinder; R-550 Magic; Shafrir II ‡
AD
ARV AAVR7
GUNS 88: 20mm: 86 Oerlikon/Rh-202 with 9 Elta
EL/M-2106 radar; 35mm: 2 Oerlikon GDF-001 with
Air Force 14,600; 6,900 civilian
Skyguard radar
4 Major Comds – Air Operations, Personnel, Air Regions,
RADAR 6: 5 AN/TPS-43; 1 BPS-1000
Logistics, 8 air bde

Air Operations Command Paramilitary 31,240


FORCES BY ROLE Gendarmerie 18,000
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK Ministry of Interior
1 sqn with Mirage IIID/E (Mirage IIIDA/EA) FORCES BY ROLE
1 sqn with Nesher S/T (Dagger A/B) COMMAND
GROUND ATTACK 5 regional comd
2 sqn with A-4AR/OA-4AR Skyhawk MANOEUVRE
2 (tac air) sqn with IA-58 Pucara; EMB-312 Tucano (on Other
loan for border surv/interdiction) 16 paramilitary bn
ISR EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 sqn with Learjet 35A RECCE S52 Shorland
SEARCH & RESCUE/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER APC (W) 87: 47 Grenadier; 40 UR-416
2 sqn with Bell 212; Bell 212 (UH-1N); SA-315B Lama ARTY • MOR 81mm
AIRCRAFT
TANKER/TRANSPORT
TPT • Light 12: 3 Cessna 152; 3 Cessna 206; 1 Cessna
1 sqn with C-130B/H Hercules; KC-130H Hercules;
336; 1 PA-28 Cherokee; 2 PC-6B Turbo-Porter; 2 PC-12
L-100-30
HELICOPTERS
TRANSPORT MRH 2 MD-500C
1 sqn with B-707 TPT • Light 13: 5 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois); 7 AS350
1 sqn with DHC-6 Twin Otter/Saab 340 Ecureuil; 1 EC135
1 sqn with F-27 Friendship TRG 1 S-300C
Latin America and the Caribbean 373

Prefectura Naval (Coast Guard) 13,240 FORCES BY ROLE


PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 65: MANOEUVRE
PCO 6: 1 Delfin; 5 Mantilla (F30 Halcón) Amphibious
PCC 1 Mandubi 1 mne coy (incl marines with internal and base security
PB 57: 1 Dorado; 35 Estrellemar; 2 Lynch (US Cape); 18 duties)
Mar del Plata (Z-28); 1 Surel EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PBR 1 Tonina PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 10 (additional
LOGISTICS & SUPPORT • TRG 4 8 patrol boats under 10 tonnes)
AIRCRAFT PCC 2 Bahamas
TPT • Light 7: 5 C-212 Aviocar; 2 PA-28 Cherokee PB 8: 2 Dauntless; 1 Eleuthera; 1 Protector; 2 Sea Ark 12m;
HELICOPTERS 2 Sea Ark 15m
SAR 3 AS565MA Panther AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 3: 1 Beech A350 King Air; 1
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

MRH 1 AS365 Dauphin 2


Cessna 208 Caravan; 1 P-68 Observer
TPT 4 Medium 2 SA330L (AS330L) Puma Light 2
AS355 Ecureuil II
TRG 4 S-300C FOREIGN FORCES
Guyana Navy: Base located at New Providence Island
DEPLOYMENT
CYPRUS
Barbados BRB
UN • UNFICYP 264; 2 inf coy; 1 avn pl; 2 Bell 212 Barbados Dollar B$ 2010 2011 2012
HAITI GDP B$ 8.22bn 8.76bn
UN • MINUSTAH 721; 1 inf bn; 1 avn coy; 1 fd hospital US$ 4.05bn 4.31bn

MIDDLE EAST per capita US$ 14,178 15,035


UN • UNTSO 3 obs Growth % 0.34 1.80
Inflation % 5.8 6.9
WESTERN SAHARA
Def exp B$ 60m
UN • MINURSO 3 obs
US$ 30m
Def bdgt B$ 68m 57m
Bahamas BHS US$ 34m 28m
Bahamian Dollar B$ 2010 2011 2012 US$1=B$ 2.03 2.03
GDP B$ 7.7bn 8.07bn

Latin America and


Population 286,705

the Caribbean
US$ 7.65bn 8.03bn
per capita US$ 24,641 25,637 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Growth % 0.96 2.00 Male 9.5% 3.4% 3.6% 3.8% 24.3% 3.8%
Inflation % 1.0 2.5 Female 9.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.8% 25.4% 6.0%

Def exp B$ 47m


Capabilities
US$ 47m
Def bdgt B$ 46m 51m 56m ACTIVE 610 (Army 500 Navy 110)
US$ 45m 51m RESERVE 430 (Joint 430)
FMA US$ 0.15m -
US$1=B$ 1.01 1.01 ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE
Population 313,312
Army 500
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
FORCES BY ROLE
Male 12.4% 4.6% 4.2% 4.0% 21.3% 2.4%
MANOEUVRE
Female 12.0% 4.5% 4.1% 3.9% 22.7% 3.9%
Light
Capabilities 1 inf bn (cadre)

ACTIVE 860 Navy 110


HQ located at HMBS Pelican, Spring Garden
ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 6: 1
Royal Bahamian Defence Force 860 Dauntless; 2 Enterprise; 3 Trident (Damen Stan Patrol 4207)
374 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

Belize BLZ Bolivia BOL


Belize Dollar BZ$ 2010 2011 2012 Bolivian Boliviano B 2009 2010 2011
GDP BZ$ 2.8bn 2.95bn GDP B 122bn 134bn
US$ 1.4bn 1.46bn US$ 17.3bn 19.0bn
per capita US$ 4,435 4,526 per capita US$ 1,758 1,899
Growth % 2.74 2.50 Growth % 3.4 4.2
Inflation % -0.2 2.1 Inflation % 3.3 1.7
Def exp 33m Def exp B 2.01bn
16m US$ 286m
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

Def bdgta 32.6m 31m 32m Def bdgt B 1.7bn 2.5bn


US$ 16.3m 15.5m US$ 242m 357m
FMA US$ 0.2m 0.2m US$1=B 7.02 7.02
US$1=BZ$ 2.01 2.01 Population 10,030,832
a
Excludes funds allocated to Coast Guard
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Population 321,115
Male 17.6% 5.3% 4.9% 4.4% 15.1% 2.1%
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Female 17.0% 5.1% 4.9% 4.4% 16.5% 2.6%
Male 18.8% 5.7% 5.1% 4.4% 14.9% 1.7%
Female 18.0% 5.5% 5.0% 4.2% 14.8% 1.9%
Capabilities
ACTIVE 46,100 (Army 34,800 Navy 4,800 Air 6,500)
Capabilities Paramilitary 37,100
ACTIVE ε1,050 (Army ε1,050)
ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE
RESERVE 700 (Joint 700)
Army 9,800; 25,000 conscript (total 34,800)
ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE FORCES BY ROLE
COMMAND
Army ε1,050 6 mil region HQ
FORCES BY ROLE 10 div HQ
MANOEUVRE SPECIAL FORCES
Light 3 SF regt
3 inf bn (each 3 inf coy) MANOEUVRE
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT Reconnaissance
1 spt gp 1 mot cav gp
Armoured
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 armd bn
MOR 81mm 6
Mechanised
RCL 84mm 8 Carl Gustav
1 mech cav regt
2 mech inf regt
Air Wing
Light
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 1 (aslt) cav go
AIRCRAFT 5 (horsed) cav gp
TPT • Light 3: 1 BN-2A Defender; 1 BN-2B Defender; 1 3 mot inf regt
Cessna 182 Skylane 21 inf bn
TRG 1 T-67M-200 Firefly 1 (Presidential Guard) inf regt
Air Manoeuvre
Reserve 2 AB regt (bn)
FORCES BY ROLE Aviation
MANOEUVRE 2 avn coy
Light COMBAT SUPPORT
3 inf coy 6 arty regt (bn)
1 ADA regt
6 engr bn
FOREIGN FORCES 1 MP bn
United Kingdom Army 40 1 sigs bn
Latin America and the Caribbean 375

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT 1 sqn with C-130B/H Hercules


2 log bn 1 sqn with F-27-400M Troopship
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 1 (VIP) sqn with Beech 90 King Air; Beech 200 King Air
LT TK 54: 36 SK-105A1 Kuerassier; 18 SK-105A2 Kuerassier Beech 1900; Falcon 900EX; Sabreliner 60
RECCE 24 EE-9 Cascavel 6 sqn with Cessna 152/206/210; IAI-201 Arava; PA-32
APC 152+ Saratoga; PA-34 Seneca
APC (T) 87+: 50+ M-113, 37 M9 half-track TRAINING
APC (W) 61: 24 EE-11 Urutu; 22 MOWAG Roland; 15 1 sqn with A-122; T-25
V-100 Commando 1 sqn with Cessna 152/172
LT VEH 10: 10 Koyak
1 sqn with T-34B Turbo Mentor
ARTY 311+
1 sqn with PC-7 Turbo Trainer
TOWED 61: 105mm 25 M-101A1; 122mm 36 (M-30)
1 hel sqn with R44 Raven II
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

M-1938
MOR 250+: 60mm M-224: 81mm 250 M-29; Type-W87; TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
107mm M-30; 120mm M-120 1 (anti-drug) sqn with Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois)
AT • MSL• MANPATS 50+ HJ-8 (2 SP on Koyak) AIR DEFENCE
RCL 106mm M-40A1; 90mm M-67 1 regt with Oerlikon; Type-65
RL 89mm 200+ M-20 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT 39 combat capable
TPT • Light 3: 1 Beech 90 King Air; 1 C-212 Aviocar; 1 ATK 15 AT-33AN Shooting Star
Cessna 210 Centurion
TPT 84: Medium 5: 1 C-130A Hercules; 3 C-130B
AD • GUNS • TOWED 37mm 18 Type-65
Hercules; 1 C-130H Hercules Light 69: 1 Aero-Commander
ARV 4 4K-4FA-SB20 Greif; M578
690; 3 Beech 90 King Air; 2 Beech 200 King Air; 1 Beech
Navy 4,800 1900; 3 C-212-100; 10 Cessna 152; 2 Cessna 172; 19
Organised into 6 naval districts with HQ located at Puerto Cessna 206; 1 Cessna 210; 1 Cessna 402; 1 CV-580; 9
Guayaramerín DA40; 3 F-27-400M Troopship; 4 IAI-201 Arava; 2 Learjet
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 25B/D; 2 MA60; 1 PA-32 Saratoga; 3 PA-34 Seneca; 1
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PBR 1 Sabreliner 60 PAX 10: 7 BAe-146-100; 2 DC-10; 1 Falcon
Santa Cruz (additional five patrol boats under 10 tonnes) 900EX (VIP)
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 19: TRG 58: 28 A-122 Uirapuru; 6 K-8W Karakorum*; 6 T-25;
AH 2 10 T-34B Turbo Mentor; 18 PC-7 Turbo Trainer*
YFL 10 (river transports) HELICOPTERS
AG 7 MRH 1 SB315B (HB315B) Lama

Latin America and


the Caribbean
TPT 24 Medium 1 AS332B Super Puma Light 23: 2
Marines 1,700 (incl 1,000 Naval Military AS350B3 Ecureuil; 15 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois); 6 R44
Police)
Raven II being delivered
FORCES BY ROLE
AD•GUNS 18+: 20mm Oerlikon; 37mm 18 Type-65
MANOEUVRE
Mechanised
1 mech inf bn
Paramilitary 37,100+
Amphibious
National Police 31,100+
6 mne bn (1 in each Naval District)
COMBAT SUPPORT FORCES BY ROLE
4 (naval) MP bn MANOEUVRE
Other
Air Force 6,500 (incl conscripts) 27 frontier sy unit
FORCES BY ROLE 9 paramilitary bde
GROUND ATTACK 2 (rapid action) paramilitary regt
2 sqn with AT-33AN Shooting Star
1 sqn with K-8WB Karakorum Narcotics Police 6,000+
ISR FOE (700) - Special Operations Forces
1 sqn with Cessna 206; Cessna 402; Learjet 25B/25D
(secondary VIP role) DEPLOYMENT
SEARCH & RESCUE
1 sqn with AS332B Super Puma; AS350B3 Ecureuil; CÔTE D’IVOIRE
SB315B Lama UN • UNOCI 3 obs
TRANSPORT
1 sqn with BAe-146-100; CV-580; MA60 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO
1 (TAB) sqn with C-130A Hercules; DC-10 UN • MONUSCO 10 obs
376 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

HAITI Other
UN • MINUSTAH 207; 1 inf coy 1 sy bde (total 6 lt inf bn)
Aviation
LIBERIA 1 hel bde (4 hel bn with (2 hel sqn))
UN • UNMIL 1; 2 obs COMBAT SUPPORT
4 SP arty gp
Brazil BRZ 6 med arty gp
1 ADA bde
Brazilian Real R 2010 2011 2012 2 engr gp (total: 11 engr bn)
GDP R 3.68tr 4.05tr EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US$ 2.08tr 2.46tr MBT 267: 128 Leopard 1A1BE; 48 Leopard 1A5BR (172 more
per capita US$ 10,339 12,086 on order); 91 M-60A3/TTS
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

LT TK 152 M-41B/M-41C
Growth % 7.49 3.77
RECCE 408 EE-9 Cascavel
Inflation % 5.0 6.6 APC 807
Def expa R 59.0bn APC (T) 584 M-113
US$ 33.4bn APC (W) 223 EE-11 Urutu
Def bdgta R 59.6bn 60.2bn 63.7bn ARTY 1,805
SP 109: 105mm 72 M-108/M-7; 155mm 37 M-109A3
US$ 33.7bn 36.6bn
TOWED 431
US$1=R 1.77 1.65
105mm 336: 233 M-101/M-102; 40 L-118 Light Gun; 63
a
Includes military pensions Model 56 pack howitzer
Population 203,429,773 155mm 95 M-114
MRL 20+: 70mm SBAT-70; 20 ASTROS II
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus MOR 1,245: 81mm 1,168: 453 Royal Ordnance L-16, 715
Male 13.4% 4.2% 4.2% 4.3% 20.5% 2.8% M936 AGR; 120mm 77 M2
Female 12.9% 4.0% 4.1% 4.2% 21.5% 3.9% AT
MSL • MANPATS 30: 18 Eryx; 12 Milan
Capabilities RCL 343: 106mm 194 M-40A1; 84mm 149 Carl Gustav
HELICOPTERS
ACTIVE 318,480 (Army 190,000 Navy 59,000 Air MRH 49: 32 AS565 Panther (HM-1); 17 AS550U2 Fennec
69,480) Paramilitary 395,000 (HA-1 - armed)
TPT 27 Medium 12: 8 AS532 Cougar (HM-3); 4 S-70A-36
RESERVE 1,340,000 Black Hawk (HM-2) Light 15 AS350 LI Ecureuil (HA-1)
Terms of service 12 months (can be extended to 18) AD
MANPAD 53 9K38 Igla (SA-18 Grouse)
ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE GUNS 66: 35mm 39 GDF-001 towed (some with Super
Fledermaus radar); 40mm 27 L/70 (some with BOFI)
Army 120,000; 70,000 conscript (total 190,000) RADAR: 5 SABER M60
AEV Greif; HART; Leopard 1; M578
FORCES BY ROLE
VLB XLP-10
COMMAND
7 mil comd HQ
12 mil region HQ
Navy 59,000
7 div HQ (2 with regional HQ) FORCES BY ROLE
SPECIAL FORCES Organised into 9 districts with HQ I Rio de Janeiro, HQ II
1 SF bde with (1 SF bn, 1 cdo bn) Salvador, HQ III Natal, HQ IV Belém, HQ V Rio Grande,
MANOEUVRE HQ VI Ladario, HQ VII Brasilia, HQ VIII Sao Paulo, HQ
Armoured IX Manaus
2 armd bde (2 armd cav bn, 2 armd inf bn, 1 arty bn, 1 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
engr bn) SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 5:
Mechanised 4 Tupi (GER T-209/1400) with 8 single 533mm TT with
4 mech cav bde (1 armd cav bn, 2 mech cav bn, 1 arty MK 24 Tigerfish HWT
bn) 1 Tikuna with 8 single 533mm TT with MK 24 Tigerfish HWT
Light PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 15
8 mot inf bde (total: 29 mot inf bn) AIRCRAFT CARRIERS • CV 1:
2 lt inf bde (total: 6 lt inf bn) 1 Sao Paulo (FRA Clemenceau) (capacity 15–18 A-4 Skyhawk
Air Manoeuvre atk ac; 4–6 SH-3D/SH-3A Sea King ASW hel; 3 AS-355F/
1 AB bde (3 AB bn, 1 arty bn) AS-350BA Ecureuil hel; 2 AS-532 Cougar hel)
Jungle DESTROYERS • DDGHM 3 Greenhaigh (UK Broadsword,
5 jungle inf bde (total: 15 jungle inf bn) 1 low readiness) with 4 single lnchr with MM-38 Exocet
Latin America and the Caribbean 377

AShM, 2 sextuple lnchr with Sea Wolf SAM, 6 single ANTI SURFACE WARFARE
324mm ASTT with Mk 46 LWT, (capacity 1 Super Lynx 1 sqn with Super Lynx Mk21A
Mk21A hel) ANTI SUBMARINE WARFARE
FRIGATES 11: 1 sqn with SH-3G/H Sea King
FFGHM 6 Niteroi with 2 twin lnchr with MM-40 Exocet TRAINING
AShM, 1 octuple Albatros lnchr with Aspide SAM, 2 1 sqn with Bell 206B3 Jet Ranger III
triple 324mm ASTT with Mk 46 LWT, 1 twin 375mm TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
A/S mor, 1 115mm gun, (capacity 1 Super Lynx Mk21A 1 sqn with AS332 Super Puma; AS532 Cougar
hel) 4 sqn with AS350 Ecureuil (armed); AS355 Ecureuil II
FFGH 5: (armed)
4 Inhauma with 2 twin lnchr with MM-40 Exocet EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AShM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT with Mk 46 LWT, 1 AIRCRAFT 12 combat capable
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

115mm gun, (1 Super Lynx Mk21A hel) ATK 9 AF-1 (A-4/4M) Skyhawk; 3 AF-1A (TA-4/4M)
1 Barroso with 2 twin lnchr with MM-40 Exocet AShM, Skyhawk
2 triple 324mm ASTT with Mk 46 LWT, 1 115mm HELICOPTERS
gun, (capacity 1 Super Lynx Mk21A utl hel) ASW 16: 12 Super Lynx Mk21A; 4 SH-3G/H Sea King
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 42: TPT 49: Heavy 1 EC725 Super Cougar (UH-15)
PCO 7: 4 Bracui (UK River); 2 Imperial Marinheiro with 1 Medium 7: 5 AS332 Super Puma; 2 AS532 Cougar Light
76mm gun; 1 Parnaiba with 1 hel landing platform 41: 18 AS350 Ecureuil (armed); 8 AS355 Ecureuil II
PCC 2 Macaé (additional vessels in build) (armed); 15 Bell 206B3 Jet Ranger III
PCR 5: 2 Pedro Teixeira; 3 Roraima MSL • AShM: AM-39 Exocet; Sea Skua
PB 28: 12 Grajau; 6 Marlim; 6 Piratini (US PGM); 4 Tracker
(Marine Police) Marines 15,000
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES • FORCES BY ROLE
MSC 6 Aratu (GER Schutze) SPECIAL FORCES
AMPHIBIOUS 1 SF bn
PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS • LSD 2: MANOEUVRE
2 Ceara (US Thomaston) (capacity either 21 LCM or 6 Amphibious
LCU; 345 troops) 1 (Fleet Force) div (1 comd bn, 3 inf bn, 1 arty gp)
LANDING SHIPS 3: 8+ (regional) mne gp
LST 1 Mattoso Maia (US Newport) (capacity 3 LCVP; 1 3 mne inf bn
LCPL; 400 troops) COMBAT SUPPORT
LSLH 2: 1 Garcia D’Avila (UK Sir Galahad) (capacity 1 1 engr bn
hel; 16 MBT; 340 troops); 1 Almirante Saboia (UK Sir
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Bedivere) (capacity 1 med hel; 18 MBT; 340 troops)

Latin America and


LT TK 18 SK-105 Kuerassier

the Caribbean
LANDING CRAFT 27: 3 LCU; 8 LCVP; 16 LCM
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 39: APC 45
AOR 2: 1 Gastao Motta; 1 Marajo APC (T) 30 M113
ASR 1 Felinto Perry (NOR Wildrake) APC (W) 15 Piranha IIIC (additional 15 on order)
AG 2: 1 (troop carrier); 1 (river spt) AAV 25: 13 AAV-7A1; 12 LVTP-7
AH 4: 2 Oswaldo Cruz; 1 Dr Montenegro; 1 Tenente ARTY 59
Maximiano TOWED 41: 105mm 33: 18 L118 Light Gun; 15 M101;
AK 5 155mm 8 M114
AGOR 3: 1 Ary Rongel (Ice-strengthened hull, used for MOR 18 81mm
polar research); 1 Cruzeiro do Sul (research); 1 Almirante AT
Maximiano MSL• MANPATS RB-56 Bill
AGHS 1 Sirius RL 89mm M20
AGS 4: 1 Antares; 3 Amorim Do Valle (UK Rover) AD • GUNS 40mm 6 L/70 (with BOFI)
ABU 6: 1 Almirante Graca Aranah (lighthouse tender); 5 AEV 1 AAVR7
Comandante Varella
ATF 5: 3 Tritao; 2 Almirante Guihem Air Force 69,480
AP 2: 1 Paraguassu; 1 Piraim (river transports) Brazilian air space is divided into 7 air regions, each of
AX 4: which is responsible for its designated air bases. Air assets
AXL 3 Nascimento are divided among four designated air forces (I, II, III & V)
AXS 1 for operations (IV Air Force temporarily deactivated).
FORCES BY ROLE
Naval Aviation 2,500 FIGHTER
FORCES BY ROLE 1 gp with Mirage 2000B/C
GROUND ATTACK 4 sqn with F-5EM/FM Tiger II
1 sqn with AF-1 (A-4/4M) Skyhawk; AF-1 (TA-4/4M) FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
Skyhawk 2 sqn with AMX (A-1A/B)
378 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

GROUND ATTACK/ISR 3 Hawker 800XP (EU-93A- calibration); 4 HS-125 (EU-93-


4 sqn with EMB-314 Super Tucano (A-29A/B)* calibration)
MARITIME PATROL TRG 271: 105 EMB-312 Tucano (T-27); 40 EMB-314 Super
1 sqn with EMB-111 (P-95A/P-95B)/P-3AM Orion Tucano (A-29A)*; 45 EMB-314 Super Tucano (A-29B)*; 81
3 sqn with EMB-111 (P-95A/P-95B) T-25A/C
ISR HELICOPTERS
1 sqn with AMX-R (RA-1)* ATK 6 Mi-35M Hind (AH-2)
1 sqn with Learjet 35 (R-35A); EMB-110B (R-95) TPT 74: Heavy 4 EC725 Super Cougar (H-36) Medium
AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING & CONTROL 16: 10 AS332M Super Puma (H-34); 6 UH-60L Black Hawk
1 sqn with EMB-145RS (R-99); EMB-145SA (E-99) (H-60L) (6 more on order) Light 54: 24 AS350B Ecureuil
TANKER/TRANSPORT (H-50); 4 AS355 Ecureuil II (H-55); 24 Bell 205 (H-1H); 2
1 sqn with C-130H/KC-130H Hercules EC135 (H-35)
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

TANKER UAV • ISR • Heavy Hermes 450


1 sqn with KC-137 MSL • AAM • IR MAA-1 Piranha; Magic 2; Python III;
TRANSPORT SARH Super 530F ARH Derby
1 sqn with A319 (VC-1A); EMB-135 (VC-99A/B); EMB- ARM MAR-1 (in development)
190 (VC-2); Learjet 35 (VU-35)
1 sqn with C-130E/H Hercules Paramilitary 395,000 opcon Army
2 sqn with C-295M (C-105A)
7 (regional) sqn with Cessna 208 (C-98); EMB-110 (C-95); Public Security Forces 395,000
EMB-120 (C-97) State police organisation technically under army control.
1 sqn with ERJ-145 (C-99A) However military control is reducing, with authority
1 sqn with EMB-120 (VC-97), EMB-121 (VU-9) reverting to individual states.
TRAINING EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 sqn with EMB-110 (C-95) UAV • ISR • Heavy 3 Heron (deployed by Federal Police
2 sqn with EMB-312 Tucano (T-27) (incl 1 air show sqn) for Amazon and border patrols)
1 sqn with T-25
ATTACK HELICOPTER Cyber
1 sqn with Mi-35M Hind (AH-2) Cyber was a key component of the 2008 National Defence
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER Strategy. In 2011, the army inaugurated Brazil’s cyber de-
1 sqn with AS-332M Super Puma (H-34) (VIP); EC-135 fence centre (CDCiber), to coordinate the existing activi-
(H-35) ties of the army, navy and air force. The centre can also
1 sqn with AS350B Ecureuil (H-50); AS 355 Ecureuil II run simulation software and conduct threat analysis.
(H-55)
1 sqn with Bell 205 (H-1H)
1 sqn with Bell 205 (H-1H); EC-725 Super Cougar (H-36) DEPLOYMENT
1 sqn with UH-60L Black Hawk (H-60L) CÔTE D’IVOIRE
ISR UAV
UN • UNOCI 3; 4 obs
1 sqn with Hermes 450
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE CYPRUS
AIRCRAFT 235 combat aircraft UN • UNFICYP 1
FTR 57: 6 F-5E Tiger II; 51 F-5EM/FM Tiger II HAITI
FGA 61: 38 AMX (A-1); 11 AMX-T (A-1B); 12 Mirage
UN • MINUSTAH 2,188; 2 inf bn; 1 engr coy
2000B/C
ASW 9 P-3AM Orion (delivery in progress) LEBANON
MP 19: 10 EMB-111 (P-95A Bandeirulha)*; 9 EMB-111 UN • UNIFIL 11 obs
(P-95B Bandeirulha)*
LIBERIA
ISR: 8: 4 AMX-R (RA-1)*; 4 EMB-110B (R-95)
ELINT 6: 3 EMB-145RS (R-99); 3 Learjet 35A (R-35A) UN • UNMIL 2; 2 obs
AEW&C 5 EMB-145SA (E-99) SOUTH SUDAN
SAR 5: 4 EMB-110 (SC-95B), 1 SC-130E Hercules UN • UNMISS 2; 6 obs
TKR/TPT 5: 2 KC-130H; 3 KC-137 (1 more in store)
TPT 185 Medium 19: 6 C-130E Hercules; 13 C-130H SUDAN
Hercules; Light 156: 12 C-295M (C-105); 12 Cessna 208 UN • UNISFA 3 obs
(C-98); 13 Cessna 208-G1000 (C-98A); 53 EMB-110 TIMOR LESTE
(C-95A/B/C); 16 EMB-120 (C-97); 4 EMB-120 (VC-97); 6
UN • UNMIT 3 obs
EMB-121 (VU-9); 3 EMB-201 Ipanema (U-19); 6 ERJ-135
(VC-99C); 10 ERJ-145 (C-99A); 9 PA-34 Seneca (U-7); 12 WESTERN SAHARA
U-42 Regente PAX 10: 1 A319 (VC-1A); 2 EMB-190 (VC-2); UN • MINURSO 11 obs
Latin America and the Caribbean 379

1 (7th) reinforced mech inf regt (1 mech inf bn, 1 arty


Chile CHL gp, 1 sigs coy, 1 log coy, 1 MP coy)
3 mech inf regt
Chilean Peso pCh 2010 2011 2012
Light
GDP pCh 103tr 115tr 1 (1st) reinforced mot inf regt (1 mot inf bn, 1 arty gp, 1
US$ 200bn 239bn engr bn)
per capita US$ 11,928 14,177 1 (11th) reinforced mot inf regt (1 mot inf bn, 1 arty gp,
1 AT coy)
Growth % 5.19 6.55
1 (14th) reinforced mot inf regt (1 mot inf bn, 1 sigs coy,
Inflation % 1.5 3.1
1 AT coy)
Def bdgt pCh 1.81tr 2.03tr 1.20tr 1 (24th) reinforced mot inf regt (1 mot inf bn, 1 arty gp)
US$ 3.49bn 4.24bn 1 mot inf regt
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

FMA US$ 0.4m 0.75m 3 inf regt


US$1=pCh 519.31 479.71 Mountain
1 (3rd) reinforced mtn regt (1 mtn inf bn, 1 arty gp, 1
Population 16,888,760 engr coy)
1 (9th) reinforced mtn regt (1 recce sqn, 1 mtn inf bn, 1
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
engr bn)
Male 11.4% 4.3% 4.3% 3.9% 21.5% 4.0% 1 (17th) reinforced mtn inf regt (1 mtn inf bn, 1 engr bn,
Female 10.9% 4.1% 4.2% 3.8% 21.9% 5.6% 1 MP coy)
3 mtn inf regt
Capabilities Aviation
1 avn bde (1 tpt avn bn, 1 hel bn, 1 maint bn, 1 spt bn, 1
ACTIVE 59,059 (Army 35,000 Navy 16,299 Air 7,760) log coy)
Paramilitary 44,712 COMBAT SUPPORT
Terms of service Army 1 year, Navy and Air Force 22 months. 3 arty regt
Voluntary since 2005 1 engr regt
2 sigs regt
RESERVE 40,000 (Army 40,000)
1 int coy
1 MP bn
ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
1 log div with (3 log regt)
Army 24,000; 11,000 conscript (total 35,000) 4 log regt
6 military administrative regions. 1 log coy

Latin America and


EQUIPMENT BY TYPE

the Caribbean
FORCES BY ROLE
Currently being reorganised into 4 armd, 2 mot, 2 mtn MBT 262: 122 Leopard 1; 140 Leopard 2 A4
and 1 SF brigade. Standard regt/gp are single bn strength, AIFV 191: 173 Marder; 18 YPR-765
reinforced regt comprise multiple bn. APC 436
COMMAND APC (T) 252 M113A1/A2
6 div HQ APC (W) 184 Cardoen Piranha
ARTY 1,016
SPECIAL FORCES
SP 155mm 35: 24 M109A3; 11 (AMX) Mk F3
1 SF bde (1 SF bn, 1 (mtn) SF Gp, 1 log coy)
TOWED 235: 105mm 195: 90 M101; 105 Mod 56; 155mm
2 cdo coy
40 M-68
MANOEUVRE
MRL 160mm 12 LAR-160
Reconnaissance
MOR 734:
1 (5th) reinforced cav regt (1 armd cav gp, 1 arty gp)
81mm 650: 300 M-29; 150 Soltam; 200 FAMAE; 120mm
2 armd cav regt
170: 110 FAMAE; 60 Soltam M-65
Armoured SP 120mm 84: 36 FAMAE (on Piranha 6x6); 48 M-5L1A
1 (1st) armd bde (1 armd cav gp, 1 mech inf bn, 1 arty AT
gp, 1 engr bn) MSL• MANPATS 55 Spike
1 (2nd) armd bde (1 cdo coy, 1 armd cav gp, 1 mech inf RCL 106mm M40A1; 84mm Carl Gustav
bn, 1 arty gp, 1 engr coy, 1 log coy) AIRCRAFT
1 (3rd) armd bde (1 armd cav gp, 1 mech inf bn, 1 arty TPT • Light 12: 5 C-212 Aviocar; 3 Cessna 208 Caravan; 1
gp, 1 engr bn, 1 sigs bn) Cessna 650 Citation III; 3 CN-235
1 (4th) armd bde (1 armd cav gp, 1 mech inf bn, 1 arty HELICOPTERS
gp, 1 engr coy) ISR 9 MD-530F Lifter (armed)
Mechanised TPT 25 Medium 16: 2 AS332B Super Puma; 8 AS532AL
1 (4th) reinforced mech inf regt (1 mech inf bn, 1 engr Cougar; 6 SA330 Puma Light 9: 2 AS350B2 Ecureuil; 6
bn, 1 sigs coy) AS350B3 Ecureuil; 1 AS355F Ecureuil II
380 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

AD LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 9:


SAM 24: AOR 2: 1 Almirante Montt; 1 Araucano
MANPAD 24 Mistral AGP 1 Almirante (also used as general spt ship)
GUNS 68: AGS 1 Type 1200 (ice strengthened hull, ex-CAN)
SP 18: 20mm 18 Piranha/TCM-20; 35mm 30 Gepard being ATF 2 Veritas
delivered APS 1 Aguiles
TOWED 50: 20mm 50 M-167 Vulcan AX 1 Esmeralda
AEV 10 Leopard 1 MSL • AShM MM-38 Exocet
ARV 7 Leopard 1
VLB 8 Leopard 1 Naval Aviation 600
MW 2 Leopard 1 AIRCRAFT 22 combat capable
ASW 5: 2 C-295ASW Persuader; 3 P-3ACH Orion
Navy 15,492; 807 conscript (total 16,299)
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

MP 4: 1 C-295MPA Persuader; 3 EMB-111 Bandeirante*


5 Naval Zones; 1st Naval Zone and main HQ at Valparaiso; ISR 7 Cessna O-2A Skymaster*
2nd Naval Zone at Talcahuano; 3rd Naval Zone at Punta TPT • Light 3 C-212A Aviocar
Arenas; 4th Naval Zone at Iquique; 5th Naval Zone at TRG 7 PC-7 Turbo Trainer*
Puerto Montt HELICOPTERS
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE ASW 5 AS532SC Cougar
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 4: MRH 9: 8 AS365 Dauphin; 1 Bell 412HP
2 O’Higgins (Scorpene) each with 6 single 533mm TT each TPT • Light 10: 5 Bell 206 Jet Ranger; 5 Bo-105S
with A-184 Black Shark HWT/SUT HWT/SM-39 Exocet MSL • AShM AM-39 Exocet
AShM
2 Thompson (GER T-209/1300) each with 8 single 533mm Marines 3,616
TT each with SUT HWT FORCES BY ROLE
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 8 MANOEUVRE
DESTROYERS • DDGHM 1 Almirante Williams (UK Amphibious
Type 22) with 2 quad Mk141 lnchr with RGM-84 Harpoon 1 amph bn
AShM, 2 octuple VLS with Barak SAM; 2 triple 324mm 4 mne gp
ASTT with Mk46 LWT, 1 76mm gun (capacity 1 AS532SC (total: 4 inf bn, 4 fd arty bty, 1 SSM bty (Excalibur
Cougar)
Central Defence System), 4 ADA bty, 2 trg bn)
FRIGATES 7:
7 sy det (1 per naval zone)
FFGHM 5:
3 Almirante Cochrane (UK Duke class Type 23) with 2 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
quad Mk141 lnchr with RGM-84C Harpoon AShM, 1 LT TK 15 Scorpion
32 cell VLS with Sea Wolf SAM, 2 twin 324mm ASTT APC (W) 25 MOWAG Roland
(4 eff.) each with Mk46 Mod2 LWT, 1 114mm gun, ARTY 26
(capacity 1 AS-532SC Cougar) TOWED 18: 105mm 4 KH-178; 155mm 14 G-5
2 Almirante Riveros (NLD Karel Doorman class) with MOR 8 81mm
2 quad lnchr with RGM-84 Harpoon AShM, 1 octuple AD • SAM • SP 18: 4 M998 HMMWV; 4 M1151A
Mk 48 lnchr with RIM-7P Sea Sparrow SAM, 4 single HMMWV; 10 M1097 HMMWV Avenger
Mk32 Mod9 324mm ASTT with Mk46 Mod5 HWT, 1
76mm gun, (capacity 1 AS532SC Cougar) Coast Guard
FFGM 2: Integral part of the Navy
2 Lattore (NLD Jacob Van Heemskerck class) with 2 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 42+
quad Mk141 lnchr with RGM-84 Harpoon AShM, 1 PSOH 2 Piloto Pardo (OPV-80)
Mk 13 GMLS with SM-1MR SAM, 1 octuple Mk48 PBF 1+ Archangel
lnchr with RIM-7P Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 twin 324mm PB 39: 18 Alacalufe (Protector WPB class); 8 Grumete
ASTT with Mk 46 LWT Diaz (Dabor class); 5 Maule; 6 Pelluhue; 1 Tokerau; 1
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 13 Yagan
PCG 7:
3 Casma (ISR Sa’ar 4) each with 8 GI Gabriel I AShM, 2 Air Force 7,300; 460 conscript (total 7,760)
76mm gun Flying hours 100 hrs/year
4 Tiger (GER Type 148) each with 4 single lnchr each
with MM-40 Exocet AShM, 1 76mm gun FORCES BY ROLE
PCO 6 Taitao FIGHTER
AMPHIBIOUS 1 sqn with F-5E/F Tiger III+
PRINCIPAL AMPHIBIOUS SHIPS 2 sqn with F-16AM/BM Fighting Falcon
LPD 1 Sargento Aldea (FRA Foudre) FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
LANDING SHIPS 4 1 sqn with F-16C/D Block 50 Fighting Falcon (Puma)
LSM 2 Elicura ISR
LST 2 Maipo (FRA Batral - capacity 7 tanks; 140 troops) 1 (photo) flt with; DHC-6-300 Twin Otter; Learjet 35A
Latin America and the Caribbean 381

AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING DEPLOYMENT


1 flt with B-707 Phalcon
TANKER/TRANSPORT BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
1 sqn with B-737-300; C-130B/H Hercules; KC-135 EU • EUFOR • Operation Althea 22
TRANSPORT
CYPRUS
3 sqn with Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois); C-212-200/300
UN • UNFICYP 15
Aviocar; Cessna O-2A; Cessna 525 Citation CJ1; DHC-6-
100/300 Twin Otter; PA-28-236 Dakota; Bell 205 (UH-1H HAITI
Iroquois) UN • MINUSTAH 500; 1 inf bn; 1 avn coy; elm 1 engr coy
1 VIP flt with B-737-500 (VIP); Gulfstream IV
TRAINING INDIA/PAKISTAN
1 sqn with EMB-314 Super Tucano* UN • UNMOGIP 2 obs
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

1 sqn with PA-28-236 Dakota; T-35A/B Pillan MIDDLE EAST


TRANSPORT HELICOPTER UN • UNTSO 2 obs
1 sqn with Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois); Bell 206B (trg); Bell
412 Twin Huey; Bo-105CBS-4; S-70A Black Hawk
AIR DEFENCE Colombia COL
1 AD regt (5 AD sqn) with Mygale; Mistral; M163/M167 Colombian Peso pC 2010 2011 2012
Vulcan; GDF-005; Oerlikon; Crotale
GDP pC 547tr 606tr
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US$ 285bn 328bn
AIRCRAFT 59 combat capable
FTR 28: 12 F-5E/F Tigre III+; 16 F-16AM/BM Fighting per capita US$ 6,440 7,326
Falcon Growth % 4.29 4.87
FGA 10: 6 F-16C Block 50 Fighting Falcon; 4 F-16D Block Inflation % 2.3 3.3
50 Fighting Falcon Def expa pC 10.2tn
ATK 9 C-101CC Aviojet (A-36 Halcón)
US$ 5.32bn
ISR 2 Cessna O-2A
AEW&C 1 B-707 Phalcon Def bdgta pC 9.96tr 10.3tr
TKR 1 KC-135 US$ 5.19bn 5.57bn
TPT 37: Medium 3: 1 C-130B Hercules; 2 C-130H FMA US$ 55.0 51.5
Hercules; Light 31: 2 C-212-200 Aviocar; 1 C-212-300 US$1=pC 1921.35 1850.74
Aviocar; 4 Cessna 525 Citation CJ1; 3 DHC-6-100 Twin a
Excludes decentralised expenditures
Otter; 7 DHC-6-300 Twin Otter; 2 Learjet 35A; 11 PA-28-
236 Dakota PAX 3: 1 B-737-300; 1 B-737-500; 1 Gulfstream Population 44,725,543

Latin America and


IV

the Caribbean
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
TRG 42: 12 EMB-314 Super Turano*; 30 T-35A/B Pillan
HELICOPTERS Male 13.7% 4.8% 4.6% 4.1% 19.7% 2.6%
MRH 16 Bell 412 Twin Huey Female 13.0% 4.6% 4.5% 4.0% 20.9% 3.5%
TPT 17: Medium 1 S-70A Black Hawk; Light 16: 13 Bell
205 (UH-1H Iroquois); 3 Bell 206B (trg) Capabilities
AD
SYSTEMS Mygale
ACTIVE 283,004 (Army 235,798, Navy 33,138 Air
SAM Mistral 13,758) Paramilitary 158,824
SP 5 Crotale RESERVE 61,900 (Army 54,700 Navy 4,800 Air 1,200
GUNS • TOWED 20mm M163/M167 Vulcan; 35mm Joint 1,200)
GDF-005 Oerlikon
MSL • AAM • IR AIM-9J Sidewinder; Python III; Python
IV; Shafrir‡; ARH Derby; AIM-120 Amraam ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE

Paramilitary 44,712 Army 235,798


FORCES BY ROLE
Carabineros 44,712 SPECIAL FORCES
Ministry of Defence; 15 zones, 36 districts, 179 comisaria 2 SF gp (bn)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 1 anti-terrorist SF bn
APC (W) 20 MOWAG Roland MOR 60mm; 81mm MANOEUVRE
AIRCRAFT Mechanised
TPT • Light 4: 1 Beech 200 King Air; 1 Cessna 208; 1 1 (1st) div (1 (2nd) mech bde (2 mech inf bn, 1 COIN bn,
Cessna 550 Citation V; 1 PA-31T Cheyenne II 1 mtn inf bn, 1 engr bn, 1 MP bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 2 Gaula
HELICOPTERS • TPT • Light 14: 4 AW109E Power; 1 anti-kidnap gp); 1 (10th) mech bde (1 (med) tk bn, 1
Bell 206 Jet Ranger; 2 BK 117; 5 Bo-105; 2 EC135 mech cav bn, 1 mech inf bn, 1 mtn inf bn, 2 fd arty
382 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

bn, 2 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 2 Gaula anti-kidnap gp); 1 PPV 4 RG-31 Nyala
EOD gp) ARTY 710
Light TOWED 121: 105mm 106: 20 LG1 MkIII;
1 (2nd) div (1 (5th) lt inf bde (3 lt inf bn, 1 fd arty bn, 1 86 M101; 155mm 15 155/52 APU SBT-1
AD bn, 2 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1 Gaula anti-kidnap MOR 589: 81mm 141: 125 M1; 16 M125A1 (SP) 107mm
gp); 1 (18th) lt inf bde (1 airmob cav bn, 4 lt inf bn, 2 148 M2; 120mm 300: 210 Brandt, 38 HY12; 52 AM50
engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn); 1 (30th) lt inf bde (1 cav recce AT
bn, 2 lt inf bn, 1 COIN bn, 1 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn)) MSL• SP 8+: 8 TOW; Nimrod
1 (3rd) div (1 (3rd) lt inf bde (1 cav recce bn, 3 lt inf bn, MANPATS 10+: 10 TOW; Spike-ER, APILAS
1 mtn inf bn, 1 COIN bn, 1 Fd arty bn, 1 engr bn, 1 RCL 106mm 63 M40A1
cbt spt bn, 1 MP bn, 1 Gaula anti-kidnap gp); 1 (8th) RL 15+: 89mm 15 M20; 90mm C-90C; 106mm SR-106
lt inf bde (2 lt inf bn, 1 COIN bn, 1 Fd arty bn, 1 engr AD
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

bn, 1 Gaula anti-kidnap gp); 1 (29th) mtn bde (1 mtn SAM • TOWED 3 Skyguard/Sparrow
inf bn)) GUNS 39+
1 (4th) div (1 airmob bde (2 airmob inf bn, 1 lt inf bn, 1 SP 12.7mm 18 M-8/M-55
COIN bn, 1 (anti-terrorist) SF bn, 1 airmob engr bn, 1 TOWED 21+: 35mm GDF Oerlikon; 40mm 21 M-1A1
cbt spt bn, 1 Gaula anti-kidnap gp); 1 (21st) lt inf bde (with 7 Eagle Eye radar)
with (3 lt inf bn)) AIRCRAFT
1 (5th) div (1 (1st) lt inf bde (1 cav recce bn, 2 lt inf bn, 1 ELINT 3: 2 Beech B200 King Air; 1 Beech King Air 350
COIN bn, 1 fd arty bn, 2 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1 Gaula TPT • Light 22: 2 An-32B; 2 Beech 350 King Air; 2 Beech
anti-kidnap gp); 1 (6th) lt inf bde (2 lt inf bn,1 mtn inf 200 King Air (Medevac); 1 Beech C90 King Air; 2 C-212
bn, 1 COIN bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1 Gaula anti-kidnap gp); Aviocar (Medevac); 1 CV-580; 1 Cessna 206; 6 Cessna 208B
1 (13th) lt inf bde (2 cav recce bn, 1 airmob inf bn, 2 lt Grand Caravan; 2 PA-34 Seneca; 3 Turbo Commander 695A
inf bn, 1 mtn inf bn, 1 COIN bn, 1 fd arty bn, 1 engr HELICOPTERS
bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 2 MP bn))
MRH 22: 8 Mi-17-1V Hip; 9 Mi-17MD; 5 Mi-17-V5 Hip
1 (6th) div (1 (12th) lt inf bde (2 lt inf bn, 1 mtn inf bn, 1
TPT 105 Medium 44 UH-60L Black Hawk Light 61: 30 Bell
COIN bn, 1 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1 Gaula anti-kidnap
205 (UH-1H Iroquois); 27 Bell 212 (UH-1N Twin Huey); 4
gp); 1 (26th) jungle bde (1 lt jungle inf bn, 1 COIN bn,
K-Max
1 cbt spt bn, 1 coast guard det); 1 (27th) lt inf bde (2 lt
inf bn, 1 COIN bn, 2 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn))
1 (7th) div (1 (4th) lt inf bde (1 cav recce bn, 3 lt inf bn, 1
Navy 33,138; (incl 7,200 conscript)
HQ (Tri-Service Unified Eastern Command HQ) located at
COIN bn, fd 1 arty bn, 2 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 2 Gaula
Puerto Carreño
anti-kidnap gp, 1 (anti-terrorist) SF coy); 1 (11th)
COIN bde (1 airmob inf bn, 1 lt inf bn, 2 COIN bn, 1 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn); 1 (14th) lt inf bde (3 lt inf bn, 2 SUBMARINES • TACTICAL 4
COIN bn, 1 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn); 1 (17th) lt inf bde (2 SSK 2 Pijao (GER T-209/1200) each with 8 single 533mm
lt inf bn, 1 COIN bn, 1 engr bn, 1 cbt spt bn)) TT each with SUT HWT
1 (8th) div (1 (16th) COIN bde (1 mech cav recce bn, 1 lt SSW 2 Intrepido (ITA SX-506, SF delivery)
inf bn, 3 COIN bn, 1 cbt spt bn, 1 Gaula anti-kidnap PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 4
gp);1 (28th) jungle bde (2 inf, 3 COIN, 2 marine (river- FRIGATES • FFG 4 Almirante Padilla (undergoing
ine) bn, 1 cbt spt bn)) modernisation programme) with 2 twin lnchr with MM-
3 COIN mobile bde (each: 4 COIN bn, 1 cbt spt bn) 40 Exocet AShM, 2 twin Simbad lnchr with Mistral SAM,
Other 2 triple B515 ILAS-3 324mm ASTT each with A244 LWT,
1 indep counter-narcotics bde (3 counter-narcotics bn, 1 76mm gun, (capacity 1 Bo-105/AS555SN Fennec hel)
1 spt bn) PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 56
Aviation PSO 1 20 de Julio
1 div PCO 2: 1 Reliance with 1 hel landing platform; 1 San
1 bde (4 hel bn; 5 avn bn; 1 (SF) avn bn) Andres
COMBAT SUPPORT PCC 2: 1 Espartana (ESP Cormoran); 1 Lazaga
6 EOD gp (bn) PCR 16: 3 Arauca; 2 Nodriza (PAF-VII/VIII); 8 Nodriza
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT (PAF-II) with hel landing platform; 3 LPR-40 (additional
2 spt/log bde (each: 1 spt bn, 1 maint bn, 1 supply bn, 1 vessels on order)
tpt bn, 1 medical bn, 1 log bn) PBF 1 Quitasueño (US Asheville) with 1 76mm gun
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE PB 13: 1 11 de Noviembre (CPV-40); 2 Castillo Y Rada
RECCE 226: 123 EE-9 Cascavel; 6 M8 (anti-riot vehicle); (Swiftships 105); 2 Jaime Gomez; 2 José Maria Palas
8 M8 with TOW; 39 M1117 Guardian; 50 VCL (Swiftships 110); 4 Point; 2 Toledo
APC 114 PBR 21: 7 Diligente; 3 Swiftships; 9 Tenerife; 2 PAF-L
APC (T) 54: 28 M113A1 (TPM-113A1); 26 M113A2 (TPM- AMPHIBIOUS 10:
113A2) LCM 3 LCM-8
APC (W) 56 EE-11 Urutu LCU 7 Morrosquillo (LCU – 1466)
Latin America and the Caribbean 383

LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 7: TRAINING


AG 2 Luneburg (ex-GER, depot ship for patrol vessels) 1 (primary trg) sqn with Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois);
AGOR 2 Providencia PA-42 Cheyenne
AGS 1 1 (basic trg) sqn with T-34 Mentor
ABU 1 1 sqn with T-37B
TRG • AXS 1 2 hel sqn with Bell 206B3
HELICOPTER
Naval Aviation 146 1 sqn with AH-60L Arpia III
AIRCRAFT 1 sqn with UH-60L Black Hawk (CSAR)
MP 3 CN-235 MPA Persuader 1 sqn with MD500; Bell 205 (UH-1H)
ISR 1 PA-31 Navajo (upgraded for ISR) 1 sqn with Hughes 369
TPT • Light 9: 1 C-212 (Medevac); 4 Cessna 206; 2 1 sqn with Bell 205 (UH-1H); Hughes 369
Cessna 208 Caravan; 1 PA-31 Navajo; 1 PA-34 Seneca
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

1 sqn with Bell 206B3; Hughes 369


HELICOPTERS
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MRH 6: 2 AS555SN Fennec; 4 Bell 412 Twin Huey
AIRCRAFT 82 combat capable
TPT • Light 10: 1 Bell 212; 6 Bell 212 (UH-1N); 1 BK
FGA 23: 10 Kfir C-10; 10 Kfir C-12; 3 Kfir TC-12
117; 2 Bo-105
ATK 20: 4 A-37B Dragonfly; 8 OA-37B Dragonfly; 8 AC-
Marines 14,000 47T Spooky (Fantasma)
ISR 12: 1 C-26B Metroliner; 5 Cessna 560 Citation V; 6
FORCES BY ROLE
Schweizer SA-2-37
SPECIAL FORCES
ELINT 3: 1 Beech 350 King Air; 2 Cessna 208 Grand
1 SF bde (forming)
Caravan
1 SF bn
TKR/TPT 2: 1 B-707 Tkr; 1 KC-767
2 (river) SF gp
TPT 64: Medium 7: 4 C-130B Hercules (3 more in store);
MANOEUVRE
3 C-130H Hercules; Light 53: 2 ATR-42; 2 Beech 300
Amphibious
King Air; 5 Beech 350C King Air; 2 Beech C90 King Air;
1 mne bde (3 mne bn, 2 COIN bn, 1 comd/spt bn)
4 C-212; 4 C-295M; 1 Cessna 182R; 12 Cessna 208B
1 rvn bde (3 mne bn)
(medevac); 1 Cessna 337G; 1 Cessna 337H; 1 Cessna 550;
1 rvn bde (3 mne bn, 3 mne aslt bn, 1 comd/spt bn)
3 CN-235M; 6 Do-328; 2 EMB-110P1 (C-95); 1 EMB-170-
1 rvn bde (4 mne bn)
100LR; 1 IAI-201 Arava; 1 L-410UVP Turbolet; 2 PA-42
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
Cheyenne; 2 Turbo Commander 695 PAX 4: 1 B-727; 1
1 log bde (forming)
B-737BBJ; 1 F-28-1000 Fellowship; 1 F-28-3000 Fellowship
1 trg bde (3 trg bn)
TRG 71+: 14 EMB-312 Tucano*; 25 EMB-314 Super Tucano
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE (A-29)*; 2+ Lancair Synergy (25 being delivered); 10 T-34

Latin America and


APC (W) 8 BTR-80A Mentor; 20 T-37B

the Caribbean
ARTY • MOR • 81mm 20 HELICOPTERS
ISR 20 OH-58 Kiowa being delivered
Air Force 13,758 MRH 17: 12 AH-60L Arpia III; 2 Bell 412 Twin Huey; 2
6 Combat Air Commands (CACOM) plus CACOM 7 Hughes 500M; 1 MD-500E
(former Oriental Air Group) responsible for air ops in TPT 55 Medium 10: 8 UH-60A Black Hawk (6 being
specific geographic area. Flts can be deployed or ‘loaned’ upgraded to UH-60L); 4 UH-60L Black Hawk Light 45:
to a different CACOM 22 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois); 12 Bell 206B3 JetRanger III;
FORCES BY ROLE 11 Bell 212
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK/ISR MSL•IR Python III; R530 ARH Derby
1 sqn with A-37B/OA-37B Dragonfly
1 sqn with AC-47T; Hughes 369 Paramilitary 144,097
1 sqn with EMB-312 Tucano*
2 sqn with EMB-314 Super Tucano* (A-29) National Police Force 136,097
2 sqn with Kfir C-10/C-12/TC-12 AIRCRAFT
EW/ELINT ELINT 3: 1 Cessna 208B, 2 C-26B Metroliner
2 sqn with Beech 350 King Air; Cessna 208; Cessna 560; TPT • Light 29: 15 AT-802; 1 ATR-42; 3 Beech 200 King
C-26B Metroliner; SA-2-37 Air; 3 Beech 300 King Air; 2 Beech 1900; 1 Beech C99;
MARITIME PATROL/SEARCH & RESCUE 4 BT-67; 5 C-26 Metroliner; 2 Cessna 152; 3 Cessna 172;
1 sqn with Bell 212, EMB-110P1 (C-95) 7 Cessna 206; 5 Cessna 208 Caravan; 2 DHC 6 Twin
TRANSPORT Otter; 4 PA-31 Navajo
1 (Presidential) sqn with B-707 Tkr; B-727; B-737BBJ; HELICOPTERS
KC-767; Bell 212; Bell 412; C-295M; F-28 Fellowship MRH 4: 1 Bell 412EP; 1 MD-500D; 2 Hughes 369
1 sqn with C-130B/H Hercules TPT 54 Medium 7 UH-60L Black Hawk Light 47: 25
1 sqn with Beech C90 King Air; C-212; CN-235M; Do- Bell 205 (UH-1H-II Huey II); 3 Bell 206B; 7 Bell 206L
328; IAI Arava Long Ranger; 10 Bell 212; 1 Bell 407
384 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

DEPLOYMENT PB 8: 2 Cabo Blanco (US Swift 65); 1 Isla del Coco (US
Swift 32m); 3 Point; 1 Primera Dama (US Swift 42); 1
EGYPT Puerto Quebos (US Swift 36)
MFO 354; 1 inf bn
Air Surveillance Unit 400
AIRCRAFT •TPT • Light 10: 2 Cessna T210 Centurion;
FOREIGN FORCES 4 Cessna U206G Stationair; 1 DHC-7 Caribou; 2 PA-31
United States US Southern Command: 64 Navajo; 1 PA-34 Seneca
HELICOPTERS • MRH 2 MD-500E
Costa Rica CRI Rural Guard 2,000
Costa Rican Colon C 2010 2011 2012 Ministry of Government and Police. Small arms only
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

GDP C 18.8tr 20.6tr FORCES BY ROLE


MANOEUVRE
US$ 35.3bn 40.6bn
Other
per capita US$ 7,826 8,870
8 paramilitary comd
Growth % 4.17 4.00
Inflation % 5.7 5.3
Cuba CUB
Def exp C 113bn
US$ 213m Cuban Convertible Peso P 2010 2011 2012
Sy Bdgt C 114bn 158bn 175bn GDP P ε62.7bn
US$ 214m 311m US$ ε62.7bn
FMA US$ 0.325m 0.35m per capita US$ ε5655
US$1=C 532.44 507.18 Growth %
a
No armed forces. Paramilitary budget Inflation %
Def exp US$ ε1.96
Population 4,576,562
Population 11,087,330
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 12.6% 4.7% 4.8% 4.6% 20.6% 3.0% Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Female 12.0% 4.5% 4.6% 4.4% 20.8% 3.4% Male 9.2% 3.3% 3.9% 3.4% 24.6% 5.4%
Female 8.7% 3.1% 3.7% 3.3% 24.9% 6.5%
Capabilities
Capabilities
Paramilitary 9,800
ACTIVE 49,000 (Army 38,000 Navy 3,000 Air 8,000)
ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE Paramilitary 26,500
Terms of service 2 years
Paramilitary 9,800 RESERVE 39,000 (Army 39,000) Paramilitary
1,120,000
Civil Guard 4,500 Ready Reserves (serve 45 days per year) to fill out Active
FORCES BY ROLE and Reserve units; see also Paramilitary.
SPECIAL FORCES
1 spec ops unit
MANOEUVRE
ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE
Other
1 (tac) police comisaria Army ε38,000
6 (provincial) paramilitary comisaria FORCES BY ROLE
7 (urban) paramilitary comisaria COMMAND
3 regional comd HQ
Border Police 2,500 3 army comd HQ
FORCES BY ROLE MANOEUVRE
MANOEUVRE Armoured
Other up to 5 armd bde
2 (border) sy comd (8 comisaria) Mechanised
9 mech inf bde (1 armd regt, 3 mech inf regt, 1 arty regt,
Coast Guard Unit 400 1 ADA regt)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Light
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 8: 1 (frontier) bde
Latin America and the Caribbean 385

Air Manoeuvre Coastal Defence


1 AB bde ARTY • TOWED 122mm M-1931/37; 130mm M-46;
COMBAT SUPPORT 152mm M-1937
1 ADA regt MSL• AShM 2+: Bandera IV (reported); 2 P-15 Rubezh
1 SAM bde (SSC-3 Styx)

Reserves 39,000 Naval Infantry 550+


FORCES BY ROLE FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE MANOEUVRE
Light Amphibious
14 inf bde 2 amph aslt bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE†
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

MBT ε900 T-34/T-54/T-55/T-62


Anti-aircraft Defence and Revolutionary Air
LT TK PT-76
Force ε8,000 (incl conscripts)
Air assets divided between Western Air Zone and Eastern
RECCE BRDM-1/BRDM-2
Air Zone
AIFV ε 50 BMP-1
APC • APC (W) ε500 BTR-152/BTR-40/BTR-50/BTR-60 Flying hours 50 hrs/year
ARTY 1,730+ FORCES BY ROLE
SP 40 2S1 Carnation 122mm/2S3 152mm FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
TOWED 500 152mm D-1/122mm D-30/152mm 3 sqn with MiG-21ML Fishbed; MiG-23ML/MF/UM Flog-
M-1937/122mm M-30/130mm M-46/76mm ZIS-3 M-1942 ger; MiG-29A/UB Fulcrum
MRL SP 175 140mm BM-14/122mm BM-21 TRANSPORT
MOR 1,000 120mm M-38/82mm M-41/120mm 1 (VIP) tpt sqn with An-24 Coke; Mi-8P Hip; Yak-40
M-43/82mm M-43 ATTACK HELICOPTER
STATIC 15 122mm 15 JS-2M (hy tk) 2 sqn with Mi-17 Hip H; Mi-35 Hind
AT TRAINING
2 (tac trg) sqn with L-39C Albatros (basic); Z-142 (primary)
MSL • MANPATS 2K16 Shmel (AT-1 Snapper); 9K11
Malyutka (AT-3 9K11 Sagger) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
GUNS 700+: 100mm 100 SU-100 SP; 85mm D-44; 57mm AIRCRAFT 45 combat capable
FTR 33: 16 MiG-23ML Flogger; 4 MiG-23MF Flogger;
600 M-1943
4 MiG-23U Flogger; 4 MiG-23UM Flogger; 2 MiG-29A
AD • SAM
Fulcrum; 3 MiG-29UB Fulcrum (6 MiG-15UTI Midget;
SP 200+: 200 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher); 2K12 Kub
4+ MiG-17 Fresco; 4 MiG-23MF Flogger; 6 MiG-23ML

Latin America and


(SA-6 Gainful); 9K33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko); 9K31 Strela-1
Flogger; 2 MiG-23UM Flogger; 2 MiG-29 Fulcrum in store)

the Caribbean
(SA-9 Gaskin) FGA 12: 4 MiG-21ML Fishbed; 8 MiG-21U Mongol A (up
MANPAD 9K36 Strela-3 (SA-14 Gremlin); 9K310 Igla-1 to 70 MiG-21bis Fishbed; 30 MiG-21F Fishbed; 28 MiG-
(SA-16 Gimlet); 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡ 21PFM Fishbed; 7 MiG-21UM Fishbed; 20 MiG-23BN
GUNS 400 Flogger in store)
SP 57mm ZSU-57-2 SP/23mm ZSU-23-4 SP/30mm ISR 1 An-30 Clank
BTR-60P SP TPT 11: Heavy 2 Il-76 Candid; Light 9: 1 An-2 Colt; 3 An-
TOWED 100mm KS-19/M-1939/85mm KS-12/57mm 24 Coke; 2 An-32 Cline; 3 Yak-40 (8 An-2 Colt; 18 An-26
S-60/37mm M-1939/30mm M-53/23mm ZU-23 Curl in store)
TRG 45: 25 L-39 Albatros; 20 Z-326 Trener Master
Navy ε3,000 HELICOPTERS
Western Comd HQ at Cabanas; Eastern Comd HQ at ATK 4 Mi-35 Hind (8 more in store)
Holquin ASW (5 Mi-14 in store)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MRH 8 Mi-17 Hip H (12 more in store)
TPT • Medium 2 Mi-8P Hip
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 7
AD • SAM SA-3 Goa; SA-2 Guideline towed
PCM 1 Pauk II† (FSU) with 1 quad lnchr (manual
MSL
aiming) with 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-N-5 Grail SAM), 4 single
ASM Kh-23 (AS-7 Kerry)‡
ASTT, 2 RBU 1200 (10 eff.), 1 76mm gun
AAM • IR R-3 ‡ (AA-2 Atoll); R-60 (AA-8 Aphid); R-73
PBF 6 Osa II† (FSU) each with 4 single lnchr (for P-15 (AA-11 Archer) IR/SARH R-23/24 ‡ (AA-7 Apex); R-27
Termit (SS-N-2B Styx) AShM – missiles removed to (AA-10 Alamo)
coastal defence units)
MINE WARFARE AND MINE COUNTERMEASURES 5 Paramilitary 26,500 active
MHI 3 Yevgenya† (FSU)
MSC 2 Sonya† (FSU) State Security 20,000
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 1 AG; 1 ABU; 1 AX Ministry of Interior
386 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

Border Guards 6,500 Air Manoeuvre


Ministry of Interior 1 air cav bde (1 cdo bn, 1 (6th) mtn regt, 1 hel sqn with
Bell 205 (op by Air Force); OH-58 Kiowa; R-22; R-44
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 20
Raven II)
PCC: 2 Stenka
Other
PB 18 Zhuk 1 (Presidential Guard) gd regt
1 (MoD) sy bn
Youth Labour Army 70,000 reservists COMBAT SUPPORT
Civil Defence Force 50,000 reservists 2 arty bn
1 engr bn
Territorial Militia ε1,000,000 reservists EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
LT TK 12 M41B (76mm)
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

APC (W) 8 LAV-150 Commando


FOREIGN FORCES ARTY 104
United States US Southern Command: 881 at Guantánamo TOWED 105mm 16: 4 M101; 12 Reinosa 105/26
Bay MOR 88: 81mm 60 M1; 107mm 4 M-30; 120mm 24 Expal
Model L
AT
Dominican Republic DOM RCL 106mm 20 M40A1
Dominican Peso pRD 2010 2011 2012 GUNS 37mm 20 M3
GDP pRD 1.90tr 2.12tr HELICOPTERS
ISR 8: 4 OH-58A Kiowa; 4 OH-58C Kiowa
US$ 51.3bn 55.5bn
TPT • Light 6: 4 R-22; 2 R-44 Raven II
per capita US$ 5,000 5,576
Growth % 7.75 4.50 Navy 4,000
Inflation % 6.3 8.3 HQ located at Santo Domingo
Def bdgt pRD 8.57bn 8.74bn 9.6bn FORCES BY ROLE
US$ 231m 229m SPECIAL FORCES
FMA US$ 1.0m - 1 (SEAL) SF unit
MANOEUVRE
US$1=pRD 37.09 38.18
Amphibious
Population 9,956,648 1 mne sy unit
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 19
Male 15.0% 4.9% 4.6% 4.2% 19.0% 3.0% PCO 2 Balsam
Female 14.5% 4.7% 4.4% 4.0% 18.2% 3.5% PCC 2 Tortuguero (US ABU)
PB 15: 2 Altair (Swiftships 35m); 4 Bellatrix (US Sewart
Capabilities Seacraft); 2 Canopus; 4 Hamal (Damen Stan 1505);
3 Point
ACTIVE 24,500 (Army 15,000 Navy 4,000 Air 5,500) AMPHIBIOUS 1 Neyba (US LCU 1675)
Paramilitary 15,000 LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • AT 1

ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE Air Force 5,500


Flying hours 60 hrs/year
Army 15,000 FORCES BY ROLE
5 Defence Zones GROUND ATTACK
FORCES BY ROLE 1 sqn with EMB-314 Super Tucano*
SEARCH & RESCUE
SPECIAL FORCES
1 sqn with Bell 205 (UH-1H Huey II); Bell 205 (UH-1H
3 SF bn
Iroquois); Bell 430 (VIP); OH-58 Kiowa (CH-136); S-333
MANOEUVRE
TRANSPORT
Mechanised 1 sqn with C-212-400 Aviocar; Cessna 206; PA-31 Navajo
1 armd bn TRAINING
Light 1 sqn with T-35B Pillan
1 (2nd) inf bde (4 inf bn, 1 mtn inf bn) AIR DEFENCE
2 (1st & 3rd) inf bde (3 inf bn) 1 ADA bn with 20mm guns
2 (4th & 5th) inf bde (2 inf bn) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 (6th) inf bde (1 inf bn) AIRCRAFT 8 combat capable
Latin America and the Caribbean 387

TPT • Light 5: 3 C-212-400 Aviocar; 1 Cessna 206; 1 PA- Light


31 Navajo 1 (1st) inf bde (1 SF sqn, 1 armd cav gp, 1 armd recce
TRG 14: 8 EMB-314 Super Tucano*; 6 T-35B Pillan sqn, 3 inf bn, 1 med coy)
HELICOPTERS 1 (3rd) inf bde (1 SF gp, 1 mech cav gp, 1 inf bn, 1 arty
ISR 9 OH-58 Kiowa (CH-136) gp, 1 hvy mor coy, 1 cbt engr coy, 1 sigs coy, 1 log
TPT • Light 24: 8 Bell 205 (UH-1H Huey II); 12 Bell 205 coy)
(UH-1H Iroquois); 2 Bell 430 (VIP); 2 S-333 1 (7th) inf bde (1 SF sqn, 1 armd recce sqn, 1 mech cav
AD • GUNS 20mm 4 gp, 3 inf bn, 1 jungle bn, 1 arty gp, 1 cbt engr coy, 1
sigs coy, 1 log coy, 1 med coy)
Paramilitary 15,000 1 (13th) inf bde (1 SF sqn, 1 armd recce sqn, 1 mot cav
gp, 3 inf bn, 1 arty gp, 1 hvy mor coy, 1 cbt engr coy,
National Police 15,000 1sigs coy, 1 log coy)
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

Jungle
2 (17th & 21st) jungle bde (3 jungle bn, 1 cbt engr coy, 1
Ecuador ECU sigs coy, 1 log coy)
1 (19th) jungle bde (3 jungle bn, 1 jungle trg bn, 1 cbt
Ecuadorian Sucre ES 2010 2011 2012 engr coy, 1 sigs coy, 1 log coy)
GDP ES 1,484tr 1,671tr Aviation
US$ 58.0bn 65.3bn 1 (15th) avn bde (2 tpt avn gp, 2 hel gp, 1 mixed avn gp)
COMBAT SUPPORT
per capita US$ 4,211 4,351
1 (27th) arty bde (1 SP arty gp, 1 MRL gp, 1 ADA gp, 1
Growth % 3.58 5.78 cbt engr coy, 1 sigs coy, 1 log coy)
Inflation % 3.6 4.4 1 ADA gp
Def bdgt ES 38.7tr 38.5tr 1 (23rd) engr bde (3 engr bn)
US$ 1.51bn 1.51bn 2 indep MP coy
FMA US$ 0.3m 0.75m 1 indep sigs coy
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
US$1=ES 25,587 25,587
1 (25th) log bde
Population 15,007,343 2 log bn
2 indep med coy
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Male 15.3% 4.9% 4.6% 4.1% 17.7% 3.1% MBT 30 Leopard 1V (from Chile, being delivered)
Female 14.7% 4.8% 4.5% 4.2% 18.6% 3.3% LT TK 24 AMX-13

Latin America and


RECCE 67: 25 AML-90; 10 EE-3 Jararaca; 32 EE-9 Cascavel
Capabilities

the Caribbean
APC 123
ACTIVE 58,483 (Army 46,500 Navy 7,283 Air 4,200) APC (T) 95: 80 AMX-VCI; 15 M-113
APC (W) 28: 18 EE-11 Urutu; 10 UR-416
Paramilitary 500
ARTY 541+
Terms of Service conscription 1 year, selective
SP 155mm 5 (AMX) Mk F3
RESERVE 118,000 (Joint 118,000) TOWED 100: 105mm 78: 30 M101; 24 M2A2; 24 Model 56
Ages 18–55 pack howitzer; 155mm 22: 12 M114; 10 M198
MRL 24: 18 122mm BM-21, 6 RM-70
MOR 412+: 81mm 400 M-29; 107mm M-30 (4.2in);
ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE
160mm 12 M-66 Soltam
AT
Army 46,500 RCL 404: 106mm 24 M40A1; 90mm 380 M67
FORCES BY ROLE AIRCRAFT
gp are bn sized. TPT • Light 17: 1 Beech 200 King Air; 2 C-212; 2 CN-235;
COMMAND 4 Cessna 172; 2 Cessna 206; 1 Cessna 500 Citation I; 4 IAI-
4 div HQ 201 Arava; 1 PC-6B Turbo-Porter
SPECIAL FORCES TRG 4: 2 MX-7-235 Star Rocket; 2 T-41D Mescalero
1 (9th) SF bde (3 SF gp; 1 SF sqn, 1 para bn,1 sigs sqn, 1 HELICOPTERS
log comd) MRH 26: 6 Mi-17-1V Hip; 2 SA315B Lama; 18 SA342L
MANOEUVRE Gazelle (13 with HOT for anti-armour role)
Mechanised TPT 10 Medium 7: 5 AS332B Super Puma; 2 Mi-171E (3
1 (11th) armd cav bde (3 armd cav gp, 1 mech inf bn, 1 SA330 Puma in store) Light 3 AS350 Ecureuil
SP arty gp, 1 engr gp) AD
1 (5th) inf bde (1 SF sqn, 2 mech cav gp, 2 inf bn, 1 cbt SAM • MANPAD 185+: 75 Blowpipe; 20+ 9K32 Strela-2
engr coy, 1 sigs coy, 1 log coy) (SA-7 Grail)‡; 90 9K39 Igla (SA-18 Grouse)
388 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

GUNS 240 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE


SP 44 M-163 Vulcan ARTY • MOR 32+ 60mm/81mm/120mm
TOWED 196: 14.5mm 128 ZPU-1/-2; 20mm 38: 28 AD • SAM • MANPAD 64 Mistral/SA-18 Grouse (Igla)
M-1935, 10 M-167 Vulcan; 40mm 30 L/70/M1A1
Air Force 4,200
Navy 7,283 (incl Naval Aviation, Marines and
Coast Guard) Operational Command
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE FORCES BY ROLE
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 2: FIGHTER
2 Shyri† (GER T-209/1300, undergoing refit in Chile) each 1 sqn with Cheetah C/D; Mirage 50DV/EV
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
with 8 single 533mm TT each with SUT HWT
2 sqn with EMB-314 Super Tucano*
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 2
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

1 sqn with Kfir C.10 (CE); Kfir C-2; Kfir TC-2


FRIGATES 2:
FFGHM 1 Presidente Eloy Alfaro† (ex-UK Leander batch Military Air Transport Group
II) with 4 single lnchr with MM-40 Exocet AShM, 3 twin
FORCES BY ROLE
lnchr with Mistral SAM, 1 twin 114mm gun, (capacity 1
SEARCH & RESCUE/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
Bell 206B Jet Ranger II hel)
1 sqn with Bell 206B Jet Ranger II
FFGH 1 Condell (mod UK Leander; under transfer from
1 sqn with Dhruv; PA-34 Seneca
Chile) with 4 single lnchr with MM-40 Exocet AShM,
TRANSPORT
2 triple ASTT with Mk 46 LWT, 1 twin 114mm gun,
1 sqn with C-130/H Hercules; L-100-30
(capacity 1 Bell 206B Jet Ranger II hel)
1 sqn with HS-748
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 9 1 sqn with DHC-6-300 Twin Otter
CORVETTES • FSGM 6 Esmeraldas (4†) with 2 triple 1 sqn with B-727; EMB-135BJ Legacy 600; F-28
lnchr with MM-40 Exocet AShM, 1 quad lnchr with Aspide Fellowship; Sabreliner 40/60
SAM, 2 triple B515 ILAS-3 324mm with A244 LWT, 1 TRAINING
76mm gun, 1 hel landing platform (upgrade programme 1 sqn with Cessna 150/206; MXP-650; T-34C Turbo
ongoing) Mentor
PCFG 3 Quito (GER Lurssen TNC-45 45m) with 4 single
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
lnchr with MM-38 Exocet AShM, 1 76mm gun (upgrade
AIRCRAFT 52 combat capable
programme ongoing)
FGA 34: 1 Cheetah C; 2 Cheetah D; 4 Kfir C.2; 7 Kfir C.10
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 8:
(CE); 2 Kfir TC.2; 1 Mirage F-1B (F-1JB); 11 Mirage F-1E
AOL 1 Taurus
(F-1JE); 3 Mirage 50DV; 3 Mirage 50EV
AE 1
TPT 37 Medium 4: 2 C-130B Hercules; 1 C-130H Hercules;
AG 1 1 L-100-30 Light 21: 1 Beech E90 King Air; 7 Cessna 150;
AWT 2 1 Cessna 206; 3 DHC-6 Twin Otter; 1 EMB-135BJ Legacy
AGOS 1 Orion 600; 2 EMB-170; 1 EMB-190; 1 MXP-650; 2 Sabreliner 40;
ATF 1 1 Sabreliner 60; 1 PA-34 Seneca PAX 12: 2 A320; 3 B-727; 1
AXS 1 F-28 Fellowship; 6 HS-748
TRG 30: 18 EMB-314 Super Tucano*; 12 T-34C Turbo
Naval Aviation 375 Mentor
AIRCRAFT
HELICOPTERS
MP 1 CN-235-300M
MRH 4 Dhruv
ISR 3: 2 Beech 200T King Air; 1 Beech 300 Catpass King
TPT • Light 8 Bell 206B Jet Ranger II
Air
MSL • AAM • IR 60 Python III; 50 Python IV; R-550
TPT • Light 3: 1 Beech 200 King Air; 1 Beech 300 King
Magic; Shafrir‡ SARH Super 530
Air; 1 CN-235-100
AD
TRG 6: 2 T-34C Turbo Mentor; 4 T-35B Pillan MSL
HELICOPTERS SAM 7 M48 Chaparral
TPT • Light 9: 3 Bell 206A; 3 Bell 206B; 1 Bell 230; 2 SP 6 9K33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko)
Bell 430 MANPAD 185+: 75 Blowpipe; 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7
UAV • ISR 6: Heavy 2 Heron Medium 4 Searcher Mk.II Grail)‡; 20 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16) Gimlet; 90 9K38 Igla
(SA-18 Grouse)
Marines 2,160 GUNS
FORCES BY ROLE SP 20mm 28 M35
SPECIAL FORCES TOWED 64: 23mm 34 ZU-23; 35mm 30 GDF-002 (twin)
1 cdo unit RADAR: 2 CFTC gap fillers; 2 CETC 2D
MANOEUVRE
Amphibious Paramilitary
5 mne bn (on garrison duties) All police forces; 39,500
Latin America and the Caribbean 389

Police Air Service ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE


HELICOPTERS •
ISR 3 MD530F Army 9,850; 4,000 conscript (total 13,850)
TPT • Light 6: 2 AS350B Ecureuil; 1 Bell 206B Jet FORCES BY ROLE
Ranger, 3 R-44 SPECIAL FORCES
1 spec ops gp (1 SF coy, 1 para bn, 1 (naval inf) coy)
Coast Guard 500 MANOEUVRE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 21 Reconnaissance
PCC 3 Isla Fernandina (Vigilante) 1 armd cav regt (2 armd cav bn)
PB 10: 4 10 de Agosto; 2 Espada; 1 Isla Isabela; 2 Manta Light
(GER Lurssen 36m); 1 Point 5 inf bde with (3 inf bn)
PBR 8: 2 Río Esmeraldas; 6 Rio Puyango Other
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

1 (special) sy bde (2 border gd bn, 2 MP bn)


COMBAT SUPPORT
DEPLOYMENT 1 arty bde (2 fd arty bn, 1 AD bn)
CÔTE D’IVOIRE 1 engr comd (2 engr bn)
UN • UNOCI 1 obs EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
RECCE 5 AML-90; 4 (in store)
HAITI APC (W) 38: 30 M-37B1 Cashuat (mod); 8 UR-416
UN • MINUSTAH 67; elm 1 engr coy ARTY 217+
TOWED 105mm 54: 36 M102; 18 M-56 (FRY)
LIBERIA
MOR 163+: 81mm 151 M-29; 120mm 12+: (M-74 in store);
UN • UNMIL 1; 2 obs 12 UBM 52
SOUTH SUDAN AT
RCL 399: 106mm 20 M40A1 (incl 16 SP); 90mm 379 M67
UN • UNMISS 8 obs
AD • GUNS 35: 20mm 31 M-55; 4 TCM-20
SUDAN
UN • UNAMID 1 obs Navy 700 (incl some 90 Naval Inf and SF)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 11
PCO 1 Balsam
El Salvador SLV PB 10: 3 Camcraft (30m);1 Point; 1 Swiftships 77; 1
El Salvador Colon C 2010 2011 2012 Swiftships 15; 4 Type 44 (ex-USCG)

Latin America and


AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT
GDP C 189bn 199bn

the Caribbean
LCM 3
US$ 21.2bn 22.6bn
per capita US$ 3505 3,725 Naval Inf (SF Commandos) 90
Growth % 1.43 2.00 FORCES BY ROLE
Inflation % 1.2 4.6 SPECIAL FORCES
1 SF coy
Def exp C 1.2bn
US$ 135m Air Force 771 (incl 200 Air Defence)
Def bdgt C 1.15bn 1.21bn Flying hours 90 hrs/year on A-37 Dragonfly
US$ 129m 138m 141m
FORCES BY ROLE
FMA US$ 1.0m 4.8m FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK/ISR
US$1=C 8.92 8.79 1 sqn with A-37B Dragonfly; O-2A Skymaster*
Population 6,071,774 TRANSPORT
1 sqn with BT-67; Cessna 210 Centurion; Cessna 337G;
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Commander 114; IAI-202 Arava; SA-226T Merlin IIIB
Male 15.7% 5.7% 4.7% 3.9% 15.5% 2.9% TRAINING
1 sqn with R-235GT Guerrier; T-35 Pillan; T-41D
Female 14.9% 5.5% 4.8% 4.1% 18.8% 3.6%
Mescalero; TH-300
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
Capabilities 1 sqn with Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois); Bell 407; Bell
ACTIVE 15,500 (Army 13,850 Navy 700 Air 771) 412EP Twin Huey; MD-500E; UH-1M Iroquois
Paramilitary 17,000 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Terms of Service conscription 18 months voluntary AIRCRAFT 16 combat capable
ATK 4 A-37B Dragonfly
RESERVE 9,900 (Joint 9,900) ISR 12: 7 O-2A/B Skymaster*; 5 OA-37B Dragonfly*
390 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

TPT • Light 10: 2 BT-67; 2 Cessna 210 Centurion; 1


Cessna 337G Skymaster; 1 Commander 114; 3 IAI-201 Guatemala GUA
Arava; 1 SA-226T Merlin IIIB
Guatemalan Quetzal q 2010 2011 2012
TRG 11: 5 R-235GT Guerrier; 5 T-35 Pillan; 1 T-41D
Mescalero GDP q 332bn 367bn
HELICOPTERS US$ 40.4bn 46.4bn
MRH 11: 4 Bell 412EP Twin Huey; 5 MD-500E; 2 UH-1M per capita US$ 2,985 3,355
Iroquois
Growth % 2.76 2.85
TPT• Light 19: 18 Bell-205 (UH-1H Iroquois) (incl 4
SAR); 1 Bell 407 (VIP tpt, govt owned) Inflation % 3.9 6.3
TRG 5 TH-300 Def exp q 1.28bn
MSL • AAM • IR Shafrir ‡ US$ 156m
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

Def bdgt q 1.37bn 1.55bn 1.61bn


Paramilitary 17,000 US$ 167m 196m
National Civilian Police 17,000 FMA US$ 1.765m 1.0m
Ministry of Public Security US$1=q 8.20 7.92
AIRCRAFT
Population 13,824,463
ISR 1 O-2A Skymaster
TPT • Light 1 Cessna 310 Age 0–14 15 –19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
HELICOPTERS
Male 19.4% 6.0% 5.1% 4.0% 13.1% 1.8%
MRH 2 MD-520N
TPT • Light 1 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois);2 R-44 Female 18.7% 5.9% 5.2% 4.2% 14.6% 2.1%

Capabilities
DEPLOYMENT
ACTIVE 15,212 (Army 13,444 Navy 897 Air 871)
AFGHANISTAN
Paramilitary 19,000
NATO • ISAF 24
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
RESERVE 63,863 (Navy 650 Air 900 Armed Forces
UN • UNOCI 3 obs 62,313)

LEBANON (National Armed Forces are combined; the army provides


UN • UNIFIL 52; 1 inf pl log spt for navy and air force)

LIBERIA
UN • UNMIL 2 obs ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE
SOUTH SUDAN
Army 13,444
UN • UNMISS 4 obs 15 Military Zones
WESTERN SAHARA FORCES BY ROLE
UN • MINURSO 3 obs SPECIAL FORCES
1 SF bde (1 SF bn, 1 trg bn)
FOREIGN FORCES MANOEUVRE
Light
United States US Southern Command: 1 Forward
Operating Location (Military, DEA, USCG and Customs 1 (strategic reserve) mech bde (1 inf bn, 1 cav regt, 1 log
personnel) coy)
6 inf bde (1 inf bn)
Air Manoeuvre
1 AB bde with (2 AB bn)
Other
1 (Presidential) gd bde (1 gd bn, 1 MP bn, 1 CSS coy)
COMBAT SUPPORT
1 engr comd (1 engr bn, 1 construction bn)
1 MP bde with (1 MP bn)

Reserves
FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE
Light
ε19 inf bn
Latin America and the Caribbean 391

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Paramilitary 19,000 active (incl Treasury Police)


RECCE (7 M8 in store)
APC 47 National Police 16,500
APC (T) 10 M113 (5 more in store) FORCES BY ROLE
APC (W) 37: 30 Armadillo; 7 V-100 Commando SPECIAL FORCES
ARTY 149 1 SF bn
TOWED 105mm 76: 12 M101; 8 M102; 56 M-56 MANOEUVRE
MOR 73: 81mm 55 M1 107mm (12 M-30 in store) Other
120mm 18 ECIA 1 (integrated task force) paramilitary unit (incl mil
AT and treasury police)
RCL 120+: 105mm 64 M-1974 FMK-1 (Arg); 106mm 56
M40A1; 75mm M20
Treasury Police 2,500
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

AD • GUNS • TOWED 32: 20mm 16 GAI-D01; 16 M-55


DEPLOYMENT
Navy 897
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
UN • UNOCI 5 obs
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 10
PB 10: 6 Cutlass; 1 Dauntless; 1 Kukulkan (US Broadsword DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO
32m); 2 Sewart UN • MONUSCO 150; 8 obs; 1 SF coy
HAITI
Marines 650 reservists UN • MINUSTAH 148; 1 MP coy
FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE LEBANON
Amphibious UN • UNIFIL 3
2 mne bn (-) SOUTH SUDAN
UN • UNMISS 4 ob
Air Force 871
SUDAN
2 Air Comd
UN • UNAMID 2 obs
FORCES BY ROLE
UN • UNISFA 1 obs
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK/ISR
1 sqn with A-37B Dragonfly
1 sqn with PC-7 Turbo Trainer*
Guyana GUY

Latin America and


TRANSPORT

the Caribbean
1 sqn with BT-67; Beech 90/100/200/300 King Air; IAI-201 Guyanese Dollar G$ 2010 2011 2012
Arava
GDP G$ 460bn 507bn
1 (tactical support) sqn with Cessna 206; PA-31 Navajo
TRAINING US$ 2.24bn 2.47bn
1 sqn with Cessna R172K Hawk XP; T-35B Pillan per capita US$ 2,989 3,310
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER Growth % 4.37 5.26
1 sqn with Bell 206 Jet Ranger; Bell 212 (armed); Bell 412 Inflation % 3.7 5.8
Twin Huey (armed); UH-1H Iroquois Def bdgt G$ 5.86bn 6.1bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE US$ 29m 30m
Serviceability of ac is less than 50% FMA US$ 0.3m -
AIRCRAFT 9 combat capable
US$1=G$ 205.65 205.66
ATK 2 A-37B Dragonfly
TPT • Light 20: 1 Beech 90 King Air; 1 Beech 100 King Population 744,768
Air; 1 Beech 200 King Air; 4 BT-67; 2 Cessna 206; 1 Cessna
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
208B; 5 Cessna R172K Hawk XP; 4 IAI-201 Arava; 1 PA-31
Male 16.2% 5.7% 4.6% 3.8% 17.4% 2.0%
Navajo
TRG 11: 7 PC-7 Turbo Trainer*; 4 T-35B Pillan Female 15.7% 5.4% 4.3% 3.4% 18.5% 2.8%
HELICOPTERS
MRH 2 Bell 412 Twin Huey (armed)
Capabilities
TPT • Light 19: 3 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois); 9 Bell 206 Jet ACTIVE 1,100 (Army 900 Navy 100 Air 100)
Ranger; 7 Bell 212 (armed) Paramilitary 1,500
Active numbers combined Guyana Defence Force
Tactical Security Group
Air Military Police RESERVE 670 (Army 500 Navy 170)
392 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE Capabilities


No active armed forces. On 1 June 2004, following a period
Army 900 of armed conflict, the United Nations established a multi-
FORCES BY ROLE national stabilisation mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). The
SPECIAL FORCES mission has an authorised strength of up to 7,340 military
1 SF coy personnel and 3,241 civilian police. A National Police Force
MANOUEVRE of some 2,000 pers remains operational.
Light
1 inf bn
Other FOREIGN FORCES
1 (Presidential) gd bn Argentina 721; 1 inf bn; 1 avn coy; 1 fd hospital
COMBAT SUPPORT Bolivia 207; 1 inf coy
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

1 (spt wpn) cbt spt coy Brazil 2,188; 2 inf bn; 1 engr coy
1 engr coy Canada 11
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Chile 500; 1 inf bn; 1 avn coy; elm 1 engr coy
RECCE 9: 6 EE-9 Cascavel (reported); 3 S52 Shorland Ecuador 67; elm 1 engr coy
ARTY 54 France 2
TOWED 130mm 6 M-46†
Guatemala 148; 1 MP coy
MOR 48: 81mm 12 L16A1; 82mm 18 M-43; 120mm 18
Indonesia 20
M-43
Japan 225; 1 engr coy
Navy 100 Jordan 612; 1 inf bn
Korea, Republic of 242; 1 engr coy
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 5 Nepal 1,075; 2 inf bn
PCO 1 Essequibo (ex-UK River) Paraguay 131; 1 engr coy
PB 4 Barracuda Peru 372; 1 inf coy
Philippines 173; 1 HQ coy
Air Force 100 Sri Lanka 960; 1 inf bn
FORCES BY ROLE United States 8
TRANSPORT Uruguay 1,090; 2 inf bn; 1 mne coy, 1 avn sect
1 unit with Bell 206; Cessna U206G; Y-12 (II)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 2: 1 Cessna 206; 1 Y-12 (II)
Honduras HND
HELICOPTERS Honduran Lempira L 2010 2011 2012
MRH 1 Bell 412 Twin Huey†
GDP L 291bn 328bn
TPT • Light 2 Bell 206
US$ 15.1bn 17.1bn
Paramilitary 1,500+ per capita US$ 1,892 2,095
Growth % 2.77 3.46
Guyana People’s Militia 1,500+ Inflation % 4.7 7.8
Def bdgta L 2.59bn 2.68bn
US$ 135m 140m
Haiti HTI FMA US$ 1.075m 1.3m
Haitian Gourde G 2010 2011 2012 US$1=L 19.25 19.22
GDP G 265bn 298bn a
Excludes military pensions
US$ 6.54bn 7.27bn Population 8,143,564
per capita US$ 678 747
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Growth % -5.42 6.14
Inflation % 4.1 7.3 Male 18.8% 5.7% 5.1% 4.4% 14.6% 1.7%
FMA US$ 1.6m 1.6m Female 18.0% 5.5% 4.9% 4.3% 14.9% 2.1%

US$1=G 40.53 41.02


Capabilities
Population 9,719,932
ACTIVE 12,000 (Army 8,300 Navy 1,400 Air 2,300)
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Paramilitary 8,000
Male 18.0% 5.7% 4.9% 4.2% 15.0% 1.8% RESERVE 60,000 (Joint 60,000; Ex-servicemen
Female 17.9% 5.7% 5.0% 4.3% 15.4% 2.2% registered)
Latin America and the Caribbean 393

ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE TRANSPORT


1 sqn with C-130A Hercules; Cessna 185/210; IAI-201
Arava
Army 8,300
1 VIP flt with PA-31 Navajo; Bell 412SP Twin Huey
6 Military Zones
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
FORCES BY ROLE
1 sqn with Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois); Bell 412SP Twin
SPECIAL FORCES
Huey
1 (special tac) SF gp (1 SF bn, 1 inf/AB bn)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MANOEUVRE
Mechanised AIRCRAFT 19 combat capable
1 armd cav regt (1 recce sqn, 1 lt tk sqn, 2 mech bn, 1 FTR 11: 9 F-5E Tiger II; 2 F-5F Tiger II
arty bty, 1 ADA bty) ATK 8 A-37B Dragonfly
TPT 7 Medium 1 C-130A Hercules Light 6: 2 Cessna 182
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

Light
3 inf bde (3 inf bn, 1 arty bn) Skylane; 1 Cessna 185; 1 Cessna 210; 1 IAI-201 Arava; 1
1 inf bde (3 inf bn) PA-31 Navajo
Other TRG 12: 9 EMB-312 Tucano; 3 MXT-7-180 Star Rocket
1 (Presidential) gd coy HELICOPTERS
COMBAT SUPPORT MRH 7: 5 Bell 412SP Twin Huey; 2 Hughes 500
1 engr bn TPT • Light 2 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois)
MSL • AAM • IR Shafrir‡
Reserves
FORCES BY ROLE Paramilitary 8,000
MANOEUVRE
Public Security Forces 8,000
Light
Ministry of Public Security and Defence; 11 regional
1 inf bde
comd
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
LT TK 12 Scorpion
RECCE 57: 13 RBY-1 RAMTA; 40 Saladin; 3 Scimitar; 1 DEPLOYMENT
Sultan WESTERN SAHARA
ARTY 118+
UN • MINURSO 12 obs
TOWED 28: 105mm: 24 M-102; 155mm: 4 M-198
MOR 90+: 60mm; 81mm; 120mm 60 FMK-2; 160mm 30
M-66 Soltam FOREIGN FORCES

Latin America and


AT • RCL 170: 106mm 50 M40A1; 84mm 120 Carl Gustav United States US Southern Command: 358; 1 avn bn with

the Caribbean
AD • GUNS 48: 20mm 24 M-55A2; 24 TCM-20 CH-47 Chinook; UH-60 Black Hawk

Navy 1,400
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Jamaica JAM
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 17
PB 17: 1 Chamelecon (Swift 26m); 1 Tegucilgalpa (US Jamaican Dollar J$ 2010 2011 2012
Guardian 32m); 4 Guanaja; 3 Guaymuras (Swift 31m); 6 GDP J$ 1.16tr 1.26tr
Nacaome (Swiftship, 65); 2 F&H (US PB Mk III) US$ 13.2bn 14.6bn
AMPHIBIOUS • LCU 1 Punta Caxinas per capita US$ 4,632 5,078
Marines 830 Growth % -1.22 1.49

FORCES BY ROLE Inflation % 12.6 8.1


MANOEUVRE Def exp J$ 8.99bn
Amphibious US$ 102m
1 mne bn Def bdgt J$ 9.9bn 8.99bn
US$ 112m 104m
Air Force 2,300 FMA US$ 0.5m -
FORCES BY ROLE US$1=J$ 88.15 86.65
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
1 sqn with A-37B Dragonfly Population 2,868,380
1 sqn with F-5E/F Tiger II
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
GROUND ATTACK/ISR/TRAINING
Male 15.3% 5.7% 5.2% 4.6% 15.4% 3.4%
1 unit with Cessna 182 Skylane; EMB-312 Tucano; MXT-
7-180 Star Rocket Female 14.8% 5.6% 5.2% 4.7% 16.0% 4.2%
394 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

Capabilities FOREIGN FORCES


Canada Operation Jaguar: 65 (SAR spt)
ACTIVE 2,830 (Army 2,500 Coast Guard 190 Air 140)
(combined Jamaican Defence Force)

RESERVE 953 (Army 877 Navy 60 Air 16) Mexico MEX


Mexican Peso NP 2010 2011 2012
ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE GDP NP 13.1tr 14.1tr
US$ 1.03tr 1.16tr
Army 2,500
per capita US$ 9,190 10,153
FORCES BY ROLE
Growth % 5.42 3.79
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

MANOEUVRE
Light Inflation % 4.2 3.4
2 inf bn Def exp NP 68.4bn
COMBAT SUPPORT US$ 5.41bn
1 engr regt (4 engr sqn) Def bdgta NP 58.4bn 62.8bn
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT US$ 4.62bn 5.15bn
1 log bn
FMA (US) US$ 265.25m 8.0m
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US$1=NP 12.65 12.19
APC (W) 4 LAV-150 Commando a
Excluding paramilitaries
MOR 81mm 12 L16A1
Population 113,724,226
Reserves
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE Male 14.4% 4.8% 4.5% 4.0% 18.3% 2.9%
Light Female 13.8% 4.7% 4.5% 4.2% 20.4% 3.6%
1 inf bn
Capabilities
Coast Guard 190 ACTIVE 280,250 (Army 212,000 Navy 56,500 Air
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
11,750) Paramilitary 51,500
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 11
PBF 3 Reserve 87,344 (National Military Service)
PB 8: 3 Cornwall (Damen Stan 4207); 4 Dauntless; 1 Paul
Bogle (US 31m) ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE
Air Wing 140 Army 212,000
Plus National Reserve
12 regions (total: 46 army zones). The Army consists of
FORCES BY ROLE
one manoeurvre corps (1st), with three inf bde and one
MARITIME PATROL/TRANSPORT
armd bde, one SF corps one AB corps and one MP corps.
1 flt with BN-2A Defender; Cessna 210M Centurion Command and control functions have been redesigned
SEARCH & RESCUE/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER and decentralised, allowing greater independence for each
1 flt with Bell 407 of the 12 Military Region commanders and establishing C4
1 flt with Bell 412EP units in every region.
TRAINING
FORCES BY ROLE
1 unit with Bell 206B-3; DA-40-180FP Diamond Star
SPECIAL FORCES
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 3 SF bde (12 SF bn)
AIRCRAFT 1 amph SF bde (5 SF bn)
TPT • Light 4: 1 BN-2A Defender; 1 Cessna 210M MANOEUVRE
Centurion; 2 DA40-180FP Diamond Star Reconnaissance
HELICOPTERS 2 armd bde (2 armd recce bn, 2 lt armd recce bn, 1
MRH 3 Bell 412EP (Canon) AT gp)
TPT • Light 5: 2 Bell 206B-3 Jet Ranger; 3 Bell 407 3 armd recce regt
2 lt armd recce regt
DEPLOYMENT 24 mot recce regt
Light
SIERRA LEONE 1 (1st) armd corps (1 armd bde (2 armd recce bn, 2 lt
IMATT 1 armd recce bn, 1 (Canon) AT gp), 3 inf/rapid reaction
Latin America and the Caribbean 395

bde (each: 3 inf bn, 1 arty regt, 1 (Canon) AT gp), 1 cbt 3 Sierra (capacity 1 MD-902 Explorer);
engr bde (3 engr bn)) 6 Uribe (ESP Halcon) (capacity 1 Bo-105 hel)
3 indep lt inf bde (2 lt inf bn, 1 (Canon) AT gp) PCO 10 Leandro Valle (US Auk MSF) with 1 76mm gun
107 indep inf bn (being withdrawn from service; to be replaced with 4
12 indep inf coy additional Oaxaca class)
Air Manoeuvre PCG 2 Huracan (ISR Aliya) with 4 single lnchr with
1 para bde with (1 (GAFE) SF gp, 3 bn, 1 (Canon) AT gp)
Gabriel II AShM, 1 Phalanx CIWS
Other
PCC 2 Democrata
1 (Presidential) gd corps (1 SF gp, 1 mech inf bde (2 inf
bn, 1 aslt bn) 1 mne bn (Navy), 1 cbt engr bn, 1 MP PBF 69: 6 Acuario; 2 Acuario B; 4 Isla (US Halter); 48 Polaris
bde (3 bn, 1 special ops anti-riot coy)) (SWE CB90); 9 Polaris II (SWE IC 16M; additional vessels
COMBAT SUPPORT under construction)
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

6 indep arty regt PB 15: 10 Azteca; 3 Cabo (US Cape Higgon); 2 Punta (US
2 MP bde (3 MP bn) Point)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE AMPHIBIOUS • LS • LST 3: 2 Papaloapan (US Newport); 1
RECCE 237: 124 ERC-90F1 Lynx (4 trg); 40 M-8; 41 MAC-1; Panuco (ex US LST-1152)
32 VBL LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 17:
APC 706 AK 2
APC (T) 472: 398 DNC-1 (mod AMX-VCI); 40 HWK-11; AGOR 3: 2 Robert D. Conrad; 1 Humboldt
34 M-5A1 half-track AGS 4
APC (W) 234: 95 BDX; 25 DN-4; 19 DN-5 Toro; 26 LAV- ATF 4
150 ST; 25 MOWAG Roland; 44 VCR (3 amb; 5 cmd post) TRG 4: 1 Manuel Azuela; 2 Huasteco (also serve as troop
ARTY 1,390
transport, supply and hospital ships)
TOWED 123: 105mm 123: 40 M101; 40 M-56; 16 M2A1,
AX 1
14 M-3; 13 NORINCO M-90
MOR 1,267: 81mm 400 M1, 400 Brandt, 300 SB
Naval Aviation 1,250
120mm 167: 75 Brandt; 60 M-65; 32 RT61
AT FORCES BY ROLE
MSL • SP 8 Milan (VBL) MARITIME PATROL
RCL 1,187+ 5 sqn with Cessna 404 Titan; MX-7 Star Rocket;
SP 106mm M40A1 Lancair IV-P
106mm M40A1 1 sqn with CASA 212PM Aviocar*; CN-235 MPA
GUNS 37mm 30 M3 Persuader
AD 1 sqn with L-90 Redigo

Latin America and


GUNS 80 TRANSPORT

the Caribbean
TOWED 12.7mm 40 M-55; 20mm 40 GAI-B01 1 sqn with An-32B Cline
ARV 3 M-32 Recovery Sherman 1 (VIP) sqn with DHC-8 Dash 8; Learjet 24; Turbo
Commander 1000
Navy 56,500 TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
HQ at Acapulco; HQ (exercise) at Vera Cruz. Two Fleet
2 sqn with AS-555 Fennec; AS-565MB Panther; MD-
Commands: Gulf (6 zones), Pacific (11 zones)
602; PZL Mi-2 Hoplite
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
2 sqn with Bo-105 CBS-5
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 7
FRIGATES 7: 5 sqn with Mi-8 Hip; Mi-17 Hip H
FFGHM 4 Allende (US Knox) with 1 octuple Mk112 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
lnchr with ASROC/RGM-84C Harpoon AShM, 1 Mk29 AIRCRAFT 7 combat capable
GMLS with Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 twin 324mm ASTT ISR 7 CASA 212PM Aviocar*
with Mk46 LWT, 1 127mm gun, (capacity 1 MD-902 MR 4 CN-235 MPA Persuader
hel) TPT • Light 21: 3 An-32B Cline; 2 C-295M; 1 Cessna
FF 3: 404 Titan; 1 DHC-8 Dash 8; 6 Lancair IV-P; 3 Learjet 24;
1 Quetzalcoatl with 2 twin 127mm gun, 1 hel landing 5 Turbo Commander 1000
platform
TRG 15: 3 L-90TP Redigo; 4 MX-7 Star Rocket; 8 Z-242L
2 Bravo (US Bronstein) with 1 octuple Mk112 lnchr
HELICOPTERS
with ASROC, 2 triple 324mm ASTT with Mk46 LWT,
1 twin 76mm gun, 1 hel landing platform MRH 7: 2 AS555 Fennec; 4 MD-500E; 1 Mi-17-V5 Hip
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 119 MRH/TPT 22 Mi-8 Hip (med tpt)/Mi-17 Hip H
PSOH 4 Oaxaca with 1 76mm gun (capacity 1 AS-565MB SAR 4 AS565MB Panther
Panther hel) TPT 23 Medium 3 UH-60M Black Hawk Light 20:
PCOH 17 : 4 Durango (capacity 1 Bo-105 hel); 11 Bo-105 CBS-5; 6 MD-902 (SAR role); 2 PZL Mi-2
4 Holzinger (capacity 1 MD-902 Explorer); Hoplite; 1 R-44
396 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

Marines 19,533 (Expanding to 30,000) ISR UAV


1 unit with Hermes 450; Skylark Mk.I
FORCES BY ROLE
SPECIAL FORCES EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
3 SF unit AIRCRAFT 76 combat capable
MANOEUVRE FTR 10: 8 F-5E Tiger II; 2 F-5F Tiger II
Light ISR 6: 2 SA-2-37A; 4 SA-227-BC Metro III (C-26B)
32 inf bn(-) ELINT 2 EMB-145RS
Air Manoeuvre AEW&C 1 EMB-145AEW Erieye
1 AB bn TPT 116 Medium 8: 1 C-27J Spartan; 2 C-130E Hercules;
Amphibious 4 C-130K Hercules; 1 L-100-30 Light 100: 2 Beech 90 King
Air; 1 Beech 200 King Air; 5 C-295M; 59 Cessna 182;
2 amph bde
3 Cessna 206; 8 Cessna T206H; 1 Cessna 500 Citation;
Other
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

3 IAI-101B Arava; 2 IAI 102 Arava; 6 IAI-202 Arava; 1


1 (Presidential) gd bn (included in army Presidential
L-1329 Jetstar 8; 2 Learjet 35A; 1 Learjet 36; 4 PC-6B; 1
Guard corps above)
Turbo Commander 680 PAX 8: 3 B-727; 2 B-737; 1 B-757; 2
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
Gulfstream III
2 CSS bn
TRG 118: 20 Beech F33C Bonanza; 64 PC-7*; 2 PC-9M*; 7
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE PT-17; 25 SF-260EU
APC (W) 29: 3 BTR-60 (APC-60); 26 BTR-70 (APC-70) HELICOPTERS
ARTY 122 MRH 31: 11 Bell 412EP Twin Huey; 20 Mi-17 Hip H
TOWED 105mm 16 M-56 ISR 15: 5 MD-530MF; 9 MD-530MG
MRL 122mm 6 Firos-25 TPT 108 Heavy 7: 2 EC725 Super Cougar; 1 Mi-26T Halo;
MOR 60mm/81mm 100 4 S-65C Yas’ur 2000 Medium 22: 4 AS332L Super Puma; 2
RCL 106mm M-40A1 AS532UL Cougar (on loan); 2 EC225 (VIP); 8 Mi-8T Hip;
AD • SAM • MANPAD 5+ 9K38 Igla (SA-18 Grouse) 6 S-70A-24 Black Hawk Light 79: 45 Bell 206; 13 Bell 206B
JetRanger II; 7 Bell 206L; 14 Bell 212
Air Force 11,750 UAV • ISR 4 Medium 2 Hermes 450 Light 2 Skylark Mk.I
FORCES BY ROLE MSL • AAM • IR AIM-9J Sidewinder
FIGHTER
1 sqn with F-5E/F Tiger II Paramilitary 51,500
GROUND ATTACK/ISR
4 sqn with PC-7*
Federal Preventive Police 29,000
1 sqn with PC-7*/PC-9M Public Security Secretariat
ISR/AEW AIRCRAFT
1 sqn with EMB-145AEW Erieye; EMB-145RS; SA-2-37B; TPT 13 Light 7: 2 CN-235M; 2 Cessna 182 Skylane; 1
Cessna 500 Citation; 2 Turbo Commander 695 PAX 6: 4
SA-227-BC Metro III (C-26B)
B-727; 1 Falcon 20; 1 Gulfstream II
TRANSPORT
HELICOPTERS
1 sqn with IAI-201 Arava; C-295M; PC-6B
MRH 3 Mi-17 Hip H
1 squadron with B-727; Beech 90
TPT 24 Medium 10: 1 SA330J Puma; 6 UH-60L Black
1 sqn with C-27J Spartan; C-130E/K Hercules; L-100-30
Hawk; 3 UH-60M Black Hawk Light 14: 2 AS350B
6 (liaison) sqn with Cessna 182/206
Ecureuil; 1 AS355 Ecureuil II; 6 Bell 206B; 5 EC-120
1 (anti-narcotic spraying) sqn with Bell 206; Cessna
UAV • ISR • Light 2 S4 Ehécatl
T206H;
1 (Presidential) gp with AS332L Super Puma; B-737; Federal Ministerial Police 4,500
B-757; EC225; Gulfstream III; Learjet 35A; Learjet 36A; HELICOPTERS
Turbo Commander 680 TPT • Light 35: 18 Bell 205 (UH-1H); 7 Bell 212; 10
1 (VIP) gp with B-737; Beech 200 King Air; Cessna 500 Schweizer 333
Citation; L-1329 Jetstar 8; S-70A-24
TRAINING Rural Defense Militia 18,000
1 sqn with Beech F-33C Bonanza FORCES BY ROLE
1 sqn with PC-7* MANOEUVRE Light
1 sqn with SF-260EU 13 inf unit
1 unit with PC-7* 13 (horsed) cav unit
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 sqn with Bell 206B; Bell 212; S-65 Yas’ur 2000
3 sqn with Bell 206B; Bell 212
1 sqn with MD-530F/MG
1 sqn with Mi-8T; Mi-17; Mi-26T
1 sqn with AS532UL Cougar; Bell 412EP Twin Huey;
S-70A-24 Black Hawk
Latin America and the Caribbean 397

MOR 607: 82mm 579; 120mm 24 M-43: 160mm 4 M-160


Nicaragua NIC in store
Nicaraguan Gold Cordoba AT
2010 2011 2012
Co MSL
GDP Co 140bn 159bn SP 12 BRDM-2 Sagger
US$ 6.44bn 7.0bn MANPATS AT-3 9K11 Sagger
per capita US$ 1,149 1,235 RCL 82mm B-10
GUNS 371: 100mm 24 M-1944; 57mm 264 ZIS-2 M-1943;
Growth % 4.48 3.98
90 in store; 76mm 83 ZIS-3
Inflation % 5.5 8.3
AD • SAM • MANPAD 200+ 9K36 Strela-3 (SA-14 Gremlin);
Def exp Co 948m 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet); 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡
US$ 44m AEV T-54/T-55
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

Def bdgt Co 809m 1.21bn 1.55bn VLB TMM-3


US$ 37m 53m
Navy ε800
FMA (US) US$ 0.925m 0.8m
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US$1=Co 21.72 22.68 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 8: 3
Population 5,666,301 Dabur; 4 Rodman 101, 1 Zhuk

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Air Force 1,200
Male 16.5% 5.8% 5.3% 4.7% 16.2% 1.5% FORCES BY ROLE
Female 15.9% 5.7% 5.2% 4.6% 16.7% 1.9% TRANSPORT
1 sqn with An-2 Colt; An-26 Curl; Beech 90 King Air;
Capabilities Cessna U206; Cessna 404 Titan (VIP)
TRAINING
ACTIVE 12,000 (Army 10,000 Navy 800 Air 1,200) 1 unit with Cessna 172; PA-18 Super Cub; PA-28 Cherokee
Terms of service voluntary, 18–36 months
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 sqn with Mi-17 Hip H (VIP/tpt/armed)
ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE AIR DEFENCE
1 gp with ZU-23; C3-Morigla M1
Army ε10,000 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
FORCES BY ROLE AIRCRAFT
SPECIAL FORCES TPT • Light 6: 1 An-2 Colt; 4 An-26 Curl; 1 Cessna 404
1 SF bde with (2 SF bn) Titan (VIP)

Latin America and


the Caribbean
MANOEUVRE TRG 1 T-41D Mescalero
Mechanised HELICOPTERS • MRH 16: 3 Mi-17 Hip H (armed) (2 more
1 mech inf bde with (1 armd recce bn, 1 tk bn, 1 mech on order); 12 Mi-17 Hip H (armed)†; 1 Mi-17 Hip H (VIP)
inf bn, 1 arty bn, 1 MRL bn, 1 AT coy) AD • GUNS 36: 18 ZU-23; 18 C3-Morigla M1
Light MSL • ASM AT-2 Swatter
1 regional comd with (3 lt inf bn)
4 regional comd with (2 lt inf bn)
2 indep lt inf bn Panama PAN
Other Panamanian Balboa B 2010 2011 2012
1 comd regt with (1 inf bn, 1 sy bn, 1 int unit, 1 sigs bn)
COMBAT SUPPORT GDP B 26.8bn 30.2bn
1 engr bn US$ 26.3bn 29.7bn
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT per capita US$ 7,704 8,577
1 med bn Growth % 7.51 7.40
1 tpt regt
Inflation % 3.5 5.7
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Def bdgt B 330m 490m
MBT 62 T-55 (65 more in store)
LT TK 10 PT-76 in store US$ 324m 481m
RECCE 20 BRDM-2 FMA (US) US$ 1.4m 2.1m
APC (W) 86: 41 BTR-152 (61 more in store); 45 BTR-60 (15 US$1=B 1.02 1.02
more in store)
Population 3,460,462
ARTY 800
TOWED 42: 122mm 12 D-30; 152mm 30 D-20 in store Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
MRL 151: 107mm 33 Type-63: 122mm 118: 18 BM-21; 100
Male 14.6% 4.5% 4.3% 4.0% 19.5% 3.3%
GRAD 1P (BM-21P) (single-tube rocket launcher, man
portable) Female 14.0% 4.4% 4.2% 3.9% 19.3% 3.9%
398 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

Capabilities Paraguay PRY


Paramilitary 12,000 Paraguayan Guarani Pg 2010 2011 2012
GDP Pg 84.6tr 96.5tr
ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE US$ 17.5bn 22.7bn
per capita US$ 2,737 3,517
Paramilitary 12,000 Growth % 15.05 6.40
National Police Force 11,000 Inflation % 4.7 8.7
No hy mil eqpt, small arms only Def exp Pg 761bn
FORCES BY ROLE US$ 157m
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

SPECIAL FORCES Def bdgt Pg 678bn 1054bn


1 SF unit (reported)
US$ 140m 248m
MANOEUVRE
FMA (US) US$ - 0.75m
Other
1 (presidential) gd bn (-) US$1=Pg 4848.65 4247.21
8 paramilitary coy Population 6,459,058
18 police coy
COMBAT SUPPORT Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
1 MP bn Male 14.5% 5.5% 4.9% 4.2% 18.2% 2.8%
Female 14.0% 5.4% 4.9% 4.2% 17.9% 3.3%
National Maritime Service ε600
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Capabilities
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 19
PCO 1 Independencia (US Balsam class) ACTIVE 10,650 (Army 7,600 Navy 1,950 Air 1,100)
PB 18: 3 Chiriqui (US); 1 Escudo de Veraguas; 1 Flamenco; 1 Paramilitary 14,800
Naos; 1 Negrita; 1 Nombre de Dios (US MSB 5); 2 Panama; Terms of service 12 months Navy 2 years
2 Panquiaco (UK Vosper 31.5m); 5 Tres De Noviembre
(US Point), 1 Taboga RESERVE 164,500 (Joint 164,500)

National Air Service 400 ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE


FORCES BY ROLE
TRANSPORT
Army 6,100; 1,500 conscript (total 7,600)
1 sqn with BN-2B Islander; C-212M Aviocar; PA-34
Seneca Much of the Paraguayan army is maintained in a cadre
1 (Presidential) flt with Gulfstream II; S-76C state during peacetime; the nominal inf and cav divs are
TRAINING effectively only at coy strength. Active gp/regt are usually
1 unit with Cessna 152; Cessna 172; T-35D Pillan coy sized.
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER FORCES BY ROLE
1 sqn with Bell 205; Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois) Bell 212 MANOEUVRE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Reconnaissance
AIRCRAFT 1 armd cav sqn
TPT 11 Light 10: 1 BN-2B Islander; 5 C-212M Aviocar; Light
1 Cessna 152, 1 Cessna 172; 2 PA-34 Seneca PAX 1 3 inf corps (total: 6 inf div (-); 3 cav div (-), 6 arty bty)
Gulfstream II Other
TRG 6 T-35D Pillan 1 (Presidential) gd regt (1 SF bn, 1 inf bn, 1 sy bn, 1 log
HELICOPTERS gp)
TPT • Light 23: 2 Bell 205; 13 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois); COMBAT SUPPORT
6 Bell 212; 2 S-76C 1 arty bde with (2 arty gp, 1 ADA gp)
1 engr bde with (1 engr regt, 3 construction regt)
1 sigs bn

Reserves
MANOEUVRE
Light
14 inf regt (cadre)
4 cav regt (cadre)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 3 M4A3 Sherman
LT TK 12 M3A1 Stuart (6†)
Latin America and the Caribbean 399

RECCE 28 EE-9 Cascavel EQUIPMENT BY TYPE


APC (T) 20 M9 half-track AIRCRAFT 6 combat capable
APC (W) 12 EE-11 Urutu TPT 18: Light 17: 1 Beech 58 Baron; 4 C-212-200 Aviocar;
ARTY 94 2 C-212-400 Aviocar; 1 Cessna 210 Centurion; 1 Cessna
TOWED 105mm 14 M101 310; 2 Cessna 402B; 2 Cessna U206 Stationair; 1 DHC-6
MOR 81mm 80 Twin Otter; 1 PA-32R Saratoga (EMB-721C Sertanejo); 2
AT PZL-104 Wilga 80 PAX 1 B-707
RCL 75mm M20 TRG 22: 6 EMB-312 Tucano*; 6 T-25 Universal; 7 T-35A
AD • GUNS 19: Pillan; 3 T-35B Pillan
SP 20mm 3 M-9 HELICOPTERS • TPT • Light 9: 3 AS-350 Ecureuil (HB-
TOWED 16: 40mm 10 M1A1, 6 L/60 350 Esquilo); 6 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois)

Paramilitary 14,800
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

Navy 1,100; 850 conscript (total 1,950)


EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Special Police Service 10,800; 4,000 conscript
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 20 (total 14,800)
PCR 4: 1 Itaipú; 2 Nanawa†; 1 Paraguay† with 2 twin
120mm gun (4 eff.), 3 76mm gun
PBR 16: 1 Capitan Cabral; 2 Capitan Ortiz (ROC Hai Ou); DEPLOYMENT
13 (various) CÔTE D’IVOIRE
AMPHIBIOUS 3 LCVP UN • UNOCI 2; 7 obs
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • AKSL 1 (also serve as
river transport) CYPRUS
UN • UNFICYP 14
Naval Aviation 100
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO
FORCES BY ROLE
UN • MONUSCO 17 obs
TRANSPORT
1 (liaison) sqn with Cessna 150; Cessna 210 Centurion; HAITI
Cessna 310; Cessna 410 UN • MINUSTAH 131; 1 engr coy
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
LIBERIA
1 sqn with AS350 Ecureuil (HB350 Esquilo); Bell 47
UN • UNMIL 1; 2 obs
(OH-13 Sioux)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE SOUTH SUDAN
AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 6: 2 Cessna 150; 1 Cessna 210 UN • UNMISS 3 obs

Latin America and


Centurion; 2 Cessna 310; 1 Cessna 401 WESTERN SAHARA

the Caribbean
HELICOPTERS
UN • MINURSO 5 obs
TPT • Light 2 AS350 Ecureuil (HB350 Esquilo)
TRG 1 Bell 47 (OH-13 Sioux)

Marines 700; 200 conscript (total 900) Peru PER


FORCES BY ROLE
Peruvian Nuevo Sol NS 2010 2011 2012
MANOEUVRE
Amphibious GDP NS 435bn 481bn
3 mne bn(-) US$ 152bn 172bn
per capita US$ 5,238 5,878
Air Force 900; 200 conscript (total 1,100) Growth % 8.79 6.25
FORCES BY ROLE Inflation % 1.5 3.1
GROUND ATTACK/ISR Def exp NS 3.62bn
1 sqn with EMB-312 Tucano*
US$ 1.26bn
TRANSPORT
1 gp with B-707; C-212-200/400 Aviocar; DHC-6 Twin Def bdgt NS 3.74bn 5.08bn 3.58bn
Otter US$ 1.31bn 1.82bn
1 VIP gp with Beech 58 Baron; Cessna U206 Stationair; FMA (US) US$ 1.5m 3.5m
Cessna 210 Centurion; Cessna 402B; PA-32R Saratoga US$1=NS 2.87 2.79
(EMB-721C Sertanejo); PZL-104 Wilga 80
TRAINING Population 29,248,943
1 sqn with T-25 Universal; T-35A/B Pillan Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
Male 14.2% 5.1% 4.7% 4.1% 19.4% 2.8%
1 gp with AS350 Ecureuil (HB-350 Esquilo); Bell 205 (UH-
1H Iroquois) Female 13.7% 4.9% 4.5% 4.1% 19.3% 3.2%
400 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

105mm 152: 44 M101; 24 M2A1; 60 M-56; 24 Model


Capabilities 56 pack howitzer; 122mm; 36 D-30; 130mm 36 M-46;
ACTIVE 115,000 (Army 74,000 Navy 24,000 Air 155mm 66: 36 M114, 30 Model 50
MRL • 122mm 22 BM-21 Grad
17,000) Paramilitary 77,000
MOR 674+: 81mm/107mm 350; 120mm 300+ Brandt/
RESERVE 188,000 (Army 188,000) Expal Model L
Paramilitary 7,000 SP 107mm 24 M106A1
AT • MSL • MANPATS 838: 350 9K11 Malyutka (AT-3
Sagger)/HJ-73C, 244 9K135 Kornet-E (AT-14), 244 Spike-ER
ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE RCL 106mm M40A1
AIRCRAFT
Army 74,000 TPT • Light 16: 2 An-28 Cash; 3 An-32B Cline; 1 Beech
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

4 mil region 350 King Air; 1 Beech 1900D; 4 Cessna 152; 1 Cessna 208
FORCES BY ROLE Caravan I; 2 Cessna U206 Stationair; 1 PA-31T Cheyenne II;
SPECIAL FORCES 1 PA-34 Seneca
1 (1st) SF bde (4 cdo bn, 1 airmob arty gp) TRG 4 IL-103
1 (3rd) SF bde (3 cdo bn, 1 airmob arty gp, 1 AD gp) HELICOPTERS
1 SF gp (regional troops) MRH 8 Mi-17 Hip H
MANOEUVRE TPT 20 Heavy 1 Mi-26T Halo (2 more in store) Medium
Armoured 6 Mi-171Sh Light 13: 2 AW109K2; 9 PZL Mi-2 Hoplite; 2
1 (3rd) armd bde (2 tk bn, 1 armd inf bn, 1 arty gp, 1 AD R-44
gp, 1 engr bn) TRG 5 F-28F
Mechanised AD
1 (3rd) armd cav bde (3 mech cav bn, 1 mot inf bn, 1 SAM • MANPAD 298+: 70 9K36 Strela-3 (SA-14 Gremlin);
arty gp, 1 AD gp, 1 engr bn) 128 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet); 100+ 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7
Grail)‡
1 (1st) cav bde (4 mech cav bn, 1 arty gp)
GUNS 165
Light
SP 23mm 35 ZSU-23-4
2 (2nd & 31st) mot inf bde (3 mot inf bn, 1 arty gp)
TOWED 23mm 130: 80 ZU-23-2; 50 ZU-23
1 (1st Reinforced) inf bde (1 tk bn, 3 inf bn, 1 arty gp)
ARV M578
2 (7th & 32nd) inf bde (3 inf bn, 1 arty gp)
1 (8th) inf bde (3 inf bn, 1 arty gp, 1 AD bn)
Mountain
Navy 24,000 (incl 1,000 Coast Guard)
Commands: Pacific, Lake Titicaca, Amazon River
1 (4th) mtn bde (1 armd regt, 3 mot inf bn, 1 arty gp)
1 (5th) mtn bde (1 armd regt, 2 mot inf bn, 3 jungle coy, EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 arty gp) SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 6:
Jungle 6 Angamos (GER T-209/1200 – 2 in refit/reserve) with 6
1 (5th) jungle inf bde (1 SF gp, 3 jungle bn, 3 jungle coy, single 533mm TT with A-185 HWT
1 jungle arty gp, 1 AD gp, 1 jungle engr bn) PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 9
1 (6th) jungle inf bde (4 jungle bn, 1 arty gp, 1 engr bn) CRUISERS • CG 1 Almirante Grau (NLD De Ruyter) with 8
Other single lnchr with Otomat Mk 2 AShM, 4 twin 152mm gun
FRIGATES • FFGHM 8:
1 (18th) armd trg bde (1 armd regt, 2 tk bn, 1 armd inf
4 Aguirre (ITA Lupo) with 8 single lnchr with Otomat
bn, 1 engr bn, 1 SP fd arty gp)
Mk 2 AShM, 1 octuple Albatros lnchr with Aspide SAM,
Aviation
2 triple 324mm ASTT with A244 LWT, 1 127mm gun,
1 (1st) avn bde (1 atk hel/recce hel bn, 1 avn bn, 2 aslt
(capacity 1 Bell 212 (AB-212)/SH-3D Sea King)
hel/tpt hel bn)
4 Carvajal (mod ITA Lupo) with 8 single lnchr with
COMBAT SUPPORT
Otomat Mk 2 AShM, 1 octuple Mk29 lnchr with RIM-
2 arty gp (regional troops)
7P Sea Sparrow SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT with A244
1 AD gp (regional troops)
LWT, 1 127mm gun, (capacity 1 Bell 212 (AB-212)/SH-
1 engr bn (regional troops)
3D Sea King)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 14
MBT 165: 165 T-55; (75† in store) CORVETTES • FSG 6 Velarde (FRA PR-72 64m) with 4
LT TK 96 AMX-13 single lnchr with MM-38 Exocet AShM, 1 76mm gun
RECCE 95: 30 BRDM-2; 15 Fiat 6616; 50 M9A1 PCR 5:
APC 299 2 Amazonas with 1 76mm gun
APC (T) 120 M113A1 1 Manuel Clavero (additional vessel in build)
APC (W) 179: 150 UR-416; 25 Fiat 6614; 4 Repontec 2 Marañon with 2 76mm gun
ARTY 998 PBR 3
SP • 155mm 12 M109A2 AMPHIBIOUS • LS • LST 4 Paita (capacity 395 troops)
TOWED 290 (US Terrebonne Parish)
Latin America and the Caribbean 401

LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 11: FORCES BY ROLE


AOR 1 Mollendo FIGHTER
AOT 2 1 sqn with MiG-29S/SE Fulcrum C; MiG-29UB Fulcrum B
ARS 1 Guardian Rios FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
AH 1 1 sqn with Mirage 2000E/ED (2000P/DP)
AGS 4: 1 Carrasco; 2 (coastal survey vessels); 1 (river 2 sqn with A-37B Dragonfly
survey vessel for the upper Amazon) 1 sqn with Su-25A Frogfoot A†; Su-25UB Frogfoot B†
AXS 1 ISR
PT 1 1 (photo-survey) sqn with Commander 690; Learjet 36A;
SA-227-BC Metro III (C-26B)
Naval Aviation ε800 TRANSPORT
FORCES BY ROLE 1 sqn with B-737; An-32 Cline
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

MARITIME PATROL 1 sqn with DHC-6 Twin Otter; PC-6 Turbo-Porter; Y-12(II)
1 sqn with Beech 200T; Bell 212 ASW (AB-212 ASW); 1 sqn with L-100-20
F-27 Friendship; F-60; SH-3D Sea King TRAINING
TRANSPORT 2 (drug interdiction) sqn with EMB-312 Tucano
1 flt with An-32B Cline; Cessna 206 1 sqn with MB-339A*
TRAINING 1 sqn with Z-242
1 sqn with F-28F; T-34C Turbo Mentor 1 hel sqn with Schweizer 300C
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
ATTACK HELICOPTER
1 (liaison) sqn with Bell 206B Jet Ranger II; Mi-8 Hip
1 sqn with Mi-25/Mi-35P Hind
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
AIRCRAFT 1 sqn with Mi-17 Hip H
MP 8: 4 Beech 200T; 4 F-60 1 sqn with Bell 206 Jet Ranger; Bell 212 (AB-212); Bell 412
ELINT 1 F-27 Friendship Twin Huey; Bo-105C
TPT • Light 4: 3 An-32B Cline; 1 Cessna 206 AIR DEFENCE
TRG 5 T-34C Turbo Mentor 6 bn with S-125 Pechora (SA-3 Goa)
HELICOPTERS
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
ASW 5: 2 Bell 212 ASW (AB-212 ASW); 3 SH-3D Sea
AIRCRAFT 78 combat capable
King
FTR 20: 15 MiG-29S Fulcrum C; 3 MiG-29SE Fulcrum C; 2
TPT 5 Medium 2 Mi-8 Hip Light 3 Bell 206B Jet Ranger
II MiG-29UB Fulcrum B
TRG 6 F-28F FGA 12: 2 Mirage 2000ED (M-2000DP); 10 Mirage 2000E
MSL • AShM AM-39 Exocet (2000P)

Latin America and


ATK 36: 18 A-37B Dragonfly; 10 Su-25A Frogfoot A†; 8 Su-

the Caribbean
Marines 4,000 25UB Frogfoot B†
FORCES BY ROLE ISR 6: 2 Learjet 36A; 4 SA-227-BC Metro III (C-26B)
SPECIAL FORCES TPT 17: Medium 2 L-100-20; Light 11: 4 An-32 Cline; 1
1 cdo gp Commander 690; 3 DHC-6 Twin Otter; 1 PC-6 Turbo-Porter;
MANOEUVRE 2 Y-12(II) PAX 4 B-737
Light TRG 50: 19 EMB-312 Tucano; 10 MB-339A*; 6 T-41A
2 inf bn Mescalero/T-41D Mescalero; 15 Z-242
1 inf gp HELICOPTERS
Amphibious ATK 18: 16 Mi-25 Hind D; 2 Mi-35P Hind E
1 mne bde (1 SF gp, 1 recce bn, 2 inf bn, 1 amph bn, 1 MRH 21: 2 Bell 412 Twin Huey; 19 Mi-17 Hip H
arty gp) TPT • Light 21: 8 Bell 206 Jet Ranger; 6 Bell 212 (AB-212);
Jungle 1 Bo-105C; 6 Bo-105LS
1 jungle inf bn TRG 5 Schweizer 300C
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE AD
APC (W) 35+: 20 BMR-600; V-100 Commando; 15 V-200 SAM 100+: S-125 Pechora (SA-3 Goa); 100+ Javelin
Chaimite MSL
ARTY 18+ ASM AS-30
TOWED 122mm D-30 AAM • IR R-3 (AA-2 Atoll)‡; R-60 (AA-8 Aphid)‡; R-73
MOR 18+: 81mm; 120mm ε18 (AA-11 Archer)R-550 Magic; IR/SARH R-27 (AA-10
RCL 84mm Carl Gustav; 106mm M-40A1 Alamo) ARH R-77 (AA-12 Adder)
AD • GUNS 20mm SP (twin)
Paramilitary • National Police 77,000
Air Force 17,000 (100,000 reported)
Air Force divided into five regions – North, Lima, South, EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Central and Amazon. APC (W) 100 MOWAG Roland
402 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

General Police 43,000 ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE


Security Police 21,000 Army 1,400
Technical Police 13,000 FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE
Coast Guard 1,000 Mechanised
Personnel included as part of Navy 1 mech cav sqn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Light
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 12 1 inf bn (4 coy)
PCC 5 Rio Nepena COMBAT SUPPORT
PB 7: 3 Dauntless; 2 Río Chira; 2 Río Santa 1 MP bn (coy)
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT BY TYPE


TPT • Light 2 F-27 Friendship RECCE 6 EE-9 Cascavel
APC (W) 15 EE-11 Urutu
Rondas Campesinas ε7,000 gp MOR 81mm 6
Peasant self-defence force. Perhaps 7,000 rondas ‘gp’, up RCL 106mm: M40A1
to pl strength, some with small arms. Deployed mainly
in emergency zone. Navy ε240
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
DEPLOYMENT PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 8
PB 3 Rodman 101†
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
PBR 5
UN • UNOCI 3 obs
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO Air Force ε200
UN • MONUSCO 7 obs EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
HAITI AIRCRAFT 4 combat capable
MP 2 C-212-400 Aviocar*
UN • MINUSTAH 372; 1 inf coy
TPT • Light 2: 1 BN-2 Defender*; 1 Cessna 182
LIBERIA TRG 1 PC-7 Turbo Trainer*
UN • UNMIL 2; 2 obs
SOUTH SUDAN
UN • UNMISS 4 obs Trinidad and Tobago TTO
Trinidad and Tobago
2010 2011 2012
Dollar TT$
GDP TT$ 130bn 141bn
Suriname SUR US$ 20.1bn 21.7bn
Suriname Dollar srd 2010 2011 2012 per capita US$ 16,376 17,685
GDP srd 10.1bn 12.8bn Growth % -0.59 1.10
US$ 3.71bn 3.95bn Inflation % 10.5 9.6
per capita US$ 6,803 7,149 Def bdgt TT$ 1.09bn 1.12bn
Growth % 4.42 5.03 US$ 170m 172m
Inflation % 6.9 17.9 US$1=TT$ 6.45 6.48
Def bdgt srd 134m Population 1,227,505
US$ 49.2m
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
FMA (US) US$ 0.3m -
US$1=srd 2.72 3.24 Male 9.9% 3.6% 4.4% 5.2% 24.0% 3.6%
Female 9.5% 3.3% 4.1% 4.9% 22.7% 4.8%
Population 553,159

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Capabilities


Male 13.5% 4.3% 4.0% 4.7% 20.5% 2.7% ACTIVE 4,063(Army 3,000 Coast Guard 1,063)
Female 12.9% 4.3% 4.1% 4.8% 20.6% 3.6% (All services form the Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force)

Capabilities ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE


ACTIVE 1,840 (Army 1,400 Navy 240 Air 200)
(All services form part of the army) Army ε3,000
Latin America and the Caribbean 403

FORCES BY ROLE ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE


SPECIAL FORCES
1 SF unit Army 16,234
MANOEUVRE Uruguayan units are sub-standard size, mostly around
Light 30%. Div are at most bde size, while bn are of reinforced
2 inf bn coy strength. Regts are also coy size, some bn size, with the
COMBAT SUPPORT largest formation being the 2nd Armd Cav Regt.
1 engr bn FORCES BY ROLE
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT COMMAND
1 log bn 4 mil region/div HQ
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MANOEUVRE
MOR 6: 81mm L16A1 Mechanised
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

AT 2 armd regt
RCL 84mm ε24 Carl Gustav 1 armd cav regt
5 mech cav regt
Coast Guard 1,063 8 mech inf regt
Light
FORCES BY ROLE 1 mot inf bn
COMMAND 5 inf bn
1 mne HQ Air Manoeuvre
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 1 para bn
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 20 COMBAT SUPPORT
PCO 1 Nelson (UK Island) 1 (strategic reserve) arty regt
PB 19: 2 Gasper Grande; 1 Matelot; 4 Plymouth; 4 Point; 5 fd arty gp
6 Scarlet Ibis (Austal 30m); 2 Wasp; (1 Cascadura (SWE 1 AD gp
Karlskrona 40m) non-operational) 1 (1st) engr bde (2 engr bn)
4 cbt engr bn
Air Wing 50 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT MBT 15 TI-67
TPT • Light 3: 1 Cessna 310; 2 SA-227 Metro III (C-26) LT TK 38: 16 M24 Chaffee; 22 M41A1UR
HELICOPTERS RECCE 110: 15 EE-9 Cascavel; 48 GAZ-39371 Vodnik; 47 OT-
TPT • Light 1 S-76 93;
AIRSHIPS • ISR 1 Aeros-40B SkyDragon AIFV 18 BMP-1

Latin America and


APC 176:

the Caribbean
APC (T) 29: 24 M113A1UR; 3 M-93 (MT-LB); 2 PTS
APC (W) 147: 54 Condor; 53 OT-64: 40 MOWAG Piranha
Uruguay URY ARTY 185
Uruguayan Peso pU 2010 2011 2012 SP 122mm 6 2S1 Carnation
TOWED 44: 105mm 36: 28 M101A1; 8 M-102; 155mm 8
GDP pU 808bn 914bn
M114A1
US$ 39.5bn 46.8bn
MOR 135: 81mm 91: 35 M1, 56 LN; 120mm 44 SL
per capita US$ 11,972 14,142 AT
Growth % 8.47 6.00 MSL • MANPATS 15 Milan
Inflation % 6.7 7.7 RCL 69: 106mm 69 M40A1
Def bdgt pU 8.64bn 9.34bn 9.34bn UAV • ISR • Light 1 Charrua
AD • GUNS • TOWED 14: 20mm 14: 6 M167 Vulcan;
US$ 423m 478m
8TCM-20 (w/Elta M-2016 radar)
FMA (US) US$ - 0.57m AEV MT-LB
US$1=pU 20.44 19.54

Population 3,308,535 Navy 5,403 (incl 1,800 Prefectura Naval Coast


Guard)
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus HQ at Montevideo
Male 11.1% 3.9% 3.8% 3.6% 20.9% 5.4% EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Female 10.7% 3.8% 3.7% 3.5% 21.6% 8.1% PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES 2
FF 2 Uruguay (PRT Joao Belo) with 2 triple 324mm ASTT
Capabilities with Mk46 LWT, 2 100mm gun
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 18
ACTIVE 24,621 (Army 16,234 Navy 5,403 Air 2,984) PB 18: 3 15 de Noviembre (FRA Vigilante 42m); 2 Colonia
Paramilitary 818 (US Cape); 1 Paysandu; 12 (various)
404 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES • TPT 21 Medium 2 C–130B Hercules; Light 18: 2 Beech
MSO 3 Temerario (Kondor II) 58 Baron (UB-58); 4 C–212 Aviocar; 9 Cessna 206H; 2
AMPHIBIOUS 4: 2 LCVP; 2 LCM EMB–110C Bandeirante; 1 EMB-120 Brasilia
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 7: TRG 21: 5 PC-7U Turbo Trainer; 12 SF-260 EU; 4 T–41D
ARS 1 Vanguardia Mescalero
AR 1 Artigas (GER Freiburg, general spt ship) HELICOPTERS
AG 1 Maldonado MRH 1 AS365 Dauphin
AGHS 2: 1 Helgoland; 1 Triestre TPT • Light 10: 6 Bell 205 (UH–1H Iroquois); 4 Bell 212
ABU 1 Sirius
AXS 1 Paramilitary 818
Naval Aviation 211 Guardia de Coraceros 368 (under Interior
Ministry)
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

FORCES BY ROLE
ANTI SUBMARINE WARFARE
Guardia de Granaderos 450
1 flt with Beech 200T*; Jetstream Mk2
SEARCH & RESCUE/TRANPSORT HELICOPTER
1 sqn with AS350B2 Ecureuil (Esquilo); Bo-105M; DEPLOYMENT
Wessex HC2/Mk60
AFGHANISTAN
TRANSPORT/TRAINING
UN • UNAMA 1 obs
1 flt with T-34C Turbo Mentor
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE CÔTE D’IVOIRE
AIRCRAFT 1 combat capable UN • UNOCI 2 obs
MP 2 Jetstream Mk2 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO
ISR 1 Beech 200T*
UN • MONUC 1,248; 45 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 mne coy; 1 hel pl;
TRG 2 T-34C Turbo Mentor
1 engr coy
HELICOPTERS
MRH 6 Bo-105M EGYPT
TPT 2 Medium 1 Wessex HC2/Mk60 Light 1 AS350B2 MFO 58; 1 engr/tpt unit
Ecureuil (Esquilo)
HAITI
Naval Infantry 450 UN • MINUSTAH 1,090; 2 inf bn; 1 mne coy, 1 avn sect
FORCES BY ROLE INDIA/PAKISTAN
MANOEUVRE UN • UNMOGIP 2 obs
Amphibious
WESTERN SAHARA
1 mne bn(-)
UN • MINURSO 1 obs
Air Force 2,984
Flying hours 120 hrs/year Venezuela VEN
FORCES BY ROLE Venezuelan Bolivar Fuerte
2010 2011 2012
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK Bs
1 sqn with A-37B Dragonfly GDP Bs 1.01tr 1.33tr
1 sqn with IA-58B Pucará US$ 240bn 309bn
ISR per capita US$ 8,818 11,180
1 flt with EMB–110 Bandeirante Growth % -1.49 2.83
TRANSPORT
Inflation % 28.2 25.8
1 sqn with C–130B Hercules; C-212 Aviocar; EMB–110C
Bandeirante; EMB–120 Brasilia Def bdgt Bs 8.7bn ε10.2bn
1 (liaison) sqn with Cessna 206H; T– 41D US$ 2.06bn ε2.38bn
1 (liaison) flt with Cessna 206H US$1=Bs 4.21 4.30
TRAINING
Population 27,635,743
1 sqn with PC- 7U Turbo Trainer
1 sqn with Beech 58 Baron (UB-58); SF–260EU Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
Male 15.0% 5.0% 4.4% 4.0% 18.6% 2.4%
1 sqn with AS365 Dauphin; Bell 205 (UH–1H Iroquois);
Female 14.5% 4.9% 4.4% 4.1% 19.6% 3.0%
Bell 212
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Capabilities
AIRCRAFT 15 combat capable
ATK 15: 10 A–37B Dragonfly; 5 IA–58B Pucará ACTIVE 115,000 (Army 63,000 Navy 17,500 Air
ISR 1 EMB–110 Bandeirante 11,500 National Guard 23,000)
Latin America and the Caribbean 405

Terms of service 30 months selective, varies by region for all ARTY 439
services SP 20: 152mm 8 2S19 (replacing Mk F3s) 155mm 12
(AMX) Mk F3
RESERVE 8,000 (Army 8,000) TOWED 92: 105mm 80: 40 M101; 40 Model 56 pack
howitzer; 155mm 12 M114
ORGANISATIONS BY SERVICE MRL 44: 122mm 24 BM-21 160mm 20 LAR SP (LAR-160)
GUN/MOR 120mm 13 2S23 Nona-SVK
Army ε63,000 MOR 270+: 81mm 165; 120mm 84: 60 Brandt; 24 2S12
FORCES BY ROLE SP 21+: 81mm 21 Dragoon 300PM; AMX-VTT
MANOEUVRE AT
Armoured MSL • MANPATS 24 IMI MAPATS
1 (4th) armd div RCL 106mm 175 M40A1
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

(1 armd bde, 1 lt armd bde, 1 mot cav bde, 1 AD bty) GUNS 76mm 75 M18 Hellcat
Mechanised AD
1 (9th) mot cav div SAM 8 Tor M1 (SA-15 Gauntlet) (18 more to be delivered)
(1 mot cav bde, 1 ranger bde, 1 sy and spt bde) MANPAD RBS-70; Mistral
Light GUNS 6+
1 (1st) inf div SP 23mm ZSU-23-2 40mm 6+ AMX-13 Rafaga
(1 SF unit, 1 armd unit, 2 inf bde, 1 arty unit, 1 ADA TOWED 40mm M-1; L/70
bty, 1 spt unit) RADAR • LAND RASIT (veh, arty)
1 (2nd) inf div AIRCRAFT
(2 inf bde, 2 ranger bde (2 ranger bn), 1 AD Bty, 1 TPT • Light 28: 1 Beech 90 King Air; 1 Beech 200 King Air;
special dev and sy bde) 1 Beech 300 King Air; 1 Cessna 172; 6 Cessna 182 Skylane;
1 (3rd) inf div 2 Cessna 206; 2 Cessna 207 Stationair; 1 IAI-201 Arava; 2
(1 inf bde, 1 ranger bde (2 ranger bn), 1 sigs regt, 1 MP IAI-202 Arava; 11 M-28 Skytruck
bde) HELICOPTERS
Air Manoeuvre ATK 10 Mi-35M2 Hind
1 para bde MRH 34: 10 Bell 412EP; 2 Bell 412SP; 22 Mi-17-1V Hip H
Jungle TPT 9 Heavy 3 Mi-26T2 Halo Medium 2 AS-61D Light 4:
1 (5th) inf div 3 Bell 206B Jet Ranger, 1 Bell 206L-3 Long Ranger II
(1 cav sqn, 2 jungle inf bde (3 jungle inf bn, 1 hy mor ARV 5: 3 AMX-30D; 2 Dragoon 300RV; Samson
bty), 1 engr bn) VLB Leguan
Aviation
1 avn comd (1 tpt avn bn, 1 atk hel bn, 1 ISR avn bn) Navy ε14,300; ε3,200 conscript (total 17,500)

Latin America and


COMBAT SUPPORT EQUIPMENT BY TYPE

the Caribbean
1 AD bty with Tor M1 SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 2:
1 cbt engr corps with (3 engr regt) 2 Sabalo (GER T-209/1300) with 8 single 533mm TT with
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT SST-4 HWT
1 log comd with (2 log regt) PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES 6
FFGHM 6 Mariscal Sucre (ITA mod Lupo) with 8 single
Reserve Organisations 8,000 lnchr with Otomat Mk2 AShM, 1 octuple Albatros lnchr
FORCES BY ROLE with Aspide SAM, 2 triple 324mm ASTT with A244 LWT,
MANOEUVRE 1 127mm gun, (capacity 1 Bell 212 (AB-212) hel)
Armoured PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 9:
1 armd bn PSOH 3 Guaiqueri with 1 76mm gun
Light PBG 3 Federación (UK Vosper 37m) with 2 single lnchr
4 inf bn with Otomat Mk2 AShM
1 ranger bn PB 3 Constitucion (UK Vosper 37m) with 1 76mm gun
COMBAT SUPPORT AMPHIBIOUS 7
1 arty bn LANDING SHIPS • LST 4 Capana (capacity 12 tanks;
2 engr regt 200 troops) (FSU Alligator)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE LANDING CRAFT 3:
MBT 116: 81 AMX-30V; 35 T-72 LCU 2 Margarita (river comd)
LT TK 109: 31 AMX-13; 78 Scorpion 90 UCAC 1 Griffon 2000TD
RECCE 441: 42 Dragoon 300 LFV2; 10 TPz-1 Fuchs (CBRN); LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 6
79 V-100/-150; 310 UR-53AR50 Tiuna AORH 1
AIFV 52: 16 BMP-3M; 36 BTR-80A AGOR 1 Punta Brava
APC 81 AGHS 2
APC (T) 45: 25 AMX-VCI; 12 VCI-PC; 8 VACI-TB ATF 1
APC (W) 36 Dragoon 300 AXS 1
406 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

Naval Aviation 500 LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 5


FORCES BY ROLE AG 2 Los Tanques (salvage ship)
ANTI SUBMARINE WARFARE AKSL 1
1 sqn with Bell 212 (AB-212) AP 2
MARITIME PATROL
1 flt with C-212-200 MPA Air Force 11,500
TRANSPORT Flying hours 155 hrs/year
1 sqn with Beech 200 King Air; C-212 Aviocar; Turbo FORCES BY ROLE
Commander 980C FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
TRAINING 1 sqn with F-5 Freedom Fighter (VF-5)
1 hel sqn with Bell 206B Jet Ranger II; Bell TH-57A Sea 4 sqn with F-16A/B Fighting Falcon
Ranger 4 sqn with Su-30MKV Flanker
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 sqn with K-8W Karakorum*
1 sqn with Bell 412EP Twin Huey; Mi-17V-5 Hip H
GROUND ATTACK/ISR
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 1 sqn with K-8W Karakorum*
AIRCRAFT 3 combat capable 1 sqn with EMB-312 Tucano*
MP 3 C-212-200 MPA* ELECTRONIC WARFARE
TPT • Light 7: 1 Beech C90 King Air; 1 Beech 200 King 1 sqn with Falcon 20DC; SA-227 Metro III (C-26B)
Air; 4 C-212 Aviocar; 1 Turbo Commander 980C TANKER/TRANSPORT
HELICOPTERS 1 sqn with C-130H Hercules/KC-137
ASW 5 Bell 212 ASW (AB-212 ASW) TRANSPORT
MRH 12: 6 Bell 412EP Twin Huey; 6 Mi-17V-5 Hip 1 sqn with A319CJ; B-737
TPT • Light 1 Bell 206B Jet Ranger II (trg) 4 sqn with Cessna T206H; Cessna 750
TRG 1 Bell TH-57A Sea Ranger 1 Squadron with Cessna 500/550/551; Falcon 20F; Falcon
900
Marines ε7,000
1 sqn with G-222; Short 360 Sherpa
FORCES BY ROLE
TRAINING
COMMAND
1 sqn with Cessna 182N; SF-260E
1 div HQ
1 sqn with EMB-312 Tucano*
MANOEUVRE
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
Light
1 VIP sqn with AS532UL Cougar; Mi-172
6 inf bn
3 sqn with AS332B Super Puma; AS532 Cougar
Amphibious
2 sqn with Mi-17 Hip H
1 amph bn
AIR DEFENCE
1 (rvn) mne bde
6 (rvn) inf bn 1 bty with Tor-M1 (3 bty planned); Barak
2 (landing) mne bde EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
COMBAT SUPPORT AIRCRAFT 99 combat capable
1 arty bn ( 3 arty bty, 1 AD bn) FTR 31: 5 F-5 Freedom Fighter (VF-5), 4 F-5B Freedom
1 engr bde (1 cbt engr bn, 3 maint/construction bn) Fighter (NF-5B); 1 CF-5D Freedom Fighter (VF-5D); 17
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE F-16A Fighting Falcon; 4 F-16B Fighting Falcon
APC (W) 32 EE-11 Urutu FGA 24 Su-30MKV
AAV 11 LVTP-7 (to be mod to -7A1) EW 4: 2 Falcon 20DC; 2 SA-227 Metro III (C-26B)
ARTY • TOWED 105mm 18 M-56 TKR 1 KC-137
MOR 120mm 12 Brandt TPT 53 Medium 7: 6 C-130H Hercules; 1 G-222 Light 41: 5
AD • GUNS • SP 40mm 6 M-42 Beech 200 King Air; 2 Beech 350 King Air; 10 Cessna 182N
AD • SAM RBS-70 Skylane; 12 Cessna 206 Stationair; 4 Cessna 208B Caravan;
AT•AT-4 Skip 1 Cessna 500 Citation I; 3 Cessna 550 Citation II; 1 Cessna
RCL 84mm M3 Carl Gustav; 106mm M40A1 551; 1 Cessna 750 Citation X; 2 Short 360 Sherpa; PAX 5: 1
AEV 1 AAVR7 A319CJ; 1 B-737; 1 Falcon 20F; 2 Falcon 900
TRG 47: 18 EMB-312 Tucano*; 17 K-8W Karakorum*
Coast Guard 1,000 (deliveries in progress); 12 SF-260E
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE HELICOPTERS
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 48 MRH 8 Mi-17 (Mi-17VS) Hip H
PSOH 3 Guaicamacuto with 1 76 mm gun, (capacity 1 TPT • Medium 16: 4 AS332B Super Puma; 8 AS-532
Bell 212 (AB-212) hel) (1 additional vessel in build) Cougar; 2 AS532UL Cougar; 2 Mi-172 (VIP)
PB 20: 1 Dianca; 12 Gavion; 1 Pegalo; 4 Petrel (USCG SAM 32+: 4 Tor-M1 (further 8 on order); 10+ Barak; 18
Point); 2 Protector S-125 Pechora (SA-3 Goa)
PBR 25: 18 Constancia; 2 Guaicapuro; 2 Manaure; 3 MANPAD 200 9K338 Igla-S (SA-24 Grinch); ADAMS;
Terepaima (Cougar) Mistral
Latin America and the Caribbean 407

GUNS APC (W) 44: 24 Fiat 6614; 20 UR-416


TOWED 228+: 20mm: 114 TCM-20; 35mm; 40mm 114 MOR 50 81mm
L/70 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 34: 12
RADARS • LAND Flycatcher Protector; 12 Punta; 10 Rio Orinoco II
MSL AIRCRAFT
ASM Kh-29L/T (AS-14 Kedge); Kh-31 A/P (AS-17 TPT • Light 35: 1 Beech 55 Baron; 1 Beech 80 Queen
Krypton); KH-59M (AS-18 Kazoo) Air; 1 Beech 90 King Air; 1 Beech 200C Super King Air;
AshM AM-39 Exocet 3 Cessna 152 Aerobat; 3 Cessna 172; 2 Cessna 402C; 4
AAM • IR AIM-9L/AIM-9P Sidewinder; R-73 (AA-11 Cessna U206 Stationair; 6 DA42 MPP; 1 IAI-201 Arava; 12
Archer); PL-5E; Python 4; R-27T/ET (AA-10 Alamo) SARH M-28 Skytruck
R-27R/ER (AA-10 Alamo) ARH R-77(AA-12 Adder) TRG 3: 1 PZL 106 Kruk; 2 PLZ M2-6 Isquierka
HELICOPTERS
National Guard (Fuerzas Armadas de
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

MRH 13: 8 Bell 412EP; 5 Mi-17 Hip H


Cooperacion) 23,000 TPT • Light 20: 9 AS355F Ecureuil II; 4 AW109; 6 Bell
(Internal sy, customs) 8 regional comd 206B/L Jet Ranger/Long Ranger; 1 Bell 212 (AB 212);
TRG 5 F-280C

Latin America and


the Caribbean
408 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

Table 30 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Latin America and the Caribbean
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Argentina (ARG)
OPV 80 PSO 4 ARS619 m ARG/GER Astillero Rio 2009 2010 Based on Fassmer OPV 80 design.
(US$145m) Santiago Patrulleros de Alta Mar (PAM)
programme. Project suspended but
resumed in 2010. First vessel ISD 2012
Mi-171E Tpt Hel 3 n.k. RUS Rosoboron- 2011 n.k. Exercised option from previous
export US$27m contract
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

Bolivia (BOL)
MA60 Tpt ac 2 n.k. PRC AVIC 2011 n.k. -
H425 MRH Hel 6 n.k. PRC Harbin 2011 n.k. -

Brazil (BRZ)
Leopard 1A5 MBT 270 €8m GER n.k. 2006 2009 Ex-GER; 220 tk, plus 20 for spares
and 30 in trg or engr role. Delivery in
progress
Piranha IIIC APC (W) 18 n.k. CHE Mowag 2008 2010 For marines. One Ambulance, 14 APC,
one ARV and two CP versions. First
delivered 2010
VBTP-MR APC (W) up to R6bn BRZ/ITA IVECO Latin 2009 2012 To replace EE-9 Cascavel and EE-11
2044 (€2.5bn) America Urutu; Delivery to be complete by 2030
SN-BR SSN 1 see notes BRZ DCNS 2009 2025 Part of €6.7bn (US$8.3bn) naval
(Submarino programme. Contract covers work
Nuclear on the non-nuclear sections of the
Brasileiro) submarine
S-BR SSK 4 see notes FRA DCNS 2009 2017 Part of €6.7bn (US$8.3bn) naval
(Submarino programme. To be built by Itaguaí
Brasileiro - Construções Navais (JV between
Scorpene-class) DCNS and Odebrecht). Delivery to be
completed 2022. First steel cut May
2010
NAPA 500 PCC 6 n.k. BRZ/FRA INACE/ 2006 2009 Delivery in progress. Call for tender
(Vigilante-class CMN/2nd for third batch in early 2010. First two
400 CL 54) batch: EISA commissioned in 2009 and 2010.
Possible future expansion of order
P-3A Orion ASW ac 8 US$401m ESP EADS-CASA 2005 n.k. Upgrade to P-3AM. Option on a ninth
Upgrade ac. First ac upgraded by Apr 2009
Mi-35M Hind Atk Hel 12 US$150- RUS Rosoboron- 2008 2009 Contract value incl spares and trg. Six
(AH-2 Sabre) 300m export delivered by mid-2011 with order to be
completed by late 2011 or early 2012
S-70B Seahawk ASW Hel 4 US$195m US Sikorsky 2009 2011 Option for two more. To replace SH-
3A/B Sea King hels. To be delivered
from Dec 2011
AS365K MRH Hel 34 R376m BRZ EADS Brazil 2009 2011 To be manufactured in BRZ by Helibras.
Panther (US$215m) Final delivery due 2021
EC725 Super Tpt Hel 50 US$2bn BRZ EADS Brazil 2008 2010 First three to be built in FRA.
Cougar Remainder to be manufactured in BRZ
by Helibras. Delivery in progress
UH-60L Black Tpt Hel 10 US$60.4m US Sikorsky 2009 2010 For air force SAR. Part of FMS
Hawk programme
Heron-1 ISR UAV 14 US$350m ISR Israel 2009 2010 For federal police
Aerospace
Industries
Hermes 450 ISR UAV n.k. n.k. ISR Elbit 2011 2011 Delivery to be complete in 2012
Systems
A-Darter AAM n.k. ZAR1bn BRZ/RSA Denel 2007 n.k. Missile firings continued during
(US$143m) 2011. Delivery of production
standard missiles due to begin
2013. Programme led by SA’s Denel
Dynamics
Latin America and the Caribbean 409

Table 30 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Latin America and the Caribbean
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Chile (CHL)
Satellite Sat 1 US$72m FRA/GER EADS 2008 2011 Role incl border surv and military uses.
Financed by military. Launch delayed
until late 2011
Foudre-class LPD 1 US$80m FRA n/a 2011 2012 Sale of former Foudre (L9011), with
delivery expected mid-2012
C-295 MPA/ MP/ASW 3 US$120m ESP EADS-CASA 2007 2010 For navy. One C-295 MPA; two C-295
ASW ac ASW. Cost incl ASM and torp. Option
for a further five MPA. MPA ac delivered
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

Apr 2010; First ASW ac delivered Apr


2011
F-60 MP ac 2 n.k. NLD n.k. 2010 n.k. -
KC-135E Tkr ac 3 n.k. US Boeing 2010 2010 Delivery in progress. One may be used
for spares
Hermes 900 ISR UAV 3 US$40m ISR Elbit 2011 n.k. -
Systems

Colombia (COL)
Pohang-class FS 1 nil ROK n/a 2011 2012 Excess defence article being provided
free to Colombia. Vessel is the former
ROKS Gunsan. Unclear armaments
package
PAF-L (light) PBR 10 n.k. COL Cotecmar n.k. 2010 Delivery in progress
shipyard
Kfir C10 FGA ac 24 US$200m ISR IAI 2008 2009 Eleven previously delivered and 13
(est) ex-ISR stock being upgraded from C7
to C10 by IAI. First delivery mid-2009;
deliveries ongoing

Ecuador (ECU)
Leopard 1V MBT 30 n.k. CHL n.k. 2009 2009 Ex-CHL stock. To replace 90 AMX-13.

Latin America and


Deliveries ongoing

the Caribbean
Shyri (Type SSK 2 US$120m CHL ASMAR/ 2008 2012 SLEP. To extend service life by 20 years
209/1300) Upgrade DCNS
Cheetah C/D Ftr ac 12 US$43.4m RSA Denel 2010 n.k. Second-hand RSA ac. Ten Cheetah
C and two Cheetah D; to replace 12
Mirage F-1s. Three delivered. Further
deliveries suspended pending
investigation

Mexico (MEX)
MEXSAT Sat 3 n.k. US Boeing 2010 2012 -
C-27J Spartan Tpt ac 4 US$200m ITA Alenia 2011 2011 Delivery to be complete by end 2012
Aeronautica
EC725 Super Tpt hel 6 n.k. Int’l / MEX Eurocopter 2009 2011 For tpt and civil security missions
Cougar de Mexico
EC725 Super Tpt hel 6 n.k. Int’l / MEX Eurocopter 2010 2013 Follow on from similar order signed
Cougar de Mexico in 2009
S4 Ehecatl (S4E) ISR UAV 3 US$3m MEX Hydra Tech- 2009 n.k. For navy. Primary anti-narcotics role
nologies and secondary SAR role. Delivery
status unclear
Buque LSL 2 US$64 m MEX Astilleros 2009 2012 First vessel, Montes Azules, launched
Logistico Multi- de Marina in August 2011. Second keel laid at
propositos No 20 same time

Panama (PAN)
AW139 Tpt Hel 6 n.k. ITA/UK Agusta 2010 n.k. Four for national/public security roles,
Westland one for utility role, one for VIP tpt role.
Delivery status unclear
410 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2012

Table 30 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Latin America and the Caribbean
Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Peru (PER)
Clavero-class PCC 2 n.k. PER Sima n.k. 2010 First of class (CF-16) launched Jun
2008, commissioned 2010. Second of
class expected to commission 2012
Newport-class LST 2 n.k. US n.k. 2009 n.k. Ex-US stock. USS Fresno (LST 1182) and
USS Racine (LST 1191). Delivery status
unclear
Mi-17 Hip MRH Hel 6 see notes RUS Rosoboron- 2010 2010 Part of εUS$250m order for six Mi-
export 17 and two Mi-35. Delivery to be
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:06 06 August 2012

complete by end 2011


UH-3H Sea Tpt Hel 6 US$6m US n.k. 2009 2010 Ex-US stock. Likely to be for SAR. First
King two delivered Dec 2010; third in Aug
2011

Suriname (SUR)
Dhruv MRH Hel 3 INR750m IND HAL 2009 n.k. Delivery status unclear
(US$15.3m)

Trinidad and Tobago (TTO)


AW139 MRH Hel 4 US$348m ITA/UK Agusta 2009 2011 For air guard (TTAG). Contract inc
Westland trg & log spt for five yrs. First two hel
delivered May 2011

Venezuela (VEN)
T-72M1M MBT 92 n.k. RUS n.k. 2009 2011 First 35 delivered May 2011. Financing
reportedly from loan agreement with
Moscow
Tor-M1 SAM 3 bty n.k. RUS Rosoboron- 2006 2007 First bty delivered Dec 2007. Further
export delivery status unclear
Project 636 SSK 1 n.k. RUS n.k. 2008 n.k. Varshavyanka (original procurement
(Imp Kilo) plan of 3 SSK reduced for financial
reasons). Delivery status unclear
POVZEE/ PSOH 4 See notes ESP Navantia 2005 2010 US$2.2bn incl four Buque de Vigilancia
Guaiqueri-class de Litoral-class coastal patrol ships.
First vessel commissioned in April
2011. Final keel laid in February 2010
BVL/ PSOH 4 See notes ESP Navantia 2005 2008 US$2.2bn incl four Patrullero
Guicamacuto- Oceánico de Vigilancia de la Zona
class Económica Exclusiva. First three vessels
commissioned; final vessel’s ISD
expected 2012
Y-8 Tpt ac 8 n.k. PRC AVIC 2011 2012 -
Chapter Nine
Sub-Saharan Africa

African Standby Force contacts and develop expertise, and learn lessons
through participation at regional training centres
How to best address the range of diverse secu- and in multinational exercises such as the large-scale
rity challenges on the continent has in recent inter-operability exercises run by USAFRICOM.
years been a preoccupation of many defence and
security establishments. The Military Balance has
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

West Africa
traced the evolving debates and practical develop-
ments surrounding the African Peace and Security West African states faced a range of ongoing secu-
Architecture and the African Standby Force (ASF). rity challenges in 2011, notably the conflict in Côte
The ASF is the African Union’s prescribed instrument d’Ivoire and continued efforts to combat Islamist
for eventually meeting the military demands of the armed groups operating in the Sahel. Despite the
continent. Five brigades of roughly 6,500 soldiers are threat that conflict may spill over in the region, as
planned. Of course, generating adequate capacity to it did in Liberia (1989–2003) and in Sierra Leone
support AU initiatives relating to peace and security (1991–2002), most militaries remain small and lightly
(such as AU and AU/UN deployments) and the ASF equipped. Defence expenditure, as a percentage of
hinges on the success of individual states in gener- GDP, is 18% lower and national armed force size is
ating deployable combat power, or other relevant 28% smaller than East Africa (The Military Balance,
and deployable assets. On this, the situation remains 2011, pp. 410–49, comparisons omit Ethiopian and
mixed (see below). While some African militaries are Eritrean forces). These differences in scale partly
restructuring at a fast pace, with realistic ambitions relate to the continued, albeit diminishing, presence
to become comparatively modern, responsive and of French forces in the region, which many govern-
well equipped forces, others deploy small forces that ments see as some insurance against foreign aggres-
have barely changed in size and capability since the sion. They are also a legacy of regimes that have tried
1960s. Many African states suffer domestic conflict to keep armed forces small, relying on well-equipped
and insurgency, which hampers military reform and ‘presidential’ guard forces to secure the presidency.
modernisation. These differences matter for Africa’s Côte d’Ivoire’s armed forces, for instance, were
current and future military balance. lightly equipped even before the 2002–11 hostili-
Nonetheless, the AU is pressing ahead with ties and the UN arms embargo (2004–present). Most
the ASF concept, and practical moves – such as armoured vehicles were unserviceable, often due to

Sub-Saharan
earmarking sites and constructing logistics hubs for cannibalisation; mobility depended on civilian pickup

Africa
the regional brigades, such as in Douala, Cameroon trucks; barracks were decrepit due to several decades
– are under way. The AU in April sponsored a work- without maintenance; and forces retained many
shop on the third roadmap for ASF operationalisation, inoperable weapons. The army had benefitted from
with a desire to sharpen focus on rapid deployment sporadic investment over the years, such as the partial
capabilities, humanitarian security, maritime security replacement of infantry weapons and the acquisition of
and the protection of civilians. But arguably as impor- BM-21 MLRS. By 2011, however, the army had lost the
tant as AU planning in realising a deployable capa- technical capacity to operate its few remaining larger
bility are the actions of individual states in reforming weapon systems and the conflict was fought primarily
or reshaping their defence establishments and capa- with small arms and light weapons. Following the
bilities, the support given to them by other nations, April 2011 cessation of hostilities, the government of
and that given by regional economic and political President Alassane Ouattara faces the challenge of
groupings. Useful lessons will also be learned from rebuilding national armed forces and integrating rebel
the early operation of the AU’s regional standby forces, which, at time of writing, remained under the
brigades. These factors will help militaries to build control of ten semi-independent rebel commands.
412 The Military Balance 2012

Map 4 Côte d’Ivoire

Around 3,000 Ivorians died and 900,000 fled in the violent aftermath of a contested presidential poll in late 2010. The
much-delayed election was meant to finally unite Côte d’Ivoire, which was split into a rebel-run north and government-
controlled south by a civil war in 2002–03. Instead, the poll threatened to push the country back into war, when the
southern-backed incumbent, Laurent Gbagbo, refused to cede defeat to his northern rival, Alassane Ouattara, the
internationally recognised winner. Months of clashes and political stalemate ended with Gbagbo’s capture in April and
Ouattara’s May inauguration. But reported massacres during the unrest and human-rights abuses by both sides are new
obstacles on the path to reconciliation, as is security-sector reform. The humanitarian situation remains dire: around
20,000 IDPs remain in camps in Côte d’Ivoire; up to 170,000 more displaced people reside with host communities and
families.

The final battle for Abidjan


Akouedo
Pro-Gbagbo Agban police military base 2011 clashes
bastion barracks
State radio/ Pro-Ouattara Scenes of
TV RTI fighting
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

advance south
Golf Hotel
French embassy UNOCI bases UNOCI inter-
sector boundary
Gbagbo UNOCI = UN mission in Côte d’Ivoire
Presidential palace Korhogo
residence
Bouna
UN helicopter International airport
attacks (under French control)
Pro-Gbagbo East Sector
Pro-Ouattara French military camp West Sector
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
The Golf Hotel was Ouattara HQ from Dec 2010.
Pro-Outtara forces reached Abidjan on 31 Mar 29 Mar: Bondoukou
2011 and joined the move on Gbagbo strongholds.
Bouaké
Man Zuénoula
Charavine
GHANA
30 Mar: Tiebissou Daoukro
28/29 Mar: Duekoué
25 Feb: Zouan-Hounien
Daloa Bouaflé
6 Mar: Toulepleu 29 Mar: Abengourou
30 Mar: Yamoussoukro
Sinfre
Guiglo Abidjan
LIBERIA 21 Mar: Bloléquin
Tai Issia
30 Mar: Gagnoa Adzopé

Divo
30 Mar: Soubré
Armed forces in Côte d’Ivoire
Planned Forces Armées Nationales 31 Mar: Abidjan
de Côte d’Ivoire (FANCI): 29,000
ex-FDS personnel, 9,000 ex-FN
troops, and 2,000 volunteers, 10,000
troops demobilised Port-Bouët: French OP Licorne base
Tabou
Operation Licorne troops: Around 700 31 Mar: San Pédro
UNOCI troops: 9,150 troops; 197
military observer; 1,301 police The French Navy has a permanent
(including formed units) naval presence in the Gulf of Guinea
under Operation Corymbe. As of
Armed militias and large numbers of
August, FS Germinal, a Floreal class
small arms remain a security problem
frigate is deployed to the region.
Security-sector reform
Security-sector reform remains a priority. The disarmament,
demobilisation and reintegration into civilian life of former International forces in Côte d'Ivoire
combatants is also a challenge. Until March 2011, the country had Due to the violence in Côte d’Ivoire, the UN augmented UNOCI with
two separate armed forces, the 55,000-strong Forces de Defense around three companies of troops, three armed Mi-24 helicopters (mainly
et de Securité (FDS) loyal to ex-President Gbagbo, and the Forces tasked in the west) and two utility helicopters from UNMIL in Liberia.
Nouvelles (FN, loyal to Outtara), around 10,000-strong. On 17 France’s Opération Licorne, deployed in 2002, numbered around 700
March, President Ouattara announced the creation of the Forces personnel in October 2011. France rapidly boosted Licorne to a reported
Républicaines de Côte d'Ivoire (FRCI), composed of FN and some 1,700 extra personnel during and after the post-election violence.
former FDS forces. Though security has improved, establishing Deployments included marine and Foreign Legion units already training
trust among former combatants and with the population, has in Gabon as well as a Gendarmerie contingent. French equipment
proved problematic. In early October, Outtara announced the reportedly included Gazelles (with HOT) and Pumas already in-country.
revival of the FANCI. Both UNOCI and French troops are reported Logistical support was provided by the LPD Foudre, already in the Gulf of
to be engaged in training the new army. Guinea as France’s Operation Corymbe standing patrol.
Sources: Strategic Survey 2011, The Military Balance 2011, IRIN, French MOD, OCHA, UN, Defense News
© IISS
Sub-Saharan Africa 413

Piracy allow the licensing of armed guards aboard UK-registered


Global piracy continues to grow and evolve, with the shipping. Nonetheless, as the number of vessels actually
number of attempted attacks on ships worldwide hijacked has declined, ransoms have increased dramati-
reaching an all-time high of 266 in the first half of 2011, cally. The average ransom paid in 2010 was US$5.4m,
according to the International Maritime Bureau (IMB). more than twice the level paid in 2009.
There are no surprises regarding the leading region Declining success in ship hijacking may be leading
for piracy: the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean continue to to an evolution in the types of tactics and operations
be plagued by Somali-based pirates, despite the presence the pirates are looking to undertake. In September and
of three multinational counter-piracy patrols and various October respectively, the kidnap of two European tour-
nations deploying independent naval forces. However, ists, one British (with another British citizen killed during
one potentially positive trend has been a decrease in the this attack) and one French (who later died in captivity),
number of successful hijackings by Somali-based pirates, from Kenyan coastal resorts by armed Somalis in boats,
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

if not the total number of attacks. In 2010, 49 successful raises the possibility that pirates may diversify their targets
hijackings were carried out, according to the IMB; by the to indulge in traditional kidnap-for-ransom. At time of
end of September 2011 that number was 24. This might writing, the culprits of the kidnappings were unknown.
owe as much to increased awareness of the problem by A surge in piracy has also been witnessed in other areas
international shipping companies as the deployment of of the world, particularly the Gulf of Guinea. According to
naval forces. More companies are now adopting the Best the IMB, 38 attempted attacks had occurred in the area
Management Practices, developed by a variety of ship- by early September 2011. In the first half of the year, 12
ping companies, multinational forces and non-govern- attacks on tankers were identified by the IMB, compared to
mental organisations and now in its fourth iteration, that none the previous year. Fuelled by a lucrative energy trade
suggest the use of ship-based defences, high freeboards, from the Gulf’s oil producers and the lack of constabulary
a minimum speed and particular manoeuvres to under- naval or maritime forces in the region, piracy is becoming
take during a suspected attack. More private security an increasingly frequent activity, though it remains far
companies are also being employed to provide armed less frequent and serious there than it does in the Indian
guards on vessels, and governments are beginning to take Ocean. Without a concerted international response in the
more active steps in backing these initiatives. In October near future, West Africa will remain a permissive environ-
2011, the UK prime minister indicated that the UK would ment for increased piracy.

While these issues are true of many states in the air force placed orders for five aircraft (two C-295
region, whose militaries essentially resemble gendar- transport aircraft, one EMB-190 and two DA-42
meries, they do not apply to all states. Ghana, for MPP Guardian surveillance aircraft) with funding
instance, has launched a ‘bottom-up’ force-moderni- from loan agreements. In 2009, the army acquired
sation programme. In the mid-2000s, the government 30 new Spanish-manufactured light military vehi-
realised that it could not address military deficiencies cles (ten VAMTAC and 20 VAM TL). Two features of

Sub-Saharan
with piecemeal procurement of the kind adopted by the programme mark it out from many West African

Africa
many states in the region. Instead, Ghana embarked states: the programme is comprehensive, rather than
on a sustained (2009–25) restructuring programme, ad hoc; and defence acquisitions have been of new,
beginning with the rehabilitation of military barracks, rather than surplus, materiel. Ghana’s programme is
on which US$800,000 was spent; MoD offices, for likely to be aided by increasing oil revenues.
which China donated US$7.25 million and Ghana States in northern West Africa have particular secu-
spent US$1.75m; and the acquisition of small arms rity concerns regarding Islamist armed groups oper-
and light weapons. Ghana envisages that Phase I ating across the Sahel region, from Niger to Senegal.
of the programme, from 2009–15, will cost around Mali, for example, has launched repeated operations
US$750m. It will encompass all arms of the military. against groups close to the Algerian and Nigerien
In 2008–10, the Navy received seven offshore patrol borders. These long-range operations, usually in
vessels, with an estimated value of US$2.7m, donated desert terrain, require mobile armoured forces and
through the US Navy’s African Partnership Station air support. In regional terms, Mali’s military is well
(APS) programme. There are reportedly other naval equipped. Its defence expenditure has remained high,
contracts with China and South Korea. In 2011, the and stable, since the mid-1990s. At 2.24% of GDP in
414 The Military Balance 2012

2010, this expenditure is well above the regional and South Sudan. As a result, East African mili-
average of 1.05% of GDP (The Military Balance, 2011, taries are the continent’s most diverse in terms of
pp. 410–49). The United States assists Mali and size and equipment. Eritrea and Ethiopia’s armed
other states in the region through the Trans-Sahara forces together maintain more than 300,000 active
Counterterrorism Partnership (TSCTP) programme. personnel (more than all other East African mili-
Operation Enduring Freedom Trans Sahara (OEF-TS) taries combined). East Africa also hosts large, well-
provides military support to the TSCTP to increase the equipped military forces, such as those of Kenya and
capacity of states to combat terrorist activities. West Uganda, but also small, lightly equipped militaries,
African OEF-TS programme states include Burkina such as Djibouti.
Faso, Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal. Meanwhile, it As in West Africa, some states have launched
remains unclear how, in Nigeria, deployment of the military reforms, while others have changed little in
military on internal security tasks in the wake of terror recent years. For example, Uganda – where defence
attacks by the Islamist Boko Haram group will affect expenditure is 15–20% of government spending and
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

procurement and planning in the long term. growing – invests heavily in procurement and force
Meanwhile, moves are again under way to assist modernisation. Eritrea and Burundi, by contrast,
security-sector reform (SSR) in Guinea–Bissau. (In have downsized and reformed little post-conflict.
previous editions of The Military Balance, various Unlike West Africa, however, the region also hosts
initiatives such as the 2008–10 EU SSR mission have an emerging military power, South Sudan. South
been noted.) According to the UN secretary general’s Sudanese defence forces are a new, large and increas-
special representative, speaking in June, ‘the polit- ingly well-equipped military presence in the region.
ical and security situations were improving, but ... Since the late 2000s, several states in the region,
economic reforms had yet to be bolstered by other including Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda, have launched
reforms, notably in the defence and security sector’. substantial military modernisation programmes.
The UN has noted that its Mission to Guinea–Bissau Ethiopia, for example, reduced its forces to 140,000
(UNIOGBIS) has been working with the Ministry active personnel following the end of the 1998–2000
of Defence on ‘training modules and the drafting of conflict with Eritrea. It aims to restructure its (former
modules for a training of trainers programme’. And revolutionary) armed forces, cutting them down from
Angola early in 2011 deployed a military-technical four military commands to three, and a headquarters
mission to support security and defence reform. in Addis Ababa, with support from China, Israel,
These capacity-building moves were underpinned Russia and the US. Ethiopia also appears set to invest
by the development of a roadmap for SSR, adopted heavily in procurement. In 2011, it began discussions
on 24 March by ECOWAS and Portuguese Language with Ukraine to purchase 200 T-72 main battle tanks
Community states. The roadmap includes aspira- in a deal estimated at US$100m. Since Eritrea and
tions to downsize the military, and create a military Ethiopia relied primarily on older T-54/T-55 tanks
pension fund. According to the UN, the SSR process during the 1998–2000 conflict, these and associated
will focus on implementing the SSR strategy; ‘demo- acquisitions are strategically significant and indicate
bilisation in the defence and security sectors and a growing qualitative imbalance between Eritrean
progress in the vetting and certification process for and Ethiopian forces. While Eritrea continues to
policing and internal security personnel, in accor- field around 200,000 active armed forces, Ethiopia’s
dance with gender and human rights standards’; defence objectives appear to involve further down-
increasing access to justice; and ‘coordination and sizing and consolidation, with an emphasis on quality
resource mobilisation activities for the pension fund rather than size.
and related initiatives’. It is reported that the govern- South Sudan gained independence from Sudan
ment allocated $4.5m for the pension fund. on 9 July 2011. The country faces acute security chal-
lenges, including conflict with Sudan on the South
East Africa Kordofan and Northern Bahr el Ghazal borders and
operations against armed groups in Jonglei, Upper
East Africa faced a range of disparate security chal- Nile and Unity states. The South Sudan Armed
lenges in 2011, including the continued Ethiopia– Forces (SSAF) is currently restructuring and re-equip-
Eritrea stand-off, war in Somalia, drought and ping. (Under the terms of South Sudan’s 2011 tran-
ongoing hostilities between and within Sudan sitional constitution, the Sudan People’s Liberation
Sub-Saharan Africa 415

Central Africa
Incursions into Somalia
On 14 October, Kenyan ground forces entered Somalia Many Central African militaries face the severe chal-
in a combined ground and air assault intended to lenges of protracted internal armed conflict and
reduce the capacity of al-Shabaab fighters to threaten foreign insurgency. While some have attempted to
Kenyan territory. It is alleged that al-Shabaab were restructure their armed forces, many have had to
responsible for a series of kidnappings and bombings defer ‘deep’ reform in favour of short-term strategies
in Kenya. It is reported that at least two battalions of to enhance immediate operational requirements.
Kenyan troops were deployed on Operation Linda Nchi. The armed forces of the Democratic Republic of
While troops from the AU Mission in Somalia have the Congo (FARDC), for example, suffer internal
been pushing back al-Shabaab fighters in Mogadishu, divisions and a lack of coordinated investment.
the Kenyan advance is likely designed to pressure Only with the assistance of the UN mission in the
DRC, now called MONUSCO, and Rwanda, has the
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

al-Shabaab in the south, notably around the port of


Kismayo. In December, it was reported that Ethiopian DRC been able since 2009 to counter the Democratic
troops had entered Somalia, adding to the pressure on Forces for the Liberation of Congo (FDLR) rebel
al-Shabaab. At time of writing, it remained unclear how group, in addition to Uganda’s Allied Democratic
long Kenyan and Ethiopian forces intended to remain Forces–National Army for the Liberation of
inside Somalia. Uganda (ADF–NALU), Mai-Mai and other militias.
Ugandan forces continue to provide the backbone
of DRC efforts to combat the Ugandan/Sudanese-
Army (SPLA) was to transform into the SSAF.) The based Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA). The country
country receives military assistance (largely training has invested sporadically in procurement. While
and advice) from Kenya, South Africa, the UK and some procurements have been reported, the FARDC
the US, in addition to UK- and US-funded private in general remains poorly equipped and decentral-
security companies and Russian/Ukrainian technical ised, mainly because political divisions hamper the
assistance. The Government of South Sudan (GOSS) creation of a unified national military with clear
initially reported SPLA forces of 300,000, a figure that lines of command and control.
was inflated in advance of UN disarmament, demo- The FARDC’s phased 2008–20 reform plan aims
bilisation and reintegration (DDR) initiatives and first to create a ‘Rapid Reaction Force’ (at an estimated
confused due to the plethora of armed groups oper- cost of US$132m). The 2010 deployment of a Belgian-
ating in the country. Reliable sources estimate the trained brigade to Equateur province may suggest
SSAF fields between 30,000 and 40,000 active forces limited success in this regard. However, the need to
and 80,000 to 90,000 diverse reserve/militia forces. respond to internal conflicts has prioritised ‘quick-fix’
The SSAF maintains that it wishes to ‘downsize’ to operations over broader structural reforms. The plan
100,000 active troops, although reports in April 2011 envisages the creation of a ‘Covering Force’ (12 battal-
of the forced conscription of an estimated 6,000 troops ions) by 2015 and, from 2015 to 2020, a ‘Principal

Sub-Saharan
in Unity state confuse the issue further. Defence Force.’ In effect, this means that the FARDC

Africa
In the mid-2000s, the SPLA began to re-equip on is likely to remain decentralised for some time to
a large scale, beginning in 2006–07 with Ural-4320 come.
troop transport trucks from an unknown supplier, Like the DRC, the Central African Republic’s
in addition to small arms, light weapons and ammu- (CAR) armed forces are severely restricted in
nition. Around 110 T-72M tanks and 11 BM-21 their operational capacity. CAR faces a number of
MLRS were acquired between 2007 and 2008, and persistent security threats, including lawlessness
nine Russian Mi-17-V5 helicopters and one Mi-172 in the north of the country and sporadic attacks by
helicopter in 2009–10. In 2007, the World Bank esti- armed groups, including the domestic Convention
mated GOSS defence expenditure at US$555m. Some of Patriots for Justice and Peace (CPJP) and LRA
analysts project that figure has risen to US$ 1 billion insurgents. The army has difficulties projecting
in 2010–11; the GOSS, meanwhile, pledged to double force beyond the capital, Bangui, due to the near-
defence spending in 2010. If estimates are correct, total destruction of military infrastructure during
South Sudan’s defence budget is larger than those of the 1996–2003 violence, and unserviceable military
Ethiopia or Eritrea. vehicles. Since 2008, CAR has attempted to restruc-
416 The Military Balance 2012

ture its military into a ‘garrison’ force, based in six The latest round of French assistance, agreed in the
regions. This has been aided by support from China mid-2000s, includes command restructuring, logis-
and France (the latter under a new defence agree- tical support and training for Chad’s defence and
ment signed in April 2010), including the construc- security forces, valued at around US$500,000 in 2010.
tion of barracks and the procurement of equipment. Chad continues to receive Foreign Military Financing
In 2004, France supplied a US$3.2m defence package (FMF) and International Military Education and
including 46 military vehicles. The CAR procure- Training (IMET) assistance from the US, worth a
ment programme, however, appears to be quite combined US$780,000 in 2011.
limited. Since 2008, the country has acquired three
APCs from Slovakia, in addition to small quanti- Southern Africa
ties of unspecified equipment supplied by Austria,
China, France and Israel. Although 2010 defence A number of Southern African militaries are rela-
spending was a high 2.6% of GDP, Bangui’s defence tively young, having emerged from anti-colonial/
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

reforms can best be described as nascent. The govern- anti-minority rule conflicts of the 1970s and 1980s.
ment still does not fully control the countryside and However, their development paths have differed.
CAR remains reliant on Ugandan forces to combat Botswana, for example, responded to the more
the LRA. However, in October US President Obama relaxed regional security climate of early the 1990s
announced that up to 100 US military personnel will with defence restructuring and acquisitions. Namibia
be deployed to assist regional forces combating the has launched similar initiatives in recent years.
LRA; the troops will be combat-equipped, but will Despite considerable gains in the 1980s, however,
only engage LRA forces in self-defence. The Military Zimbabwe’s defence forces are deteriorating due to
Balance 2011 (p. 407) analysed regional actions against increasing politicisation and involvement in domestic
the LRA, and Washington’s focus on the threat to repression.
regional states from that group. The Namibia Defence Force was created in
In contrast to CAR and DRC, Chad has weath- 1990 from People’s Liberation Army of Namibia
ered a period of intense instability and may have (PLAN) and South West African Territorial Force
entered a period of military reform and consolida- (SWATF) units. It received initial training from
tion. The 2003–10 proxy conflict with Sudan resulted Kenyan forces under a UN mandate, followed by
in substantial procurement and expenditure. At sustained assistance from the UK between 1990–95,
almost 3.5% of GDP (2010), Chad’s defence spending including force structuring, training and logistics.
is one of the highest in Africa. Since 2006, government Namibia’s deployments in Angola and the DRC
defence acquisitions include: BMP-1 AIFVs, BTR-3U between 1999–2002, and the Namibian Caprivi
APCs, Su-25 FGA aircraft, and Mi-24 combat helicop- region between 1998–2002 appear to have spurred
ters from Ukraine between 2006–09; light armoured investment in the defence sector. Although the
vehicles from China in 2007; Eland/AML recon- military is relatively small (9,200 active forces in
naissance vehicles from South Africa and Belgium, 2010), it has begun to invest heavily in high-value
between 2007 and 2008; VAB APCs from France in military assets, including the first of 12 F-7 fighter
2008 and RAM-2000 reconnaissance vehicles from aircraft from China in 2006; one Cheetah and two
Israel in 2008. Chetak helicopters from India in 2009, and radar
Although Chad–Sudan tensions have dissipated upgrades of its F-7s conducted in Italy in 2007.
following the January 2010 ‘N’Djamena Accord’, the Between 2009 and 2011–12, Namibia’s defence
government faces continued threats from residual budget has expanded and, standing at 3.5% of GDP
elements of rebel forces, including the Movement for in 2010, the defence allocation far exceeded those
Democracy and Development (MDD) and Movement of its neighbours. In Botswana the figure was 0.7%
for Democracy and Justice in Chad (MDJT) groups and in South Africa 1.1%. The Botswana Defence
in the northwest, and groups aligned to the Union of Force, with approximately 9,000 active forces,
Resistance Forces (UFR) in the east. In May 2009, the is around the same size as the Namibia Defence
government repulsed a UFR attack, thereby renewing Force. In contrast to Namibia, however, Botswana
its hopes for a military solution to rebel activity. embarked on a substantial military modernisation
The country has since accelerated procurement and plan in the mid-1990s and its defence spending has
ongoing reform of its defence and security forces. since reduced.
Sub-Saharan Africa 417

The 1990s modernisation initiative was a response eroding rapidly. Recent defence acquisitions, such
to Botswana’s increasing participation in regional as K-8 aircraft from China between 2005–06, suggest
collective security arrangements, including joint that Zimbabwe continues to invest in major conven-
operations with Southern African Development tional weapons. Some commentators believe that
Community (SADC) states and involvement in peace such procurement, rather than reflecting regional
support operations, such as Somalia (UN, 1992–94), security conditions, indicates the government’s fear
Mozambique (UN, 1993–94) and Lesotho (SADC, of foreign intervention aimed at regime change.
1998). These engagements boosted military pres-
tige and domestic support for force modernisation. South Africa
During the 1990s, Botswana’s defence spending
averaged 3.8% of GDP as the country expanded its As in last year’s Military Balance (p. 407), it can still be
armed forces from around 6,000 in 1990 to 9,000 in said that the South African National Defence Force
2011, initiated structural reforms and procured new remains one of the most capable militaries on the
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

equipment, including: 20 Scorpion light tanks from the continent, but it continues to face challenges in main-
UK between 1995 and 1996); ten CF-5A fighter aircraft taining combat effectiveness. Some new platforms
and three CF-5D trainer jets from Canada in 1996 have arrived. But recent deployments – such as the
(with up to four more CF-5Ds in 2000); and 20 SK-105 late-2011 decision to send around 200 personnel
tanks and turrets from Austria and France in 2000. and vessels on anti-piracy patrols – coupled with
Botswana maintains close ties with Western militaries continuing focus on border security, have added to
and a majority of its officers have received training debates on equipment and strategic direction. These
in the US. Despite significant reductions in defence came in light of budget allocations that, in 2011,
expenditure since the 1990s, the country maintains were described by Defence Minister Lindiwe Sisulu
a steady level of investment in its inventory: Spain as ‘hopelessly inadequate’. Sisulu was reported as
delivered two CN-235 transport aircraft in 2010 and, having responded in the affirmative when asked
in 2011, Botswana signed a US$45m contract with in a parliamentary question whether budget issues
Switzerland for the delivery in 2013 of five PC-7 MkII were having an impact on readiness; she told parlia-
training aircraft. ment in October 2011 that the defence-funding issue
The role and capacity of Zimbabwe’s military ‘has not been dealt [with] to the full satisfaction of
differs from those of Botswana and Namibia. Like the ministry and the department and we remain
these two states, Zimbabwe initially – between 1980 hopeful that the budget would be increased in the
and 2000 – received extensive UK military assistance not-too-distant future’. In August, Sisulu announced
in defining the structure of its armed forces and inte- a public defence-review process, led by a ten-strong
grating and training former revolutionary fighters. committee containing two former defence minis-
Since the late 1990s, however, domestic insecurity, ters, supported by a secretariat of experts. While it
repression and deteriorating relations with the EU was reported that the defence ministry had earlier
and the UK in particular have led Zimbabwe to alter produced an updated draft (the last defence review

Sub-Saharan
its defence priorities and the role of its armed forces. was in 1998), the Review Committee has a remit to

Africa
The military’s strong roots in anti-colonial/anti- look broadly at South Africa’s strategic environment
minority rule operations, reinforced by operations and aspirations, as well as the resources needed
in the 1980s against Apartheid-era South African to meet these requirements. The Department of
forces, closely aligned military elites with the ruling Defence’s Annual Report FY2010/2011, released in
ZANU-PF party. Since 2000, these links have become October, painted a bleak picture of overstretch in
further politicised with the military’s involvement in key capability areas. While noting that the services
farm seizures (Operation Tsuro in 2000) and the 2002 had achieved many of the targets set for the year,
election ‘security’ operation. the army was ‘severely overstretched, particularly
The army faces a number of internal challenges, in the infantry, engineer and support capabilities’,
including large-scale, voluntary retirement of offi- the navy ‘continued to experience critical shortages
cers (allegedly politically motivated), deteriorating of personnel within the technical, combat, diver,
conditions of barracks and escalating recruitment of submariner and logistics domains’ while, for the
low-grade militia into the army. As a result, many air force, the report asserted that it provided clear
accounts suggest that the army’s professionalism is evidence ‘that the previous cuts and under funding
418 The Military Balance 2012

Table 31 South African Defence Budget by Programme, 2007–2013


Revised
Rand m Revised Budget Budget Budget Budget
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2011 2012 2013
Administration 2,154 2,480 2,881 3,427 3,718 3,718 4,052 4,395
Landward Defence 7,128 7,487 8,909 9,983 11,763 11,328 12,773 13,730
Air Defence 7,315 8,019 8,056 6,059 6,763 6,355 7,216 7,007
Maritime Defence 2,397 1,837 2,011 2,180 2,500 2,564 2,539 2,919
Military Health Support 1,878 2,177 2,483 2,770 3,044 3,244 3,328 3,519
Defence Intelligence 461 507 600 631 669 661 702 737
Joint Support 2,267 3,380 3,461 3,936 3,900 4,143 4,322 4,701
Force Employment 1,581 1,914 1,924 1,909 2,241 2,332 2,436 2,692
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Total 25,180 27,801 30,325 32,389 34,605 34,349 37,371 39,702


Source: South African Defence Budget, April 2011, p. 459; Adjusted Defence Budget Vote, October 2011, p. 158

in the SAAF operating budget has reached culmina- Sub-Saharan Africa defence
tion point in terms of adverse effects on SAAF capa- economics
bilities.’
Funding remains a perennial problem for the Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing a relatively
South African Air Force as it tries to continue robust recovery from a period of uncertainty after the
revamping its inventory, while sustaining capability start of the global financial crisis in 2008 – a conclu-
with types recently introduced into service. The air sion broadly reached by both the UN Economic
force will receive the last four of its 26 Saab Gripen Commission for Africa (UNECA) and the IMF. The
combat aircraft in 2012, though it has struggled to return to growth has, however, been uneven among
find adequate numbers of aircrew and secure suffi- states that are broadly described as middle- and low-
cient flight hours. Efforts are ongoing to acquire income countries and oil-producing states. Middle-
transport and maritime patrol aircraft to replace income countries, those more fully integrated into
ageing in-service platforms. Incidents of piracy have the world economy, are experiencing a more hesi-
sharpened focus on maritime surveillance. The air tant recovery, and this helps to explain why growth
force is currently dependent on its C-47TP TurboDaks across southern Africa has been more restrained than
to meet this role, though it is trying to identify and in other regions, while countries such as South Africa
procure a replacement maritime patrol platform. have had to recover from a negative growth rate
Meanwhile, the air force’s transport aircraft plan seen in 2009. Meanwhile, those countries less inte-
has had to be revisited following the government’s grated into the global economy have been relatively
2010 decision to withdraw from the Airbus Military shielded from the financial crisis and, according to
A400M programme. One effect has been that the air the IMF in September 2011, ‘most of the region’s low-
force’s ageing C-130Bs will need to be kept in service income countries have returned to their pre-crisis
longer than previously anticipated, probably with an growth rates’. Those nations relying on oil exports for
associated increase in maintenance and support costs. the majority of their receipts have also witnessed an
Sufficient funding was, however, available to improvement in growth, which is likely to continue
conclude integration of the South African Denel into 2012, according to the IMF. The Fund ascribes
Dynamics A-Darter imaging infra-red guided air-to- this to ‘continued strength in domestic public-invest-
air missile (IIR AAM) on the Gripen during mid-2011. ment spending, as well as some idiosyncratic factors,
The A-Darter is now jointly funded by South Africa such as a strong rebound in oil production in Angola
and Brazil. It is anticipated to enter production following a disruption in 2011’.
towards the end of 2012. The South African Air Force Improved growth in 2011 has been driven
presently operates Gripen with a small number of in general terms by buoyant commodity prices,
IRIS-T IIR AAMs, but has no radar-guided AAM in sustained (according to the African Development
its inventory. Denel is working on a medium-range Bank) by a robust Chinese demand for commodi-
AAM to meet this role. ties, though with Europe and the US also key trading
Sub-Saharan Africa 419

1.92
2.0 1.82
1.75
1.62 1.65 1.62 1.58

1.5 1.33 1.31


1.22
% of GDP

1.0

0.5

0.0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Figure 13 Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Defence Expenditure as % of GDP

partners, further economic problems in these regions increase the combat capability of Uganda’s air force
could have an impact on African growth. However, when the aircraft are fully inducted – and providing
as was pointed out in the 2011 IISS Strategic Survey, they are properly maintained – it was reported by the
‘for a number of countries such as Ethiopia and South Financial Times in June 2011 that the government had
Africa, impressive economic figures belied a trend turned to the central bank to help finance it, sending
of “jobless growth”’. As UNECA have pointed out, ‘reserves down from six months’ worth of imports
‘job creation remains limited in countries where to four’. (Though Uganda is still referenced, by the
much of the economic upturn was driven by capital- IMF, in the context of a low-income country, oil reve-
intensive extractive sectors’ having few links with the nues likely to accrue in the future could lead to an
wider economy. This has led to African growth rates improvement in its balance sheet.) Aircraft purchases
remaining below the level needed to ‘create adequate have been pursued by many continental states in
employment and to reduce poverty’. Exchange-rate recent years. Ghana – as noted above – has embarked
volatility and inflation also qualify the actual impact on a sustained restructuring programme, with new
of these growth rates. Across the continent, infla- aviation capabilities forming a central plank in this
tion generally increased in early-to-mid-2011 due to process. Orders have included two C-295s, report-
oil-price fluctuations and, according to the African edly loan financed to the tune of €60m, one EMB-190
Development Bank, rising prices for raw materials at a reported cost of US$105m and two DA-42 MPP
and food. aircraft. South Africa received more of its Gripen
Nonetheless, states across the continent have fighters this year.
generally viewed defence-spending plans through Speaking at the time of the April budget vote, South

Sub-Saharan
the prism of their security imperatives, and have, in African Defence Minister Lindiwe Sisulu noted in

Africa
the main, found the funds to finance some key capa- 2011 that the defence budget allocations for the South
bility enhancements. Uganda experienced a drop in African National Defence Force were ‘hopelessly
inflation between 2009 and 2010 – largely due to falls inadequate’. In October she returned to that theme,
in food prices – though the rate has risen dramati- saying: ‘to bemoan the inadequacies of the budget is
cally in 2011 (coupled with currency depreciation). to repeat what each one here understands is a matter
According to the Uganda Bureau of Statistics, the we should all seek to address as a matter of urgency
annual headline rate of inflation rose to 30.5% for the … The priorities we outline now will require a signifi-
year ending October 2011, from 28.3% for the year cantly increased budget.’ However, the budget was
ending September to 30.5% in October. This is the in fact reduced under the revised Appropriations
highest rate since January 1993. However, Kampala Bill in October. As the SANDF Annual Report notes,
continues to introduce newly purchased military these budget cuts have had an impact on capabilities;
equipment, such as the two (of six planned) Su-30s for the air force, ‘previous cuts and underfunding in
that arrived during 2011, reportedly as part of a wider the SAAF operating budget has reached culmination
arms package agreed with Russia. While this deal will point in terms of adverse effects on SAAF capabili-
420 The Military Balance 2012

ties. A risk exists that not all the required system tests in GDP during the first quarter or 2011, though this
can be effectively done due to lack of adequate flying slowed a little during the second quarter. CPI infla-
hours.’ Indeed, while the report notes that for combat tion, meanwhile rose from 3.2% in September 2010 to
air power, flights as part of the operation to protect 5.3% in July 2011. However, defence allocations have
the 2010 Football World Cup boosted hourly totals, to be viewed in light of the treasury’s 2011 Budget
for the important task of medium and light transport Review, which stated that ‘spending is focused on
the total number of hours flown in 2010 was some core social priorities and economic infrastructure’.
2,000 less than projected. Sisulu has expressed her While South Africa is consolidating its recovery, and
hope to parliament that the budget can be increased is engaged in moves to increase export growth to the
but, while spending allocations might grow year-on- fast-developing markets of Asia, its economic pros-
year, it remains to be seen whether these increases will pects are, as the Budget Review notes, ‘highly depen-
be designed to track rising GDP growth. According dent on global trade and investment patterns, and
to the ADB, South Africa experienced 3.6% growth risks to the global outlook must be considered’.
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012
Sub-Saharan Africa 421

ARV T-54/T-55
Angola ANG MW Bozena
New Angolan Kwanza
2010 2011 2012
AOA Navy ε1,000
GDP AOA 7.58tr 9.80tr
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US$ 82.2bn 105bn PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 14
per capita US$ 4,825 5,962 PCC 5 Rei Bula Matadi
Growth % 3.41 3.68 PBF 5 PVC-170
Inflation % 14.5 15.0 PB 4 Mandume
Def bdgt AOA 343bn 340bn 352bn Coastal Defence
US$ 3.72bn 3.63bn MSL • AShM SS-C-1B Sepal (at Luanda)
USD1=AOA 92.16 93.72

Population 17,544,728
Air Force/Air Defence 6,000
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Ethnic groups: Ovimbundu 37%; Kimbundu 25%; Bakongo 13%


FORCES BY ROLE
FIGHTER
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Some sqn with MiG-21bis/MiG-21MF Fishbed; Su-27/Su-
Male 21.8% 5.5% 4.7% 3.9% 13.4% 1.2% 27UB Flanker
Female 21.4% 5.4% 4.6% 3.7% 12.9% 1.5%
2 sqn with MiG-23ML Flogger
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
Capabilities Some sqn with MiG-23BN Flogger; Su-22 Fitter D; Su-24
Fencer; Su-25 Frogfoot
ACTIVE 107,000 (Army 100,000 Navy 1,000 Air MARITIME PATROL
6,000) Paramilitary 10,000 1 sqn with F-27-200 MPA; CASA 212 Aviocar
TRANSPORT
Organisations by Service Some sqn with An-12 Cub; An-24 Coke; An-26 Curl; An-
32 Cline; An-72 Coaler; C-130 Hercules; C-212 Aviocar;
EMB-135BJ Legacy 600 (VIP); Il-62 Classic; Il-76TD
Army 100,000 Candid; PC-6B Turbo Porter; PC-7 Turbo Trainer/PC-9*
FORCES BY ROLE ATTACK HELICOPTER
MANOEUVRE Some sqn with Mi-24 Hind/Mi-35 Hind; SA-342M Gazelle
Armoured/Light (with HOT)
42 armd/inf regt (det/gps – strength varies) TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
Light
Some units with AS565; Bell 212; Mi-8 Hip/Mi-17 Hip H;
16 inf bde
SA316 Alouette III (IAR-316) (incl trg)
COMBAT SUPPORT
AIR DEFENCE
Some engr units
5 bn; 10 bty with S-125 Pechora (SA-3 Goa); 9K35
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher)†; 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful); 9K33
Some log units
Osa (SA-8 Gecko); 9K31 Strela-1 (SA-9 Gaskin); S-75M
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE † Volkhov (SA-2 Guideline)
MBT 300+: ε200 T-54/T-55; 50 T-62; 50 T-72; T-80/T-84
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
(reported)

Sub-Saharan
AIRCRAFT 92 combat capable
RECCE 600 BRDM-2

Africa
AIFV 250+: 250 BMP-1/BMP-2; BMD-3 FTR 24: 6 Su-27/Su-27UB Flanker; 18 MiG-23ML Flogger
APC (W) ε170 BTR-152/BTR-60/BTR-80 FGA 54: 20 MiG-21bis/MiG-21MF Fishbed; 8 MiG-23BN/
ARTY 1,408+ UB Flogger; 14 Su-22 Fitter D; 12 Su-24 Fencer
SP 16+: 122mm 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 4 2S3; 203mm 12 ATK 10: 8 Su-25 Frogfoot; 2 Su-25UB Frogfoot B
2S7 TPT 50: Heavy 4 Il-76TD Candid; Medium 6 An-12 Cub
TOWED 552: 122mm 500 D-30; 130mm 48 M-46; 152mm Light 40: 12 An-26 Curl; 3 An-32 Cline; 8 An-72 Coaler;
4 D-20 8 BN-2A Islander; 3 C-212-200 Aviocar; 4 C-212-300M
MRL 90+: 122mm 90: 50 BM-21; 40 RM-70 Dana; 240mm Aviocar; 1 Do-28D Skyservant; 1 EMB-135BJ Legacy 600
BM-24 (VIP)
MOR 750: 82mm 250; 120mm 500 TRG 30: 13 EMB-312 Tucano; 6 L-29 Delfin; 2 L-39C
AT • MSL • MANPATS 9K11 (AT-3 Sagger) Albatros; 5 PC-7 Turbo Trainer; 4 PC-9*
RCL 500: 400 82mm B-10/107mm B-11 †; 106mm 100† HELICOPTERS
GUNS • SP 100mm SU-100† ATK 44: 22 Mi-24 Hind; 22 Mi-35 Hind
AD • SAM • MANPAD 500 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡; MRH 26: 8 AS565 Panther; 10 SA316 Alouette III (IAR-
9K36 Strela-3 (SA-14 Gremlin); 9K 310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet) 316) (incl trg); 8 SA342M Gazelle
GUNS • TOWED 450+: 14.5mm ZPU-4; 23mm ZU-23-2; MRH/TPT 27 Mi-8 Hip/Mi-17 Hip H
37mm M-1939; 57mm S-60 TPT • Light 8 Bell 212
422 The Military Balance 2012

AD • SAM 122 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE


SP 70: 10 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 Gopher)†; 25 2K12 Kub LT TK 18 PT-76 (op status uncertain)
(SA-6 Gainful); 15 9K33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko); 20 9K31 RECCE 31: 14 BRDM-2; 7 M-8; 10 VBL
Strela-1 (SA-9 Gaskin) APC (T): 22 M-113
TOWED 52: 40 S-75M Volkhov (SA-2 Guideline)‡; 12 ARTY 16+
S-125 Pechora (SA-3 Goa) TOWED 105mm 16: 12 L118 Light Gun; 4 M101
MSL MOR 81mm
ASM AT-2 Swatter; HOT AT • RL 89mm LRAC
ARM Kh-28 (AS-9 Kyle)
AAM • IR R-3 (AA-2 Atoll)‡; R-60 (AA-8 Aphid); R-73 Navy ε200
(AA-11 Archer) IR/SARH R-23/24 (AA-7 Apex)‡
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 2 Matelot
Paramilitary 10,000
Brice Kpomasse (ex-PRC)
Rapid-Reaction Police 10,000
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Air Force 250


AIRCRAFT
Deployment TPT 8 Light 4: 1 Commander 500B†; 1 DHC-6 Twin
Guinea-Bissau Otter†; 2 Do-28D Skyservant† PAX 4: 2 B-727; 2 HS-748†
MISSANG 200 (providing trg and assistance with SSR) HELICOPTERS
TPT • Light 5: 4 AW109BA; 1 AS350B Ecureuil†

Benin BEN Paramilitary 2,500


CFA Franc BCEAO fr 2010 2011 2012
Gendarmerie 2,500
GDP fr 3.25tr 3.48tr
FORCES BY ROLE
US$ 6.43bn 7.29bn MANOEUVRE
per capita US$ 710 782 OTHER
Growth % 2.58 3.77 4 (mobile) paramilitary coy
Inflation % 2.1 2.8
Def bdgt fr 38bn 34.9bn Deployment
US$ 75m 73m
Côte D’Ivoire
US$1=fr 504.97 476.96
UN • UNOCI 426; 8 obs; 1 inf bn
Population 9,325,032
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus UN • MONUSCO 446; 14 obs; 1 inf bn
Male 22.8% 5.5% 4.6% 3.9% 12.3% 1.1% Liberia
Female 21.9% 5.3% 4.4% 3.8% 12.9% 1.6% UN • UNMIL 1; 2 obs

Capabilities SOUTH SUDAN


UN • UNMISS 3 obs
ACTIVE 4,750 (Army 4,300 Navy 200 Air 250)
Paramilitary 2,500
Terms of service conscription (selective), 18 months
Botswana BWA
Organisations by Service Botswana Pula P 2010 2011 2012
GDP P 101bn 117bn
Army 4,300 US$ 14.6bn 17.1bn
FORCES BY ROLE per capita US$ 7,192 8,288
MANOEUVRE Growth % 7.20 6.24
Armoured
Inflation % 7.0 7.8
1 armd sqn
Light Def bdgta P 4.29bn 3.68bn 3.68bn
3 inf bn US$ 620m 539m
Air Manoeuvre FMA (US) US$ 0.2m 0.34m
1 cdo/AB bn US$1=P 6.92 6.83
COMBAT SUPPORT a
Defence, Justice and Security Budget
1 arty bty
1 engr bn Population 2,065,398
Sub-Saharan Africa 423

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus


TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 sqn with AS350B Ecureuil; Bell 412EP/SP Twin Huey
Male 17.3% 5.6% 5.3% 5.1% 15.5% 1.6%
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Female 16.6% 5.6% 5.5% 5.3% 14.3% 2.3%
AIRCRAFT 30 combat capable
FTR 14: 9 F-5A Freedom Fighter; 5 F-5D Tiger II
Capabilities ISR 5 O-2 Skymaster
ACTIVE 9,000 (Army 8,500 Air 500) Paramilitary TPT 19: Medium 3 C-130B Hercules; Light 15: 4 BN-2
1,500 Defender*; 6 BN-2B Defender*; 1 Beech 200 King Air (VIP);
2 C-212-300 Aviocar; 2 CN-235M-100 PAX 1 BD700 Global
Express
Organisations by Service TRG 6 PC-7 Turbo Trainer*
HELICOPTERS
Army 8,500 MRH 7: 2 Bell 412EP Twin Huey; 5 Bell 412SP Twin Huey
FORCES BY ROLE TPT • Light 8 AS350B Ecureuil
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

MANOEUVRE
Armoured Paramilitary 1,500
1 armd bde (-)
Light Police Mobile Unit 1,500 (org in territorial coy)
2 inf bde (1 armd recce regt, 4 inf bn, 1 cdo unit, 2 ADA
regt, 1 engr regt, 1 log bn)
COMBAT SUPPORT
1 arty bde
Burkina Faso BFA
1 AD bde (-) CFA Franc BCEAO fr 2010 2011 2012
1 engr coy
GDP fr 4.37tr 4.68tr
1 sigs coy
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT US$ 8.67bn 9.81bn
1 log gp per capita US$ 534 586
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Growth % 7.93 4.88
LT TK 55: ε30 SK-105 Kuerassier; 25 Scorpion Inflation % -0.6 1.9
RECCE 72+: RAM-V-1; ε8 RAM-V-2; 64 VBL Def bdgt fr 62.4bn
APC 156
US$ 124m
APC (T) 6 FV 103 Spartan
APC (W) 150: 50 BTR-60; 50 LAV-150 Commando (some US$1=fr 504.09 476.56
with 90mm gun); 50 MOWAG Piranha III Population 16,751,455
ARTY 46
TOWED 30: 105mm 18: 12 L-118 Light Gun; 6 Model 56 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
pack howitzer; 155mm 12 Soltam Male 23.0% 5.5% 4.5% 3.8% 12.0% 1.0%
MOR 28: 81mm 22; 120mm 6 M-43 Female 22.9% 5.4% 4.5% 3.7% 12.3% 1.5%
AT
MSL 6+ Capabilities
SP V-150 TOW
MANPATS 6 TOW ACTIVE 11,200 (Army 6,400 Air 600 Gendarmerie

Sub-Saharan
RCL 84mm 30 Carl Gustav 4,200) Paramilitary 250

Africa
AD • SAM • MANPAD 27: 5 Javelin; 10 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-
16 Gimlet); 12 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡
GUNS • TOWED 20mm 7 M167 Vulcan
Organisations by Service
ARV Greif; M578
Army 6,400
Air Wing 500 3 Mil Regions
FORCES BY ROLE FORCES BY ROLE
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK MANOEUVRE
1 sqn with F-5A Freedom Fighter; F-5D Tiger II Armoured
ISR 1 tk bn (2 tk pl)
1 sqn with O-2 Skymaster Light
TRANSPORT 5 inf regt with (3 inf bn with (1 inf coy with (5 inf pl)))
2 sqn with BD-700 Global Express; BN-2A/B Defender*; Air Manoeuvre
Beech 200 Super King Air (VIP); C-130B Hercules; C-212- 1 AB regt with (1 AB bn, 2 AB coy)
300 Aviocar; CN-235M-100 COMBAT SUPPORT
TRAINING 1 arty bn (2 arty tp)
1 sqn with PC-7 Turbo Trainer* 1 engr bn
424 The Military Balance 2012

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
RECCE 83: 19 AML-60/AML-90; 24 EE-9 Cascavel; 30 Ferret; Burundi BDI
2 M20; 8 M8 Burundi Franc fr 2010 2011 2012
APC (W) 13 M3 Panhard GDP fr 1.83tr 2.14tr
ARTY 18+
US$ 1.47bn 1.71bn
TOWED 14: 105mm 8 M101; 122mm 6
per capita US$ 149 168
MRL 107mm ε4 Type-63
Growth % 3.85 4.22
MOR 81mm Brandt
Inflation % 6.4 8.7
AT
Def bdgt fr 70.4bn 79.7bn
RCL 75mm Type-52 (M20); 84mm Carl Gustav
US$ 56m 64m
RL 89mm LRAC; M20
US$1=fr 1250.46 1249.23
AD • SAM • MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail‡)
GUNS • TOWED 42: 14.5mm 30 ZPU; 20mm 12 TCM- Population 10,216,190
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

20 Ethnic groups: Hutu 85%; Tutsi 14%

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus


Air Force 600
Male 23.1% 5.3% 4.5% 3.8% 11.8% 1.0%
FORCES BY ROLE Female 22.9% 5.3% 4.5% 3.8% 12.5% 1.5%
TRANSPORT
1 sqn with AT-802 Air Tractor; B-727 (VIP); Beech 200 Capabilities
King Air; CN-235-220; PA-34 Seneca
ACTIVE 20,000 (Army 20,000) Paramilitary 31,050
TRAINING
DDR efforts continue, while activities directed at profes-
1 sqn with SF-260WL Warrior* sionalising the security forces have taken place, some spon-
ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER sored by BINUB, the UN mission.
1 sqn with AS350 Ecureuil; Mi-8 Hip; Mi-17 Hip H; Mi-35
Hind Organisations by Service
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 2 combat capable Army 20,000
TPT 6 Light 5: 1 AT-802 Air Tractor; 2 Beech 200 King FORCES BY ROLE
Air; 1 CN-235-220; 1 PA-34 Seneca PAX 1 B-727 (VIP) MANOEUVRE
TRG 2 SF-260WL Warrior* Mechanised
HELICOPTERS 2 lt armd bn (sqn)
Light
ATK 2 Mi-35 Hind
7 inf bn
MRH 2 Mi-17 Hip H
Some indep inf coy
TPT 2 Medium 1 Mi-8 Hip Light 1 AS350 Ecureuil COMBAT SUPPORT
1 arty bn
Gendarmerie 4,200 1 AD bn
1 engr bn
Paramilitary 250
Reserves
People’s Militia (R) 45,000 reservists (trained) FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE
Security Company 250 Light
10 inf bn (reported)
Deployment EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
RECCE 55: 6 AML-60; 12 AML-90; 30 BRDM-2; 7 S52
Democratic Republic of the Congo Shorland
UN • MONUSCO 9 obs APC (W) 57: 10 BTR 80; 20 BTR-40; 9 M3 Panhard; 12 RG-
31 Nyala; 6 Walid
south sudan ARTY 120
UN • UNMIS 1 obs TOWED 122mm 18 D-30
MRL 122mm 12 BM-21
sudan
MOR 90: 82mm 15 M-43; 120mm ε75
UN • UNAMID 803; 7 obs; 1 inf bn AT
UN • UNISFA 2 obs MSL • MANPATS Milan (reported)
Sub-Saharan Africa 425

RCL 75mm 60 Type-52 (M-20) Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
RL 83mm RL-83 Blindicide
Male 20.4% 5.4% 5.0% 4.3% 13.6% 1.5%
AD • SAM • MANPAD ε30 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡
Female 20.1% 5.3% 4.9% 4.1% 13.6% 1.8%
GUNS • TOWED 150+: 14.5mm 15 ZPU-4; 135+ 23mm
ZU-23/37mm Type-55 (M-1939)
Capabilities
Air Wing 200 ACTIVE 14,200 (Army 12,500 Navy 1,300 Air 400)
AIRCRAFT 1 combat capable Paramilitary 9,000
TPT 4 Light 2 Cessna 150L† PAX 2 DC-3
TRG 1 SF-260W Warrior*
HELICOPTERS Organisations by Service
ATK 2 Mi-24 Hind
MRH 2 SA342L Gazelle Army 12,500
TPT • Medium (2 Mi-8 Hip non-op) 3 Mil Regions
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

FORCES BY ROLE
Paramilitary 31,050 MANOEUVRE
Reconnaissance
Marine Police 50 1 armd recce bn
16 territorial districts Light
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 3 3 inf bn (under comd of mil regions)
PHT 3 Huchuan† 5 inf bn
AMPHIBIOUS 1 LCT Air Manoeuvre
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 1 SPT 1 cdo/AB bn
Other
General Administration of State Security 1 inf bn (trg)
ε1,000 1 (Presidential Guard) gd bn
COMBAT SUPPORT
Local Defence Militia ε30,000 1 arty bn (5 arty bty)
1 AD bn (6 AD bty)
1 engr bn
Deployment
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Central African Republic RECCE 65: 31 AML-90; 6 AMX-10RC; 15 Ferret; 8 M-8; 5
ECCAS • MICOPAX 5 VBL
AIFV 22: 8 LAV-150 Commando with 20mm gun; 14 LAV-
SOMALIA 150 Commando with 90mm gun
AU • AMISOM 4,400; 5 inf bn APC 33
APC (T) 12 M3 half-track
SUDAN
APC (W) 21 LAV-150 Commando
UN • UNAMID 4; 2 obs ARTY 112+
SP 18 ATMOS 2000
Foreign FORCES TOWED 58: 75mm 6 M-116 pack; 105mm 20 M-101;
130mm 24: 12 Model 1982 gun 82 (reported); 12 Type-59

Sub-Saharan
All forces part of BINUB unless otherwise stated.
(M-46); 155mm 8 I1

Africa
Switzerland 1 obs
MRL 122mm 20 BM-21
MOR 16+: 81mm (some SP); 120mm 16 Brandt
AT • MSL 49
Cameroon CMR SP 24 TOW (on Jeeps)
MANPATS 25 Milan
CFA Franc BEAC fr 2010 2011 2012 RCL 53: 106mm 40 M-40A2; 75mm 13 Type-52 (M-20)
GDP fr 11.1tr 12.0tr RL 89mm LRAC
US$ 22.0bn 25.1bn AD • GUNS • TOWED 54: 14.5mm 18 Type-58 (ZPU-2);
35mm 18 GDF-002; 37mm 18 Type-63
per capita US$ 1,143 1,276
Growth % 3.20 3.80 Navy ε1,300
Inflation % 1.3 2.6 HQ located at Douala
Def bdgt fr 171bn 164bn EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
US$ 339m 344m PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 11
US$1=fr 504.97 476.96 PCC 2: 1 Bakassi (FRA P-48); 1 L’Audacieux (FRA P-48)
PB 7: 2 Rodman 101; 4 Rodman 46; 1 Quartier Maître Alfred
Population 19,711,291 Motto
426 The Military Balance 2012

PBR 2 Swift-38
AMPHIBIOUS • LCU 2 (93 ft) Cape Verde CPV
Cape Verde Escudo E 2010 2011 2012
Air Force 300-400
GDP Ε 138bn 152bn
FORCES BY ROLE
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK US$ 1.66bn 1.90bn
1 sqn with MB-326K; Alpha Jet*† per capita US$ 3,272 3,679
TRANSPORT Growth % 5.39 5.56
1 sqn with C-130H/H-30 Hercules; DHC-4 Caribou; DHC- Inflation % 2.1 5.0
5D Buffalo; IAI-201 Arava; PA-23 Aztec
Def bdgt Ε 674m 722m
1 VIP unit with AS332 Super Puma; AS365 Dauphin 2;
Bell 206B Jet Ranger; Gulfstream III US$ 8.1m 9.0m
TRAINING US$1=E 83.13 79.83
1 unit with Tetras
Population 516,100
ATTACK HELICOPTER
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

1 sqn with SA342 Gazelle (with HOT) Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
Male 16.4% 5.8% 5.4% 4.5% 14.3% 2.1%
1 sqn with Bell 206L-3; Bell 412; SA319 Alouette III
Female 16.2% 5.8% 5.4% 4.5% 16.2% 3.4%
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 9 combat capable
ATK 5: 1 MB-326K Impala I; 4 MB-326K Impala II
Capabilities
TPT 18 Medium 3: 2 C-130 Hercules; 1 C-130H-30 ACTIVE 1,200 (Army 1,000 Coast Guard 100 Air 100)
Hercules Light 14: 1 DHC-4 Caribou; 1 DHC-5D Buffalo; 1
Terms of service conscription (selective)
IAI-201 Arava; 2 J.300 Joker; 2 PA-23 Aztec; 7 Tetras PAX 1
Gulfstream III
TRG 4 Alpha Jet*† Organisations by Service
HELICOPTERS
MRH 8: 1 AS365 Dauphin 2; 1 Bell 412 Twin Huey; 2 Army 1,000
SA319 Alouette III; 4 SA342 Gazelle (with HOT)
FORCES BY ROLE
TPT 7 Medium 4: 2 AS332 Super Puma; 2 SA330J Puma
Light 3: 2 Bell 206B Jet Ranger; 1 Bell 206L-3 Long Ranger MANOEUVRE
LIGHT
Paramilitary 9,000 2 inf bn (gp)
COMBAT SUPPORT
Gendarmerie 9,000 1 engr bn
FORCES BY ROLE EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MANOEUVRE RECCE 10 BRDM-2
Reconnaissance
ARTY 42
3 (regional spt) paramilitary gp
TOWED 24: 75mm 12; 76mm 12
MOR 18: 82mm 12; 120mm 6 M-1943
Deployment AT • RL 89mm (3.5in)
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC AD • SAM • MANPAD 50 SA-7 Grail‡
ECCAS • MICOPAX 19 GUNS • TOWED 30: 14.5mm 18 ZPU-1; 23mm 12 ZU-
23
Democratic Republic of the Congo
UN • MONUSCO 5 obs Coast Guard ε100
SUDAN PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 3
UN • UNAMID 3 obs PCC 1 Kondor I
PB 2: 1 Espadarte; 1 Tainha (PRC-27m)
PBF 1 Archangel

Air Force up to 100


FORCES BY ROLE
MARITIME PATROL
1 sqn with C-212 Aviocar; Do-228
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 5: 1 C-212 Aviocar; 1 Do-228; 3
An-26 Curl†
Sub-Saharan Africa 427

HELICOPTERS
Central African Republic CAR TPT • Light 1 AS350 Ecureuil
CFA Franc BEAC fr 2010 2011 2012
Paramilitary
GDP fr 983bn 1.05tr
US$ 1.95bn 2.21bn Gendarmerie ε1,000
per capita US$ 402 446 FORCES BY ROLE
% 3.30 4.08 MANOEUVRE
Growth
Other
Inflation % 1.5 2.8
8 paramilitary bde
Def bdgt fr 25.5bn 3 (Regional Legion) paramilitary units
US$ 51m
US$1=fr 504.97 476.96 Foreign FORCES
Population 4,950,027 Burundi MICOPAX 5
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Age
Cameroon MICOPAX 19
0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Chad MICOPAX 117
Male 20.6% 5.4% 4.9% 4.0% 13.0% 1.5%
Congo MICOPAX 123
Female 20.4% 5.3% 4.8% 4.0% 13.7% 2.2%
Democratic Republic of the Congo MICOPAX 118
Capabilities France Operation Boali 240; 1 inf coy; 1 spt det
Gabon MICOPAX 143
ACTIVE 2,150 (Army 2,000 Air 150) Paramilitary
1,000)
Terms of service conscription (selective), 2 years; reserve
obligation thereafter, term n.k.
Chad CHA
CFA Franc BEAC fr 2010 2011 2012
Organisations by Service GDP fr 4.23tr 4.48tr
US$ 8.38bn 9.38bn
Joint per capita US$ 794 872
FORCES BY ROLE % 13.03 2.45
Growth
MANOEUVRE
Inflation % -2.1 2.0
OTHER
Def bdgt fr 63.7bn
1 intervention and spt bn
US$ 126m
Army ε2,000 FMA (US) US$ 0.5m 0.4m
FORCES BY ROLE US$1=fr 504.97 476.96
MANOEUVRE
Population 10,758,945
Mechanised
1 inf regt (1 mech bn, 1 inf bn) Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Other
Male 23.3% 5.5% 4.2% 3.4% 10.4% 1.2%
1 territorial def regt (bn) with (2 territorial intervention

Sub-Saharan
Female 22.7% 5.7% 4.8% 4.1% 13.0% 1.7%
bn)

Africa
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
1 HQ/spt regt Capabilities
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE ACTIVE 25,350 (Army 17,000–20,000 Air 350
MBT 3 T-55† Republican Guard 5,000) Paramilitary 9,500
RECCE 9: 8 Ferret†; 1 BRDM-2 Terms of service conscription authorised
AIFV 18 Ratel
APC (W) 39+: 4 BTR-152†; 25+ TPK 4.20 VSC ACMAT†;
10+ VAB† Organisations by Service
ARTY • MOR 12+: 81mm†; 120mm 12 M-1943†
AT • RCL 106mm 14 M40† Army ε17,000–20,000 (being re-organised)
RL 89mm LRAC† 7 Mil Regions
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 9 PBR† FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE
Air Force 150 Armoured
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 1 armd bn
AIRCRAFT • TPT 7 Medium 1 C-130A Hercules Light 6: Light
3 BN-2 Islander; 1 Cessna 172RJ Skyhawk; 2 J.300 Joker 7 inf bn
428 The Military Balance 2012

COMBAT SUPPORT Côte D’Ivoire


1 arty bn UN • UNOCI 1; 3 obs
1 engr bn
1 sigs bn
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
Foreign FORCES
1 log gp France Operation Epervier 950; 1 armd cav BG; 1 air unit
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE with 3 Mirage 2000C; 2 C-160 Transall; 1 CN-235M; 1
MBT 60 T-55 C-135FR; 1 hel det with 4 SA330 Puma
RECCE 256: 132 AML-60/AML-90; ε100 BRDM-2; 20 EE-9
Cascavel; 4 ERC-90F Sagaie
AIFV 92: 83 BMP-1; 9 LAV-150 Commando (with 90mm Congo COG
gun)
APC (W) 52: 24 BTR-80; 8 BTR-3E; ε20 BTR-60 CFA Franc BEAC fr 2010 2011 2012
ARTY 7+ GDP fr 5.95tr 7.0tr
SP 122mm 2 2S1 Carnation
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

US$ 11.8bn 14.7bn


TOWED 105mm 5 M2
per capita US$ 2,855 3,459
MOR 81mm some; 120mm AM-50
AT • MSL • MANPATS Eryx; Milan Growth % 8.75 5.0
RCL 106mm M40A1 Inflation % 5.0 5.9
RL 112mm APILAS; 89mm LRAC Def bdgt fr 108bn
AD • GUNS • TOWED 14.5mm ZPU-1/ZPU-2/ZPU-4; US$ 214m
23mm ZU-23
US$1=fr 504.97 476.96

Air Force 350 Population 4,243,929


FORCES BY ROLE Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
GROUND ATTACK
Male 22.9% 5.6% 4.6% 3.7% 11.7% 1.1%
1 unit with PC-7; PC-9*; SF-260WL Warrior*; Su-25
Frogfoot Female 22.6% 5.6% 4.6% 3.7% 12.1% 1.6%
TRANSPORT
1 sqn with An-26 Curl; C-130H-30 Hercules; Mi-17 Hip Capabilities
H; Mi-171
ACTIVE 10,000 (Army 8,000 Navy 800 Air 1,200)
1 (Presidential) Flt with B-737BBJ; Beech 1900; DC-9-87;
Paramilitary 2,000
Gulfstream II
ATTACK HELICOPTER
1 sqn with AS550C Fennec; Mi-24V Hind; SA316 Alouette Organisations by Service
III
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Army 8,000
AIRCRAFT 11 combat capable FORCES BY ROLE
ATK 8: 6 Su-25 Frogfoot; 2 Su-25UB Frogfoot B MANOEUVRE
TPT 8: Medium 1 C-130H-30 Hercules Light 4: 3 An- Armoured
26 Curl; 1 Beech 1900 PAX 3: 1 B-737BBJ; 1 DC-9-87; 1 2 armd bn
Gulfstream II Light
TRG 4: 2 PC-7 (only 1*); 1 PC-9 Turbo Trainer*; 1 SF- 2 inf bn (gp) each with (1 lt tk tp, 1 arty bty)
260WL Warrior* 1 inf bn
HELICOPTERS Air Manoeuvre
ATK 3 Mi-24V Hind 1 cdo/AB bn
MRH 11: 6 AS550C Fennec; 3 Mi-17 Hip-H; 2 SA316 COMBAT SUPPORT
Alouette III
1 arty gp (with MRL)
TPT • Medium 2 Mi-171
1 engr bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE†
Paramilitary 9,500 active
MBT 40+: 25 T-54/T-55; 15 Type-59; T-34 in store
Republican Guard 5,000 LT TK 13: 3 PT-76; 10 Type-62
RECCE 25 BRDM-1/BRDM-2
Gendarmerie 4,500 APC (W) 68+: 20 BTR-152; 30 BTR-60; 18 Mamba; M3
Panhard
Deployment ARTY 66+
SP 122mm 3 2S1 Carnation
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC TOWED 25+: 76mm ZIS-3 M-1942; 100mm 10 M-1944;
ECCAS • MICOPAX 117 122mm 10 D-30; 130mm 5 M-46; 152mm D-20
Sub-Saharan Africa 429

MRL 10+: 122mm 10 BM-21; 122mm BM-14/140mm


BM-16 Côte D’Ivoire CIV
MOR 28+: 82mm; 120mm 28 M-43
CFA Franc BCEAO fr 2010 2011 2012
AT • RCL 57mm M18
GUNS 57mm 5 ZIS-2 M-1943 GDP fr 11.4tr 11.1tr
AD • GUNS 28+ US$ 22.5bn 23.2bn
SP 23mm ZSU-23-4 US$ 1,068 1,077
per capita
TOWED 14.5mm ZPU-2/ZPU-4; 37mm 28 M-1939;
Growth % 2.41 -5.84
57mm S-60; 100mm KS-19
Inflation % 1.4 3.0
Navy ε800
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS• PB 6: 3 Def bdgt fr 170bn 152bn
Piranha; 3 Zhuk† US$ 337m 318m
US$1=fr 504.97 476.96
Air Force 1,200† Population 21,504,162
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

FORCES BY ROLE
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
1 sqn with Mirage F-1AZ Male 20% 6% 5% 4% 14% 1%
TRANSPORT
Female 21% 6% 5% 4% 13% 1%
1 sqn with An-24 Coke; An-32 Cline
ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 sqn with Mi-8 Hip; Mi-35P Hind
Capabilities
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE† ACTIVE ε40,000 target
AIRCRAFT
RESERVE n.k.
FGA 2 Mirage F-1AZ
In October 2011, President Outtara announced the
TPT • Light 2: 1 An-24 Coke; 2 An-32 Cline
formation of the Forces Armées Nationale de Côte d’Ivoire.
HELICOPTERS†
It is reported that these will consist of 29,000 ex-CIV
ATK (2 Mi-35P Hind in store)
military forces, 9,000 ex-Forces Nouvelles troops and 2,000
TPT • Medium (3 Mi-8 Hip in store)
volunteers. Moves to restructure and reform the armed
MSL • AAM • IR R-3 (AA-2 Atoll)‡
forces continue.
Paramilitary 2,000 active
Organisations by Service
Gendarmerie 2,000
FORCES BY ROLE Army n.k.
MANOEUVRE EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Other MBT 10 T-55†
20 paramilitary coy LT TK 5 AMX-13
RECCE 34: 15 AML-60/AML-90; 13 BRDM-2; 6 ERC-90F4
Presidential Guard some Sagaie
FORCES BY ROLE AIFV 10 BMP-1/BMP-2†
MANOEUVRE APC (W) 41: 12 M3 Panhard; 13 VAB; 6 BTR-80
Other ARTY 36+

Sub-Saharan
1 paramilitary bn TOWED 4+: 105mm 4 M-1950; 122mm (reported)

Africa
MRL 122mm 6 BM-21
MOR 26+: 81mm; 82mm 10 M-37; 120mm 16 AM-50
Deployment AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-14 9M133 Kornet (reported);
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC AT-5 9K113 Spandrel (reported)
ECCAS • MICOPAX 123 RCL 106mm ε12 M40A1
RL 89mm LRAC
AD • SAM • MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡
(reported)
GUNS 21+
SP 20mm 6 M3 VDAA
TOWED 15+: 20mm 10; 23mm ZU-23-2; 40mm 5 L/60
VLB MTU
AIRCRAFT • TPT 1 An-12†

Navy n.k.
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 3
430 The Military Balance 2012

PB 1 Intrepide (FRA Patra) Russia 11 obs


PBR 2 Rodman (fishery protection duties) Senegal 527; 13 obs; 1 inf bn
AMPHIBIOUS • 2 LCM Serbia 3 obs
Tanzania 2; 1 obs
Air Force n.k. Togo 524; 7 obs; 1 inf bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE† Tunisia 3; 5 obs
HELICOPTERS Uganda 1; 5 obs
ATK 1 Mi-24 (reported)
Uruguay 2 obs
TPT • Medium 3 SA330L Puma (IAR-330L)†
Yemen, Republic of 1; 7 obs
Zambia 2 obs
Paramilitary n.k.
Zimbabwe 3 obs
Republican Guard unk
APC (W): 4 Mamba
Democratic Republic of Congo
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Gendarmerie n.k.
APC (W): some VAB DRC
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 4 PB
Congolese Franc fr 2010 2011 2012
Militia n.k. GDP fr 11.9tr 14.8tr
US$ 12.9bn 15.6bn
Foreign FORCES per capita US$ 184 217
All forces part of UNOCI unless otherwise stated. Growth % 7.25 6.53
Bangladesh 2,183; 13 obs; 2 inf bn; 1 avn coy(-); 1 engr Inflation % 23.5 14.8
coy; 1 sigs coy; 1 fd hospital Def bdgt fr 179bn 203bn 213bn
Benin 426; 8 obs; 1 inf bn US$ 193m 214m
Bolivia 3 obs FMA (US) US$ 1.45m 1.45m
Brazil 3; 4 obs US$1=fr 923.43 949.47
Chad 1; 3 obs
China, People’s Republic of 6 obs Population 71,712,867
Ecuador 1 obs Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Egypt 176; 1 engr coy
Male 23.3% 5.6% 4.6% 3.7% 11.4% 1.0%
El Salvador 3 obs
Female 23.1% 5.6% 4.6% 3.7% 11.7% 1.5%
Ethiopia 1 obs
France 6 • Operation Licorne 700; 1 armd cav BG; 1 hel unit Capabilities
with 3 SA330 Puma
Gambia 3 obs ACTIVE ε144,000–159,000 (Central Staffs ε14,000,
Ghana 535; 6 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 hel coy; 1 fd hospital Army 110–120,000 Republican Guard 6–8,000 Navy
Guatemala 5 obs 6,703 Air 2,548)
Guinea 3 obs
India 8 obs Organisations by Service
Ireland 2 obs
Jordan 1,068; 8 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 SF coy Army (Forces du Terre) ε110–120,000 (to be
Korea, Republic of 2 obs reduced)
Malawi 853; 3 obs; 1 inf bn The DRC has eleven Military Regions. A draft Armed
Moldova 34obs Forces law would group these regions into three Defence
Morocco 726; 1 inf bn Zones.
Namibia 2 obs FORCES BY ROLE
Nepal 1; 3 obs The following represents the theoretical structure of the
Niger 934; 7 obs; 1 inf bn armed forces following the 2005 reform plan. It is not clear
Nigeria 1; 6 obs how many of these formations are combat effective in prac-
tice.
Pakistan 1,187; 11 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 engr coy; 1 tpt coy
MANOEUVRE
Paraguay 2; 7 obs
Mechanised
Peru 3 obs 1 mech bde
Philippines 3; 4 obs Light
Poland 3 obs 2 cdo bn
Romania 6 obs 18 (integrated) inf bde
Sub-Saharan Africa 431

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE† Deployment


MBT 149: 12–17 Type-59 †; 32 T-55; 100 T-72
LT TK 40: 10 PT-76; 30 Type-62† (reportedly being CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
refurbished) ECCAS • MICOPAX 118
RECCE up to 52: up to 17 AML-60; 14 AML-90; 19 EE-9
Cascavel; 2 RAM-V-2
AIFV 20 BMP-1
Foreign FORCES
APC 138: All part of MONUSCO unless otherwise specified.
APC (T) 3 BTR-50 Algeria 5 obs
APC (W) 135: 30-70 BTR-60PB; 58 M-3 Panhard†; 7 TH Austria EUSEC RD Congo 1
390 Fahd Bangladesh 2,523; 30 obs; 2 mech inf bn; 1 avn coy; 1 hel
ARTY 550+ coy(-); 1 engr coy
SP 16: 122mm 6 2S1 Carnation 152mm 10 2S3 Belgium 22; 5 obs; 1 avn flt • EUSEC RD Congo 8
TOWED 149: 75mm 30 M-116 pack; 122mm 77 (M-30)
Benin 446; 14 obs; 1 inf bn
M-1938/D-30/Type-60; 130mm 42 Type-59 (M-46)/Type-
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

59 I Bolivia 10 obs
MRL 57: 107mm 12 Type-63; 122mm 24 BM-21; 128mm Bosnia and Herzegovina 5 obs
6 M-51; 130mm 3 Type-82; 132mm 12 Burkina Faso 9 obs
MOR 328+: 81mm 100; 82mm 200; 107mm M-30; 120mm Cameroon 5 obs
28: 18; 10 Brandt Canada (Operation Crocodile) 8 obs
AT • RCL 36+: 57mm M18; 73mm 10; 75mm 10 M20; China, People’s Republic of 218; 16 obs; 1 engr coy; 1 fd
106mm 16 M40A1 hospital
GUNS 85mm 10 Type-56 (D-44) Czech Republic 3 obs
AD • SAM • MANPAD 20 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡
Denmark 2 obs
GUNS • TOWED 114: 14.5mm 12 ZPU-4; 37mm 52
M-1939; 40mm ε50 L/60† (probably out of service) Egypt 1,000; 24 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 SF coy
France 5 obs • EUSEC RD Congo 14
Republican Guard circa 6–8,000 Germany EUSEC RD Congo 3
FORCES BY ROLE Ghana 415; 24 obs; 1 mech inf bn
MANOEUVRE Guatemala 150; 8 obs; 1 SF coy
Armoured Hungary EUSEC RD Congo 2
1 armd regt India 3,707; 60 obs; 3 mech inf bn; 1 inf bn; 3 hel coy; 1 fd
Light hospital
3 gd bde Indonesia 175; 16 obs; 1 engr coy
COMBAT SUPPORT Ireland 3 obs
1 arty regt
Jordan 220; 25 obs; 1 SF coy; 1 fd hospital
Kenya 24 obs
Navy 6,703 (incl infantry and marines)
Luxembourg EUSEC RD Congo 1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Malawi 17 obs
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 3
PB 23: 1 Shanghai II; 2 Swiftships†; 20 various (all under Malaysia 15 obs
50ft) Mali 19 obs

Sub-Saharan
Mongolia 2 obs
Air Force 2,548

Africa
Morocco 848; 5 obs; 1 mech inf bn; 1 fd hospital
AIRCRAFT 5 combat capable Mozambique 1 obs
FTR 2: 1 MiG-23MS Flogger; 1 MiG-23UB Flogger C Nepal 1,026; 25 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 engr coy
ATK 3 Su-25 Frogfoot Netherlands EUSEC RD Congo 3
TPT 6 Medium 1 C-130H Hercules Light 3 An-26 Curl
Niger 15 obs
PAX 2 B-727
Nigeria 26 obs
HELICOPTERS
ATK 9: 4 Mi-24 Hind; 5 Mi-24V Hind Norway 1 obs
TPT 4 Heavy 1 Mi-26 Halo (non op) Medium 3: 1 Pakistan 3,562; 57 obs; 3 mech inf bn; 1 inf bn
AS332L Super Puma; 2 Mi-8 Hip Paraguay 17 obs
Peru 7 obs
Paramilitary Poland 3 obs
Portugal EUSEC RD Congo 3
National Police Force
Romania 22 obs
incl Rapid Intervention Police (National and Provincial
Russia 30 obs
forces)
Senegal 20 obs
People’s Defence Force Serbia 6; 2 obs
432 The Military Balance 2012

South Africa (Operation Mistral) 1,202; 12 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 COMBAT SUPPORT
avn coy; 1 engr coy • Operation Teutonic 16 1 arty regt
Spain 2 obs • EUSEC RD Congo 1 1 demining coy
Sri Lanka 4 obs 1 sigs regt
Sweden 6 obs 1 CIS sect
Switzerland 3 obs COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
Tanzania 2 obs 1 log regt
Tunisia 31 obs 1 maint coy
Ukraine 13 obs EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
United Kingdom 5 obs • EUSEC RD Congo 4 RECCE 39: 4 AML-60†; 15 VBL; 16-20 Ratel
United States 2 obs APC (W) 20: 8 BTR -80; 12 BTR-60†
Uruguay 1,248; 45 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 mne coy; 1 hel flt; 1 engr ARTY 96
coy TOWED 122mm 6 D-30
Yemen, Republic of 6 obs MOR 45: 81mm 25; 120mm 20 Brandt
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Zambia 21 obs AT
RCL 106mm 16 M40A1
Djibouti DJB RL 89mm LRAC
AD • GUNS 15+
Djiboutian Franc fr 2010 2011 2012 SP 20mm 5 M693
GDP fr 201bn 225bn TOWED 10: 23mm 5 ZU-23; 40mm 5 L/70
US$ 1.12bn 1.26bn
per capita US$ 1,515 1,665 Navy ε200
Growth % 3.49 4.82 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Inflation % 4.0 7.1 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 13
PBF 2 Battalion-17
Def bdgt fr 1.72bn
PB 11
US$ 10m
FMA (US) US$ 2.0m 2.5m Air Force 250
US$1=fr 178.83 178.61
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Population 757,074 AIRCRAFT
Ethnic groups: Somali 60%; Afar 35% TPT • Light 3: 1 Cessna U206G Stationair; 1 Cessna 208
Caravan; 1 L-410UVP Turbolet
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus HELICOPTERS
Male 17.5% 5.4% 4.9% 3.9% 13.0% 1.5% ATK (1 Mi-35 Hind in store)
Female 17.5% 5.8% 5.8% 5.2% 17.7% 1.8% MRH 1 Mi-17 Hip H
ACTIVE 10,450 (Army 8,000 Navy 200 Air 250 TPT 2 Medium (1 Mi-8 Hip in store) Light 2 AS355F
Gendarmerie 2,000) National Security Force 2,500 Ecureuil II

Gendarmerie 2,000 +
Organisations by Service Ministry of Defence
FORCES BY ROLE

Army ε8,000 MANOEUVRE
FORCES BY ROLE Other
4 military districts (Tadjourah, Dikhil, Ali-Sabieh and 1 paramilitary bn
Obock)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MANOEUVRE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 1 PB
Mechanised
1 armd regt (1 recce sqn, 3 armd sqn, 1 (anti-smuggling)
sy coy) Paramilitary ε2,500
Light
4 (joint) inf regt (3-4 inf coy, 1 spt coy)
National Security Force ε2,500
1 rapid reaction (incl CT and cdo/AB role) regt (4 inf Ministry of Interior
coy, 1 spt coy)
Other Deployment
1 Republican Guard regt (1 sy sqn, 1 (close protection)
sy sqn, 1 cbt spt sqn (1 recce pl, 1 armd pl, 1 arty pl), western sahara
1 spt sqn) UN • MINURSO 1 obs
Sub-Saharan Africa 433

Foreign FORCES HELICOPTERS


ATK 6 Mi-24P/V Hind
France
TPT • Light 2 Enstrom 480
Army 1,048: 1 (Marine) combined arms regt (2 recce
sqn, 2 inf coy, 1 arty bty, 1 engr coy) Paramilitary
Navy 1 LCT
Air Force 1 air sqn with 10 Mirage 2000C/D; 1 C-160
Guardia Civil
Transall; 2 SA330 Puma; 1 AS555 Fennec FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE
United States US Africa Command: 334; 1 naval air base
Other
2 paramilitary coy
Equatorial Guinea EQG
Coast Guard
CFA Franc BEAC fr 2010 2011 2012 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 1†
GDP fr 7.18tr 9.02tr
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

US$ 14.2bn 18.9bn Eritrea ERI


per capita US$ 21,857 28,287
Eritrean Nakfa ERN 2010 2011 2012
Growth % -0.76 7.09
GDP ΕRN 32.5bn 39.9bn
Inflation % 7.5 7.3
US$ 2.17bn 2.66bn
Def exp fr ε3.8bn
per capita US$ 375 448
US$ ε8m
Growth % 2.19 8.18
US$1=fr 504.97 476.96
Inflation % 12.7 13.3
Population 668,225 Def exp ΕRN ε1.2bn
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus US$ ε80m
Male 21.1% 5.3% 4.5% 3.8% 13.2% 1.8% USD1=ERN 15.00 15.00
Female 20.4% 5.1% 4.4% 3.7% 14.4% 2.3% Population 5,939,484
Ethnic groups: Tigrinya 50%; Tigre and Kunama 40%; Afar; Saho 3%
Capabilities
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
ACTIVE 1,320 (Army 1,100 Navy 120 Air 100) Male 21.2% 5.3% 4.5% 3.9% 12.9% 1.6%
Female 21.0% 5.3% 4.5% 4.0% 13.8% 2.0%
Organisations by Service
Capabilities
Army 1,100
ACTIVE 201,750 (Army 200,000 Navy 1,400 Air 350)
FORCES BY ROLE Terms of service 16 months (4 month mil trg)
MANOEUVRE
Light RESERVE 120,000 (Army ε120,000)
3 inf bn (-)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Organisations by Service

Sub-Saharan
RECCE 6 BRDM-2

Africa
AIFV 20 BMP-1 Army ε200,000
APC (W) 10 BTR-152 Heavily cadreised
FORCES BY ROLE
Navy ε120 COMMAND
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE† 4 corps HQ
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 8 MANOEUVRE
PCC 2 OPV 62 Mechanised
1 mech bde
PB 6: 1 Daphne; 1 Estuario de Muni; 2 Shaldag II; 2 Zhuk
Light
19 inf div
Air Force 100 1 cdo div
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 4 combat capable Reserve ε120,000
ATK 4: 2 Su-25 Frogfoot; 2 Su-25UB Frogfoot B FORCES BY ROLE
TPT 4 Light 3: 1 An-32B Cline; 2 An-72 Coaler PAX 1 MANOEUVRE
Falcon 900 (VIP) Light
TRG 2 L-39C Albatros 1 inf div
434 The Military Balance 2012

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 270 T-54/T-55 Ethiopia ETH
RECCE 40 BRDM-1/BRDM-2 Ethiopian Birr EB 2010 2011 2012
AIFV 15 BMP-1
GDP ΕB 383bn 488bn
APC • APC (W) 25 BTR-152 APC (W)/BTR-60 APC (W)
ARTY 208+ US$ 26.2bn 28.5bn
SP 45: 122mm 32 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 13 2S5 per capita US$ 298 314
TOWED 19+: 122mm D-30; 130mm 19 M-46 Growth % 8.01 7.54
MRL 44: 122mm 35 BM-21; 220mm 9 BM-27/9P140 Inflation % 8.01 7.54
Uragan Def bdgt ΕB 4.5bn 4.4bn 6.5bn
MOR 120mm/160mm 100+ US$ 308m 257m
AT FMA (US) US$ 0.843m 2.0m
MSL • MANPATS 200 AT-3 9K11 Sagger/AT-5 9K113
US$1=EB 14.62 17.09
Spandrel
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

GUNS 85mm D-44 Population 90,873,739


AD • SAM • MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡ Ethnic groups: Oromo 40%; Amhara and Tigrean 32%; Sidamo
GUNS 70+ 9%; Shankella 6%; Somali 6%; Afar 4%
SP 23mm ZSU-23-4 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
TOWED 23mm ZU-23
Male 23.1% 5.1% 4.4% 3.7% 11.8% 1.1%
ARV T-54/T-55 reported
Female 23.2% 5.1% 4.7% 3.9% 12.3% 1.5%
VLB MTU reported
Capabilities
Navy 1,400
HQ located at Massawa ACTIVE 138,000 (Army 135,000 Air 3,000)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 12 Organisations by Service
PBF 9: 5 Battalion-17; 4 Super Dvora
PB 3 Swiftships Army 135,000
AMPHIBIOUS 4 Mil Regional Commands (Northern, Western, Central,
LS • LST 2: 1 Chamo† (Ministry of Transport); 1 Ashdod† and Eastern) each acting as corps HQ and one functional
(Support) Command; strategic reserve of 4 divs and 6
Air Force ε350 specialist bdes centred on Addis Ababa.
FORCES BY ROLE FORCES BY ROLE
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK MANOEUVRE
Light
1 sqn with MiG-29/MiG-29SMT/MiG-29UB Fulcrum
4 corps (1 mech div, 4-6 inf div)
1 sqn with Su-27/Su-27UBK Flanker
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
TRANSPORT
MBT 246+ T-54/T-55/T-62
1 sqn with Y-12(II)
RECCE/AIFV/APC (W) ε450 BRDM/BMP/BTR-60/BTR-
TRAINING
152/Type 89
1 sqn with L-90 Redigo ARTY 460+
1 sqn with MB-339CE* SP 10+: 122mm 2S1 Carnation; 152mm 10 2S19 Farm
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER TOWED 400+: 76mm ZIS-3 M-1942; 122mm ε400 D-30/
1 sqn with Bell 412 Twin Huey (M-30) M-1938; 130mm M-46
1 sqn with Mi-17 Hip H MRL 122mm ε50 BM-21
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MOR 81mm M-1/M-29; 82mm M-1937; 120mm M-1944
AIRCRAFT 20 combat capable AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-3 9K11 Sagger; AT-4 9K111
FTR 6: 4 MiG-29 Fulcrum; 2 MiG-29UB Fulcrum; Spigot
FGA 10: 2 MiG-29SMT Fulcrum; 5 Su-27 Flanker; 3 Su- RCL 82mm B-10; 107mm B-11
GUNS 85mm εD-44
27UBK Flanker
AD • SAM ε370
TPT • Light 5: 1 Beech 200 King Air; 4 Y-12(II)
TOWED S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline) S-125 Pechora (SA-
TRG 12: 8 L-90 Redigo; 4 MB-339CE* 3 Goa)
HELICOPTERS MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡
MRH 8: 4 Bell 412 Twin Huey (AB-412); 4 Mi-17 Hip H GUNS
MSL SP 23mm ZSU-23-4
AAM • IR R-60 (AA-8 Aphid); R-73 (AA-11 Archer) IR/ TOWED 23mm ZU-23; 37mm M-1939; 57mm S-60
SARH R-27 (AA-10 Alamo) ARV T-54/T-55 reported
Sub-Saharan Africa 435

VLB MTU reported


MW Bozena Gabon GAB
CFA Franc BEAC fr 2010 2011 2012
Air Force 3,000
FORCES BY ROLE GDP fr 6.51tr 7.74tr
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK US$ 12.9bn 16.2bn
1 sqn with MiG-21MF Fishbed J†; MiG-21UM Mongol B† per capita US$ 8,353 10,303
1 sqn with Su-27/Su-27UB Flanker Growth % 5.74 5.58
TRANSPORT
Inflation % 1.4 2.3
1 sqn with An-12 Cub; An-26 Curl; An-32 Cline; C-130B
Hercules; DHC-6 Twin Otter; L-100-30; Yak-40 Codling Def bdgta fr 124bn 125bn
(VIP) US$ 246m 263m
TRAINING FMA (US) US$ 0.2m 0.2m
1 sqn with L-39 Albatros US$1=fr 504.09 476.56
1 sqn with SF-260
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

a
Includes funds allocated to Republican Guard
ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
2 sqn with Mi-24/Mi-35 Hind; Mi-8 Hip; Mi-17 Hip H; Population 1,576,665
SA316 Alouette III
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 26 combat capable Male 21.2% 5.4% 4.8% 3.9% 12.8% 1.6%
FGA 26: 15 MiG-21MF Fishbed J/MiG-21UM Mongol B†; Female 21.0% 5.4% 4.8% 3.9% 13.0% 2.2%
8 Su-27 Flanker; 3 Su-27UB Flanker
TPT 10 Medium 6: 3 An-12 Cub; 2 C-130B Hercules; 1 Capabilities
L-100-30 Light 4: 1 An-26 Curl; 1 An-32 Cline; 1 DHC-6
Twin Otter; 1 Yak-40 Codling (VIP) ACTIVE 4,700 (Army 3,200 Navy 500 Air 1,000)
TRG 16: 12 L-39 Albatros; 4 SF-260 Paramilitary 2,000
HELICOPTERS
ATK 18: 15 Mi-24 Hind; 3 Mi-35 Hind Organisations by Service
MRH 1 AW139; 6 SA316 Alouette III
MRH/TPT 12 Mi-8 Hip/Mi-17 Hip H
MSL Army 3,200
AAM • IR R-3 (AA-2 Atoll)‡; R-60 (AA-8 Aphid); R-73 Presidential Guard under direct presidential control
(AA-11 Archer) IR/SARH R-23/R-24 (AA-7 Apex) R-27 FORCES BY ROLE
(AA-10 Alamo) MANOEUVRE
Light
Deployment 1 (Presidential Guard) gd gp (bn)
(1 armd/recce coy, 3 inf coy, 1 arty bty, 1 ADA bty)
COTE D’IVOIRE 8 inf coy
UN • UNOCI 1 obs Air Manoeuvre
Liberia 1 cdo/AB coy
COMBAT SUPPORT
UN • UNMIL 4; 9 obs
1 engr coy

Sub-Saharan
SUDAN

Africa
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE

UN • UNAMID 2,386; 14 obs; 1 recce coy; 2 inf bn; 1 hel RECCE 70: 24 AML-60/AML-90; 12 EE-3 Jararaca; 14 EE-9
coy; 1 log coy; 1 tpt coy
Cascavel; 6 ERC-90F4 Sagaie; 14 VBL
UN • UNISFA 1,645; 135 obs; 2 inf bn AIFV 12 EE-11 Urutu (with 20mm gun)
APC (W) 28+: 9 LAV-150 Commando; 6 Type-92 (reported);
Foreign FORCES 12 VXB-170; M-3 Panhard; 1 Pandur (Testing)
United States some MQ-9 Reaper ARTY 51
TOWED 105mm 4 M-101
MRL 140mm 8 Teruel
MOR 39: 81mm 35; 120mm 4 Brandt
AT • MSL • MANPATS 4 Milan
RCL 106mm M40A1
RL 89mm LRAC
AD • GUNS 41
SP 20mm 4 ERC-20
TOWED 37: 23mm 24 ZU-23-2; 37mm 10 M-1939; 40mm
3 L/70
436 The Military Balance 2012

Navy ε500 Foreign FORCES


HQ located at Port Gentil France • Army 762; 1 recce pl with ERC-90F1 Lynx; 1
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE (Marine) inf bn; 4 SA330 Puma
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 7
PCC 2 General Ba’Oumar (FRA P-400)
PBFG 1 Patra with 4 SS 12M AShM Gambia GAM
PB 4 Port Gentil (FRA VCSM) Gambian Dalasi D 2010 2011 2012
AMPHIBIOUS
LANDING SHIPS • LST 1 President Omar Bongo (FRA GDP D 29.3bn 32.6bn
Batral) (capacity 1 LCVP; 7 MBT; 140 troops) with 1 hel US$ 1.03bn 1.12bn
landing platform
LANDING CRAFT 12 LCVP per capita US$ 586 623
Growth % 6.12 5.5
Air Force 1,000 Inflation % 5.0 5.9
FORCES BY ROLE Def bdgt D ε189m
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
US$ ε7m
1 sqn with Mirage 5G/5DG; Mirage 5E2; Mirage F-1AZ
TRANSPORT US$1=D 28.49 29.15
1 (Presidential Guard) sqn with AS332 Super Puma; Population 1,797,860
ATR-42F; Falcon 900; Gulfstream IV-SP
1 sqn with C-130H Hercules; CN-235M-100 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
TRAINING Male 21.7% 5.5% 4.6% 3.7% 13.0% 1.4%
1 (Presidential Guard) sqn with T-34 Turbo Mentor
Female 21.5% 5.4% 4.6% 3.8% 13.4% 1.5%
ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 sqn with Bell 412 Twin Huey (AB-412); SA-330C/H
Puma; SA342M Gazelle
Capabilities
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE ACTIVE 800 (Army 800)
AIRCRAFT 14 combat capable
FGA 14: 4 Mirage 5E2; 2 Mirage 5G (Mirage 5); 2 Mirage Organisations by Service
5DG (Mirage 5D); 6 Mirage F-1AZ
MP (1 EMB-111* in store)
TPT 5 Medium 1 C-130H Hercules ( 1 L-100-30 in store) Gambian National Army 800
Light 2: 1 ATR-42F; 1 CN-235M-100 PAX 2: 1 Falcon 900; FORCES BY ROLE
1 Gulfstream IV-SP MANOEUVRE
TRG 3 T-34 Turbo Mentor (4 CM-170 Magister in store) Light
HELICOPTERS 2 inf bn
MRH 2: 1 Bell 412 Twin Huey (AB-412); 1 SA-342M Other
Gazelle (2 SA342L Gazelle in store) 1 (Presidential Guard) gd coy
TPT 5 Medium 4: 1 AS332 Super Puma; 3 SA-330C/H COMBAT SUPPORT
Puma Light 1 EC135 1 engr sqn

Paramilitary 2,000 Marine Unit ε70


EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Gendarmerie 2,000 PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 7: 1
FORCES BY ROLE Bolong Kanta; 2 Fatimah I; 4 Taipei (ROC Hai Ou)
MANOEUVRE
Armoured Air Wing
2 armd sqn EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Other AIRCRAFT
3 paramilitary bde TPT 6 Light 2 AT-802A Air Tractor PAX 4: 1 B-727; 1
11 paramilitary coy CL-601; 2 Il-62M Classic (VIP)
Aviation
1 unit with AS350 Ecureuil; AS355 Ecureuil II Deployment
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
HELICOPTERS • TPT • Light 4: 2 AS350 Ecureuil; 2 Côte D’Ivoire
AS355 Ecureuil II UN • UNOCI 3 obs
LIBERIA
Deployment UN • UNMIL 2 obs
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC sudan
ECCAS • MICOPAX 143 UN • UNAMID 196; 1 inf coy
Sub-Saharan Africa 437

Navy 2,000
Ghana GHA Naval HQ located at Accra; Western HQ located at
Ghanaian New Cedi C 2010 2011 2012 Sekondi; Eastern HQ located at Tema
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
GDP C 46.2bn 57.9bn
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 7
US$ 31.9bn 37.5bn
PCO 2 Anzole (US)
per capita US$ 1,311 1,513 PCC 4: 2 Achimota (GER Lurssen 57m); 2 Dzata (GER
Growth % 7.72 13.53 Lurssen 45m)
Inflation % 10.7 8.7 PB 1(US)
Def bdgt C 179m 198m
Air Force 2,000
US$ 124m 128m
FORCES BY ROLE
FMA (US) US$ 0.35m 0.45m
GROUND ATTACK
US$1=C 1.45 1.54 1 sqn with K-8 Karakorum*; L-39ZO*: MB-326K; MB-
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Population 24,791,073 339A*


TRANSPORT
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus 1 sqn with BN-2 Defender; Cessna 172; F-27 Friendship;
Male 18.4% 5.4% 5.1% 4.4% 15.1% 1.6% F-28 Fellowship (VIP)
Female 18.0% 5.3% 5.1% 4.3% 15.3% 1.9%
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 sqn with AW109A; Bell 412SP Twin Huey; Mi-17V-5
Capabilities Hip H; SA319 Alouette III
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE†
ACTIVE 15,500 (Army 11,500 Navy 2,000 Air 2,000) AIRCRAFT 13 combat capable
FGA 3 MB-326K
Organisations by Service TPT 10 Light 9: 1 BN-2 Defender; 1 C-295; 3 Cessna 172;
4 F-27 Friendship PAX 1 F-28 Fellowship (VIP)
TRG 8: 6 K-8 Karakorum*; 2 L-39ZO*; 2 MB-339A*
Army 11,500 HELICOPTERS
FORCES BY ROLE MRH 3: 1 Bell 412SP Twin Huey; 2 SA319 Alouette III
COMMAND TPT 5 Medium 3 Mi-17V-5 Hip H Light 2 AW109A
2 comd HQ
SPECIAL FORCES
2 AB/SF coy Deployment
MANOEUVRE CôTE D’Ivoire
Reconnaissance
UN • UNOCI 535; 6 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 hel coy; 1 fd hospital
1 recce regt (3 recce sqn)
Light Democratic Republic of the Congo
6 inf bn UN • MONUSCO 415; 24 obs; 1 mech inf bn
COMBAT SUPPORT
Lebanon
1 arty regt (1 arty bty, 2 mor bty)
UN • UNIFIL 876; 1 inf bn
1 fd engr regt (bn)
1 sigs regt Liberia

Sub-Saharan
1 sigs sqn UN • UNMIL 706; 9 obs; 1 inf bn

Africa
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
1 log gp Sudan
1 tpt coy UN • UNAMID 7; 5 obs
2 maint coy Western Sahara
1 trg bn UN • MINURSO 7; 8 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
RECCE 3 EE-9 Cascavel
AIFV 39: 24 Ratel FSC-90; 15 Ratel-20
APC (W) 50 Piranha
ARTY 84
TOWED 122mm 6 D-30
MOR 78: 81mm 50; 120mm 28 Tampella
AT • RCL 84mm 50 Carl Gustav
AD • SAM • MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡
GUNS • TOWED 8+: 14.5mm 4+: 4 ZPU-2; ZPU-4;
23mm 4 ZU-23-2
ARV Piranha reported
438 The Military Balance 2012

ARV T-54/T-55 reported


Guinea GUI
Guinean Franc fr
Navy ε400
2010 2011 2012
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
GDP fr 26.7tr 33.2tr PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6 • PB 4
US$ 4.67bn 4.7bn Swiftships†; 2 Zhuks†
per capita US$ 452 444
Growth % 1.94 3.96 Air Force 800
Inflation % 15.5 20.6 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE†
Def bdgt fr ε275bn AIRCRAFT
FGA (3 MiG-21 Fishbed non-op)
US$ ε48m
TPT • Light 2 An-2 Colt
US$1=fr 5711.11 7057.34 HELICOPTERS
Population 10,601,009 ATK 4 Mi-24 Hind
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

MRH 5: 2 MD-500MD; 2 Mi-17-1V Hip H; 1 SA342K


Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Gazelle
Male 21.5% 5.3% 4.5% 3.8% 13.5% 1.5% TPT 2 Medium 1 SA330 Puma† Light 1 AS350B Ecureuil
Female 21.0% 5.2% 4.4% 3.7% 13.7% 2.0% MSL
AAM • IR R-3 (AA-2 Atoll)‡
Capabilities
Paramilitary 2,600 active
ACTIVE 12,300 (Army 8,500 Navy 400 Air 800
Gendarmerie 1,000 Republican Guard 1,600) Other Gendarmerie 1,000
paramilitary 7,000
Terms of service conscription, 2 years
Republican Guard 1,600
People’s Militia 7,000
Organisations by Service
Deployment
Army 8,500
Côte D’Ivoire
FORCES BY ROLE
SPECIAL FORCES UN • UNOCI 3 obs
1 SF bn south sudan
MANOEUVRE UN • UNMISS 1 obs
Armoured
1 armd bn sudan
Light UN • UNISFA 2 obs
5 inf bn Western Sahara
1 ranger bn
UN • MINURSO 6 obs
1 cdo bn
COMBAT SUPPORT
1 arty bn
1 AD bn Guinea Bissau GNB
1 engr bn
CFA Franc BCEAO fr 2010 2011 2012
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 38: 8 T-54; 30 T-34 GDP fr 414bn 458bn
LT TK 15 PT-76 US$ 820m 960m
RECCE 27: 2 AML-90; 25 BRDM-1/BRDM-2 per capita US$ 524 601
APC (W) 40: 16 BTR-40; 10 BTR-50; 8 BTR-60; 6 BTR-152 Growth % 3.47 4.79
ARTY 47+
Inflation % 1.1 4.6
TOWED 24: 122mm 12 M-1931/37; 130 mm 12 M-46
MRL 220mm 3 BM-27/9P140 Uragan Def bdgt fr 12.5bn 9.52bn
MOR 20+: 82mm M-43; 120mm 20 M-1943/M-38 US$ 25m 20m
AT • MSL • MANPATS 9K11 Malyutka (AT-3 Sagger); US$1=fr 504.09 476.56
9M113 Konkurs (AT-5 Spandrel)
Population 1,596,677
RCL 82mm B-10
GUNS 6+: 57mm ZIS-2 M-1943; 85mm 6 D-44 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
AD • SAM • MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail) ‡
Male 20.2% 5.3% 4.7% 4.0% 13.3% 1.3%
GUNS • TOWED 24+: 30mm M-53 (twin); 37mm 8
M-1939; 57mm 12 Type-59 (S-60); 100mm 4 KS-19 Female 20.2% 5.4% 4.8% 4.1% 14.8% 1.9%
Sub-Saharan Africa 439

Capabilities Kenya KEN


ACTIVE ε4,458 (Army ε4,000 (numbers reducing) Kenyan Shilling sh 2010 2011 2012
Navy 350 Air 100) Gendarmerie 2,000 GDP sh 2.55tr 2.98tr
Terms of service conscription (selective).
US$ 31.0bn 33.1bn
Manpower and eqpt totals should be treated with caution.
per capita US$ 759 790
Recent governments have envisaged reducing the armed
forces. A number of draft laws to restructure the armed Growth % 5.55 5.28
services and police have been produced. Inflation % 4.1 12.1
Def bdgt sh 56.7bn 55.9bn 58.4bn
Organisations by Service
 US$ 689m 622m
FMA (US) US$ 1.0m 1.0m
Army ε4,000 (numbers reducing) US$1=sh 82.25 89.86
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

FORCES BY ROLE Population 41,943,504


MANOEUVRE Ethnic groups: Kikuyu ε22–32%
Reconnaissance
1 recce coy Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Armoured Male 21.3% 5.0% 4.9% 4.5% 13.2% 1.2%
1 armd bn (sqn) Female 20.9% 5.0% 4.8% 4.5% 13.2% 1.5%
Light
5 inf bn Capabilities
COMBAT SUPPORT
1 arty bn ACTIVE 24,120 (Army 20,000 Navy 1,620 Air 2,500)
1 engr coy Paramilitary 5,000
(incl HQ staff)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 10 T-34
LT TK 15 PT-76 Organisations by Service
RECCE 10 BRDM-2
APC (W) 55: 35 BTR-40/BTR-60; 20 Type-56 (BTR-152) Army 20,000
ARTY 26+ FORCES BY ROLE
TOWED 122mm 18 D-30/M-1938 MANOEUVRE
MOR 8+: 82mm M-43; 120mm 8 M-1943 Armoured
AT 1 armd bde with (3 armd bn)
RCL 75mm Type-52 (M20); 82mm B-10 Light
RL 89mm M20 1 inf bde with (3 inf bn)
GUNS 85mm 8 D-44 1 inf bde with (2 inf bn)
AD • SAM • MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡ 1 indep inf bn
GUNS • TOWED 34: 23mm 18 ZU-23; 37mm 6 M-1939; Air Manoeuvre
57mm 10 S-60 1 air cav bn

Sub-Saharan
1 AB bn

Africa
Navy ε350 COMBAT SUPPORT
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE 1 arty bde (2 arty bn)
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 2 1 ADA bn
Alfeite† 1 engr bde (2 engr bn)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Air Force 100 MBT 78 Vickers Mk 3
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE RECCE 92: 72 AML-60/AML-90; 12 Ferret; 8 S52 Shorland
HELICOPTERS • MRH 1 SA-319 Alouette III† APC (W) 94: 10 M-3 Panhard in store; 52 UR-416; 32 Type-
92 (reported)
ARTY 110
Paramilitary 2,000 active
TOWED 105mm 48: 8 Model 56 pack howitzer; 40 Light
Gendarmerie 2,000 Gun
MOR 62: 81mm 50; 120mm 12 Brandt
AT • MSL • MANPATS 54: 40 Milan; 14 Swingfire
Foreign FORCES RCL 84mm 80 Carl Gustav
Angola MISSANG 200 (providing trg and assistance with AD • GUNS • TOWED 94: 20mm 81: 11 Oerlikon; ε70
SSR) TCM-20; 40mm 13 L/70
440 The Military Balance 2012

ARV 7 Vickers ARV Somalia


MW Bozena 1,600: 2 inf bn

Navy 1,620 (incl 120 marines) SOUTH Sudan


UN • UNMISS 691; 5 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 de-mining coy
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6 Sudan
PCFG 2 Nyayo with 2 twin lnchr with Otomat AShM, 1 UN • UNAMID 79; 5 obs; 1 MP coy
76mm gun
PCC 3: 1 Arambe (FRA P400); 2 Shujaa with 1 76mm gun UGANDA
PBF 1 Archangel EU • EUTM 12
AMPHIBIOUS LCM 2 Galana
Foreign FORCES
Air Force 2,500
United Kingdom Army 52
FORCES BY ROLE
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
2 sqn with F-5E/F Tiger II
TRANSPORT Lesotho LSO
Some sqn with DHC-5D Buffalo†; DHC-8 Dash 8†; F-70†
Lesotho Loti M 2010 2011 2012
(VIP); Y-12(II)†
TRAINING GDP M 17.0bn 19.6bn
Some sqn with Bulldog 103/Bulldog 127†; EMB-312 Tu- US$ 2.28bn 2.74bn
cano†*; Hawk Mk52†*; Hughes 500D† per capita US$ 1,187 1,423
ATTACK HELICOPTER Growth % 3.64 5.15
2 sqn with Hughes 500M†; Hughes 500MD Scout
Inflation % 3.4 6.5
Defender†(with TOW); Hughes 500ME†; Z-9W
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER Def exp M 654m
1 sqn with SA330 Puma† US$ 88m
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE† Def bdgt M 418m 348m 374m
AIRCRAFT 38 combat capable US$ 56m 48m
FTR 22: 18 F-5E Tiger II; 4 F-5F Tiger II US$1=M 7.44 7.17
TPT 18 Light 17: 4 DHC-5D Buffalo†; 3 DHC-8 Dash 8†;
Population 1,924,886
10 Y-12(II)†; (6 Do-28D-2† in store); PAX 1 F-70† (VIP)
TRG 24: 8 Bulldog 103/127†; 11 EMB-312 Tucano†*; 5 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Hawk Mk52†*
Male 16.8% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% 14.9% 2.6%
HELICOPTERS
MRH 38+: 2 Hughes 500D†; 12 Hughes 500M†; 11 Female 16.7% 5.3% 5.7% 5.7% 14.6% 2.7%
Hughes 500MD Scout Defender† (with TOW); 10 Hughes
500ME†; 3 Z-9W Capabilities
TPT • Medium 13: 2 Mi-171; 11 SA330 Puma† ACTIVE 2,000 (Army 2,000)
MSL
AAM • IR AIM-9 Sidewinder
ASM AGM-65 Maverick; TOW Organisations by Service

Paramilitary 5,000 Army ε2,000


FORCES BY ROLE
Police General Service Unit 5,000 MANOEUVRE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 5 (2
Reconnaissance
on Lake Victoria)
1 recce coy
Air Wing Light
AIRCRAFT • TPT 7 Cessna 7 inf coy
HELICOPTERS Aviation
TPT • Light 1 Bell 206L Long Ranger 1 sqn
TRG 2 Bell 47G COMBAT SUPPORT
1 arty bty (-)
1 spt coy (with mor)
Deployment
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Democratic Republic of the Congo RECCE 22: 4 AML-90; 10 RBY-1 RAMTA; 8 S52 Shorland
UN • MONUSCO 24 obs ARTY 12
Sub-Saharan Africa 441

TOWED 105mm 2 Bangladesh 1,437; 13 obs; 1 inf bn; 2 engr coy; 1 MP coy; 1
MOR 81mm 10 sigs coy; 1 log coy; 1 fd hospital
AT • RCL 106mm 6 M40 Benin 1; 2 obs
Bolivia 1; 2 obs
Air Wing 110 Brazil 2; 2 obs
AIRCRAFT Bulgaria 2 obs
TPT • Light 3: 2 C-212-300 Aviocar; 1 GA-8 Airvan China, People’s Republic of 564; 2 obs; 1 engr coy; 1 tpt
HELICOPTERS coy; 1 fd hospital
MRH 3: 1 Bell 412 Twin Huey; 2 Bell 412EP Twin Huey Croatia 2
TPT • Light 2: 1 Bell 206 Jet Ranger; 1 Bo-105LSA-3 Denmark 2; 3 obs
Ecuador 1; 2 obs
Deployment Egypt 7 obs
El Salvador 2 obs
sudan
Ethiopia 4; 9 obs
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

UN • UNAMID 1 obs Finland 2


France 1
Gambia 2 obs
Liberia LBR Ghana 706; 9 obs; 1 inf bn
Indonesia 1 obs
Liberian Dollar L$ 2010 2011 2012
Jordan 120; 4 obs; 1 fd hospital
GDP L$ 71.3bn 84.0bn
Korea, Republic of 1; 1 obs
US$ 989m 1.15bn Kyrgyzstan 2 obs
per capita US$ 268 305 Malaysia 6 obs
Growth % 5.60 6.94 Mali 1 obs
Inflation % 7.3 8.8 Moldova 2 obs
Def bdgt L$ 597m Montenegro 2 obs
US$ 8m Namibia 3; 1 obs
FMA (US) US$ 6.0m 9.0m Nepal 18; 2 obs; 1 MP sect
US$1=L$ 72.06 72.75
Niger 2 obs
Nigeria 1,548; 14 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 sigs coy
Population 3,786,764 Pakistan 2,958; 7 obs; 3 inf bn; 3 engr coy; 1 fd hospital
Ethnic groups: Americo-Liberians 5% Paraguay 1; 2 obs
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Peru 2; 2 obs
Philippines 115; 2 obs; 1 inf coy
Male 22.3% 4.2% 4.4% 4.2% 13.3% 1.5%
Poland 1 obs
Female 22.0% 4.5% 4.5% 4.2% 13.4% 1.5%
Romania 2 obs
Russia 4 obs
Capabilities
Senegal 2; 1 obs
ACTIVE 2,050 (Army 2,000, Coast Guard 50) Serbia 4 obs

Sub-Saharan
Togo 1; 2 obs

Africa
Organisations by Service Ukraine 277; 2 obs; 1 hel coy
United States 5; 4 obs
Army 2,000 Yemen, Republic of 1
Zambia 3 obs
FORCES BY ROLE
Zimbabwe 2 obs
MANOEUVRE
Light
1 (23rd) inf bde with (2 inf bn, 1 engr coy, 1 MP coy)
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
1 trg unit (forming)

Coast Guard 50
8 craft (Zodiac) under 10t FLD

Foreign FORCES
All under UNMIL comd unless otherwise specified
442 The Military Balance 2012

Air Force 500


Madagascar MDG FORCES BY ROLE
Malagsy Ariary fr 2010 2011 2012 TRANSPORT
1 sqn with An-26 Curl; Yak-40 Codling (VIP)
GDP fr 18.5tr 20.6tr
1 (liaison) sqn with Cessna 310; Cessna 337 Skymaster;
US$ 8.64bn 10.1bn
PA-23 Aztec
per capita US$ 406 460 TRAINING
Growth % 0.61 0.99 1 sqn with Cessna 172; J.300 Joker; Tetras
Inflation % 9.2 10.3 TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
Def bdgt fr 119bn 146bn 1 sqn with SA318C Alouette II
US$ 56m 71m EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT • TPT 16 Light 14: 1 An-26 Curl; 4 Cessna
US$1=fr 2138.56 2040.42
172; 1 Cessna 310; 2 Cessna 337 Skymaster; 2 J.300 Joker; 1
Population 21,926,221 PA-23 Aztec; 1 Tetras; 2 Yak-40 Codling (VIP) PAX 2 B-737
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

HELICOPTERS
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
MRH 4 SA318C Alouette II
Male 21.7% 5.4% 4.6% 3.8% 12.9% 1.3%
Female 21.4% 5.4% 4.6% 3.8% 13.3% 1.7% Paramilitary 8,100
Capabilities Gendarmerie 8,100
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • 5 PB
ACTIVE 13,500 (Army 12,500 Navy 500 Air 500)
Paramilitary 8,100
Terms of service conscription (incl for civil purposes) 18 Malawi MWI
months Malawian Kwacha K 2010 2011 2012
GDP K 812bn 896bn
Organisations by Service US$ 5.3bn 5.69bn
per capita US$ 343 358
Army 12,500+
Growth % 6.51 4.59
FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE Inflation % 7.4 8.6
Armoured Def exp K ε6.7bn
1 armd bn US$ ε43m
Light US$1=K 153.28 157.37
3 inf bn
COMBAT SUPPORT Population 15,879,252
1 arty bn
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
1 engr regt
1 sigs bn Male 22.6% 5.5% 4.7% 4.0% 11.8% 1.1%
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT Female 22.5% 5.5% 4.8% 4.0% 11.8% 1.5%
1 log bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Capabilities
LT TK 12 PT-76 ACTIVE 5,300 (Army 5,300) Paramilitary 1,500
RECCE 73: ε35 BRDM-2; 10 Ferret; ε20 M3A1; 8 M8
APC (T) ε30 M3A1 half-track
ARTY 25+ Organisations by Service
TOWED 17: 105mm 5 M101; 122mm 12 D-30
MOR 8+: 82mmM-37; 120mm 8 M-43 Army 5,300
AT • RCL 106mm M40A1 FORCES BY ROLE
RL 89mm LRAC MANOEUVRE
AD • GUNS • TOWED 70: 14.5mm 50 ZPU-4; 37mm 20 Light
Type-55 (M-1939) 3 inf bn
Air Manoeuvre
Navy 500 (incl some 100 Marines) 1 para bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE COMBAT SUPPORT
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 7 1 (general) bn (1+ mne coy, 1 armd recce sqn, 2 lt arty
PCC 1 Chamois bty, 1 engr unit)
PB 6 (USCG) COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
AMPHIBIOUS • LCT 1 (FRA Edic) 8 log coy
Sub-Saharan Africa 443

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus


Less than 20% serviceability
Male 23.8% 5.2% 4.2% 3.5% 11.4% 1.4%
RECCE 41: 13 Eland; 20 FV721 Fox; 8 Ferret
ARTY 17 Female 23.5% 5.3% 4.4% 3.7% 12.0% 1.5%
TOWED 105mm 9 lt
MOR 81mm 8 L16 Capabilities
AD • SAM • MANPAD 15 Blowpipe
ACTIVE 7,350 (Army 7,350) Paramilitary 4,800
GUNS • TOWED 14.5mm 40 ZPU-4
Militia 3,000
Navy 220
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Organisations by Service
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 1
Kasungu† Army ε7,350
Air Wing 200 FORCES BY ROLE
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

SPECIAL FORCES
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 SF bn
AIRCRAFT • TPT 2 Light 1 Do-228; PAX 1 Falcon
MANOEUVRE
900EX
Armoured
HELICOPTERS • TPT 3 Medium 2: 1 AS532UL Cougar;
2 tk bn
1 SA330H Puma Light 1 AS350L Ecureuil
Light
4 inf bn
Paramilitary 1,500 Air Manoeuvre
Mobile Police Force 1,500 1 AB bn
RECCE 8 S52 Shorland COMBAT SUPPORT
AIRCRAFT 2 arty bn
TPT • Light 4: 3 BN-2T Defender (border patrol); 1 3 AD bty
SC.7 3M Skyvan 1 engr bn
HELICOPTERS • MRH 2 AS365 Dauphin 2 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE†
MBT 33: 12 T-54/T-55; 21 T-34
LT TK 18 Type-62
Deployment RECCE 64 BRDM-2
Côte D’Ivoire APC (W) 84: 44 BTR-60; 30 BTR-40; 10 BTR-152
UN • UNOCI 853; 3 obs; 1 inf bn ARTY 46+
TOWED 14+: 100mm 6 M-1944; 122mm 8 D-30; 130mm
Democratic Republic of the Congo M-46 (reported)
UN • MONUSCO 17 obs MRL 122mm 2 BM-21
MIDDLE EAST MOR 30+: 82mm M-43; 120mm 30 M-43
AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-3 9K11 Sagger
UN • UNTSO 1 obs GUNS 85mm 6 D-44
SUDAN AD • SAM 12+
UN • UNAMID 2; 4 obs TOWED 12+ S-125 Pechora (SA-3 Goa)
MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡

Sub-Saharan
GUNS • TOWED 12: 37mm 6 M-1939; 57mm 6 S-60

Africa
ARV T-54/T-55 reported
Mali MLI
Navy 50
CFA Franc BCEAO fr 2010 2011 2012
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
GDP fr 4.64tr 5.10tr PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 3 PBR†
US$ 9.21bn 10.7bn
per capita US$ 667 756 Air Force 400
Growth % 5.85 5.28 FORCES BY ROLE
FIGHTER
Inflation % 1.3 2.8
1 sqn with MiG-21MF Fishbed; MiG-21UM Mongol B
Def bdgt fr ε103bn TRANSPORT
US$ ε204m 1 sqn with An-24 Coke; An-26 Curl; BN-2 Islander; BT-
FMA (US) US$ 0.2m 0.2m 67
US$1=fr 504.09 476.56 TRAINING
1 sqn with L-29 Delfin; SF-260Wl Warrior*; Tetras
Population 14,159,904 TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
Ethnic groups: Tuareg 6-10% 1 sqn with Mi-8 Hip; Mi-24D Hind; Z-9
444 The Military Balance 2012

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 4 combat capable Capabilities
FGA 2: 1 MiG-21MF Fishbed; 1 MiG-21UM Mongol B ACTIVE NIL Paramilitary 2,000
TPT • Light 10: 1 An-24 Coke; 2 An-26 Curl; 1 BT-67; 2
BN-2 Islander; 4 Tetras
TRG 8: 6 L-29 Delfin; 2 SF-260WL Warrior*
Organisations by Service
HELICOPTERS
ATK 4 Mi-24D Hind Paramilitary 2,000
MRH 1 Z-9
Special Mobile Force ε1,500
TPT 1 Medium 1 Mi-8 Hip Light (1 AS350 Ecureuil in
store) FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE
Light
Paramilitary 4,800 active
6 (rifle) inf coy
Gendarmerie 1,800 Other
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

FORCES BY ROLE 2 (mobile) paramilitary coy


COMBAT SUPPORT
MANOEUVRE
1 engr coy
OTHER
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
8 paramilitary coy
1 spt pl
Republican Guard 2,000 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
RECCE BRDM-2; Ferret
National Police 1,000 AIFV 2 VAB (with 20mm gun)
APC (W) 16: 7 Tactica; 9 VAB
Militia 3,000 ARTY • MOR 81mm 2
AT • RL 89mm 4 LRAC
Deployment
Coast Guard ε500
Democratic Republic of the Congo PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 6
UN • MONUSCO 19 obs PSOH 1 Vigilant (capacity 1 hel) (CAN Guardian
design)
Liberia
PB 5: 2 P-2000; 1 SDB-Mk3; 2 Zhuk (FSU)
UN • UNMIL 1 obs
AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 3: 1 BN-2T Defender; 2 Do-
south sudan 228-101
UN • UNMISS 2 obs
Police Air Wing
sudan HELICOPTERS
UN • UNAMID 9 obs MRH 4 SA316 Alouette III
TPT • Light 1 AS355 Ecureuil II

Mauritius MUS
Mauritian Rupee R 2010 2011 2012
Mozambique MOZ
Mozambique New Metical
GDP R 299bn 328bn 2010 2011 2012
M
US$ 9.4bn 11.0bn GDP M 313bn 373bn
per capita US$ 7,260 8,456 US$ 9.44bn 12.6bn
Growth % 4.16 4.20 per capita US$ 421 551
Inflation % 2.9 6.7 Growth % 6.81 7.19
Def bdgta R 449m 295m 310m Inflation % 12.7 10.8
US$ 14m 10m Def bdgt M ε2.02bn
US$1=R 31.86 29.71 US$ ε61m
a
Defence and Home Affairs Budget US$1=M 33.19 29.48

Population 1,303,717 Population 22,948,858

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Male 11.1% 4.1% 3.9% 3.8% 23.2% 3.0% Male 22.0% 6.0% 4.7% 3.3% 12.3% 1.2%
Female 10.7% 4.0% 3.8% 3.7% 24.0% 4.5% Female 21.8% 5.9% 4.8% 3.3% 13.0% 1.7%
Sub-Saharan Africa 445

TPT • Medium (2 Mi-8 Hip non-op)


Capabilities AD • SAM (10+ S-125 Pechora SA-3 Goa non-op)‡
ACTIVE 11,200 (Army 10,000 Navy 200 Air 1,000) TOWED: S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline)† ‡
Terms of service conscription, 2 years
Deployment
Organisations by Service Democratic Republic of the Congo
UN • MONUSCO 1 obs
Army ε9,000–10,000
FORCES BY ROLE
SPECIAL FORCES
3 SF bn
Namibia NAM
MANOEUVRE Namibian Dollar N$ 2010 2011 2012
Light
GDP N$ 85.8bn 93.2bn
7 inf bn
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

COMBAT SUPPORT US$ 11.3bn 13.0bn


2-3 arty bn per capita US$ 5,320 6,060
2 engr bn Growth % 4.78 3.57
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT Inflation % 4.5 5.0
1 log bn
Def exp N$ 2.6bn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE†
US$ 343m
Equipment at estimated 10% or less serviceability
MBT 60+ T-54 Def bdgt N$ 3.02bn 3.01bn 3.13bn
RECCE 30 BRDM-1/BRDM-2 US$ 398m 421m
AIFV 40 BMP-1 US$1=N$ 7.57 7.16
APC (W) 271: 160 BTR-60; 100 BTR-152; 11 Casspir
Population 2,147,585
ARTY 126
TOWED 62; 100mm 20 M-1944; 105mm 12 M-101; Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
122mm 12 D-30; 130mm 6 M-46; 152mm 12 D-1
Male 17.3% 6.0% 5.6% 5.1% 14.6% 1.8%
MRL 122mm 12 BM-21
Female 17.0% 5.9% 5.5% 4.8% 14.2% 2.3%
MOR 52: 82mm 40 M-43; 120mm 12 M-43
AT • MSL • MANPATS 290: 20 AT-3 9K11 Sagger; 120 in
store; 12 AT-4 9K111 Spigot; 138 in store
Capabilities
RCL 75mm; 82mm B-10; 107mm 24 B-12 ACTIVE 9,200 (Army 9,000 Navy 200) Paramilitary
GUNS 85mm 18: 6 D-48; 12 Type-56 (D-44) 6,000
AD • SAM • MANPAD 250: 20 9K32 Strela-2
(SA-7 Grail)‡; 230 in store
GUNS 330+ Organisations by Service
SP 57mm 20 ZSU-57-2
TOWED 310+: 20mm M-55; 23mm 120 ZU-23-2; Army 9,000
37mm 100: 90 M-1939; 10 in store; 57mm 90: 60 S-60; FORCES BY ROLE
30 in store MANOEUVRE

Sub-Saharan
Light

Africa
Navy ε200 6 inf bn
Other
Air Force 1,000 1 (Presidential Guard) gd bn
FORCES BY ROLE COMBAT SUPPORT
TRANSPORT 1 cbt spt bde with (1 arty regt)
1 sqn with An-26 Curl; FTB-337G Milirole 1 AT regt
ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER 1 AD regt
1 sqn with Mi-24 Hind† COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
AIR DEFENCE 1 log bde
Some bty with S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline)†‡ EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE MBT T-54/T-55†; T-34†
AIRCRAFT RECCE 12 BRDM-2
FGA (some MiG-21bis Fishbed L & N non-op) APC (W) 60: 10 BTR-60; 20 Casspir; 30 Wolf Turbo 2
ISR 2 FTB-337G Milirole ARTY 69
TPT • Light 2 An-26 Curl; (4 PA-32 Cherokee non-op) TOWED 140mm 24 G2
HELICOPTERS MRL 122mm 5 BM-21
ATK 2 Mi-24 Hind† MOR 40: 81mm; 82mm
446 The Military Balance 2012

AT • RCL 82mm B-10 SUDAN


GUNS 12+: 57mm; 76mm 12 ZIS-3 UN • UNAMID 3; 5 obs
AD • SAM • MANPAD 74 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡ UN • UNISFA 1 obs
GUNS 65
SP 23mm 15 Zumlac
TOWED 14.5mm 50 ZPU-4
ARV T-54/T-55 reported Niger NER
CFA Franc BCEAO fr 2010 2011 2012
Navy ε200
Fishery protection, part of the Ministry of Fisheries GDP fr 2.72tr 2.99tr
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE US$ 5.39bn 6.28bn
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 8 per capita US$ 339 382
PCO 4: 1 Imperial Marinheiro with 76mm gun; 2 Growth % 7.96 5.49
Nathanael Maxwilili; 1 Tobias Hainyenko Inflation % 0.9 4.0
PCC 1 Oryx
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Def bdgt fr ε23.4bn


PB 3: 1 Brendan Simbwaye; 2 Tracker II (additional vessels
on order) US$ ε46m
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT • AGOR 4 US$1=fr 504.09 476.55
AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 1 F406 Caravan II
Population 16,468,886
HELICOPTERS • TPT • Medium 1 S-61L
Ethnic groups: Tuareg 8-10%
Air Force Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
FORCES BY ROLE Male 25.1% 5.3% 4.3% 3.6% 10.9% 1.0%
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
Female 24.6% 5.1% 4.1% 3.4% 11.6% 1.3%
1 sqn with MiG-23 Flogger (reported); F-7 (F-7NM); FT-7
(FT-7NG)
ISR
Capabilities
1 sqn with O-2A Skymaster ACTIVE 5,300 (Army 5,200 Air 100) Paramilitary
TRANSPORT 5,400
Some sqn with An-26 Curl; Falcon 900; Learjet 36; Y-12 Terms of service selective conscription (2 year)
TRAINING
1 sqn with K-8 Karakorum*
ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER Organisations by Service
1 sqn with Chetak; Mi-25 Hind D; Mi-8 Hip
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Army 5,200
AIRCRAFT 24 combat capable 3 Mil Districts
FTR 12: 2 MiG-23 Flogger (reported); 8 F-7 (F-7NM); 2 FORCES BY ROLE
FT-7 (FT-7NG) MANOEUVRE
ISR 5 O-2A Skymaster Reconnaissance
TPT 6: Light 5: 2 An-26 Curl; 1 Learjet 36; 2 Y-12 PAX 1 4 armd recce sqn
Falcon 900 Light
TRG 12 K-8 Karakorum* 7 inf coy
HELICOPTERS
Air Manoeuvre
ATK 2 Mi-25 Hind D
2 AB coy
TPT 2 Medium 1 Mi-8 Hip Light 1 Chetak
COMBAT SUPPORT
1 AD coy
Paramilitary 6,000
1 engr coy
Police Force • Special Field Force 6,000 (incl COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
Border Guard and Special Reserve Force) 1 log gp
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Deployment RECCE 132: 35 AML-20/AML-60; 90 AML-90; 7 VBL
APC (W) 22 M-3 Panhard
Côte D’Ivoire ARTY • MOR 40: 81mm 19 Brandt; 82mm 17; 120mm 4
UN • UNOCI 2 obs Brandt
AT • RCL 14: 75mm 6 M-20; 106mm 8 M-40
Liberia
RL 89mm 36 LRAC
UN • UNMIL 3; 1 obs
AD • GUNS 39
south SUDAN SP 10 M3 VDAA
UN • UNMISS 3 obs TOWED 20mm 29
Sub-Saharan Africa 447

Air Force 100 FORCES BY ROLE


MANOEUVRE
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Armoured
AIRCRAFT
1 armd div with (2 armd bde, 1 recce bn, 1 arty bde, 1
ISR 2 DA42 MPP Twin Star
engr bde)
TPT 5 Medium 1 C-130H Hercules Light 3: 1 An-26 Curl;
Mechanised
1 Do-28; 1 Do-228-201 PAX 1 B-737-200 (VIP)
2 mech div each with (1 mech bde, 1 mot inf bde, 1 recce
HELICOPTERS
bn, 1 arty bde, 1 engr bn)
MRH 2 Mi-17 Hip H
Light
1 composite div with (1 recce bde, 2 mot inf bde, 1 amph
Paramilitary 5,400 bde, 1 AB bn, 1 arty bde, 1 engr bde)
Gendarmerie 1,400 Other
1 (Presidential Guard) gd bde with (2 gd bn)
Republican Guard 2,500 COMBAT SUPPORT
1 AD regt
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

National Police 1,500 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE


MBT 276: 176 Vickers Mk 3; 100 T-55†
Deployment LT TK 157 Scorpion
RECCE 452: 90 AML-60; 40 AML-90; 70 EE-9 Cascavel; 50
Côte D’Ivoire FV721 Fox; 20 Saladin Mk2; 72 VBL (reported); 110 Cobra
UN • UNOCI 934; 7 obs; 1 inf bn APC 484+
APC (T) 317: 250 4K-7FA Steyr; 67 MT-LB
Democratic Republic of the Congo
APC (W) 167+: 10 FV603 Saracen; 110 Piranha; 47 BTR-3U;
UN • MONUSCO 15 obs EE-11 Urutu (reported)
Liberia ARTY 506
UN • UNMIL 2 obs SP 155mm 39 VCA 155 Palmaria
TOWED 112: 105mm 50 M-56; 122mm 31 D-30/D-74;
130mm 7 M-46; 155mm 24 FH-77B in store
MRL 122mm 25 APR-21
Nigeria NGA MOR 330+: 81mm 200; 82mm 100; 120mm 30+
AT • MSL • MANPATS Swingfire
Nigerian Naira N 2010 2011 2012
RCL 84mm Carl Gustav; 106mm M-40A1
GDP N 30.4tr 38.2tr AD • SAM 164
US$ 199bn 244bn SP 16 Roland
per capita US$ 1,233 1,472 MANPAD 148: 48 Blowpipe ε100 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7
Growth % 8.72 6.89 Grail)‡
GUNS 90+
Inflation % 13.7 10.6
SP 30 ZSU-23-4
Def bdgt N 232bn 348bn TOWED 60+: 20mm 60+; 23mm ZU-23; 40mm L/70
US$ 1.52bn 2.23bn RADAR • LAND: some RASIT (veh, arty)
FMA (US) US$ 1.35m 1.35m ARV 17: 2 Greif; 15 Vickers ARV
US$1=N 152.80 156.35 VLB MTU-20; VAB

Sub-Saharan
Africa
Population 165,822,569 Navy 8,000 (incl Coast Guard)
Ethnic groups: North (Hausa and Fulani) South-west (Yoruba) Western Comd HQ located at Apapa; Eastern Comd HQ
South-east (Ibo); these tribes make up ε65% of population located at Calabar;
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Male 20.9% 5.5% 4.8% 4.2% 14.1% 1.5%
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 1
FRIGATES • FFGHM 1 Aradu (GER MEKO 360) with 8
Female 20.0% 5.2% 4.6% 4.0% 13.6% 1.6%
single lnchr with Otomat AShM, 1 octuple Albatros lnchr
with Aspide SAM, 2 triple STWS 1B 324mm ASTT with
Capabilities A244 LWT, 1 127mm gun, (capacity 1 Lynx Mk89 hel)
ACTIVE 80,000 (Army 62,000 Navy 8,000 Air 10,000) PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 21
Paramilitary 82,000 CORVETTES • FSM 1 Enymiri (UK Vosper Mk 9) with
Reserves planned, none org 1 triple lnchr with Seacat SAM, 1 twin 375mm A/S mor,
1 76mm gun
PSOH 1 Thunder (US Hamilton) with 1 76 mm gun
Organisations by Service PCFG 1 Ayam (FRA Combattante) each with 2 twin lnchr
with MM-38 Exocet AShM, 1 76mm gun (Additional 2
Army 62,000 vessels†)
448 The Military Balance 2012

PCO 4 Balsam (buoy tenders (US)) Paramilitary ε82,000


PCC 3 Ekpe (GER Lurssen 57m - 2†) with 1 76mm gun
PBF 5: 4 Manta (Suncraft 17m); 1 Shaldag II Coast Guard
PB 6: 2 Sea Eagle (Suncraft 38m; 4 additional vessels on Port Security Police ε2,000
order); 2 Town; 2 Yola PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • MISC
MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES • BOATS/CRAFT 60+ boats
MCC 2 Ohue (mod ITA Lerici) AMPHIBIOUS 5+ ACV
AMPHIBIOUS • LS • LST 1 Ambe (capacity 5 tanks; 220
troops) (GER)
Security and Civil Defence Corps • Police
80,000
LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 5:
APC (W) 70+: 70+ AT105 Saxon†; UR-416
1 AGHS; 4 YTL AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 4: 1 Cessna 500 Citation I; 2
PA-31 Navajo; 1 PA-31-350 Navajo Chieftain
Naval Aviation HELICOPTERS • TPT • Light 4: 2 Bell 212 (AB-212);
HELICOPTERS 2 Bell 222 (AB-222)
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

ASW 2 Lynx Mk89† (non-op)


MRH 2 AW139 (AB-139)
Deployment
TPT • Light 3 AW109E Power†
Côte D’Ivoire
Air Force 10,000 UN • UNOCI 1; 6 obs
FORCES BY ROLE Democratic Republic of the Congo
Very limited op capability UN • MONUSCO 26 obs
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
LEBANON
1 sqn with F-7 (F-7NI); FT-7 (FT-NI)
UN • UNIFIL 1
MARITIME PATROL
1 sqn with ATR-42MP; Do-128D-6 Turbo SkyServant; Liberia
Do-228-100/200 UN • UNMIL 1,548; 14 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 sigs coy
TRANSPORT Sierra Leone
2 sqn with C-130H Hercules; C-130H-30 Hercules; G-222 IMATT 1
1 (Presidential) flt with B-727; B-737BBJ; BAe-125-800;
Do-228-200; Falcon 7X; Falcon 900; Gulfstream IV/V south Sudan
TRAINING UN • UNMISS 3; 8 obs
1 unit with Air Beetle†; Sudan
1 unit with Alpha Jet* UN • UNAMID 3,317; 17 obs; 4 inf bn
1 unit with L-39 Albatros†*; MB-339A* UN • UNISFA 1 obs
1 hel unit with AW109; Mi-34 Hermit (trg);
Western Sahara
ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
UN • MINURSO 6 obs
2 sqn with AW139; Mi-24/Mi-35 Hind†
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE†
AIRCRAFT 55 combat capable
Rwanda RWA
FTR 15: 12 F-7 (F-7NI); 3 FT-7 (FT-NI) Rwandan Franc fr 2010 2011 2012
MP 2 ATR-42 MP
GDP fr 3.25tr 3.64tr
TPT 29: Medium 5: 1 C-130H Hercules (4 more in store†);
US$ 5.49bn 5.99bn
1 C-130H-30 Hercules (2 more in store); 3 G-222† (2 more
per capita US$ 497 527
in store†) Light 16: 1 Cessna 550 Citation; 8 Do-128D-6
Turbo SkyServant; 1 Do-228-100; 6 Do-228-200 (incl 2 VIP); Growth % 7.50 7.00
PAX 8: 1 B-727; 1 B-737BBJ; 1 BAe 125-800; 1 Falcon 7X; 2 Inflation % 2.3 3.9
Falcon 900; 1 Gulfstream IV; 1 Gulfstream V Def bdgt fr 43.6bn 44.1bn 46.4bn
TRG 108: 58 Air Beetle† (up to 20 awaiting repair); 14 US$ 74m 73m
Alpha Jet*; 24 L-39 Albatros†*; 12 MB-339AN* (all being FMA (US) US$ 0.2m 0.4m
upgraded) US$1=fr 592.03 608.13
HELICOPTERS
ATK 9: 2 Mi-24P Hind; 2 Mi-24V Hind; 5 Mi-35 Hind Population 11,370,425
MRH 2 AW139 (AB139) Ethnic groups: Hutu 80%; Tutsi 19%
TPT 5: Medium (6 AS332 Super Puma in store) Light 5
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
AW109
TRG 5 Mi-34 Hermit† Male 21.6% 4.8% 4.8% 4.4% 13.2% 1.0%
MSL • AAM • IR R-3 (AA-2 Atoll)‡; PL-9C Female 21.3% 4.8% 4.9% 4.4% 13.4% 1.5%
Sub-Saharan Africa 449

Capabilities Senegal SEN


ACTIVE 33,000 (Army 32,000 Air 1,000) Paramilitary CFA Franc BCEAO fr 2010 2011 2012
2,000 GDP fr 6.36tr 6.84tr
US$ 12.6bn 14.4bn
Organisations by Service per capita US$ 1,024 1,135
Growth % 4.24 4.02
Army 32,000 Inflation % 1.2 3.6
FORCES BY ROLE
Def bdgt fr 98.8bn
MANOEUVRE
Light US$ 196m
4 inf div each with (3 inf bde) FMA (US) US$ 0.3m 0.4m
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE US$1=fr 504.09 476.56
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

MBT 24 T-54/T-55 Population 12,643,799


RECCE 106: ε90 AML-60/AML-90/AML-245; 16 VBL
Ethnic groups: Wolof 36%; Fulani 17%; Serer 17%; Toucouleur 9%;
AIFV 35+: BMP; 15 Ratel-90; 20 Ratel-60
Man-dingo 9%; Diola 9% (of which 30-60% in Casamance)
APC (W) 56+: 36 RG-31 Nyala; BTR; Buffalo (M-3 Panhard);
20 Type-92 (reported) Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
ARTY 155+ Male 21.7% 5.5% 4.7% 3.8% 11.3% 1.3%
TOWED 35+: 105mm 29 Type-54 (D-1); 122mm 6 D-30;
Female 21.5% 5.5% 4.9% 4.2% 14.0% 1.5%
152mm†
MRL 122mm 5 RM-70 Dana
MOR 115: 81mm; 82mm; 120mm
Capabilities
AD • SAM • MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡ ACTIVE 13,620 (Army 11,900 Navy 950 Air 770)
GUNS ε150: 14.5mm; 23mm; 37mm
Paramilitary 5,000
ARV T-54/T-55 reported
Terms of service conscription, 2 years selective

Air Force ε1,000


FORCES BY ROLE Organisations by Service
ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 sqn with Mi-17/Mi-17MD/Mi-17V-5/Mi-17-1V Hip H; Army 11,900 (incl conscripts)
Mi-24P/V Hind 4 Mil Zone HQ
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE FORCES BY ROLE
HELICOPTERS MANOEUVRE
ATK 5: 2 Mi-24V Hind E; 3 Mi-24P Hind Armoured
MRH 10: 1 AW139; 4 Mi-17 Hip H; 1 Mi-17MD Hip H; 1 3 armd bn
Mi-17V-5 Hip H; 3 Mi-17-1V Hip H Light
TPT • Light 1 AW109S 6 inf bn
Air Manoeuvre
Paramilitary 1 cdo/AB bn

Sub-Saharan
Other
Local Defence Forces ε2,000

Africa
1 (Presidential Guard) horse cav bn
COMBAT SUPPORT
Deployment 1 arty bn
1 engr bn
south Sudan
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
UN • UNMIS 3; 3 obs
3 construction coy
Sudan EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
UN • UNAMID 3,237; 10 obs; 4 inf bn RECCE 118: 30 AML-60; 74 AML-90; 10 M-8; 4 M-20
UN • UNISFA 3 obs APC 36+
APC (T) 12 M-3 half-track
APC (W) 24: 16 M-3 Panhard; 8 Casspir
ARTY 28
TOWED 12: 105mm 6 HM-2/M-101; 155mm ε6
Model-50
MOR 16: 81mm 8 Brandt; 120mm 8 Brandt
AT • MSL • MANPATS 4 Milan
RL 89mm 31 LRAC
450 The Military Balance 2012

AD • GUNS • TOWED 33: 20mm 21 M-693; 40mm 12 Foreign FORCES


L/60
France
Navy (incl Coast Guard) 950 Army 165
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Navy 230: 1 LCT; 1 Atlantique
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 11 Air Force 1 C-160 Transall; 1 AS555 Fennec
PCC 4: 1 Fouta (DNK Osprey); 1 Njambour (FRA SFCN
59m) with 2 76mm gun; 2 Saint Louis† (PR-48)
PB 7: 2 Alioune Samb; 4 Alphonse Faye (2 operated by Seychelles SYC
Fisheries Protection Directorate, 2 by Customs Service);
1 Senegal II Seychelles Rupee SR 2010 2011 2012
AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT 6 GDP SR 11.3bn 12.1bn
LCT 3: 1 Edic; 2 Edic 700
US$ 849m 930m
LCM 3
per capita US$ 9,611 10,427
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Air Force 770 Growth % 6.20 5.04


FORCES BY ROLE Inflation % -2.4 2.6
MARITIME PATROL/SEARCH & RESCUE Def bdgta SR 287m ε292m
1 sqn with C-212 Aviocar; Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois) US$ 22m ε22m
ISR US$1=SR 13.32 13.02
1 unit with BN-2T Islander (anti-smuggling patrols) a
Includes Ministry of Defence capital expenditure
TRANSPORT
1 sqn with B-727-200 (VIP); F-27-400M Troopship Population 89,188
TRAINING
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
1 sqn with R-235 Guerrier*; TB-30 Epsilon
ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER Male 11.2% 3.9% 4.1% 4.4% 24.7% 2.7%
1 sqn with AS355F Ecureuil II; Bell 206; Mi-35P Hind; Mi- Female 10.7% 3.7% 3.6% 3.9% 22.7% 4.5%
171Sh
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Capabilities
AIRCRAFT 1 combat capable
TPT 7: Light 5: 1 BN-2T Islander (govt owned, mil op);
ACTIVE 200 (Army 200) Paramilitary 450
1 C-212-100 Aviocar; 3 F-27-400M Troopship (3 more in
store) PAX 2: 1 A319; 1 B-727-200 (VIP) Organisations by Service
TRG 3: 1 R-235 Guerrier*; 2 TB-30 Epsilon
HELICOPTERS Army 200
ATK 2 Mi-35P Hind
FORCES BY ROLE
TPT 8 Medium 2 Mi-171Sh Light 6: 1 AS355F Ecureuil
MANOEUVRE
II; 1 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois); 2 Bell 206; 2 Mi-2 Hoplite
Light
1 inf coy
Paramilitary 5,000
Other
Gendarmerie 5,000 1 sy unit
APC (W) 12 VXB-170 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE†
RECCE 6 BRDM-2†
Customs ARTY• MOR 82mm 6 M-43†
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 2
AD • SAM • MANPAD 10 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail) ‡
VCSM
GUNS • TOWED 14.5mm ZPU-2†; ZPU-4†; 37mm
M-1939†
Deployment
Côte D’Ivoire
Paramilitary
UN • UNOCI 527; 13 obs; 1 inf bn Coast Guard 200 (incl 80 Marines)
Democratic Republic of the Congo EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
UN • MONUSCO 20 obs PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 8
PCC 2: 1 Andromache (ITA Pichiotti 42m); 1 Topaz
Liberia
PB 6: 2 Aries; 1 Junon; 2 Rodman 101; 1 Fortune (UK
UN • UNMIL 2; 1 obs
Tyne)
SUDAN AMPHIBIOUS • LCT 1 Cinq Juin (govt owned but
UN • UNAMID 1,026; 12 obs;  1 inf bn civilian op)
Sub-Saharan Africa 451

National Guard 250 SUDAN


UN • UNAMID 135; 8 obs; 1 recce coy
Air Wing 20 UN • UNISFA 1 obs
AIRCRAFT
TPT • Light 3: 1 BN-2 Islander; 1 Cessna 152; 1 F-406 Timor Leste
Caravan II UN • UNMIT 1 obs

Foreign FORCES Foreign FORCES


United States US Africa Command: some MQ-9 Reaper Canada IMATT 9
UAV Jamaica IMATT 1
Nigeria IMATT 1
United Kingdom IMATT 20
Sierra Leone SLE United States IMATT 3
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Sierra Leonean Leone L 2010 2011 2012


GDP
US$
L 7.60tr
1.88bn
9.05tr
2.05bn
Somalia SOM
per capita US$ 359 383 Somali Shilling sh 2010 2011 2012
Growth % 4.95 5.06 GDP US$
Inflation % 17.8 18.0 per capita US$
Def bdgt L 50.4bn 57.6bn US$1=sh
US$ 13m 13m *Definitive economic data unavailable
US$1=L 4033.44 4412.50 Population 9,925,640

Population 5,363,669 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus Male 22.6% 4.8% 4.5% 3.5% 13.6% 1.0%
Female 22.5% 4.8% 4.6% 3.7% 13.2% 1.4%
Male 20.8% 4.9% 4.5% 3.7% 13.0% 1.6%
Female 21.1% 5.2% 4.8% 4.0% 14.4% 2.0%
Capabilities
Capabilities No national armed forces since 1991. Transitional
government attempting to establish armed forces but
ACTIVE 10,500 (Joint 10,500) hampered by defections, financial difficulties, UN arms
embargo and institutional deficiencies. Militia forces
Organisations by Service and armed groups within the country. Somaliland and
Puntland have their own militias. Heavy equipment in
Armed Forces 10,500 poor repair or inoperable.
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
ARTY • MOR 31: 81mm ε27; 82mm 2; 120mm 2 Military Forces
AT • RCL 84mm Carl Gustav

Sub-Saharan
HELICOPTERS • MRH/TPT 2 Mi-17 (Mi-8MT) Hip H/ Transitional Federal Government

Africa
Mi-8 Hip†
AD • GUNS 7: 12.7mm 4; 14.5mm 3 Army ε2,000 (Ethiopian trained)
Navy ε200
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Foreign FORCES
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 1 Burundi AMISOM 4,400; 5 inf bn
Shanghai III Kenya 1,600; 2 inf bn
Sierra Leone AMISOM 5
Deployment Uganda AMISOM 5,200; 6 inf bn

LEBANON
UN • UNIFIL 3
TERRITORY WHERE THE RECOGNISED
AUTHORITY (TFG) DOES NOT EXERCISE
somalia
EFFECTIVE CONTROL
AU • AMISOM 5
Data presented here represent the de facto situation. This
south SUDAN does not imply international recognition as a sovereign
UN • UNMIS 4 obs state.
452 The Military Balance 2012

Somaliland
Population 3.5m
South Africa RSA
Militia unit strengths are not known. Equipment numbers South African Rand R 2010 2011 2012
are generalised assessments; most of this equipment is in GDP R 2.66tr 2.95tr
poor repair or inoperable. US$ 363bn 417bn
per capita US$ 7,383 8,505
Organisations by Service Growth % 2.84 3.40
Inflation % 4.3 5.9
Army ε15,000
Def exp R 31.3bn
FORCES BY ROLE
US$ 4.27bn
MANOUEVRE
Armoured Def bdgt R 30.7bn 30.4bn 34.6bn
2 armd bde US$ 4.18bn 4.29bn
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Mechanised FMA (US) US$ 0.8m 0.8m


1 mech inf bde US$1=R 7.34 7.09
Light
14 inf bde Population 49,004,031
COMBAT SUPPORT
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
2 arty bde
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT Male 14.3% 5.1% 5.8% 5.3% 16.9% 2.3%
1 spt bn Female 14.2% 5.1% 5.5% 4.8% 17.2% 3.4%
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE †
MBT 33: M47; T54/55 Capabilities
RECCE BTR-50; Panhard AML 90; BRDM-2
ACTIVE 62,082 (Army 37,141 Navy 6,244 Air 10,653
APC(W) 15-20 Fiat 6614
ARTY 69 South African Military Health Service 8,044)
TOWED 122mm 12 D-30 CIVILIAN 12,382 (Army 6,452 Navy 2,000 Air 2,144
MOR MRL: 8-12 BM21 South African Military Health Service 1,786)
45: 81mm; 120mm
AT RESERVE 15,071 (Army 12,264 Navy 861 Air 831
RCL 106mm 16 M-40A1 South African Military Health Service Reserve 1,115)
AD
GUNS some†
TOWED 20mm; 23mm ZU-23
Organisations by Service

Coast Guard ε350 Army 37,141


FORCES BY ROLE
Ministry of the Interior Formations under direct command and control of SANDF
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Chief of Joint Operations: 9 Joint Operational Tactical HQs,
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 26 troops are provided when necessary by permanent and
PB 7 Dolphin 26 reserve force units from all services and SF Bde.
PBR 19 A new army structure is planned with 2 divisions (1
Puntland mechanised, 1 motorised) with 10 bdes (1 armd, 1 mech,
7 motorised and 1 rapid reaction). Training, Support and
Armed Forces ε5–10,000; coastguard Land Commands are also planned, while Divisional HQ is
to be re-established.
COMMAND
2 bde HQ
SPECIAL FORCES
1 SF bde (2 SF bn(-))
MANOEUVRE
Reconnaissance
1 armd recce bn
Armoured
1 tk bn
Mechanised
2 mech inf bn
Light
10 mot inf bn (1 bn roles as AB, 1 as amph)
Sub-Saharan Africa 453

COMBAT SUPPORT PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS • FRIGATES 4


1 arty bn FFGHM 4 Valour (MEKO A200) with 2 quad lnchr with
1 ADA bn MM-40 Exocet AShM (upgrade to Block III planned); 2
1 engr regt octuple VLS with Umkhonto-IR naval SAM, 1 76mm gun
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT (capacity 1 Super Lynx 300 hel)
2 maint units PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 5:
1 construction bn PCC 2 Warrior (ISR Reshef) with 2 76mm gun
PB 3 Tobie
Reserve 12,264 reservists (under strength) MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASURES 2
FORCES BY ROLE MHC 2 River (GER Navors) (Limited operational roles;
MANOEUVRE training and dive support); (additional vessel in reserve)
Reconnaissance AMPHIBIOUS 6 LCU
2 armd recce bn LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 8:
1 recce bn AORH 1 Drakensberg with 1 spt hel (capacity 4 LCU; 100
Armoured
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

troops)
3 tk bn AGOS 1 (use for Antarctic survey, privately operated for
Mechanised Dept of Environment)
6 mech inf bn AGHS 1 Protea (UK Hecla)
Light YTM 5
16 mot inf bn (1 bn roles as AB, 1 as amph)
3 lt inf bn (converting to mot inf) Air Force 10,653
Air Manoeuvre
Air Force office, Pretoria, and 4 op gps
1 AB bn
Command & Control: 2 Airspace Control Sectors, 1
COMBAT SUPPORT
Mobile Deployment Wg
7 arty regt
1 Air Force Command Post
4 AD regt
2 engr regt FORCES BY ROLE
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
1 sqn (forming) with Gripen C/D (JAS-39C/D)
MBT 34 Olifant 1A (133 Olifant 1B in store)
TRANSPORT
RECCE 82 Rooikat-76 (94 in store)
1 (VIP) sqn with B-737 BBJ; Cessna 550 Citation II; Falcon
AIFV 534 Ratel-20 Mk III-20/Ratel-60 Mk III-60/Ratel-90 Mk
50; Falcon 900;
III-90 FSV 90 (666 in store)
1 sqn with BT-67 (C-47TP)
APC (W) 810: 370 Casspir; 440 Mamba
2 sqn with C-130B/BZ Hercules; C-212; Cessna 185; CN-
ARTY 1,255
SP 155mm 2 G-6 (41 in store) 235
TOWED 140mm (75 G2 in store); 155mm 6 G-5 (66 in 9 (AF Reserve) sqn with ε130 private lt tpt ac
store) TRAINING
MRL 127mm 21: (26 Valkiri Mk I in store) (24 tube)); 21 1 (Lead-in Ftr Trg) sqn with Hawk Mk120*
Valkiri Mk II MARS Bataleur (40 tube); (4 in store (40 ATTACK HELICOPTER
tube)) 1 (cbt spt) sqn with AH-2 Rooivalk
MOR 1,226: 81mm 1,190 (incl some SP); 120mm 36 TRANSPORT HELICOPTER

Sub-Saharan
AT • MSL • MANPATS 59: 16 ZT-3 Swift (36 in store); 43 4 (mixed) sqn with Oryx; BK-117; A109UH

Africa
Milan ADT/ER EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
RCL 106mm 100 M-40A1 (some SP) AIRCRAFT 42 combat capable
RL 92mm FT-5 FGA 18: 9 Gripen C (JAS-39C); 9 Gripen D (JAS-39D)
AD • GUNS 76 (further 8 Gripen C to be delivered by 2012)
SP 23mm 36 Zumlac TPT 55 Medium 8 C-130B/BZ Hercules; Light 43: 3
TOWED 35mm 40 GDF-002 Beech 200C King Air; 1 Beech 300 King Air; 10 BT-67
RADAR • LAND ESR 220 Kameelperd; 2 Thales Page (C-47TP - 5 maritime, 3 tpt, 2 EW); 2 C-212-200 Aviocar; 2
ARV Gemsbok C-212-300 Aviocar; 10 Cessna 185; 11 Cessna 208 Caravan;
VLB Leguan 2 Cessna 550 Citation II; 1 CN-235; 1 PC-12 PAX 4: 1
UAV • ISR • Light up to 4 Vulture B-737 BBJ; 2 Falcon 50; 1 Falcon 900
TRG 74: 24 Hawk Mk120*; 50 PC-7 Mk II Astra
Navy 6,244 HELICOPTERS
Fleet HQ and Naval base located at Simon’s Town; Naval Atk 11 AH-2 Rooivalk
stations located at Durban and Port Elizabeth MRH 4 Super Lynx 300
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE TPT 76 Medium 39 Oryx Light 37: 29 AW-109; 8 BK-117
SUBMARINES • TACTICAL • SSK 3 Heroine (Type 209) UAV • ISR • Medium Seeker II
with 8 533mm TT MSL •AAM • IR V3C Darter IIR IRIS-T
454 The Military Balance 2012

Ground Defence MRL • 122mm 15 BM-21


MOR 82mm 30+
FORCES BY ROLE
MANOEUVRE
Other
Air Force
12 sy sqn (SAAF regt) EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 1 Beech 1900
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
HELICOPTERS
2 Radar (static) located at Ellisras and Mariepskop; 2
MRH 9 Mi-17 Hip H
(mobile long-range); 4 (tactical mobile). Radar air control
TPT • Medium 1 Mi-172 (VIP)
sectors located at Pretoria, Hoedspruit

South African Military Health Service 8,044; Foreign FORCES


ε1,115 reservists (total 9,159) All UNMISS, unless otherwise indicated
Australia 8; 6 obs
Deployment Bangladesh 1563; 7; 1 inf bn; 1 rvn coy; 1 engr coy; 1 de-
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

mining pl; 1 MP coy; 1 tpt coy; 1 fd hospital


Democratic Republic of the Congo Benin 3 obs
UN • MONUSCO • Operation Mistral 1,202; 12 obs; 1 inf Brazil 2; 6 obs
bn; 1 avn coy (air med evacuation team, air base control Burkina Faso 1 obs
det); 1 engr coy • Operation Teutonic 16 Cambodia 1; 2 obs
sudan Canada 3; 5 obs
UN • UNAMID • Operation Cordite 782; 3 obs; 1 inf bn China, People’s Republic of 367; 10 obs; 1 engr coy; 1 tpt
coy; 1 fd hospital
Denmark 1 obs
South Sudan SSD Ecuador 8 obs
South Sudanese Pound d 2010 2011 2012 Egypt 8; 7 obs
GDP ssp n.a. El Salvador 4 obs
Fiji 5 obs
US$ n.a.
Germany 5; 8 obs
per capita US$ n.a.
Greece 1 obs
Growth % n.a.
Guatemala 4 obs
Inflation % n.a. Guinea 1 obs
Def expa ssp 1.12bn India 2,303; 12 obs; 2 inf bn; 1 avn coy; 1 engr coy; 1 tpt
US$ 350m coy; 1 fd hospital
US$1=ssp 3.20 3.30 Jordan 2
a
2010 figure reflects SPLA expenditure Kenya 691; 5 obs; 1 inf bn; 1 de-mining pl
Korea, Republic of 6 obs
Population 8,260,490
Kyrgyzstan 4 obs
Malaysia 2 obs
Mali 2 obs
Mongolia 2 obs
Capabilities Namibia 3 obs
Nepal 1; 6 obs
ACTIVE 140,000 (Army 140,000)
New Zealand 1; 2 obs
Terms of service unknown Nigeria 3; 8 obs
Norway 3; 5 obs
Organisations by Service Paraguay 3 obs
Peru 4 obs
Army ε140,000 Philippines 3 obs
FORCES BY ROLE Poland 2 obs
MANOEUVRE Romania 2 obs
Light Russia 135; 6 obs; 1 avn coy
9 inf div Rwanda 3; 3 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Sierra Leone 4 obs
MBT 110+: Some T-55; 110 T-72 Sri Lanka 3 obs
ARTY 69+ Sweden 3; 2 obs
SP 24 122mm 12 2S1 152mm 12 2S3 Tanzania 3 obs
Sub-Saharan Africa 455

Uganda 1 obs EQUIPMENT BY TYPE


Ukraine 10 obs MBT 390: 20 M-60A3; 60 Type-59/Type-59D; 300 T-54/T-55;
United Kingdom 2 10 Al-Bashier (Type-85-IIM)
Yemen 2; 6 obs LT TK 115: 70 Type-62; 45 Type-63
Zambia 3; 6 obs RECCE 238: 6 AML-90; 60 BRDM-1/BRDM-2; 50–80 Ferret;
42 M1114 HMMWV; 30–50 Saladin
AIFV 84+: 75 BMP-1/BMP-2; 2+ BTR-3; 7 BTR-80A
Sudan SDN APC 412
Sudanese Pound sdg 2010 2011 2012 APC (T) 66: 36 M-113; 20-30 BTR-50
APC (W) 346: 55-80 V-150 Commando; 10 BTR 70; 50–80
GDP sdg 155bn 173bn
BTR-152; 20 OT-62; 50 OT-64; 96 Walid; 10 Type-92
US$ 65.7bn 64.3bn (reported)
per capita US$ 1,495 1,750 ARTY 778+
Growth % 6.50 -0.22 SP 20: 122mm 10 2S1 Carnation; 155mm 10 (AMX) Mk F3
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Inflation % 13.0 20.0 TOWED 123+ 105mm 20 M-101; 122mm 16+: 16 D-30;
D-74; M-30; 130mm 75 M-46/Type-59-I; 12 M-114A1
Def exp sdg ε2.56bn ε3.1bn
MRL 635: 107mm 477 Type-63; 122mm 158: 90 BM-21; 50
US$ ε1.08bn ε1.15bn
Saqr; 18 Type-81
US$1=sdg 2.37 2.69 MOR 81mm; 82mm; 120mm AM-49; M-43
Population 36,787,012 AT • MSL • MANPATS 4+: 4 Swingfire; AT-3 9K11 Sagger
Ethnic and religious groups: Muslim 70% mainly in North; RCL 106mm 40 M-40A1
Christian10% mainly in South; 52% mainly in South; Arab 39% GUNS 40+: 40 76mm ZIS-3/100mm M-1944; 85mm D-44
mainly in North AD • SAM • MANPAD 54 9K32 Strela-2 ‡ (SA-7 Grail)
GUNS 996+
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
SP 20: 20mm 8 M-163 Vulcan; 12 M3 VDAA
Male 21.5% 5.7% 4.8% 3.9% 12.9% 1.4% towed 976+: 740+ 14.5mm ZPU-2/14.5mm ZPU-
Female 20.6% 5.5% 4.7% 3.9% 13.8% 1.3% 4/37mm Type-63/57mm S-60/85mm M-1944; 20mm 16
M-167 Vulcan; 23mm 50 ZU-23-2; 37mm 110: 80 M-1939;
Capabilities 30 unserviceable; 40mm 60
RADAR • LAND RASIT (veh, arty)
ACTIVE 109,300 (Army 105,000 Navy 1,300 Air
3,000) Paramilitary 17,500 Navy 1,300
Terms of service conscription (males 18–30) 2 years
HQ located at Port Sudan
RESERVE NIL Paramilitary 85,000 EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PBR 4
Organisations by Service Kurmuk
AMPHIBIOUS • LANDING CRAFT 7
LCT 2 Sobat
Army 85,000; ε20,000 conscripts (total 105,000)
LCVP 5
FORCES BY ROLE
SPECIAL FORCES Air Force 3,000
5 SF coy

Sub-Saharan
MANOEUVRE FORCES BY ROLE

Africa
Reconnaissance FIGHTER
1 indep recce bde 2 sqn with MiG-29SE/UB Fulcrum
Armoured GROUND ATTACK
1 armd div 1 sqn with A-5 Fantan
Mechanised 1 sqn with Su-25/Su-25UB Frogfoot
1 mech inf div TRANSPORT
1 indep mech inf bde Some sqn with An-26 Curl* (modified for bombing); An-
Light 30 Clank; An-32 Cline; An-72 Coaler; An-74TK-200/300;
6 inf div C-130H Hercules; Il-76 Candid; Y-8
7 indep inf bde 1 VIP unit with Falcon 20F; Falcon 50; Falcon 900; F-27;
Air Manoeuvre Il-62M Classic
1 AB div TRAINING
Other 1 sqn with K-8 Karakorum*
1 (Border Guard) sy bde ATTACK HELICOPTER
COMBAT SUPPORT 2 sqn with Mi-24/Mi-24P/Mi-24V/Mi-35P Hind
3 indep arty bde TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 engr div (9 engr bn) 2 sqn with Mi-8 Hip; Mi-17 Hip H; Mi-171
456 The Military Balance 2012

AIR DEFENCE Lesotho 1 obs


5 bty with S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline) ‡ Malawi 2; 4 obs
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Malaysia 13; 3 obs
AIRCRAFT 61 combat capable Mali 9 obs
FTR 23: 21 MiG-29SE Fulcrum; 2 MiG-29UB Fulcrum Mongolia 44; 26 obs
ATK 26: 15 A-5 Fantan; 9 Su-25 Frogfoot; 2 Su-25UB Namibia 3; 5 obs • UNISFA 1 obs
Frogfoot B
Nepal 346; 8 obs; 2 inf coy
ISR 2 An-30 Clank
Netherlands 1
TPT 23 Heavy 1 Il-76 Candid Medium 6: 4 C-130H
Hercules; 2 Y-8 Light 12: 1 An-26 Curl* (modified for Nigeria 3,317; 17 obs; 4 inf bn • UNISFA 1 obs
bombing); 2 An-32 Cline; 2 An-72 Coaler; 4 An-74TK-200; Pakistan 500; 6 obs; 1 engr coy • UNISFA 1 obs
2 An-74TK-300; 1 F-27 (VIP) PAX 4: 1 Falcon 20F (VIP); 1 Russia UNISFA 1 obs
Falcon 50 (VIP); 1 Falcon 900; 1 Il-62M Classic Rwanda 3,237; 10 obs; 4 inf bn • UNISFA 3 obs
TRG 15: 12 K-8 Karakorum*; 3 UTVA-75 Senegal 1,026; 12 obs; 1 inf bn
HELICOPTERS
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Sierra Leone 135; 8 obs; 1 recce coy • UNISFA 1 obs


ATK 29: 14 Mi-24 Hind; 2 Mi-24P Hind; 7 Mi-24V Hind E; South Africa 782; 3 obs; 1 inf bn
6 Mi-35P Hind Sri Lanka UNISFA 1 obs
MRH ε5 Mi-17 Hip H
Sweden UNISFA 1 obs
TPT 16 Medium 15: 13 Mi-8 Hip; 2 Mi-171 Light 1 Bell
Tanzania 892; 12 obs; 1 inf bn
205
AD • SAM • TOWED: 90 S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline) ‡ Thailand 820; 10 obs; 1 inf bn
MSL • AAM • IR R-3 (AA-2 Atoll)‡; R-60 (AA-8 Aphid)); Togo 8 obs
R-73 (AA-11 Archer) IR/SARH R-23/24 (AA-7 Apex) ARH Uganda 1 obs
R-77 (AA-12 Adder) United Kingdom UNISFA 2 obs
Yemen, Republic of 5; 24 obs • UNISFA 2 obs
Paramilitary 17,500 Zambia 6; 14 obs • UNISFA 12; 2 obs
Zimbabwe 1; 4 obs
Popular Defence Force 17,500 (org in bn
1,000); 85,000 reservists (total 102,500)
mil wing of National Islamic Front
Tanzania TZA
Foreign FORCES Tanzanian Shilling sh 2010 2011 2012
All UNAMID, unless otherwise indicated GDP sh 30.2tr 34.6tr
Bangladesh 395; 12 obs; 1 inf coy; 1 log coy • UNISFA 1 US$ 20.6bn 21.8bn
obs
per capita US$ 492 510
Brazil UNISFA 1 obs
Growth % 6.44 6.12
Burkina Faso 803; 7 obs; 1 inf bn • UNISFA 2 obs
Inflation % 10.5 7.0
Burundi 4; 2 obs
Cameroon 3 obs Def exp sh 319bn
Canada 4 US$ 218m
China, People’s Republic of 322; 1 engr coy • UNISFA 1 Def bdgta sh 750bn 358bn 415bn
obs US$ 513m 226m
Ecuador 1 obs FMA (US) US$ 0.2m 0.2m
Egypt 2,398; 21 obs; 2 inf bn; 1 engr coy; 1 sigs coy; 1 tpt US$1=sh 1461.38 1586.07
coy • UNISFA 11; 4 obs a
Excludes expenditure on Ministry of Defence administration and
Ethiopia 2,386; 14 obs; 1 recce coy; 2 inf bn; 1 hel coy; 1 log National Service
coy; 1 tpt coy • UNISFA 1,645; 135 obs; 2 inf bn
Population 42,746,620
Gambia 196; 1 obs; 1 inf coy
Germany 4 Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Ghana 7; 5 obs Male 21.1% 5.8% 5.0% 4.2% 12.3% 1.3%
Guatemala 2 • UNISFA 1 obs Female 20.9% 5.8% 5.0% 4.2% 12.9% 1.7%
Guinea UNISFA 2 obs
India UNISFA 5 obs Capabilities
Indonesia 1; 5 obs
Italy 1
ACTIVE 27,000 (Army 23,000 Navy 1,000 Air 3,000)
Jordan 7; 4 obs • UNISFA 3 obs
Paramilitary 1,400
Terms of service incl civil duties, 2 years
Kenya 79; 5 obs; 1 MP coy
Korea, Republic of UNISFA 1 obs RESERVE 80,000 (Joint 80,000)
Sub-Saharan Africa 457

Organisations by Service AD
SAM 160:
SP 20 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful)†; 20 S-125 Pechora (SA-
Army ε23,000
3 Goa)†
FORCES BY ROLE MANPAD 120 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡
MANOEUVRE GUNS 200
Armoured TOWED 14.5mm 40 ZPU-2/ZPU-4†; 23mm 40 ZU-23;
1 tk bde 37mm 120 M-1939
Light
5 inf bde Paramilitary 1,400 active
COMBAT SUPPORT
4 arty bn Police Field Force 1,400
1 mor bn 18 sub-units incl Police Marine Unit
2 AT bn
2 ADA bn Air Wing
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

1 engr regt (bn) AIRCRAFT • TPT • Light 1 Cessna U206 Stationair


COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT HELICOPTERS
1 log gp TPT • Light 4: 2 Bell 206A Jet Ranger (AB-206A);
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE† 2 Bell 206L Long Ranger
MBT 45: 30 T-54/T-55; 15 Type-59 TRG 2 Bell 47G (AB-47G)/Bell 47G2
LT TK 55: 30 Scorpion; 25 Type-62
Marine Unit 100
RECCE 10 BRDM-2
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • MISC
APC (W) 14: ε10 BTR-40/BTR-152; 4 Type-92 (reported)
BOATS/CRAFT: some boats
ARTY 378
TOWED 170: 76mm ε40 ZIS-3; 122mm 100: 20 D-30; 80
Type-54-1 (M-30) M-1938; 130mm 30 Type-59-I Deployment
MRL 122mm 58 BM-21
Côte D’Ivoire
MOR 150: 82mm 100 M-43; 120mm 50 M-43
UN • UNOCI 2; 1 obs
AT • RCL 75mm Type-52 (M-20)
GUNS 85mm 75 Type-56 (D-44) Democratic Republic of the Congo
UN • MONUSCO 2 obs
Navy ε1,000 LEBANON
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
UN • UNIFIL 154; 2 MP coy
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 8
PHT 2 Huchuan each with 2 533mm ASTT south Sudan
PB 6: 2 Ngunguri; 2 Shanghai II (PRC); 2 VT 23m UN • UNMISS 3 obs
AMPHIBIOUS • LCU 2 Yuch’in
Sudan
UN • UNAMID 892; 12 obs; 1 inf bn
Air Defence Command ε3,000
FORCES BY ROLE

Sub-Saharan
FIGHTER
3 sqn with F-6/FT-6; F-7/FT-7; FT-5; K-8 Karakorum* Togo TGO

Africa
TRANSPORT CFA Franc BCEAO fr 2010 2011 2012
1 sqn with Cessna 404 Titan; DHC-5D Buffalo; F-28
GDP fr 1.57tr 1.69tr
Fellowship; F-50; Gulfstream G550; Y-12 (II)
US$ 3.12bn 3.55bn
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 sqn with Bell 205 (AB-205); Bell 412 Twin Huey per capita US$ 474 524
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE† Growth % 3.71 3.83
Few air defence assets serviceable. Inflation % 3.2 4.0
AIRCRAFT 22 combat capable Def bdgt fr 28.1bn 27.8bn
FTR 16: 10 J-6; 6 J-7 US$ 56m 58m
TPT 12: Medium 2 Y-8 Light 7: 2 Cessna 404 Titan; 3 US$1=fr 504.09 476.56
DHC-5D Buffalo; 2 Y-12(II) PAX 3: 1 F-28 Fellowship; 1
F-50; 1 Gulfstream G550 Population 6,771,993
TRG 9: 3 FT-5 (JJ-5); 6 K-8 Karakorum* Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
HELICOPTERS
Male 20.5% 5.3% 4.9% 4.1% 13.4% 1.4%
MRH 2 Bell 412 Twin Huey
TPT • Light 1 Bell 205 (AB-205) Female 20.4% 5.3% 4.9% 4.2% 13.8% 1.8%
458 The Military Balance 2012

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE†
Capabilities AIRCRAFT 10 combat capable
ACTIVE 8,550 (Army 8,100 Navy 200 Air 250) TPT 5 Light 2 Beech 200 King Air PAX 3: 1 DC-8; 2 F-28-
1000 (VIP)
Paramilitary 750
TRG 10: 3 Alpha Jet*; 4 EMB-326G *; 3 TB-30 Epsilon*
Terms of service conscription, 2 years (selective)
HELICOPTERS
MRH 4: 2 SA315 Lama; 1 SA316 Alouette III; 1 SA319
Organisations by Service Alouette III
TPT • Medium (1 SA-330 Puma in store)
Army 8,100+
FORCES BY ROLE Paramilitary 750
MANOEUVRE
Gendarmerie 750
Light
Ministry of Interior
1 inf regt with (2 armd sqn, 3 inf coy, some spt units
FORCES BY ROLE
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

(trg))
2 reg sections
1 inf regt with (1 mech inf bn, 1 mot inf bn)
MANOEUVRE
Air Manoeuvre
Other
1 cdo/para regt with (3 cdo/para coy)
1 (mobile) paramilitary sqn
Other
1 (Presidential Guard) gd regt with (1 gd bn, 1 cdo bn, 2
indep gd coy) Deployment
COMBAT SUPPORT
Côte D’Ivoire
1 spt regt with (1 fd arty bty, 2 ADA bty, 1 engr/log/tpt
UN • UNOCI 524; 7 obs; 1 inf bn
bn)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE Liberia
MBT 2 T-54/T-55 UN • UNMIL 1; 2 obs
LT TK 9 Scorpion SUDAN
RECCE 61: 3 AML-60; 7 AML-90; 36 EE-9 Cascavel; 3 M-20;
UN • UNAMID 8 obs
4 M-3A1; 6 M-8; 2 VBL
AIFV 20 BMP-2
APC (W) 30 UR-416 Uganda UGA
ARTY 30 Ugandan Shilling Ush 2010 2011 2012
SP 122mm 6
GDP Ush 34.5tr 38.9tr
TOWED 105mm 4 HM-2
MOR 82mm 20 M-43 US$ 15.7bn 15.2bn
AT • RCL 22: 75mm 12 Type-52 (M-20)/Type-56; 82mm 10 per capita US$ 470 440
Type-65 (B-10) Growth % 5.18 6.40
GUNS 57mm 5 ZIS-2 Inflation % 9.4 6.5
AD • GUNS • TOWED 43 14.5mm 38 ZPU-4; 37mm 5
Def bdgt Ush 465bn 484bn 617bn
M-1939
US$ 211m 189m

Navy ε200 (incl Marine Infantry unit) FMA (US) US$ 0.3m 0.3m

EQUIPMENT BY TYPE US$1=Ush 2199.96 2554.76


PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 4 Kara Population 34,612,250
(FRA Esterel)
Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus
Air Force 250 Male 25.1% 5.8% 4.7% 3.7% 10.0% 0.8%
FORCES BY ROLE Female 24.7% 5.7% 4.7% 3.6% 9.8% 1.2%
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
1 sqn with Alpha Jet*; EMB-326G* Capabilities
TRANSPORT
ACTIVE 45,000 (Ugandan People’s Defence Force
1 sqn with Beech 200 King Air
45,000) Paramilitary 1,800
1 VIP unit with DC-8; F-28-1000
TRAINING
1 sqn with TB-30 Epsilon* Organisations by Service
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 sqn with SA315 Lama; SA316 Alouette III; SA319 Ugandan People’s Defence Force ε40,000–
Alouette III 45,000
Sub-Saharan Africa 459

FORCES BY ROLE Paramilitary ε1,800 active


SPECIAL FORCES
1 cdo bn Border Defence Unit ε600
MANOEUVRE Equipped with small arms only
Armoured
1 armd bde Police Air Wing ε800
Light HELICOPTERS • TPT • Light 1 Bell 206 Jet Ranger
5 inf div each with (up to 5 inf bde)
COMBAT SUPPORT
Marines ε400
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS 8 PBR
1 arty bde
2 AD bn Local Militia Forces
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE†
MBT 185 T-54/T-55; 10 T-72 Amuka Group ε3,000; ε7,000 (reported
LT TK ε20 PT-76 under trg) (total 10,000)
RECCE 46: 40 Eland; 6 Ferret
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

AIFV 31 BMP-2 Deployment


APC (W) 79: 15 BTR-60; 20 Buffel; 40 Mamba; 4 OT-64
ARTY 333+ Côte D’Ivoire
SP 155mm 6 ATMOS 2000 UN • UNOCI 1; 5 obs
TOWED 243+: 76mm ZIS-3; 122mm M-30; 130mm 221;
SOMALIA
155mm 4 G-5; 18 M-839
MRL 6+: 107mm (12-tube); 122mm 6+: BM-21; 6 RM-70 AU • AMISOM 5,200; 6 inf bn
MOR 78+: 81mm L16; 82mm M-43; 120mm 78 Soltam south Sudan
AD • SAM • MANPAD 200+: 200 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 UN • UNMISS 1 obs
Grail)‡; 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-16 Gimlet)
GUNS • TOWED 20+: 14.5mm ZPU-1/ZPU-2/ZPU-4; Sudan
37mm 20 M-1939 UN • UNAMID 1 obs
ARV T-54/T-55 reported
VLB MTU reported Foreign FORCES
MW Chubby
(all EUTM, unless otherwise indicated)
Air Wing Belgium 5
Cyprus 1
FORCES BY ROLE
France 37
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
1 sqn with MiG-21bis Fishbed; MiG-21U/UM Mongol Germany 3
A/B; Su-30Mk2 Hungary 4
TRANSPORT Ireland 5
1 unit with Y-12 Italy 15
1 VIP unit with Gulfstream 550; L-100-30 Kenya 12
TRAINING Malta 7
1 unit with L-39 Albatros†* Portugal 17
ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER Spain 38

Sub-Saharan
1 sqn with Bell 206 Jet Ranger; Bell 412 Twin Huey; Mi- Sweden 7

Africa
17 Hip H; Mi-24 Hind; Mi-172 (VIP) UK 3
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
AIRCRAFT 14 combat capable
FGA 11: 5 MiG-21bis Fishbed; 1 MiG-21U Mongol A; Zambia ZMB
1 MiG-21UM Mongol B; 4 Su-30Mk2
TPT 4 Medium 1 L-100-30 Light 2 Y-12 PAX 1 Zambian Kwacha K 2010 2011 2012
Gulfstream 550 GDP K 77.7tr 90.5tr
TRG 3 L-39 Albatros†* US$ 15.9bn 18.5bn
HELICOPTERS
per capita US$ 1,185 1,333
ATK 1 Mi-24 Hind (5 more non-op)
MRH 5: 2 Bell 412 Twin Huey; 3 Mi-17 Hip H (1 more Growth % 7.60 6.72
non-op) Inflation % 8.5 9.1
TPT 4: Medium 1 Mi-172 (VIP) Light 3 Bell 206 Jet Def bdgt K 1.22tr 1.42tr 1.85tr
Ranger US$ 251m 291m
MISSILE
US$1=K 4870.06 4888.09
AAM • IR R-73 (AA-11 Archer)
ARM Kh-31P (AS-17A Krypton) Population 13,881,336
460 The Military Balance 2012

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus


1 (VIP) unit with AW139; CL-604; HS-748
1 (liaison) sqn with Do-28
Male 23.4% 5.4% 4.6% 4.1% 11.5% 1.1%
TRAINING
Female 23.3% 5.4% 4.6% 4.0% 11.2% 1.4%
2 sqn with MB-326GB; MFI-15 Safari
TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
Capabilities
1 sqn with Mi-17 Hip H
ACTIVE 15,100 (Army 13,500 Air 1,600) Paramilitary 1 (liaison) sqn with Bell 47G; Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois/
1,400 AB-205)
AIR DEFENCE
RESERVE 3,000 (Army 3,000)
3 bty with S-125 Pechora (SA-3 Goa)
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE†
Organisations by Service
Very low serviceability.
AIRCRAFT 18 combat capable
Army 13,500 FGA 10: 8 MiG-21MF Fishbed J; 2 MiG-21U Mongol A
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

FORCES BY ROLE TPT 18: Light 16: 5 Do-28; 2 MA60; 4 Y-12(II); 5 Y-12(IV)
COMMAND PAX 2: 1 Cl-604; 1 HS-748
3 bde HQ TRG 28: 8 K-8 Karakourm*; 10 MB-326GB; 10 MFI-15
SPECIAL FORCES Safari
1 cdo bn
HELICOPTERS
MANOEUVRE
MRH 5: 1 AW139; 4 Mi-17 Hip H
Armoured
1 armd regt (1 tk bn, 1 armd recce regt) TPT • Light 13: 10 Bell 205 (UH-1H Iroquois/AB-205); 3
Light Bell 212
6 inf bn TRG 5 Bell 47G
COMBAT SUPPORT AD • SAM S-125 Pechora (SA-3 Goa)
1 arty regt (2 fd arty bn, 1 MRL bn) MSL • ASM AT-3 Sagger
1 engr regt AAM • IR R-3 (AA-2 Atoll)‡; PL-2; Python 3
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Some equipment† Paramilitary 1,400
MBT 30: 20 Type-59; 10 T-55
LT TK 30 PT-76 Police Mobile Unit 700
RECCE 70 BRDM-1/BRDM-2 (ε30 serviceable) FORCES BY ROLE
APC (W)33: 20 BTR-70; 13 BTR-60 MANOEUVRE
ARTY 182 Other
TOWED 61: 105mm 18 Model 56 pack howitzer; 122mm 1 police bn (4 police coy)
25 D-30; 130mm 18 M-46
MRL 122mm 30 BM-21 (ε12 serviceable) Police Paramilitary Unit 700
MOR 91: 81mm 55; 82mm 24; 120mm 12
FORCES BY ROLE
AT • MSL • MANPATS AT-3 9K11 Sagger
RCL 12+: 57mm 12 M-18; 75mm M-20; 84mm Carl MANOEUVRE
Gustav Other
AD • SAM • MANPAD 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)‡ 1 paramilitary bn (3 paramilitary coy)
GUNS • TOWED 136: 20mm 50 M-55 (triple); 37mm 40
M-1939; 57mm ε30 S-60; 85mm 16 M-1939 KS-12 Deployment
ARV T-54/T-55 reported
Côte D’Ivoire
Reserve 3,000 UN • UNOCI 2 obs
FORCES BY ROLE
Democratic Republic of the Congo
MANOEUVRE
Light UN • MONUSCO 21 obs
3 inf bn Liberia
UN • UNMIL 3 obs
Air Force 1,600
FORCES BY ROLE south Sudan
FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK UN • UNMISS 3; 6 obs
1 sqn with K-8 Karakorum*
Sudan
1 sqn with MiG-21MF Fishbed J†/MiG-21U Mongol A
TRANSPORT UN • UNAMID 6; 14 obs
1 sqn with MA60; Y-12(II)/(IV) UN • UNISFA 12; 2 obs
Sub-Saharan Africa 461

AD • SAM • MANPAD 30 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail) ‡


Zimbabwe ZWE GUNS • TOWED 116: 14.5mm 36 ZPU-1/ZPU-2/ZPU-4;
23mm 45 ZU-23; 37mm 35 M-1939
Zimbabwe Dollar Z$ 2010 2011 2012
ARV T-54/T-55 reported
GDP Z$ n.a. n.a. VLB MTU reported
US$ ε7.48bn ε9.24bn
per capita US$ ε642 ε765
Air Force 4,000
Flying hours 100 hrs/year
Growth % 9.01 6.02
Inflation % 3.0 3.6 FORCES BY ROLE
FIGHTER
Def bdgt Z$ n.a. n.a.
1 sqn with F-7II†; FT-7†
US$ ε98.3m 195m FIGHTER/GROUND ATTACK
US$1=Z$ n.a. n.a. 1 sqn with K-8 Karakorum*
(1 sqn Hawker Hunter in store)
Population 12,084,304
GROUND ATTACK/ISR
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

Age 0–14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–64 65 plus 1 sqn with Cessna 337/O-2A Skymaster*
ISR/TRAINING
Male 21.2% 6.2% 4.3% 3.9% 11.0% 1.6%
1 sqn with SF-260F/M; SF-260TP*; SF-260W Warrior*
Female 20.7% 6.2% 5.4% 5.2% 12.2% 2.2% TRANSPORT
1 sqn with BN-2 Islander; CASA 212-200 Aviocar (VIP)
Capabilities ATTACK/TRANSPORT HELICOPTER
1 sqn with Mi-35 Hind; Mi-35P Hind (liaison); SA316
ACTIVE 29,000 (Army 25,000 Air 4,000) Paramilitary
Alouette III; AS532UL Cougar (VIP)
21,800 1 trg sqn with Bell 412 Twin Huey, SA316 Alouette III
AIR DEFENCE
Organisations by Service 1 sqn
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
Army ε25,000 AIRCRAFT 46 combat capable
FORCES BY ROLE FTR 9: 7 F-7II†; 2 FT-7 †
COMMAND FGA (12 Hawker Hunter in store)
ISR 2 O-2A Skymaster
1 mech bde HQ
TPT • Light 26: 5 BN-2 Islander; 8 C-212-200 Aviocar
5 inf bde HQ
(VIP - 2 more in store); 13 Cessna 337 Skymaster*; (10
MANOEUVRE
C-47 Skytrain in store)
Armoured
TRG 35: 11 K-8 Karakorum*; 5 SF-260M; 8 SF-260TP*; 5
1 armd sqn
SF-260W Warrior*; 6 SF-260F
Mechanised
HELICOPTERS
1 mech inf bn ATK 6: 4 Mi-35 Hind; 2 Mi-35P Hind
Light MRH 10: 8 Bell 412 Twin Huey; 2 SA-319 Alouette III;
15 inf bn TPT • Medium 2 AS-532UL Cougar (VIP)
1 cdo bn MSL • AAM • IR PL-2; PL-5
Air Manoeuvre AD • GUNS 100mm (not deployed); 37mm (not
1 para bn deployed); 57mm (not deployed)

Sub-Saharan
Other

Africa
3 gd bn Paramilitary 21,800
1 (Presidential Guard) gd gp
COMBAT SUPPORT Zimbabwe Republic Police Force 19,500
1 arty bde incl Air Wg
1 fd arty regt Police Support Unit 2,300
1 AD regt PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS • PB 5: 3
2 engr regt Rodman 38; 2 Rodman 46
EQUIPMENT BY TYPE
MBT 40: 30 Type-59†; 10 Type-69† Deployment
RECCE 100: 20 Eland; 15 Ferret†; 80 EE-9 Cascavel (90mm)
APC 85 Côte D’Ivoire
APC (T) 30: 8 Type-63; 22 VTT-323 UN • UNOCI 3 obs
APC (W) 55 TPK 4.20 VSC ACMAT
LIBERIA
ARTY 242
UN • UNMIL 2 obs
TOWED 122mm 20: 4 D-30; 16 Type-60 (D-74)
MRL 76: 107mm 16 Type-63; 122mm 60 RM-70 Dana Sudan
MOR 146: 81mm/82mm ε140; 120mm 6 M-43 UN • UNAMID 1; 4 obs
462 The Military Balance 2012

Table 32 Selected Arms Procurements and Deliveries, Sub-Saharan Africa


Designation Type Quantity Contract Supplier Prime Order First Notes
Value Country Contractor Date Delivery
Due
Botswana (BWA)
PC-7 Turbo Trainer Trg ac 5 n.k. CHE Pilatus 2011 n.k. To replace current PC-7s. Delivery to
MkII be complete by 2013

Equatorial Guinea (EQG)


Barroso-class PSO 1 n.k. BRZ Emgepron 2010 n.k. Delivery status unclear

Ethiopia (ETH)
T-72 MBT c.200 εUS$100m UKR Ukrspec- 2011 n.k. -
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:22 13 March 2012

export

Ghana (GHA)
Chemle-class PC 2 n.k. PRC Poly 2008 2011 -
Technologies
n.k. PC 2 n.k. ROK n.k. n.k. 2013 -
DA42 MPP ISR ac 2 €11.75m CAN Diamond 2011 n.k. -
Aircraft
C-295 Tpt ac 2 n.k. ESP EADS (CASA) 2011 2011 First delivered Nov 2011
EMB-190 Tpt ac 1 US$105.3m BRZ Embraer 2011 n.k. Contract value includes cost of
hangar complex

Kenya (KEN)
n.k. APC 150 US$20m RSA OTT 2010 2011 -
Technologies

Mozambique (MOZ)
Conejera-class PB 1 EUR100 ESP Navantia 2011 2012 Excess defence article being sold for
token sum. Former Dragonera (P32)

Senegal (SEN)
Conejera-class PB 1 EUR100 ESP Navantia 2011 2012 Excess defence article being sold for
token sum. Former Conejera (P31)

South Africa (RSA)


AMV 8×8 APC (W) 264 ZAR8.8bn FIN/RSA Patria/Denel 2007 n.k. Five variants to be produced: cmd,
(US$1.2bn) mor, msl, section, and fire spt vehicles
Gripen C/D FGA ac 26 US$1.47bn SWE SAAB 2000 2008 Seventeen C single seat variant
and nine D twin-seat variant.
Final delivery due 2012. Deliveries
ongoing
A-Darter AAM n.k. n.k. Int’l Denel 2007 n.k. Integration on Gripen completed
mid-2011 following test firings.
Production delivery due to begin in
2013

Uganda (UGA)
Su-30MK2 FGA ac 6 n.k. Russia n.k. 2010 2011 Delivery under way
Chapter Ten
Country comparisons –
force levels and economics
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:07 06 August 2012

Table 33 Selected Training Activity 2011 464


Table 34 International Comparisons of Defence Expenditure and Military Manpower 467
Table 35 Arms Deliveries to Developing Nations – Leading Recipients in 2010 474
Table 36 Arms Transfer Agree­ments with Developing Nations – Leading Recipients in 2010 474
Table 37 Global Arms Deliveries – Leading Suppliers in 2010 474
Table 38 Global Arms Transfer Agreements – Leading Suppliers in 2010 474
Table 39 Value of Global Arms Transfer Agreements and Market Share by Supplier, 2003–10 474
Table 40 Value of Global Arms Deliveries and Market Share by Supplier, 2003–10 474
Table 41 Arms Deliveries to Middle East and North Africa, by Supplier, 2003–10 475

comparisons
Country
464 The Military Balance 2012

Table 33 Selected Training Activity 2011


Date Title Location Aim Principal Participants/Remarks
North America (US and Canada)
24 Jan–4 Feb 2011 RED FLAG 11-2 US Air interop ex BEL, UAE, US
21 Feb–11 Mar 2011 RED FLAG 11-3 US Air interop ex AUS, UK, US
31 Mar–5 Apr 2011 KOA KAI 11-2 US NAVEX CAN, FRA, US
14–29 Apr 2011 RED FLAG- ALASKA 11-1 US Air interop ex n.k.
16–19 May 2011 ARDENT SENTRY 11 US MACA ex US
13–24 Jun 2011 NORTHERN EDGE 2011 US Combined forces ex US
20 Jun–1 Jul 2011 FRUKUS 2011 US Anti-piracy NAVEX FRA, RUS, UK, US
07–22 Jul 2011 RED FLAG- ALASKA 11-2 US Air interop ex AUS, JPN, SGP, THL, US
04–26 Aug 2011 NANOOK 2011 CAN Disaster relief ex CAN
09–11 Aug 2011 CRIMSON RIDER US Nuclear security ex RUS, US
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:07 06 August 2012

11–26 Aug 2011 RED FLAG- ALASKA 11-3 US Air interop ex n.k.
08–22 Sep 2011 BOLD QUEST US Combat identification AUS, BEL, DNK, FIN, FRA, GER, ITA, NLD, NOR,
ex POL, ESP, UK, US
Europe
04–17 Feb 2011 PROUD MANTA 2011 ITA ASW ex BEL, CAN, FRA, GER, GRC, ITA, ESP, TUR, UK, US
28 Feb–10 Mar 2011 NOBLE MARINER 11 ESP MAREX BEL, FRA, GER, ITA, NLD, NOR, POL, PRT, ESP,
UK, US
26–31 Mar 2011 n.k. TUR CT ex AFG, PAK, TUR
27–29 Mar 2011 NORTHERN FALCON 2011 Greenland Air transport ex DNK, UKR
04–08 Apr 2011 BALTIC HOST 2011 LTU CPX AUT, GER, DNK, FIN, FRA, NOR, POL,SWE, US
04–15 Apr 2011 VIKING 2011 SWE PKO ex AUT, GEO, GER, IRL, KAZ, NOR, UKR, SWE
22–26 Apr 2011 BLACKSEAFOR RUS NAVEX BLG, ROM, RUS, TUR, UKR
07–17 May 2011 POMOR 2011 NOR, RUS NAVEX NOR, RUS
11–17 May 2011 BOLD MERCY 2011 Baltic Sea SAREX DNK, EST, FIN, FRA, GER, LVA, LTU, POL, SWE,
UK
09–20 May 2011 NATO TIGER MEET 2011 FRA Air interop ex AUT, CHE, CZE, GER, GRC, FRA, ITA, POL, PRT,
ESP, SVK, TUR, UK
24 May–09 Jun 2011 ITALIAN CALL 2011 ITA Helo trg ex AUT, BEL, CZE, GER, SVN
30 May–10 Jun 2011 BOLD MONARCH 2011 ESP SMER ex FRA, GRC, ITA, NLD, NOR, POR, RUS, ESP, SWE,
TUR, UK, US
31 May–03 Jun 2011 ARGONAUT 2011 CYP CIMIC ex CYP, GRC, UK
01–15 Jun 2011 PHOENIX EXPRESS 2011 GRC (Crete) NAVEX ALB, ALG, CRO, EGY, GRC, ITA, MLT, MRT, MOR,
ESP, TUN, TUR, US
02–10 Jun 2011 NORTHERN VIKING ISL Air ex DNK, FIN, ITA, ISL, NOR, US
06–10 Jun 2011 VIGILANT SKIES 2011 RUS, POL, TUR CT air ex RUS, POL, TUR
13–24 Jun 2011 ANATOLIAN EAGLE 2011 TUR Air interop ex JOR, PAK, SAU, ESP, TUR, UAE, US
13–24 Jun 2011 AMBER HOPE 2011 LTU Crisis-response ex CAN, EST, GEO, FIN, LTU, LVA, NOR, POL, US,
15–16 Jun 2011 SEA BREEZE 2011 UKR NAVEX ALG, AZE, BEL, DNK, GEO, GER, FYROM, MDA,
SWE, TUR, UKR, UK, US
22–29 Jun 2011 SPANISH AMPHIB LANDING ESP PHIBLEX ESP, US
EXERCISE
22–29 Jun 2011 FLANDRES 2011 FRA Bde interop ex FRA, UK
23 Jun 2011 SAMAR DAUPHIN 2011 FRA SAREX FRA, ITA
Jun–Jul 2011 n.k. GRC Helo trg ex GRC, ISR
05–15 Jul 2011 n.k. BLR CT ex BLR, PRC
21–29 Jul 2011 SAFE SKY 2011 UKR Air ex POL, UKR, US
25 Jul–05 Aug 2011 RAPID TRIDENT 2011 UKR AB FTX BLR, CAN, EST, LVA, LTU, MDA, POL, SRB, SVN,
UK, UKR, US
01–14 Aug 2011 n.k. ROM Air ex ISR, ROM
19 Aug–03 Sep 2011 OPEN SPIRIT 2011 LVA Mine-clearing ex RUS, BEL, EST, FIN, FRA, GER, LVA, LTU, NOR,
POL
30 Aug–09 Sep 2011 COSSACK STEPPE 2011 UKR PKO ex UKR, POL
Country comparisons 465

Table 33 Selected Training Activity 2011


Date Title Location Aim Principal Participants/Remarks
09–22 Sep 2011 COMBINED ENDEAVOR 2011 GER C4 interop ex NATO members, AFG, ARM, AZE, BIH, IRQ, IRL,
KAZ, FYROM, SWE, CHE, UKR
12–22 Sep 2011 BRILLIANT ARROW 2011 GER Air interop ex BEL, GER, UK
27–30 Sep 2011 DONBASS-ANTITERROR UKR CIS CT ex UKR, POL
2011
24–28 Oct 2011 VEGA 2011 ITA Air ex GER, ISR, ITA, ESP
18–29 Oct 2011 SABRE STRIKE 2011 LVA Air and land interop ex EST, LVA, LTU, POL, US
Russia
23–27 May 2011 FARVATAR MIRA-2011 RUS NAVEX RUS, UKR
01–04 Sep 2011 SELENGA 2011(1) RUS CT ex MNG, RUS
06–12 Sep 2011 COMBAT COMMONWEALTH RUS CIS AD ex ARM, BLR, KGZ, RUS, TJK
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:07 06 August 2012

2011
16–22 Sep 2011 UNION SHIELD 2011 RUS Combined forces ex RUS, BLR
19–27 Sep 2011 TSENTR-2011 RUS CSTO ex RUS, UKR, KAZ, BLR, KGZ, TJK
Asia
02–16 Jan 2011 AGNI WARRIOR IND Arty ex IND, SGP
27 Jan–3 Feb 2011 YAMA SAKURA JAP Guerrilla warfare ex US, JAP
03–18 Feb 2011 COBRA GOLD 2011 THA CPX, H/CA, FTX THA, SGP, JAP, IDN, ROK, MYS
28 Feb–11 Mar 2011 KEY RESOLVE/FOAL EAGLE ROK CPX, FTX ROK, US
01–29 Mar 2011 BOLD KURUKSHETRA IND Armd trg ex IND, SGP
08–12 Mar 2011 AMAN 2011 PAK NAVEX PAK, AUS, PRC, FRA, IDN, JAP, MYS, SAU, TUR,
LKA, UK, US
11–25 Mar 2011 SHAHEEN 1 PAK Interop ex PAK, PRC
18–25 Mar 2011 n.k. IND, SGP NAVEX IND, SGP
21 Mar–4 Aug 2011 PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP South Pacific HADR ex AUS, JPN, NZ, US
25 Mar–5 Apr 2011 MCMEX IDN, SGP NAVEX AUS, FRA, IND, IDN, MYS, NZL, ROK, SGP, THA,
US, VNM
25 Mar–5 Apr 2011 DIVEX IDN, SGP NAVEX AUS, FRA, IND, IDN, MYS, NZL, ROK, SGP, THA,
US, VNM
03–10 Apr 2011 MALABAR IND NAVEX US, IND
05–15 Apr 2011 BALIKATAN PHL HADR ex US, PHL
06–07 May 2011 TIANSHAN-II (2011) PRC SCO CT ex KGZ, PRC, TJK
02–13 May 2011 BERSAMA SHIELD 2011 MYS FPDA NAVEX MYS, NZL, SGP, UK
16–27 May 2011 ANGKOR SENTINEL 2011 CAM PKO ex US, IDN, MNG, NPL, CAM
20–25 May 2011 TERMINAL FURY US PACOM CPX, Cyber sy ex US
08–16 Jun 2011 HARINGAROO MYS Interop ex MYS, AUS
11 Jun 2011 n.k. IND NAVEX NZL, IND
20–29 Jun 2011 SHYGYS-2011 KAZ COMD, Staff and AIR ex KAZ, RUS
28 Jun–8 Jul 2011 CARAT PHL NAVEX US, PHL
01 Jul 2011 DENIZ ASLAN II PAK ASW ex PAK, TUR
10–13 Jul 2011 PELICAN SGP NAVEX SGP, BRN
comparisons

11–29 Jul 2011 TALISMAN SABRE 2011 AUS Interop ex AUS, US


Country

15 Jul 2011 n.k. IND Anti-piracy NAVEX. IND, TUR


19–29 Jul 2011 LIGHTNING STRIKE 2011 SGP Urban warfare ex, CPX SGP, US
31 Jul–12 Aug 2011 KHAAN QUEST MNG PKO ex AUS, CAM, CAN, GER, IND, JAP, MNG, ROK, US
05–10 Sep 2011 SELENGA 2011(2) MNG CT ex MNG, RUS
15–30 Aug 2011 PACIFIC ENDEAVOUR SGP HADR interop ex AUS, BGD, IDN, JAP, ROK, MYS, MLD, MNG,
NPL, NZL, PNG, PHL, SGP, LKA, THA, TON, TUV,
US, CAM, IND, VNM
16–26 Aug 2011 ULCHI FREEDOM GUARDIAN ROK Interop ex ROK, US
18–26 Sep 2011 CARAT BANGLADESH 2011 BGD NAVEX BGD, US
19–30 Sep 2011 VALIANT MARK SGP Urban FTX SGP, US
466 The Military Balance 2012

Table 33 Selected Training Activity 2011


Date Title Location Aim Principal Participants/Remarks
26 Sep–15 Oct 2011 AL-SAMSAAM-IV-2011 PAK Low-intensity cbt FTX PAK, SAU
13–15 Oct 2011 PACIFIC EAGLE 2011 US (Guam) Counter-piracy MAREX RUS, US
22–28 Oct 2011 PHIBLEX PHL Air ex and PHIBLEX PHL, US
27 Oct–4 Nov 2011 ANNUAL EXERCISE 2011 JPN MAREX JPN, US
08–09 Nov 2011 LION ZEAL SGP Interop ex NZ, SGP
12–13 Nov 2011 n.k. ROK, JPN SAREX JPN, ROK
Middle East and North Africa
20–25 Mar 2011 n.k. Persian Gulf CTF 52/SNMCMG 2 FRA, GRC, ITA, ESP, UK, US
PASSEX, MINEX
06–11 Jun 2011 EAGLE RESOLVE UAE Interop ex BHR, OMN, QTR, KWT, UAE, US
11–30 Jun 2011 EAGER LION JOR Irreg warfare ex JOR, US
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:07 06 August 2012

26 Jun 2011 n.k. UAE PASSEX TUR, UAE


27 Jun–06 Jul 2011 GREAT PROPHET 6 IRN FTX IRN
27 Jun 2011 OPERATION LION IRQ Bde Jt ex IRQ, US
03–13 Oct 2011 SAQR AL-JAZEERA SAU GCC Air ex GCC air forces
Latin America and the Caribbean
01–24 Mar 2011 TRADEWINDS 2011 ATG Counter-narcotics ex ATG, BHS, BRB, BLZ, CAN, COL, DOM, SLV,
GRE, GUA, GUY, HTI, JAM, NIC, PAN, SKN, STL,
STV, SUR, TTO
28 Mar–1 Apr 2011 AMERICAS 2011 BRZ Interop ex ARG, BOL, BRZ, BLZ, CAN, CHL, COL, DOM,
ECU, GUA, HND, NIC, PER, PRY, SLV, URY, US
04–15 Apr 2011 FUERZAS ALIADAS TTO HADR ex ATG, BHS, BRB, BLZ, BVI, CAN, CHL, COL, CRI,
HUMANITARIAS 2011 DOM, GRE, GUA, GUY, HTI, HND, JAM, NIC,
PAN, PER, SLV, SUR, TTO, UK, US
15 Apr–9 May 2011 UNITAS ATLANTIC BRZ NAVEX ARG, BRZ, MEX, US
24 Jun–8 Jul 2011 UNITAS PAC CHL NAVEX CHL, COL, ECU, PER, US
11–15 Jul 2011 HUEMUL CHL PKO ex BRZ, CAN, CHL, ECU, MEX, SLV, US
16–26 Aug 2011 PANAMAX 2011 PAN, US Infrastucture protection ARG, BLZ, BRZ, CAN, CHL, COL, DOM, ECU,
ex GUA, HND, MEX, NIC, PAN, PRY, PER, SLV, US
Sub-Saharan Africa
18 Feb 2011 YOUNG EAGLE RSA Air ex RSA
21 Feb–11 Mar 2011 FLINTLOCK 2011 SEN Interop ex BFA, CAN, CHA, FRA, GER, NLD, MLI, MRT,
NGA, SEN, ESP, US
18–23 Mar 2011 OBANGAME EXPRESS CMR NAVEX BEL, CMR, COG, FRA, GAB, NGA, ESP, STP, US
11–21 Apr 2011 ATLAS DROP UGA HADR ex UGA, US
25 Apr–5 May 2011 MEDLITE DRC Medical ex DRC, US
01–16 May 2011 MEDREACH 11 MWI Medical ex MWI, US
29–30 Jun 2011 MEDFLAG GHA Medical ex GHA, US
12–25 Jul 2011 AFRICA ENDEAVOR 2011 GAM Comms Interop ex 40 African countries, 5 NATO countries
18–22 July 2011 CUTLASS EXPRESS KEN Table top ex to prep for KEN, US
FTX in October
19–29 Jul 2011 SHARED ACCORD 11 RSA Bilat trg and civ assist ex RSA, US
25 Jul–5 Aug 2011 SOUTHERN WARRIOR 11 RSA Com. Interop ex RSA, US
20–28 Aug 2011 BLUE CLUSTER RSA HADR ex ANG, BWA, RSA, ZWE
17–21 Sep 2011 NATURAL FIRE 11 TZA NAVEX BDI, KEN, RWA, TZA, UGA, US
19–30 Sep 2011 GOOD TIDINGS MWI Riverine ex SADC member states
10–14 Oct 2011 OXIDE 2011 FRA, RSA NAVEX FRA, RSA
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:07 06 August 2012

Defence Defence Defence Number in Estimated Paramilitary


Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Armed Forces Reservists
(Current US$ m) US$ m per capita US$ % of GDP (000) (000) (000)
2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2012 2012 2012
North America
Canada 19,836 19,575 20,240 597 585 600 1.32 1.46 1.28 66 34 0
United States 616,073 661,049 693,600 2,024 2,153 2,250 4.31 4.68 4.77 1,569 865 0
Nato Europe
Albania 254 248 126 85 83 42 1.96 2.03 1.08 14 0 1
Belgium 5,551 5,624 5,234 534 540 502 1.10 1.26 1.12 34 0 1
Bulgaria 1,315 905 832 181 126 116 2.54 1.92 1.75 31 303 34
Croatia 1,090 1,014 1,027 243 226 229 1.56 1.60 1.69 19 21 3
Czech Republic 3,165 3,127 2,659 310 306 261 1.46 1.63 1.39 25 0 3
Denmark 4,468 4,337 4,505 815 788 817 1.31 1.39 1.45 19 54 0
Estonia 450 356 330 344 274 255 1.90 1.84 1.72 6 30 n.k.
France 67,185 54,446 52,005 1,049 845 803 2.36 2.05 2.03 239 34 103
Germany 46,943 47,466 44,057 572 580 540 1.29 1.42 1.34 251 40 0
Greece 10,141 10,091 7,956 946 940 740 2.91 3.04 2.61 146 217 4
Hungary 1,869 1,476 1,348 187 147 135 1.20 1.14 1.04 23 44 12
Iceland n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0 0 0
Italy 30,934 30,489 21,908 515 504 361 1.34 1.44 1.07 185 42 175
Latvia 542 316 257 241 142 116 1.61 1.22 1.08 5 11 0
Lithuania 547 402 458 153 113 129 1.16 1.08 1.26 11 7 15
Luxembourg 232 249 267 478 506 536 0.40 0.47 0.48 1 0 1
Netherlands 12,276 12,132 11,208 748 736 676 1.40 1.52 1.44 37 3 6
Norway 5,869 6,196 5,929 1,264 1,329 1,268 1.32 1.63 1.44 24 45 0
Poland 10,176 7,297 8,273 264 190 215 1.92 1.68 1.77 100 0 21
Portugal 3,729 3,710 3,005 349 346 280 1.47 1.59 1.31 43 212 48
Romania 3,005 2,225 2,465 136 101 112 1.47 1.38 1.53 74 45 80
Slovakia 1,477 1,350 1,130 271 247 207 1.56 1.53 1.29 16 0 0
Slovenia 834 793 732 415 395 365 1.52 1.63 1.54 8 2 5
Spain 19,263 16,944 14,746 420 366 317 1.20 1.15 1.05 143 319 80
Country comparisons

Table 34 International Comparisons of Defence Expenditure and Military Manpower

Turkey 13,531 10,883 17,445 179 142 224 1.85 1.77 2.38 511 379 102
United Kingdom 60,794 59,131 57,796 986 954 927 2.27 2.71 2.57 174 82 0
467

Country
comparisons
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:07 06 August 2012

Defence Defence Defence Number in Estimated Paramilitary


468

Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Armed Forces Reservists


(Current US$ m) US$ m per capita US$ % of GDP (000) (000) (000)
2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2012 2012 2012
Subtotal NATO Ex-US 324,134 300,782 285,938 555 506 479 1.66 1.72 1.61 2,202 1,923 693
Total NATO 940,207 961,831 979,538 1,058 1,067 1,082 2.78 3.04 3.04 3,772 2,788 693
Non-Nato Europe
Armenia 396 401 422 133 135 142 3.39 4.67 4.50 49 210 7
Austria 3,193 2,800 2,687 389 341 327 0.77 0.73 0.71 26 188 0
Azerbaijan 1,585 1,500 1,502 174 163 161 3.42 3.49 2.76 67 300 15
The Military Balance 2012

Belarus 674 896 725 70 93 75 1.11 1.83 1.33 73 290 110


Bosnia 244 243 220 53 53 48 1.32 1.42 1.33 11 0 0
Cyprus 537 472 498 503 435 452 2.11 2.00 2.15 12 50 1
Finland 3,632 3,886 3,589 693 740 683 1.33 1.63 1.50 22 340 3
Georgia 1,037 604 484 224 131 105 8.06 5.63 4.15 21 0 12
Ireland 1,588 1,403 1,278 352 306 277 0.60 0.63 0.62 10 15 0
Macedonia (FYROM) 192 159 139 93 77 67 1.94 1.69 1.52 8 5 0
Malta 49 59 59 122 146 144 0.56 0.74 0.71 2 0 0
Moldova 22 20 18 6 5 5 0.36 0.37 0.32 5 58 2
Montenegro 71 58 75 105 86 112 1.57 1.39 1.86 3 0 10
Serbia 1,034 969 844 139 131 115 2.17 2.23 2.21 29 50 0
Sweden 6,659 5,298 5,604 736 585 618 1.37 1.30 1.22 20 200 1
Switzerland 4,110 4,075 4,111 542 536 539 0.82 0.82 0.78 25 172 0
Ukraine 1 1,804 1,414 908 39 31 20 1.00 1.20 0.67 130 1,000 85
Total 28,172 24,258 23,161 209 191 183 1.19 1.16 1.06 513 2,878 245
Russia 2
Russia 40,484 38,293 41,944 288 273 301 2.44 3.10 2.84 956 20,000 474
South and Central Asia
Afghanistan 180 252 277 6 9 10 1.77 1.79 1.81 171 0 136
Bangladesh 1,195 1,016 1,237 8 7 8 1.41 1.07 1.18 157 0 64
India 31,540 38,278 30,865 28 33 26 2.52 3.11 1.89 1,325 1,155 1,301
Kazakhstan 1,608 1,353 1,481 97 80 87 1.19 1.25 1.01 49 0 32
Table 34 International Comparisons of Defence Expenditure and Military Manpower

Kyrgyzstan 47 44 19 9 8 4 0.91 0.97 0.42 11 0 10


Nepal 176 184 240 6 6 8 1.40 1.44 1.52 96 0 62
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:07 06 August 2012

Defence Defence Defence Number in Estimated Paramilitary


Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Armed Forces Reservists
(Current US$ m) US$ m per capita US$ % of GDP (000) (000) (000)
2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2012 2012 2012
Pakistan 4,422 3,811 5,599 25 21 30 2.70 2.44 3.24 642 0 304
Sri Lanka 1,793 1,485 1,408 87 71 67 4.40 3.54 2.85 161 6 62
Tajikistan 80 49 60 11 7 8 1.55 0.97 1.07 9 0 8
Turkmenistan 84 n.k. 198 17 n.k. 40 0.39 n.k. 0.99 22 0 0
Uzbekistan n.k. n.k. 1,422 n.k. n.k. 51 n.k. n.k. 3.65 67 0 20
Total 41,124 46,472 42,806 26 29 26 2.38 2.79 1.94 2,709 1,161 1,997
East Asia and Australasia
Australia 22,194 19,515 23,634 1,056 918 1,098 2.09 2.02 1.92 57 20 0
Brunei 360 332 351 945 854 889 2.50 3.18 2.88 7 1 2
Cambodia 255 275 271 18 19 19 2.26 2.54 2.41 124 0 67
China 2 60,187 70,381 76,361 46 53 57 1.33 1.41 1.30 2,285 510 660
Fiji 57 56 64 66 65 74 1.59 1.90 2.08 4 6 0
Indonesia 5,108 4,821 7,182 22 20 30 1.00 0.89 1.02 302 400 280
Japan 46,044 51,085 54,357 360 400 426 0.94 1.01 1.00 248 56 13
Korea, North n.k. n.k. n.k. n.k. n.k. n.k. n.k. n.k. n.k. 1,190 600 189
Korea, South 24,182 22,439 25,069 500 463 515 2.60 2.68 2.48 655 4,500 5
Laos 17 14 n.k. 3 2 n.k. 0.32 0.25 n.k. 29 0 100
Malaysia 4,370 3,883 3,651 160 140 129 1.96 2.01 1.54 109 52 25
Mongolia 52 38 54 17 13 17 0.92 0.91 0.87 10 137 7
Myanmar n.k. n.k. 1,762 n.k. n.k. 33 n.k. n.k. 4.91 406 0 107
New Zealand 1,754 1,358 1,609 420 322 378 1.33 1.15 1.15 10 2 0
Papua New Guinea 35 40 43 6 7 7 0.44 0.50 0.45 3 0 0
Philippines 1,427 1,363 2,024 15 14 20 0.82 0.85 1.02 125 131 41
Singapore 7,662 7,831 8,098 1,554 1,555 1,575 4.05 4.29 3.64 73 313 75
Taiwan 10,495 9,500 8,979 458 414 390 2.62 2.50 2.08 290 1,657 17
Thailand 4,294 4,732 4,821 66 72 73 1.58 1.79 1.52 306 200 114
Timor Leste n.k. n.k. 1 n.k. n.k. 1 n.k. n.k. 0.20 1 0 0
Vietnam 2,907 2,137 2,573 33 24 29 3.22 2.20 2.51 482 5,000 40
Country comparisons

Table 34 International Comparisons of Defence Expenditure and Military Manpower

Total 191,400 199,803 220,906 92 95 102 1.42 1.44 1.44 6,715 13,585 1,741
469

Country
comparisons
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:07 06 August 2012

Defence Defence Defence Number in Estimated Paramilitary


470

Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Armed Forces Reservists


(Current US$ m) US$ m per capita US$ % of GDP (000) (000) (000)
2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2012 2012 2012
Middle East and North Africa
Algeria 5,179 5,281 5,591 153 155 162 3.04 3.78 3.59 130 150 187
Bahrain 553 742 736 499 648 624 2.50 3.60 3.27 8 0 11
Egypt 4,562 4,118 4,129 59 52 51 2.81 2.20 1.94 439 479 397
Iran 3 9,595 8,636 10,564 128 114 137 2.71 2.63 2.56 523 350 40
Iraq n.k. 4,118 4,848 n.k. 142 163 n.k. 6.31 6.04 271 0 531
The Military Balance 2012

Israel 14,772 13,516 14,043 2,077 1,868 1,910 7.33 6.91 6.46 177 565 8
Jordan 2,127 1,393 1,425 347 222 222 9.68 5.51 5.42 101 65 10
Kuwait 6,812 4,184 4,654 2,799 1,681 1,830 4.58 4.26 3.53 16 24 7
Lebanon 1,155 1,426 1,620 286 348 393 3.84 4.13 4.16 59 0 20
Libya 3 1,086 1,708 2,540 176 270 393 1.14 2.84 3.62 n.k. n.k. n.k.
Mauritania 119 115 107 39 37 34 3.36 3.80 3.02 16 0 5
Morocco 2,977 3,061 3,163 96 98 100 3.35 3.34 3.50 196 150 50
Oman 4,671 4,018 4,177 1,637 1,381 1,408 7.71 8.71 7.26 43 0 4
Palestinian Authority n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0 0 56
Qatar 1,756 2,500 3,117 1,238 1,594 1,813 1.53 2.54 2.45 12 0 0
Saudi Arabia 38,223 41,276 45,170 1,534 1,630 1,755 8.01 10.98 10.10 234 0 16
Syria 1,941 2,229 2,296 91 102 103 3.69 4.15 3.94 295 314 108
Tunisia 534 532 535 52 51 51 1.19 1.22 1.22 36 0 12
UAE 13,733 7,957 16,057 2,972 1,658 3,227 4.36 3.55 5.32 51 0 0
Yemen 1,492 883 1,826 67 39 78 5.55 3.51 5.82 67 0 71
Total 111,286 107,694 126,598 332 291 337 4.66 5.09 5.01 2,671 2,097 1,534
Latin America and Caribbean
Antigua and Barbuda 7 8 7 79 95 78 0.48 0.73 0.54 0 0 0
Argentina 2,031 2,352 2,999 50 57 73 0.62 0.76 0.82 73 0 31
Bahamas, The 49 49 47 161 160 152 0.59 0.67 0.62 1 0 0
Barbados 30 26 30 106 91 104 0.75 0.67 0.73 1 0 0
Belize n.k. 14 16 n.k. 44 52 n.k. 1.01 1.16 1 1 0
Table 34 International Comparisons of Defence Expenditure and Military Manpower

Bolivia 250 286 316 26 29 32 1.50 1.65 1.64 46 0 37


Brazil 26,254 25,984 33,385 134 131 166 1.59 1.63 1.61 318 1,340 395
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:07 06 August 2012

Defence Defence Defence Number in Estimated Paramilitary


Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Armed Forces Reservists
(Current US$ m) US$ m per capita US$ % of GDP (000) (000) (000)
2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2012 2012 2012
Chile 5,561 5,044 3,509 338 304 210 3.26 3.08 1.76 59 40 45
Colombia 4 9,546 9,603 10,353 221 220 234 4.05 4.08 3.64 283 62 159
Costa Rica 156 215 213 36 48 47 0.52 0.73 0.60 0 0 10
Cuba 2,296 1,960 n.k. 206 176 n.k. n.k. n.k. n.k. 49 39 27
Dominican Republic 278 265 231 29 27 23 0.61 0.57 0.45 25 0 15
Ecuador 1,105 1,915 1,511 77 131 102 2.04 3.45 2.61 58 118 1
El Salvador 115 135 135 19 22 22 0.54 0.64 0.64 16 10 17
Guatemala 180 166 156 14 12 11 0.46 0.44 0.39 15 64 19
Guyana n.k. 21 29 n.k. 27 38 n.k. 1.00 1.27 1 1 2
Haiti n.a. n.a n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0 0 0
Honduras 96 111 135 12 14 17 0.69 0.78 0.89 12 60 8
Jamaica 96 62 102 34 22 36 0.69 0.50 0.77 3 1 0
Mexico 4,346 4,769 5,410 40 43 48 0.40 0.54 0.52 280 87 52
Nicaragua 42 40 44 8 7 8 0.66 0.65 0.68 12 0 0
Panama 226 275 324 68 82 95 0.98 1.11 1.23 0 0 12
Paraguay 132 126 157 21 20 25 0.78 0.88 0.90 11 165 15
Peru 1,424 1,503 1,264 50 52 44 1.12 1.18 0.83 115 188 77
Suriname 31 31 49 59 58 90 1.01 1.05 1.33 2 0 0
Trinidad and Tobago 143 106 170 116 86 138 0.53 0.54 0.84 4 0 0
Uruguay 260 344 423 79 104 128 0.83 1.09 1.07 25 0 1
Venezuela 3 3,328 3,316 2,043 126 124 75 1.07 1.02 0.85 115 8 0
Total 57,981 58,725 63,055 103 103 112 1.35 1.48 1.33 1,524 2,183 920
Sub-Saharan Africa
Angola 2,425 3,174 3,719 151 192 218 2.88 4.19 4.52 107 0 10
Benin 67 101 75 8 12 8 1.01 1.53 1.17 5 0 3
Botswana 293 375 620 150 189 306 2.16 3.21 4.25 9 0 2
Burkina Faso 112 110 124 7 7 8 1.35 1.30 1.43 11 0 0
Burundi 83 42 56 9 4 6 7.12 3.18 3.84 20 0 31
Country comparisons

Table 34 International Comparisons of Defence Expenditure and Military Manpower

Cameroon 306 344 339 17 18 18 1.29 1.55 1.54 14 0 9


Cape Verde 9 9 8 18 17 16 0.56 0.55 0.49 1 0 0
471

Country
comparisons
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:07 06 August 2012

Defence Defence Defence Number in Estimated Paramilitary


472

Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Armed Forces Reservists


(Current US$ m) US$ m per capita US$ % of GDP (000) (000) (000)
2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2012 2012 2012
Central African Republic 20 36 51 4 8 10 1.01 1.82 2.60 2 0 1
Chad 145 142 126 14 14 12 1.73 2.07 1.50 25 0 10
Congo 112 134 214 29 33 52 0.94 1.39 1.82 10 0 2
Côte d'Ivoire 336 330 337 17 16 16 1.43 1.43 1.50 n.k. n.k. n.k.
Democratic Republic of the Congo 168 123 193 3 2 3 1.45 1.09 1.50 159 0 0
Djibouti 15 37 10 22 50 13 1.56 3.49 0.86 10 0 3
The Military Balance 2012

Equatorial Guinea 11 8 n.k. 18 13 n.k. 0.06 0.07 n.k. 1 0 0


Eritrea n.a. 78 n.k. n.k. 14 n.k. n.k. 4.17 n.k. 202 120 0
Ethiopia 366 408 308 4 5 3 1.38 1.42 1.17 138 0 0
Gabon 134 132 246 90 87 159 0.92 1.19 1.91 5 0 2
Gambia 16 7 n.k. 10 4 n.k. 1.54 0.73 n.k. 1 0 0
Ghana 105 113 124 4 5 5 0.37 0.73 0.39 16 0 0
Guinea 51 75 n.k. 5 7 n.k. 1.12 1.63 n.k. 12 0 7
Guinea Bissau 18 14 25 12 9 16 2.11 1.62 3.02 4 0 2
Kenya 735 533 689 19 13 17 2.45 1.81 2.22 24 0 5
Lesotho 36 54 56 19 28 29 2.21 3.29 2.48 2 0 0
Liberia n.k. 8 8 n.k. 2 2 n.k. 0.94 0.84 2 0 0
Madagascar 103 90 56 5 4 3 1.09 1.05 0.64 14 0 8
Malawi 43 51 n.k. 3 3 n.k. 1.00 1.08 n.k. 5 0 0
Mali 157 177 204 12 13 15 1.78 1.97 2.22 7 0 5
Mauritius 36 16 14 28 13 11 0.38 0.19 0.15 0 0 2
Mozambique 76 84 n.k. 4 4 n.k. 0.77 0.88 n.k. 11 0 0
Namibia 287 311 398 137 147 187 3.20 3.28 3.52 9 0 6
Niger 58 51 46 4 3 3 1.08 0.97 0.86 5 0 5
Nigeria 1,339 1,505 1,519 9 10 9 0.65 0.89 0.76 80 0 82
Rwanda 71 113 74 7 11 7 1.51 2.16 1.34 33 0 2
Senegal 218 210 196 19 18 16 1.63 1.65 1.55 14 0 5
Seychelles 8 6 22 98 71 244 0.92 0.77 2.54 0 0 0
Table 34 International Comparisons of Defence Expenditure and Military Manpower

Sierra Leone 14 12 13 3 2 2 0.72 0.63 0.66 11 0 0


Somali Republic n.k. 44 n.k. n.k. 5 n.k. n.k. n.k. n.k. 2 0 0
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:07 06 August 2012

Defence Defence Defence Number in Estimated Paramilitary


Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Armed Forces Reservists
(Current US$ m) US$ m per capita US$ % of GDP (000) (000) (000)
2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2012 2012 2012
South Africa 3,359 4,296 4,182 69 88 85 1.22 1.48 1.15 62 0 15
South Sudan n.k. n.k. 350 n.k. n.k. n.k. n.k. n.k. n.k. 140 0 0
Sudan n.k. 696 1,082 n.k. 16 25 n.k. 1.27 1.65 109 0 18
Tanzania 184 247 513 5 6 12 0.97 1.16 2.49 27 80 1
Togo 56 49 56 9 8 8 1.76 1.56 1.79 9 0 1
Uganda 277 293 211 9 9 6 1.92 1.97 1.35 45 0 2
Zambia 262 213 251 21 16 19 1.79 1.65 1.57 15 3 1
Zimbabwe n.k. n.k. 98 n.k. n.k. 8 n.k. n.k. 1.31 29 0 22
Total 12,113 14,851 16,615 15 18 21 1.22 1.62 1.58 1,408 203 261
Summary
US 616,073 661,049 693,600 2,024 2,153 2,250 4.31 4.68 4.77 1,569 865 0
NATO Ex-US 324,134 300,782 285,938 555 506 479 1.66 1.72 1.61 2,202 1,923 693
Total NATO 940,207 961,831 979,538 1,058 1,067 1,082 2.78 3.04 3.04 3,772 2,788 693
Non-NATO Europe 28,172 24,258 23,161 209 191 183 1.19 1.16 1.06 513 2,878 245
Russia 2 40,484 38,293 41,944 288 273 301 2.44 3.10 2.84 956 20,000 474
South and Central Asia 41,125 46,472 42,806 26 29 26 2.38 2.79 1.94 2,709 1,161 1,997
East Asia and Australasia 191,400 199,803 220,906 92 95 102 1.42 1.44 1.44 6,715 13,585 1,741
Middle East and North Africa 111,286 107,694 126,598 332 291 337 4.66 5.09 5.01 2,671 2,097 1,534
Latin America and Caribbean 57,981 58,725 63,055 103 103 112 1.35 1.48 1.33 1,524 2,183 920
Sub-Saharan Africa 12,113 14,851 16,615 15 18 21 1.22 1.62 1.58 1,408 203 261
Global totals 1,422,768 1,451,926 1,514,623 218 219 225 2.34 2.52 2.43 20,268 44,894 7,865

1
2010 figure includes Minstry of Defence funding but excludes other expenditures on public order and safety included in previous years.
2
‘Official Budget’ only at market exchange rates - excludes extra-budgetary funds.
3
Estimated figures.
4
Includes decentralised expenditures, such as civil defence and military pensions.
Country comparisons

Table 34 International Comparisons of Defence Expenditure and Military Manpower


473

Country
comparisons
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:07 06 August 2012

Table 35 Arms Deliveries to Table 36 Arms Transfer Agree­ Table 37 Global Arms Table 38 Global Arms Transfer
474

Developing Nations ments with Developing Nations Deliveries Leading Suppliers Agreements Leading Suppliers
Leading Recipients in 2010 Leading Recipients in 2010 in 2010 in 2010
(current US$m) (current US$m) (current US$m) (current US$m)
1 India 3,600 1 India 5,800 1 United States 12,189 1 United States 21,255
2 Saudi Arabia 2,200 2 Taiwan 2,700 2 Russia 5,200 2 Russia 7,800
3 Pakistan 2,200 3 Saudi Arabia 2,200 3 Germany 2,600 3 Israel 2,000
4 UK 2,300 4 Italy 1,800
4 Egypt 900 4 Egypt 1,800
5 China 2,200 5 United Kingdom 1,400
5 Algeria 900 5 Israel 1,100
6 France 1,400 6 France 1,300
6 Israel 700 6 Algeria 1,000
7 Sweden 1,300 7 China 900
7 Taiwan 700 7 Syria 1,000
The Military Balance 2012

8 Canada 1,200
8 UAE 600 8 South Korea 900 8 Sweden 700
9 Israel 1,100
Singapore 800 9 Spain 700
9 South Korea 600 9 10 Italy 900
Jordan 800 10 Netherlands 500
10 Iraq 600 10 11 Brazil 500
11 Finland 300

Table 39 Value of Global Arms Transfer Agreements and Market Share by Supplier, 2003–10 (constant 2010US$m – % in italics)
Total Russia US UK France Germany Italy All Other European China Others
2003 38,308 6,437 16.6 17,437 45.5 3,662 9.6 3,418 8.9 854 2.2 732 1.9 2,807 7.3 732 1.9 2,319 6
2004 49,420 9,701 19.6 14,640 29.7 4,969 10 3,431 6.9 4,732 9.6 473 1 6,388 13 1,183 2.4 3,904 7.9
2005 52,607 10,227 19.4 14,311 27.2 3,295 6.3 6,705 12.7 2,273 4.3 1,818 3.4 8,636 16.4 3,182 6 2,159 4.1
2006 62,849 16,352 26.2 16,975 27.1 4,500 7.2 8,450 13.4 3,073 4.9 1,317 2.1 6,146 9.8 2,085 3.3 3,951 6.3
2007 64,909 10,997 17 25,511 39.3 10,143 15.6 2,242 3.4 1,815 2.8 1,495 2.3 7,047 10.9 2,883 4.4 2,776 4.3
2008 69,251 6,830 9.9 37,998 54.9 310 0.4 3,622 5.2 5,692 8.2 4,450 6.4 5,485 7.9 2,173 3.1 2,691 3.9
2009 65,218 12,805 19.6 22,637 34.7 1,524 2.3 8,232 12.6 4,268 6.5 3,049 4.7 7,215 11.1 2,134 3.3 3,354 5.1
2010 40,355 7,800 19.3 21,255 52.7 1,400 3.4 1,300 3.2 100 0.2 1,800 4.4 3,300 8.2 900 2.2 2,500 6.2

Table 40 Value of Global Arms Deliveries and Market Share by Supplier, 2003–10 (constant 2010US$m – % in italics)
Total Russia US UK France Germany Italy All Other European China Others
2003 41,676 5,126 12.3 13,237 31.8 8,300 19.9 2,929 7 3,051 7.3 488 1.2 4,638 11.1 976 2.3 2,929 7
2004 41,185 6,625 16.1 13,740 33.4 3,786 9.2 6,625 16.1 2,366 5.7 237 0.6 2,839 6.9 1,065 2.6 3,904 9.5
2005 34,744 3,750 10.8 13,381 38.5 4,205 12.1 3,068 8.9 2,159 6.2 1,136 3.2 3,523 10.1 1,250 3.6 2,273 6.5
2006 38,982 6,914 17.7 13,521 34.7 5,378 13.8 1,975 5.1 2,634 6.8 439 1.1 4,061 10.4 1,646 4.2 2,414 6.2
2007 37,485 5,552 14.8 13,141 35.1 2,349 6.3 2,562 6.8 3,203 8.5 747 1.2 4,484 12 2,135 5.7 3,310 8.8
2008 37,486 6,416 17.1 12,339 33 2,277 6.1 1,656 4.4 3,829 10.2 621 1.7 5,174 13.8 1,966 5.2 3,208 8.6
2009 38,013 4,268 11.2 14,538 38.2 2,541 6.7 1,321 3.5 2,947 7.7 813 2.1 5,589 14.7 1,728 4.5 4,268 11.2
2010 34,989 5,200 14.9 12,189 34.9 2,300 6.6 1,400 4 2,600 7.4 900 2.6 3,900 11.1 2,200 6.3 4,300 12.3
US DoD Price Deflator. All data rounded to nearest $100m. Source: Richard F. Grimmett, Conventional Arms
Transfers to Developing Nations 2003-2010 (Washington DC: Congressional Research Service)
Country comparisons 475

Table 41 Arms Deliveries to Middle East and North Africa, by Supplier, 2003–10
(current US$m)
Major West All other
2003-2006 US Russia China European* European Others Total
Algeria 200 100 300
Bahrain 300 100 400
Egypt 6,300 200 500 100 300 7,400
Iran 300 200 100 200 800
Iraq 100 300 100 500
Israel 5,300 100 5,400
Jordan 400 100 100 600
Kuwait 1,100 200 1,300
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:07 06 August 2012

Lebanon -
Libya 100 100 200
Morocco 100 100 100 100 400
Oman 500 300 800
Qatar -
Saudi Arabia 4,200 200 15,400 400 100 20,300
Syria 400 200 200 800
Tunisia -
UAE 500 200 5,500 300 6,500
Yemen 400 200 100 700

2007-2010
Algeria 3,600 400 200 4,200
Bahrain 300 300
Egypt 4,000 200 200 300 4,700
Iran 400 100 200 700
Iraq 2,000 100 100 300 100 2,600
Israel 4,500 300 100 4,900
Jordan 900 100 100 100 100 1,300
Kuwait 1,300 1,300
Lebanon 100 100
Libya 100 300 100 500
Morocco 200 100 300 100 100 800
Oman 300 500 800
Qatar 100 100
Saudi Arabia 5,300 700 2,200 400 100 8,700
Syria 1,200 300 200 1,700
comparisons
Country

Tunisia -
UAE 900 400 100 400 300 2,100
Yemen 200 200 100 500

* Major West European includes UK, Germany, France and Italy


All data rounded to nearest $100m
Source: Richard F. Grimmett, Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations 2003-2010
(Washington DC: Congressional Research Service)
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:07 06 August 2012

476
The Military Balance 2012
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:25 13 March 2012

Country of Organisation Est. Active in Organisation; training; weapons


Origin Strength
Europe
RUS Chechen rebels/Northern 2,000– Chechnya, Organisation: Doku Umarov, the self-appointed ‘emir’ of Russia’s North Caucasus, is the most prominent
Caucasus Insurgency 3,000 Dagestan Chechen leader. He has control over a suicide-bombing unit known as the Riyadus Salikhin Martyrs’ Brigade.
Other groups with ties to Umarov include the Ingush Jamaat and Shariat Jamaat. Training: Senior leaders
attended training camps during the Afghan–Soviet war. Weapons: SALW, MANPADs, IEDs, suicide bombs;
attempted acquisition of CBRN
TUR/IRQ Partiya Karkaren Kurdistan 4,000– TUR, IRQ (north), Organisation: Originally led by Abdullah Ocalan, and seeking to create a separate Kurdish state, the PKK
(PKK)/Kurdish Worker’s Party/ 5,000 IRN (north), SYR now limits its ambitions to calling for greater Kurdish autonomy. It has links with Kurds in northern Iraq
People’s Congress of Kurdistan where some PKK members are based. Training: First camp established in Bekaa Valley in 1982 with PLO
(Kongra-Gel) and Syrian support. Believed to run military training camps in TUR, IRQ, BEL, GRC, GER, ITA,NLD, SWE, FRA.
Weapons: SALW, MANPADs, IEDs, RL, suicide bombs, mines, alleged chemical weapons
Central and South Asia
AFG Afghan Taliban c30,000 AFG, PAK Organisation: Emerging in Kandahar in the mid-1980s to become the strict Sharia rulers of Afghanistan
from 1996 to 2001, these fundamentalist Islamists are now led by Mullah Mohammed Omar from a hideout
in Pakistan. He heads the so-called ‘Quetta Shura’, which directs the military campaign against Western
troops in Afghanistan from the capital of Pakistani Baluchistan (and nearby locations). Weapons: SALW,
MANPATS arty (mor), IEDs, suicide attacks, explosives
AFG/PAK Al-Qaeda 500–1,000 Worldwide Organisation: International terrorist network led by Osama bin Laden until his death in Pakistan on
Table 42 Non-State Groups and Affiliates

2 May 2011. Dr Ayman Al-Zawahiri took over as leader; he is also thought to be in Pakistan. Junior members
are believed to hide in Pakistan’s tribal areas, where they are constantly targeted by US UAVs. AQ has cells
worldwide and provides a rallying point for other global jihadis. Training: Before the 2001 US invasion, AQ
openly operated training camps in Afghanistan (and Pakistan), also inviting foreigners. The group has kept a
low profile since, generally helping to plan other terrorist groups’ operations. Weapons: SALW, IEDs, mines
AFG Hizb-e-Islami Gulbuddin (HIG) 5,000– AFG, PAK Organisation: This faction of the Hizb-e-Islami party is led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, who promotes an
7,000 extreme anti-Western ideology and aims to overthrow the current Afghan administration in favour of an
Islamic state. Among the most effective Mujahadeen to fight against the Soviet occuption of Afghanistan,
HIG has connections with al-Qaeda and the Taliban. Weapons: SALW, rockets, IEDs, mines
PAK/ Lashkar-e-Tayiba (LeT)/Jamaat- 2,000+ PAK (Muridke, Organisation: LeT is the military wing of a Punjab-based political organisation commanded by Hafiz
AFG (Kunar) ud-Dawa (JuD) fighters in Lahore), IND Muhammad Saeed. Originally fighting against Indian control of Kashmir, it is blamed for several deadly
J&K, JuD (Jammu & attacks in India, including the 2008 mass shootings in Mumbai and a 2005 bomb attack in Delhi. Although
ca 150,000 Kashmir), AFG banned by Islamabad in 2002, it continues to operate from Pakistani soil. It has close ties with al-Qaeda,
members LKA, NPL, OMA, whose movement into Pakistan it is thought to have facilitated. Training: Operates 12 militant training
Maldives, BGD, US camps and 31 ‘communication control stations’. Weapons: SALW, MANPATS, arty (mor), explosives, mines
PAK (FATA Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP)/ 20,000– PAK (FATA Organisation: The TTP is an umbrella organisation claiming to represent 40 Pakistani Taliban groups from
& KP) Pakistani Taliban 25,000 and Khyber all seven tribal areas of FATA and several Khyber Pakhtunkhwa districts. It operates out of FATA with a
Pakhtunkhwa), stronghold in South Waziristan, and has close links with al-Qaeda, while offering allegiance to the Afghan
AFG, Middle East Taliban’s Mullah Omar. The TTP’s current leader is Hakimullah Mehsud, who controls the groups operating
and Chechnya out of FATA. TTP fighters operate in groups of 4–15 and use classic guerrilla tactics: sniper fire, roadside
bombs and ambushes. Training: Most TTP members are trained in explosives handling in South Waziristan.
Weapons: SALW, RL, IEDs, suicide vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices (SVBIEDs), mines
AFG/PAK Haqqani Network 5,000– AFG, PAK ( North Organisation: Based in Miranshah, North Waziristan, and led by Sirajuddin Haqqani, this group is thought
7,000 Waziristan) to be behind many high-profile attacks in Afghanistan in recent years: from the attempted assassination of
President Hamid Karzai, the Kabul Serena Hotel attack and assault on the Indian embassy in 2008, to the
Non-State Groups and Affiliates

2009 siege of a UN guesthouse and 2011 rocket attack on the US embassy. Alleged to have close ties with
Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) agency, the network also has connections with Arab fighters, its
main financiers. Training: Al-Qaeda and other groups still provide suicide training. The network previously
477

set up training camps and bomb-making factories in North Waziristan. Weapons: SALW, IEDs, MANPATS
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:25 13 March 2012

Country of Organisation Est. Active in Organisation; training; weapons


478

Origin Strength
PAK Harkat ul-Mujahedin (HuM) 400 PAK (Muzaffara- Organisation: The radical Islamist ‘Movement of Holy Warriors’ seeks to install Pakistani rule in Indian-
bad, Rawalpindi), controlled Kashmir, where it focuses its operations. Its methods include hijacking, as well as the kidnap and
AFG, IND (south execution of foreigners and Indian officials. US interests are also considered legitimate targets. A breakaway
Kashmir and from Harkat ul-Jihad-e-Islami, HuM was also once known as Harkat-ul-Ansar. It was involved in forming
Doda regions) Jaysh-e-Mohammad (see below). Training: HuM had training camps in Afghanistan and Pakistan before
2001. The group has allegedly been trained by Pakistan’s ISI. Weapons: SALW, arty (mor, rockets), explosives
IND Communist Party of India– 20,000+ IND Organisation: Agitating for the rights of India’s landless poor, the Naxal movement harks back to a peasant
Maoist (CPI–Maoist)/Naxalites uprising in West Bengal in 1967. But violence surged after 2004 when a merger of the People’s War Group
and Maoist Communist Centre formed the the CPI–Maoist. In 2007, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh called
the group ‘India’s biggest internal security threat’. Muppaala Lakshmana Rao (‘Ganapati’) is current general
secretary. Training: Guerrilla warfare training in remote villages and forests. Weapons: SALW, mines, IEDs
IND United Liberation Front of Asom 3,000 IND (Assam) Organisation: Although the most sophisticated insurgent group in Assam, the ULFA has been weakened
The Military Balance 2012

(ULFA) by counter-insurgency offensives, internal splits and declining popular support. Founder and current leader
Paresh Baruah lives near the Sino-Burmese border. Several militants are believed to be in China’s Yunnan
province and in Bangladesh. Weapons: SALW, arty, vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices (VBIEDs)
IND/PAK Jaysh-e-Mohammad (JeM)/ 500–700 IND (Jammu & Organisation: JeM’s founding aim was to overthrow Indian rule in Kashmir, but it is now in active opposition
Army of Mohammad/Khudam- Kashmir) PAK, to the Pakistani state. Led by Mufti Adbul Rauf, it has ties with the Taliban and al-Qaeda. JEM was involved in
ul-Islam/Tehrik-ul-Furqaan/JeM AFG, BGD attacks on former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf. Training: JeM allegedly received training from the
Eastern Command ISI. Weapons: SALW, MANPATS, IEDs
Table 42 Non-State Groups and Affiliates

PAK Muqami Tehrik-e-Taliban (MTT)/ 13,000 PAK (North & Organisation: Maulvi Nazir and Hafiz Gul Bahadar created the MTT in 2008 as a distinct local group from
Local Taliban Movement/ South Waziristan, the TTP. Having ties with the Afghan Taliban, Haqqani Network, al-Qaeda and the TTP, it operates under
North Waziristan Taliban/Waziri other parts of the general Taliban banner from the FATA region. Training: Training and support from al-Qaeda, and the
Alliance FATA) Haqqani Network in the Waziristan region. Weapons: SALW, MANPATS, IEDs
PAK Baluch Liberation Army (BLA) 3,000+ PAK, AFG Organisation: Integrated unwillingly into Pakistan in 1947, ethnic Baluch are waging their fifth revolt against
Islamabad. The BLA emerged in 2000, five years before the latest round of serious fighting began, with the
stated aim of founding an independent pan-Baluch state across Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. The death of
leader Akbar Khan Bugti, a 79-year-old Bugti tribal chief and former Baluchistan chief minister, in a Pakistani
air strike in 2006 only worsened the violence. Bugti’s son became commander. Training: Some allege the
BLA is trained in Afghanistan by Indian intelligence agents. Weapons: SALW, MANPATS, AT mines, IEDs
PAK Baluch Republican Army (BRA) not PAK Organisation: Little is known about this group, which first came to public attention in 2007, although it
known maintains a website on which it regularly catalogues attacks on security forces and Baluchistan’s extensive
gas industry.
PAK Baluch Liberation United Front not PAK Organisation: This previously unknown group made news in 2009 when it kidnapped United Nations official
(BLUF) known John Solecki, an American citizen, in Quetta.
PAK Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ) 300 PAK (Peshawar, Organisation: LeJ was formed in 1996 when Riaz Basra and Akram Lahori broke away from Sipah-e-Sahaba
Rawalpindi, (see following entry), which they accused of deviating from its founding goal of countering Shia influence in
Karachi), IRN; Pakistan. Since then LeJ has gained a reputation for extreme violence: killing hundreds of Shias, perpetrating
sleeper cells in car and truck bombings, and attempting high-profile assassinations. The group has small independent
AUS, FRA, IND, cells of 5–8 fighters each. Training: LeJ’s training camp in Sarobi, Afghanistan, was destroyed after the US
SGP, UK, US invasion in October 2001. Pakistani camps in Muridke and Kabirwal have also been closed. Weapons: SALW
PAK Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP)/ 3,000– PAK (southern Organisation: This Sunni group was founded in the early 1980s on a platform of limiting Shia influence
Millat-e-Islamia Pakistan/ 6,000 Punjab, Karachi); in Pakistan after the Islamic Revolution in neighbouring Iran in 1979. Formerly registered as a Pakistani
Army of Prophet Mohammad’s transnational political party, SSP was banned in 2002, after which it adopted the name Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat. The group
companions/Ahle Sunnat Wal is believed to provide fighters to the TTP and to have ties with al-Qaeda. Training: Many SSP cadres have
Jamaat received arms training from the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HuM) and the former Taliban regime in Afghanistan.
Some are also reported to have been trained by Pakistan’s intelligence agencies. Weapons: SALW, IEDs
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:25 13 March 2012

Country of Organisation Est. Active in Organisation; training; weapons


Origin Strength
PAK Lashkar-e-Islam (LeI)/Jaysh-e- not PAK (Khyber Organisation: One of the constituent groups of the TTP, LeI is mainly concerned with the implementation
Islami (JI) known Agency) of Sharia law in the Khyber Agency of FATA, where it has established its own de facto administration in areas
around Bara, Jamrud and the Tirah Valley. It also sends fighters across the border to battle US and Afghan
forces. Founded in 2004 by Mufti Munir Shakir, it is now headed by Mangal Bagh and is sometimes known as
Jaysh-e-Islami. Training: Trains with TTP in FATA. Weapons: SALW, IEDs
UZB Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan 1,200 ARG, PRC, IRN, Organisation: This is a coalition of Islamic extremists from Uzbekistan, other Central Asian states and Europe,
(IMU)/Islamic Movement of KAZ, KGZ, PAK, whose goal is to overthrow the Uzbek regime and establish an Islamic state. It has strong relations with the
Turkestan (IMT) TAJ, UZB Afghan Taliban and the TTP. Training: IMU members have received training in camps in Afghanistan, some
controlled by al-Qaeda or the Taliban. The IMU also trains in camps in Pakistan and maintains bases in North
Waziristan. Weapons: SALW, IEDs, VBIEDs
South East Asia
IDN Organisasi Papua Merdeka 150 IDN Organisation: The Tentara Pembebasan Nasional (TPN) is the group’s military wing, currently headed by
(OPM)/Free Papua Movement Jeck Kemong. Training: Provided by Libya (formerly) and the NPA (Philippines). Weapons: SALW
MYA Karen National Liberation Army 1,200 MYA, THA (border Organisation: The KNLA is the military branch of the Karen National Union (KNU), which represents the
(KNLA) region) approximately 7m Karen people of Myanmar and whose current goal is autonomy in a federal Myanmar. The
KNLA started fighting the Burmese state in 1949. KNLA commander General Mu Tu Sae Po was among the
KNU representatives signing a peace deal for Karen State in early 2012, potentially ending one of the world’s
longest internal conflicts. However, many ethnic Karen live outside Karen State, so the possibility of further
violence remains. Training: Month-long basic programme teaches weapons handling, guerrilla tactics, basic
Table 42 Non-State Groups and Affiliates

political concepts and military discipline. Weapons: SALW, MANPATS, IEDs


MYA Shan State Army–South (SSA-S)/ 3,000 MYA (Shan State) Organisation: Long after the original Shan State Army signed a ceasefire with the government in 1989,
Shan United Revolutionary the SSA–S continued to fight for autonomy for Myanmar’s 6m or more Shan people. Some SURA fighters
Army (SURA) joined it from the mid-1990s. In Spring 2011, Commander-in-Chief Yewd Serk announced a merger of the
SSA–South and SSA–North into a single SSA. Later that year, the SSA–S finally joined the groups on ceasefire.
Training: The Communist Party of Burma, before it collapsed in 1989, was the main source of arms and
ammunition. Weapons: SALW, MANPATS
MYA Kachin Independence Army 8,000 MYA (Kachin Organisation: The armed wing of the Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO), fighting for ethnic Kachin
(KIA) State) autonomy, signed a ceasefire deal in 1994. However, new fighting erupted in Kachin State in mid-2011,
over government plans to build a huge dam that would have flooded villages and displaced thousands.
Naypyidaw cancelled the dam and made peace overtures in the latter half of the year. Weapons: SALW
PHL Moro Islamic Liberation Front 10,000+ PHL (Mindanao Organisation: Despite a 2001 ceasefire, the largest Muslim rebel group in the southern Philippines has
(MILF) and adjacent continued to attack military and civilian targets in its quest for greater independence for the country’s
islands) Bangsamoro people. It has been blamed for an airport bombing, beheading and ambushing troops,
prompting calls for a review of its ceasefire in October 2011. MILF Commander-in-Chief Murad Ebrahim
oversees 11 functional commissions and five regional fronts, with 15–19 base commands. An elite
force, consisting of five units of about ten men each, is led by Mohammad Nasif Dua. On occasion, MILF
collaborates with the NPA in Mindanao. Training: Allegedly provided by al-Qaeda, although MILF denies
this. Weapons: SALW, IEDs, MANPATS, MANPADS (alleged)
PHL New People’s Army (NPA) 4,700 PHL Organisation: The armed wing of the outlawed Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) and the National
Democratic Front of the Philippines (NDFP) has waged a ‘people’s war’ since 1969. It operates across almost
every province and despite government efforts to destroy it continues to find a constituency among the
many Filipinos lIving in poverty. Organised into fronts, Regular Mobile Forces (RPM) and Mobile Armed
Propaganda Units (SYP). SYP consists of 10–15 members; an RPM can consist of 50–70 fighters. Moderate
sources estimate the number of fronts at around 60. Weapons: SALW, arty (mor), IEDs, mines
Non-State Groups and Affiliates
479
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:25 13 March 2012

Country of Organisation Est. Active in Organisation; training; weapons


480

Origin Strength
PHL Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) 350–400 PHL (south) Organisation: Extortion and kidnap-for-ransom are trademark activities of this loosely based, clan-centred
group. However, its stated goal is an independent Islamic state in the southern Philippines, and US military
personnel are a favourite target. In 2004, it was responsible for the deadliest terrorist act in Philippines
history: a ferry bombing near Manila in which 116 were killed. After key jihadis were expelled from Mindanao
in 2005, ASG’s main presence has been on the Sulu Archipelago. Training: Early ASG members are thought
to have trained in al-Qaeda camps in Afghanistan, although links between the two diminished after 9/11.
Weapons: SALW, IEDs, arty (mor), explosives
THA/MAL Barisan Revolusi Nasional (BRN) 60–80 THA (south), MAL Organisation: One of the insurgent groups lobbying for independence for the predominantly Malay Muslim
provinces of Thailand’s south, especially Narathiwat, Pattani and Yala. (Songkhla is less and Satun is not
affected by insurgency.) BRN Coordinate is the political wing in Malaysia; BRN Congress, chaired by Rosa
Burako, runs the Thai military campaign. Weapons: SALW
THA Pattani Islamic Mujahideen 150 THA (south) Organisation: Reports suggest that this group is now part of PULO (see following entry)
The Military Balance 2012

Movement/Gerakan Mujahideen
Islam Pattani (GMIP)
THA, SAU Pattani United Liberation 100 THA Organisation: The main separatist movement in Thailand’s predominantly Malay Muslim southern border
Organisation (PULO) region, PULO targets symbols and officials of the government in Bangkok – from military police to teachers
and civil servants. Officially founded in Saudi Arabia in 1968, the group split into factions before reunifying in
2005. Since 2009, PULO has been led by Nur Abdur Rahman. Training: Some leaders were reportedly trained
in Syria and Libya in the 1980s. Weapons: SALW, IEDs, possibly bombs
Table 42 Non-State Groups and Affiliates

THA Runda Kumpulan Kecil (RKK) 500 THA (south) Organisation: Closely cooperating with PULO and BRN are RKK (small patrol groups). Training: Weapons-
handling, bomb making, unarmed combat and sharp shooting. Weapons: SALW, MANPATS, IEDs
Middle East and North Africa
ALG Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb 300 ALG, MLI, MRT, Organisation: AQIM resulted from the decision by the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) to
(AQIM) NER align itself with al-Qaeda in late 2006/early 2007. The group operates and recruits throughout the Maghreb.
It has been implicated in drugs running and kidnapping, and its presence prompted the relocation of the
Dakar Rally to South America. Abu Musab Adbel is the group’s current leader. AQIM is accused of establishing
terrorist cells in FRA, ITA, NLD, POR, ESP. Training: Most main leaders are believed to have trained in AQ
camps in Afghanistan. Weapons: SALW, arty (mor), SAM, IEDs, AAA
IRN Jundallah (Soldiers of God)/ ≤600 IRN (Baluchistan), Organisation: Based in Iran’s impoverished southeast province of Sistan and Baluchistan, this group claims
Jund Allah/Jundollah/People’s (1,000 AFG, PAK to fight for the rights of the Sunni Baluch people in the Shia-dominated Islamic Republic. It has been
Resistance Movement of Iran fighters) accused of shootings, suicide bombings and narco-trafficking and having a separatist agenda for Sistan and
(PRMI) Baluchistan. Muhammad Dharir Baluch became leader in October 2011. Training: Some members received
training in Afghanistan and Pakistan, where there are other Baluch communities. Weapons: SALW, IEDs
IRQ Al-Qaeda in Iraq/Tanzim Qa’idat 1,000+ IRQ, JOR Organisation: This mainly Sunni organisation based around the city of Mosul emerged out of the Ansar-e-
al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn/ (AQI) Islam terrorist group around 2003/4. Under leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, it conducted major attacks against
Al-Qaeda in the Land of the Two 1,000+ Shia civilians and holy sites. After he was killed in 2006, AQI created an umbrella Mujahideen Shura Council
Rivers. (Islamic (MSC) to unify Sunni insurgents, but this did not prevent offshoots such as the Islamic State of Iraq, Islamic
State of Army of Iraq and 1920 Revolution Brigades. Meanwhile, Sunni tribal leaders began to cooperate with the
Iraq) US against AQI, leading to the Sunni Awakening. By 2010, 80% of AQI leaders had been killed or captured,
or had left Iraq. Abu Dua became chief of the disorganised, albeit active rump in 2011. Training: Reports
suggest AQI has new training bases on the desert border with Syria. Weapons: SALW, IEDs, MANPADs
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:25 13 March 2012

Country of Organisation Est. Active in Organisation; training; weapons


Origin Strength
LEB Hizbollah/Party of God/Islamic 6,000 LEB (southern Organisation: Founded with Iranian backing to resist the 1982 Israeli occupation of Lebanon, this mainly
Jihad/ Revolutionary Justice (standing Lebanon, Beirut, Shia Muslim organisation has moved into democratic politics without dismantling its large and controversial
Organisation/Organisation of force) + Bekaa Valley), military wing, al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya. The clout the party now wields in Lebanon’s multi-confessional
the Oppressed on Earth 10,000 EGY, ARG, BRZ, parliament has helped it resist demands to disarm, including those in UN resolutions 1559 and 1701. The
(reserve PRY, COL US brands Hizbullah a terrorist organisation. The group perpetrated some of the bloodiest attacks of the
force) Lebanese civil war (1975–90) and it has been implicated in the 2005 assassination of pro-Western Prime
Minister Rafik Hariri. (It denies involvement.) However, its role in forcing Israel to leave Lebanon in 2000 and
its social-services provision mean it enjoys much popular support, even if its responsibility for Lebanon’s
2006 war with Israel tested this. Although considered an extremist by his critics, leader Hasan Nasrullah has
become extremely influential. Training: Receives military training, weapons and funds from Iran, especially
from the al-Quds Brigades, an elite unit of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps. Political support comes
from Syria. For its part, Hizbullah backs Palestinian terror groups. Also adept at information warfare, it has
associates and cells in North and South America, Asia, Europe and Africa. Weapons: SALW; MANPADs:
SA-7 Grail, SA-14 Gremlin, SA-18 Grouse (unconfirmed), being trained on SA-8 systems in Syria, but not yet
transferred to Lebanon; RL >10,000 Katyusha, Fajr-3, Fajr-5 Zelzal-2s, potentially Fateh-110s and 10 (est.) Scud
D missiles; Arty (ZU-23, Iranian-made C802 Noor radar-guided anti-ship missiles, Raad 2 and 3 models (used
against Haifa), M-600 rockets, mortars (81mm and 120mm), MANPATS AT-3 Sagger and AT-4 Spigot missiles
Saudi Arabia, Al-Qaeda in the Arabian 100–400 YEM (esp. in Organisation: In early 2009, al-Qaeda announced this merger of its Yemeni and Saudi Arabian branches.
Yemen Peninsula (AQAP) core (est. Abyan, Aden, The group has since perpetrated suicide bombings and guerrilla-style raids on military and security targets
up to 600) Al-Hudaydah, to achieve its objective of clearing the Arabian Peninsula of foreign influence and establishing an Islamic
Table 42 Non-State Groups and Affiliates

Hadramaut, caliphate. Before he was killed by a UAV strike in September 2011, prominent AQAP leader Anwar al-Awlaki
Mahrib, Shabwa) inspired attacks overseas, including the mass shooting at the Fort Hood military base in Texas, and the
SAU, QAT, SOM attempted Christmas Day bombing of an airliner over Detroit, both in 2009. Weapons: SALW, MANPATS, IEDs
YEM, SAU Al-Houthi Rebels/Shabab al- 7,000– YEM (north) and Organisation: Yemen’s fight against the al-Houthi clan and its militant wing, the ‘Believing Youth’, began in
Muomineen (Believing Youth) 10,000 SAU (south) 2004 when arresting officers killed former MP Hussein al-Houthi, an outspoken critic of US involvement in
fighters, Yemen. The fallout from his death sparked a full-scale insurgency. Despite two ceasefires, the Houthis were
10,000– still inflicting mass casualties on security forces in late 2010. But in early 2012 they formed a political party,
120,000 seeking participation in the changes wrought by the Arab Awakening. Training: Hizbullah has provided
followers training. No independent evidence exists of alleged Iranian instruction. Weapons: SALW, MANPATS, IEDs
YEM Southern secessionist not YEM Organisation: The independence movement in the former People’s Democratic Republic of South Yemen
movement known is driven by southerners’ belief that they have become second-class citizens in a unified Yemen. Weapons:
SALW, RPGs
PT Hamas (Islamic Resistance 20,000 ISR, PT Organisation: The largest Palestinian militant Islamist group, Hamas was formed in 1987 at the start of
Movement)/Izz al-Din al-Qassam the first intifada (uprising) against Israel’s occupation in the West Bank and Gaza. Dedicated to Israel’s
Brigades (IDQ) destruction, it has been designated a terrorist group by the US and EU. But many Palestinians view it as
a legitimate resistance, and in 2006 it won Palestinian parliamentary elections, leading to negotiations
with the Fatah-led Palestinian Authority (PA) over a unity government. In 2007, though, Hamas overthrew
the PA in Gaza and seized control of the strip. Even after Israel’s Operation Cast Lead in 2008/2009, Hamas
has continued to fire rockets at Israel from Gaza. Its military wing, Iz al-Din al-Qassam, is seen as its most
disciplined force. In early 2012, the group’s Damascus-based leader, Khaled Meshal, stepped down after
16 years at the helm. Training: Palestinian sources say Iz al-Din troops undergo rigorous military and
ideological training. Six months of basic training include live-fire exercises using arty rockets, mortars and
AT systems, plus urban-warfare training and live-fire FIBUA assault exercises. Some instructors trained in Iran
and Lebanon. Weapons: SALW, IEDs, MANPADS, MANPATs, arty rockets
PT Al-Aqsa Martyrs’ Brigades (AMB) several ISR, PT Organisation: This network of Palestinian militant groups emerged in 2000 at the outset of the second
Non-State Groups and Affiliates

hundred Palestinian ‘Al-Aqsa’ intifada. Loyal to the secular-nationalist Fatah party, it first focused on Israeli targets
in the West Bank and Gaza, but became more radical over time. In 2004, it threatened to break with Fatah
during a payments dispute. Marwan Baghouti leads the AMB. Weapons: SALW, IEDs, suicide bombs
481
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:25 13 March 2012

Country of Organisation Est. Active in Organisation; training; weapons


482

Origin Strength
Latin America
BRZ Primeiro Comando da Capital 12,000+ BRZ (São Paulo) Organisation: This criminal group relies on a vast prison network of cells with connections in the favelas
(PCC) (slums). Training: Includes urban guerrilla. Weapons: SALW.
BRZ Comando Vermelho (CV)/Red not BRZ (Rio de Organisation: The CV has become an umbrella group for semi-autonomous criminal gangs headed by
Commandos known Janeiro) individual chiefs. CV was originally composed of ordinary convicts and left-wing political prisoners who were
members of the Falange Vermelha (Red Phalanx), and fought the military dictatorship. CV dominates 40% of
Brazilian drug trafficking. Training: Includes urban guerrilla techniques. Weapons: SALW
COL Ejército de Liberación Nacional 1,300+ COL (Northeast Organisation: Founded in 1963, the ELN is a left-wing guerrilla group that mainly operates in northeastern
(ELN)/National Liberation Army and Southwest) Colombia. It reached the height of its power in the late 1990s with a wave of kidnappings and bomb attacks,
but has since been weakened by the government’s security crackdown, battles with right-wing paramilitaries
and competition with FARC. It is increasingly reliant on drug trafficking for its income. It is headed by Nicolás
The Military Balance 2012

Rodríguez Bautista (‘Gabino’). Training: Members received training on how to use explosives, mines, sniper,
special operations and guerrilla combat. Weapons: IEDs, SALW, mines
COL Fuerzas Armadas 9,000+ COL; presence in Organisation: Originally established as the military wing of the Colombian Communist Party, and then
Revolucionarias de Colombia ECU, VEN a left-wing insurgency, FARC today is better known as a drug-trafficking and criminal group. It has an
(FARC)/Revolutionary Armed extensive civilian support network and enjoys complex business relationships with other drug trafficking
Forces of Colombia and criminal gangs. It makes frequent use of the territory of neighbouring countries and maintains relations
with a range of international non-state and sometimes state actors. Apart from a number of mobile
columns, FARC’s basic unit is the ‘front’, a tactical grouping of 50–300 operatives (roughly equivalent to a
Table 42 Non-State Groups and Affiliates

Western light infantry company) linked to a fixed area and comprised of squads (12 operatives), guerrillas
(2 squads) and companies (about 50 operatives). Overall 60–70 of these currently exist, although some are
now undermanned. All of the columns and fronts across the country are organised in five blocs and two
joint commands. The leadership of the group as a whole is comprised by a seven-man Secretariat, with each
member exercising supervision of a particular bloc or joint command, and a Central General Staff (the Estado
Mayor Central or EMC). The EMC theoretically comprises the highest decision-making body at conferences
and plenaries, but the Secretariat is in charge of the group in between these events (which now rarely take
place) and in practice holds supreme authority. Training: all operatives given basic training in explosives
and guerrilla warfare. Special units trained in kidnapping, advanced bomb-making, sniping, intelligence-
gathering. Long history of technical exchange with foreign terrorist organisations including PIRA and
ETA. Weapons: SALW, IEDs and mines, artisanal arty, self-propelled semi-submersible vessels for maritime
trafficking
COL Bandas emergentes en 4,000+ COL Organisation: BACRIM is a label for medium to large criminal gangs bringing together drug traffickers with
Colombia/Bandas Criminales former members of right-wing paramilitaries such as the United Self-Defence Forces of Colombia (AUC).
(BACRIM) Two of the most powerful BACRIM are the Rastrojos (estimated membership of 2,000) and the Urabeños
(about 1,300 strong). Training: Members receive training in explosives, special operations and anti-guerrilla
combat. Weapons: IEDs, SALW
MEX Sinaloa Cartel not MEX (Sinaloa, Organisation: Arising from a region where peasant farmers turned to lucrative opium crops, the Sinaloa
known Sonora, Baja Cartel remains Mexico’s most powerful and cohesive drugs cartel. Cells have been deployed in the US,
California), COL, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala and more recently Colombia and Peru. In the first half of 2011, three key
NIC, PER, SLV, US leaders were captured or killed: Jesus Raul Ochoa, Bruno (‘El Gato’ ) Garcia and Martin (‘El Aguila’) Beltran.
However, leader Joaquin (‘El Chapo’) Guzman Loera remains at large. Weapons: SALW
MEX Gulf Cartel not MEX, BOL, COL, Organisation: One of the oldest and most powerful of Mexico’s criminal groups, working with Colombian
known PER, US, West suppliers to move drugs north from its main base in Tamaulipas state, this cartel has been losing territory
Africa and influence recently. In May 2011, leader Garcia (‘El Choche’) Trujillo was captured. Weapons: SALW.
MEX Los Negros not MEX Formed in 2003 as the armed enforcers of the Sinaloa Cartel, Los Negros switched its alliance to the Beltrán-
known Leyva Cartel, before going independent in 2010. Weapons: SALW
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:25 13 March 2012

Country of Organisation Est. Active in Organisation; training; weapons


Origin Strength
MEX Los Zetas not MEX (northeast), Organisation: Los Zetas initially consisted of 30–40 elite soldiers who had deserted from the army’s Special
known US Forces Airmobile Group (GAFE). In 2005 members of the Guatemalan Special Forces (Kaibiles) joined their
ranks. Training: Military and special forces training. Weapons: SALW
MEX Tijuana Cartel/Arellano-Félix not COL, PER, MEX, Organisation: The Arellano-Félix brothers and followers broke away from the Sinaloa Cartel in the 1980s and
Organisation known US consolidated power around the biggest border crossing into the US. Weapons: SALW
MEX Juárez Cartel/ Vicente Carrillo not MEX, US Organisation: Another Sinaloa Cartel splinter group, this has helped turn its hometown, Ciudad Juárez, into
Fuentes Organisation known Mexico’s most dangerous city, during its battle with Los Zetas for control of the primary drug routes into the
US. Its armed branch is called La Linea. Weapons: SALW
MEX Beltrán-Leyva Organisation not MEX, US Organisation: The powerful Beltrán-Leyva brothers unleashed a bloody turf war when they left the Sinaloa
(BLO)/South Pacific Cartel (Cartel known Cartel in 2008. Now the BLO is struggling after the death of Arturo Beltrán-Leyva in 2009, and the 2011
del Pacifico) capture of leading operatives such as Edgar Valdez Villareal (‘La Barbie’) and Sergio Villareal Barragán,
(‘El Grande’). The group does, however, have loose connections to the emerging Independent Cartel of
Acapulco. Weapons: SALW
MEX La Familia Michoacana/ The not MEX, US Organisation: This cartel emerged in 2006 in the state of Michoacán, home to Mexico’s largest port, where
Family known drugs smuggled from China are processed into methamphetamines. Leader José de Jesús Méndez Vargas
(‘El Chango’) was captured in June 2011, just three months after a splinter group, the Knights Templar (Los
Caballeros Templarios), broke away. Weapons: SALW
PER Sendero Luminoso (SL)/Shining 500+ PER Organisation: The communist Shining Path movement resurfaced in 2008 in the Andes, eight years after
Path its war with the Peruvian government effectively ended. Two factions – one operating in the Ene-Apurimac
Table 42 Non-State Groups and Affiliates

River Valley (VRAE) to the south, and the other in Alto Huallaga to the north – used profits from the cocaine
trade to rebuild. However, in December 2011 Comrade Artemio, the northern group’s leader, admitted defeat
and said he was ready to begin peace talks with the government. Weapons: SALW, MANPATS
Sub-Saharan Africa
DRC/RWA Forces Démocratiques de 8,000+ DRC (North Organisation: These Rwandan Hutu fighters are remnants of the ‘Interahamwe’ militias that targeted Tutsis
Liberation du Rwanda (FDLR) and South Kivu, and moderate Hutus during the 1994 Rwandan genocide: they fled to the DRC after Tutsis came to power
Katanga) in Kigali at the end of that conflict. Today, the FDLR’s official aim is to unseat the Tutsi-led government in
neighbouring Rwanda. However, it also preys on Congolese civilians and has close links with Mai Mai militias
. Training: Some received training in Rwanda before they were forced to leave. Weapons: SALW
DRC/RWA Mai-Mai militias 20,000+ DRC, RWA Organisation: This loose confederation of militias operating in the DRC includes such groups as the Alliance
pour la Resistance Democratique (ARD), the Popular Self-Defence Forces (FAP) and Mudundu 40. Weapons:
SALW
NGA Movement for the Emancipation 1,600 NGA (Niger Delta) Organisation: This loose coalition of armed groups emerged in 2006 demanding that more of the wealth
of the Niger Delta (MEND) generated by the Niger Delta’s oil industry go to local people. While an amnesty for its top leaders in
2009 led to a substantial decline in its activities, MEND-affiliated groups have since resumed bombing oil
infrastructure and kidnapping workers in the industry. Weapons: SALW, AAA, VBIEDs
NGA Boko Haram not NGA (northern Organisation: These militants from Nigeria’s impoverished Muslim north have called for the establishment
known and central of Sharia law and led a revolt against the government’s perceived southern bias and repressive security
states) forces. Although established in 2002, the group only began its violent campaign in 2009. A series of
killings and spectacular bomb attacks led President Goodluck Jonathan to declare a state of emergency in
December 2011. Training: Some training alleged at camps in Burkina Faso, Niger and Somalia by al-Qaeda
sympathisers. Weapons: SALW, IEDs, suicide bombs
Non-State Groups and Affiliates
483
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:25 13 March 2012

Country of Organisation Est. Active in Organisation; training; weapons


484

Origin Strength
SOM Al-Shabaab (AS)/Mujahideen 7,000– SOM (particularly Organisation: Al-Shabaab, meaning ‘the youth’ emerged out of the Islamic Courts Union towards the end of
Youth Movement (MYM) Hizbul 9,000 Mogadishu the last decade and now controls much of southern Somalia. Initially, this Islamist militant group focused on
Shabaab (The Youth) and southern its domestic struggle with Somalia’s weak, Western-backed interim government. However, in 2009 it began
Somalia), KEN to align itself with al-Qaeda. In July 2010, the group showed that it could strike abroad with twin bombings
in Uganda. More recently it has been linked to the pirate groups operating off Somalia’s coastline. Training:
Al-Qaeda allegedly provide training and equipment. Pirate groups active in Somalia also provide access to
weaponry and training. Weapons: SALW, MANPATS, mines, IEDs, MANPADS, arty, small boats
SOM Somali Marines not SOM Training: Believed provided by al-Shabaab. Weapons: SALW, MANPADS, IEDs, arty, MANPATS, mines and
known other explosives
SOM Puntland Group not SOM (Puntland) Organisation: Loose organisation ostentibly of Somali fishermen. Training: Believed provided by al-
known Shabaab. Weapons: SALW, IEDs, arty, MANPATS, mines and other explosives
The Military Balance 2012

SOM Marka Pirate Group not SOM (Marka) Organisation: Led by Sheikh Yusuf Mohamed Siad. Consists of several scattered, ill-organised groups.
known Training: Believed provided by al-Shabaab. Weapons: SALW, MANPADS, MANPATS, IEDs, arty, mines and
other explosives
SOM National Volunteer Coast Guard 50+ SOM (Kismaayo, Organisation: Bases in Hoomboy and El Dere. Believed to have close alliance with al-Shabaab and generally
(NVCG)/Kismaayo pirate group Puntland, operate as security units (28 pers) and attack units (12 pers). Training: Al-Shabaab and other foreign
Somaliland), KEN instructors may be providing combat training to the group. Weapons: SALW, MANPADs, MANPATS, IEDs, arty,
small boats, mines and other explosives
Table 42 Non-State Groups and Affiliates

SOM Harardheere pirate group 50+ SOM Weapons: SALW, MANPADS, MANPATS, IEDs, arty, small boats, mines and other explosives
(Harardheere)
SDN Janjaweed militia 20,000 SDN (Darfur) Organisation: Drawn from nomadic mainly Arab tribes in Sudan’s west, this violent militia was responsible
in the early twenty-first century for hit-and-run attacks on horseback on Darfuri villages. Its attacks focused
on Fur, Tunjur, Masalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups presumed to be sympathetic to rebels opposing the
government in Khartoum, leading to allegations that the Janjaweed was backed by Khartoum and was
perpetrating genocide against black Africans (which some observers dispute). Training: Allegedly provided
by the Sudanese and Eritrean governments. Main camp in Misteria, North Darfur. Weapons: SALW
SDN Justice and Equality Movement Up to SDN (Darfur) Organisation: This Islamist rebel group has been a major actor in the Darfur conflict, seeking to topple the
(JEM) 5,000 government and end inequality between the country’s north and other regions. It launched its first attack on
Khartoum in 2008 and is now believed to be mainly based in North Kordofan state. Leader Khalil Ibrahim was
killed in December 2011. Training: Military training provided by the Ugandan government outside Kampala
Weapons: SALW, crew-served weapons, at least two tanks seized from the government
SDN Sudan Liberation Movement 4,000 SDN (Darfur) Organisation: Emerging out of tribal self-defence militia in the late 1980s, this rebel group originally called
(SLM) for the creation of a united democratic Sudan. In 2006, it split into two major factions – North (SPLM–N),
and South Kordofan (SPLM–SK) – after disagreement over the Darfur Peace Agreement. In November 2011,
both factions, along with JEM, formed the Sudan Revolutionary Front (SRF) to oppose the government of
President Omar al-Bashir and create a liberal, secular country. Training: Most recruits are former government
militiamen. Weapons: SALW
UGA Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) 1,500+ DRC, UGA, (Gulu, Organisation: Infamous for its night-time kidnapping of child fighters, the LRA emerged in Uganda in the
Kitgum), CAR, late 1980s. Led by the demagogic Joseph Kony, the group has terrorised civilians as its small ‘brigades’ of
SDN 10–20 fighters have spread from Uganda to the DRC, CAR and South Sudan. Since UPDF attacks on the main
LRA bases in northeastern DRC in 2008, LRA commanders have become more autonomous, some with their
own satellite militias. Training: Khartoum is alleged to provide training and support. Weapons: SALW, anti-
personnel mines, anti-tank mines
Part two
Explanatory Notes

The Military Balance is updated each year to provide an The data presented each year reflect judgements based
accurate assessment of the military forces and defence on information available to the IISS at the time the book
expenditures of 171 countries and territories. Each edition is compiled. Where information differs from previous
contributes to the provision of a unique compilation of editions, this is mainly because of changes in national
data and information, enabling the reader to discern trends forces, but it is sometimes because the IISS has reassessed
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:25 13 March 2012

through the examination of editions as far back as 1959. the evidence supporting past entries. Given this, care must
The data in the current edition are accurate according to be taken in constructing time-series comparisons from
IISS assessments as at November 2011, unless specified. information given in successive editions.
Inclusion of a territory, country or state in The Military
Balance does not imply legal recognition or indicate support
ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS
for any government.
The large quantity of data in The Military Balance has
General arrangement and been compressed into a portable volume by the extensive
contents employment of abbreviations. An essential tool is therefore
The Editor’s Foreword contains a summary of the book the list of abbreviations for data sections, which appears
and general comment on defence matters. on page 495. The abbreviations may be either singular or
Part I of The Military Balance comprises the regional plural; for example, ‘elm’ means ‘element’ or ‘elements’.
trends, military capabilities and defence economics data for The qualification ‘some’ is used to indicate that while the
countries grouped by region. Thus North America includes IISS assesses that a country maintains a capability, a precise
the US and Canada. Regional groupings are preceded by inventory is unavailable at time of press. ‘About’ means the
a short introduction describing the military issues facing total could be higher than given. In financial data, ‘$’ refers
the region. Essays at the front of the book analyse impor- to US dollars unless otherwise stated; billion (bn) signifies
tant defence trends or debates. Tables analyse aspects of 1,000 million (m).
defence activity including salient comparative analyses, Within the country entries, a number of caveats are
selected major training exercises, international defence employed to aid the reader in assessing military capabili-
expenditure and the international arms trade. ties. The * symbol is used to denote aircraft counted by the
Part II comprises reference material. IISS as combat capable (see ‘Air Forces’, below); † is used
Maps include selected deployments in Afghanistan, the when the IISS assesses that the serviceability of equipment
war in Libya, the military response to Japan’s March 2011 is in doubt; and ‡ is used to denote equipment judged
earthquake and tsunami, and Arctic security issues. obsolescent (weapons whose basic design is more than
The loose Chart of Conflict is updated for 2011 to show four decades old and which have not been significantly
data on recent and current armed conflicts. upgraded within the past decade); these latter two quali-
tative judgements should not be taken to imply that such
Using The Military Balance equipment cannot be used.
The country entries in The Military Balance are an assess-
ment of the personnel strengths and equipment holdings COUNTRY ENTRIES
of the world’s armed forces. Qualitative assessment is
enabled by relating data, both quantitative and economic, Information on each country is shown in a standard
to textual comment, as well as through close reference format, although the differing availability of information
to qualitative judgements applied to inventory data. The and differences in nomenclature result in some variations.
strengths of forces and the numbers of weapons held are Country entries include economic, demographic and mili-
Reference

based on the most accurate data available or, failing that, tary data. Population figures are based on demographic
on the best estimate that can be made. In estimating a statistics taken from the US Census Bureau. Data on
country’s total capabilities, old equipment may be counted ethnic and religious minorities are also provided in some
where it is considered that it may still be deployable. country entries. Military data include manpower, length
486 The Military Balance 2012

of conscript service where relevant, outline organisation, parity (PPP) rate is used in preference to official or market
number of formations and units and an inventory of the exchange rates and this is indicated in each case.
major equipment of each service. Details of national forces
stationed abroad and of foreign forces stationed within the Definitions of terms
given country are also provided. Despite efforts by NATO and the UN to develop a stan-
dardised definition of military expenditure, many coun-
Arms ProcurementS AND DELIVERIES tries prefer to use their own definitions (which are often
not made public). In order to present a comprehensive
Tables at the end of the regional texts show selected arms picture, The Military Balance lists three different measures
procurements (contracts and, in selected cases, major of military-related spending data.
development programmes that may not yet be at contract
stage) and deliveries listed by country buyer, together with • For most countries, an official defence-budget
additional information including, if known, the country figure is provided.
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:25 13 March 2012

supplier, cost, prime contractor and the date on which • For those countries where other military-related
the first delivery was due to be made. While every effort outlays, over and above the defence budget,
has been made to ensure accuracy, some transactions may are known, or can be reasonably estimated, an
not be fulfilled or may differ – for instance in quantity – additional measurement referred to as defence
from those reported. The information is arranged in the expenditure is also provided. Defence expendi-
following order: land; sea; air. ture figures will naturally be higher than official
budget figures, depending on the range of addi-
DEFENCE ECONOMICS tional factors included.
• For NATO countries, an official defence-budget
Country entries include defence expenditures, selected figure as well as a measure of defence expenditure
economic performance indicators and demographic aggre- (calculated using NATO’s definition) is quoted.
gates. There are also international comparisons of defence
expenditure and military manpower, giving expenditure NATO’s definition of military expenditure, the most
figures for the past three years in per capita terms and as comprehensive, is defined as the cash outlays of central or
a % of GDP. The aim is to provide an accurate measure federal governments to meet the costs of national armed
of military expenditure and the allocation of economic forces. The term ‘armed forces’ includes strategic, land,
resources to defence. All country entries are subject to revi- naval, air, command, administration and support forces.
sion each year as new information, particularly regarding It also includes other forces if these forces are trained,
defence expenditure, becomes available. The information structured and equipped to support defence forces and
is necessarily selective. are realistically deployable. Defence expenditures are
Individual country entries show economic perfor- reported in four categories: Operating Costs, Procurement
mance over the past two years, and current demographic and Construction, Research and Development (R&D)
data. Where these data are unavailable, information from and Other Expenditure. Operating Costs include sala-
the last available year is provided. Where possible, official ries and pensions for military and civilian personnel; the
defence budgets for the current and previous two years cost of maintaining and training units, service organisa-
are shown, as well as an estimate of actual defence expen- tions, headquarters and support elements; and the cost of
ditures for those countries where true defence expendi- servicing and repairing military equipment and infrastruc-
ture is thought to be higher than official budget figures ture. Procurement and Construction expenditure covers
suggest. Estimates of actual defence expenditure, however, national equipment and infrastructure spending, as well
are only made for those countries where there are suffi- as common infrastructure programmes. R&D is defence
cient data to justify such a measurement. Therefore, there expenditure up to the point at which new equipment can
will be several countries listed in The Military Balance for be put in service, regardless of whether new equipment is
which only an official defence budget figure is provided actually procured. Foreign Military Aid (FMA) contribu-
but where, in reality, true defence-related expenditure is tions of more than US$1 million are also noted.
almost certainly higher. For many non-NATO countries the issue of transpar-
All financial data in the country entries are shown both ency in reporting military budgets is fundamental. Not
in national currency and US dollars at current year – not every UN member state reports defence-budget data (even
constant – prices. US-dollar conversions are generally, but fewer real defence expenditures) to their electorates, the
not invariably, calculated from the exchange rates listed UN, the IMF or other multinational organisations. In the
in the entry. In some cases a US-dollar purchasing power case of governments with a proven record of transparency,
Explanatory Notes 487

official figures generally conform to the standardised defi- and frequent revisions of recent data (not always accom-
nition of defence budgeting, as adopted by the UN, and panied by timely revision of previously published figures
consistency problems are not usually a major issue. The in the same series) pose transparency and consistency
IISS cites official defence budgets as reported by either problems. Another problem arises with certain transitional
national governments, the UN, the OSCE or the IMF. economies whose productive capabilities are similar to
For those countries where the official defence budget those of developed economies, but where cost and price
figure is considered to be an incomplete measure of total structures are often much lower than world levels. No
military-related spending, and appropriate additional specific PPP rate exists for the military sector, and its use for
data are available, the IISS will use data from a variety of this purpose should be treated with caution. Furthermore,
sources to arrive at a more accurate estimate of true defence there is no definitive guide as to which elements of military
expenditure. The most frequent instances of budgetary spending should be calculated using the limited PPP rates
manipulation or falsification typically involve equipment available. The figures presented here are only intended
procurement, R&D, defence-industrial investment, covert to illustrate a range of possible outcomes depending on
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:25 13 March 2012

weapons programmes, pensions for retired military and which input variables are used.
civilian personnel, paramilitary forces and non-budgetary
sources of revenue for the military arising from ownership Arms trade
of industrial, property and land assets. The source for data on the global and regional arms trade is
Percentage changes in defence spending are referred the US Congressional Research Service (CRS). It is accepted
to in either nominal or real terms. Nominal terms relate to that these data may vary in some cases from national decla-
the percentage change in numerical spending figures, and rations of defence exports, which is due in part to differ-
do not account for the impact of price changes (i.e. infla- ences in the publication times of the various sets of data
tion) on defence spending. By contrast real terms account and national definitions of military-related equipment.
for inflationary effects, and may thus be considered a more
accurate representation of change over time. GENERAL MILITARY DATA
The principal sources for national economic statistics
cited in the country entries are the IMF, the Organisation Manpower
for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), The ‘Active’ total comprises all servicemen and women on
the World Bank and three regional banks (the Inter- full-time duty (including conscripts and long-term assign-
American, Asian and African Development Banks). For ments from the Reserves). When a gendarmerie or equiva-
some countries basic economic data are difficult to obtain. lent is under control of the MoD, they may be included in
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) figures are nominal the active total. Under the heading ‘Terms of Service’, only
(current) values at market prices. GDP growth is real, not the length of conscript service is shown; where service is
nominal, growth, and inflation is the year-on-year change voluntary there is no entry. ‘Reserve’ describes formations
in consumer prices. Dollar exchange rates are annual aver- and units not fully manned or operational in peacetime, but
ages for the year indicated, except 2011 where the average which can be mobilised by recalling reservists in an emer-
exchange rate from 1 January to 1 November is used. gency. Unless otherwise indicated, the ‘Reserves’ entry
includes all reservists committed to rejoining the armed
Calculating exchange rates forces in an emergency, except when national reserve
Typically, but not invariably, the exchange rates shown service obligations following conscription last almost a
in the country entries are also used to calculate GDP and lifetime. Some countries have more than one category
defence budget and expenditure dollar conversions. Where of ‘Reserves’, often kept at varying degrees of readiness.
they are not used, it is because the use of exchange rate Where possible, these differences are denoted using the
dollar conversions can misrepresent both GDP and defence national descriptive title, but always under the heading of
expenditure. For some countries, PPP rather than market ‘Reserves’ to distinguish them from full-time active forces.
exchange rates are sometimes used for dollar conversions
of both GDP and defence expenditures. Where PPP is used, Other forces
it is annotated accordingly. Many countries maintain paramilitary forces whose
The arguments for using PPP are strongest for Russia training, organisation, equipment and control suggest they
and China. Both the UN and IMF have issued caveats may be used to support or replace regular military forces.
Reference

concerning the reliability of official economic statistics These are detailed after the military forces of each country,
on transitional economies, particularly those of Russia, but their manpower is not normally included in the Armed
some Eastern European and Central Asian countries. Forces totals at the start of each entry. Home Guard units
Non-reporting, lags in the publication of current statistics are counted as paramilitary.
488 The Military Balance 2012

Non-state armed groups


The Military Balance includes detail on selected non-state
Units and formation strength
armed groups that pose a militarily significant challenge to Company 100–200
state and international security. This information appears Battalion 500–1,000
in the essays, relevant regional chapters and Table 42.
Brigade 3,000–5,000
Further detailed information may be obtained from the
IISS Transnational Threats and Political Risk programme Division 15,000–20,000
(www.iiss.org/research) and the Armed Conflict Database Corps or Army 50,000–100,000
(http://www.iiss.org/acd).

Forces by Role and Equipment by Type section. Information in the country data files detail deploy-
Quantities are shown by function (according to each ments of troops and military observers and, where avail-
nation’s employment) and type, and represent what able, the role and equipment of deployed units.
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:25 13 March 2012

are believed to be total holdings, including active and


reserve operational and training units. Inventory totals Training activity
for missile systems – such as surface-to-surface missiles Selected exercises which involve military elements from
(SSM), surface-to-air missiles (SAM) and anti-tank guided two or more states and are designed to improve inter-
weapons (ATGW) – relate to launchers and not to missiles. operability or test new doctrine, forces or equipment are
Equipment held ‘in store’ – that is, held in reserve and not detailed in tabular format. (Exceptions may be made for
assigned to either active or reserve units – is not counted particularly important exercises held by single states
in the main inventory totals. However, aircraft in excess of which indicate novel capability developments or involve
unit establishment holdings, held to allow for repair and newly inducted equipment.)
modification or immediate replacement, are not shown ‘in
store’. LAND FORCES
Deployments The land data section has been revised to improve under-
The Military Balance mainly lists permanent bases and oper- standing of the combined-arms capabilities of modern
ational deployments including peacekeeping operations, land forces. Armies fight by integrating combat arms that
which are often discussed in the text for each regional engage the enemy in direct fire and close combat, classi-

Land force organisation

A typical land force organisation could be (in order of decreasing size): Army group; army or corps; division; brigade; unit
and sub-unit:

Formations: These normally consist of varying combinations of units of several arms and services. Several
brigades (groups of several combat units and dedicated command, CS and CSS elements) may combine
into a division, several divisions into a corps or army and several corps or armies into an army group.
Battalion: The smallest grouping capable of independent operations. Battalions typically contain inte-
gral combat command support, combat service support and limited combat support. The majority of
personnel are of one arm or service.
Company: A subdivision of a battalion, which normally has 3–5 companies. Companies are normally
subdivided further into platoons, of between about 12 and about 35 soldiers, which are then organised
as vehicle crews and/or dismountable sections or squads.
National variations of terminology: The manpower strength, equipment holdings and organisation of
formations such as brigades and divisions vary from country to country. For instance, some armies
use the term ‘regiment’ to mean brigade-sized groupings of several battalions, usually with integral
combat support and combat service support, while in others the term regiment is used for battalion-
sized units; ‘squadron’ can be used as an alternative term for company; ‘battery’ is often used by artil-
lery units; and ‘troop’ is sometimes used when referring to platoons.
Explanatory Notes 489

Principal Land force definitions

The Military Balance translates national military terminology for unit and formation sizes so that, for example the ‘kandaks’
of the Afghan National Army are shown as ‘battalions’. National designations, however, are used where possible: for example
’motor rifle’ and ‘armoured cavalry’. The Military Balance categorises forces by role, to make comparison of forces easier and
more consistent.

Forces by role
Command. It is assumed that all combined arms formations and single arms units have an integral HQ with
a communication capability. Free-standing formation HQs and signals units/formations are detailed.
Special Forces (SF). SF are elite forces specially trained and equipped for unconventional warfare and oper-
ations in enemy-controlled battlespace. Many are employed in counter-terrorist roles. Army SF retained
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:25 13 March 2012

under army command (excluding SF generated by joint SF commands).


Manoeuvre. Combat units and formations capable of maneouvering include:
Reconnaissance. Combat units and formations whose primary purpose is to gain information.
Armoured. Armoured formations use Armoured Fighting Vehicles (AFVs) to provide mounted close
combat capability. These usually provide the most effective opposition to other armoured forces.
Armoured forces’ utility can be restricted in complex and difficult terrain. Their principal weapon is
the main battle tank (MBT) and they present the greatest logistic and deployment challenges.
Mechanised. Mechanised formations also use armoured vehicles, but in lighter combinations, with
more medium and light armoured vehicles than armoured formations, and with fewer, if any,
tanks. They have less mounted firepower and protection, but can usually deploy more infantry
than armoured formations. They are more deployable than armoured forces over operational and
strategic distances
Light. The principal weapon of light formations is dismounted infantry. Light formations may have few,
if any, organic armoured vehicles. This reduces tactical mobility in open country, but they can move
through and occupy complex and difficult terrain that armoured and mechanised forces can only
penetrate with difficulty. Light forces are air-portable, aiding operational and strategic mobility. Their
organic firepower is limited compared to armoured or mechanised forces and they protect themselves
by dispersion, concealment or fortification. They have little capacity for manoeuvre in contact with
the enemy. Some armies have ‘motorised’ light forces by equipping them with soft-skinned vehicles.
As these cannot conduct mounted manoeuvre in contact with the enemy they are still classified as
light forces.
Air Manoeuvre: National designations may be inconsistent but usually ‘airborne’ and ‘parachute’ forma-
tions are optimised for delivery by transport aircraft, including by parachute, whilst ‘airmobile’ and
‘air assault’ formations are optimised for delivery by transport helicopters. Some formations may be
capable of both roles and may or may not have integral aviation. Once delivered by air they exhibit
the strengths and weaknesses of light forces.
Aviation: Organic army units and formations equipped with helicopters and/or fixed-wing aircraft.
Amphibious: Amphibious forces are trained and equipped to land from the sea, and may also be capable
of ship-to-shore movement by helicopter.
Mountain: Formations and units trained and equipped to operate in mountainous terrain.
Other Forces: Other categories for manoeuvre forces exist. For example specifically trained and equipped
‘jungle’ or ‘counter-insurgency’ brigades found in some Latin American states. Also, security units
Reference

such as ‘Presidential Guards’ and deployable manoeuvre units or formations permanently employed
in training or demonstration tasks.
490 The Military Balance 2012

Combat Support (CS): CS supports combat units and formations to enable them to fight and manoeuvre.
This includes artillery, engineers, air defence, intelligence, EOD and other CS not integral to
manoeuvre formations.
Combat Service Support (CSS): CSS includes logistic, maintenance, medical, personnel administration
capabilities and provision and maintenance of water, rations, power and supply routes. Combat
support and combat service support organic to formations is shown with those formations. For
example, brigade supply and maintenance battalions would be listed as part of the brigade.

Equipment by type
Definitions of land weapons and equipment have been revised. Weapon and armoured-vehicle categories remain
based on those used in the Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty, but categories have been added and revised to
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:25 13 March 2012

reflect new developments in armoured vehicles. The considerable diversity of armies and their role, as well as the large
number of irregular forces, make it impossible to apply obsolescence criteria to land equipment.
Light Weapons. Light weapons include all small arms, machine guns, grenades and grenade launchers
and unguided man-portable anti-armour and support weapons, such as the ubiquitous RPG. These
weapons have proliferated so much and are sufficiently easy to manufacture or copy that listing
them would be impracticable. It should be assumed that all soldiers and officers carry a personal
small arm.
Crew Served Weapons. Crew-served recoilless rifles, man-portable ATGW, MANPADS and mortars of
greater than 80mm calibre are listed, but the high degree of proliferation and local manufacture of
many of these weapons means that estimates of numbers held may not be reliable.
Armored Fighting Vehicles (AFVs):
Main Battle Tank (MBT): Armoured, tracked combat vehicles, weighing at least 16.5 metric tonnes
unladen, that may be armed with a turret-mounted gun of at least 75mm calibre. Wheeled combat
vehicles that meet the latter two criteria are considered MBTs.
Reconnaissance: Combat vehicles designed and equipped to facilitate reconniassance operations. Some
reconnaissance vehicles are unarmoured.
Armoured Infantry Fighting Vehicle (AIFV): Armoured combat vehicles designed and equipped to
transport an infantry squad, armed with an integral/organic cannon of at least 20mm calibre.
Armoured Personnel Carrier (APC): Lightly armoured combat vehicles designed and equipped to
transport an infantry squad and armed with integral/organic weapons of less than 20mm calibre.
Protected Patrol Vehicle (PPV). Role-specific armoured vehicles designed to protect troops from small
arms, RPG and roadside bomb threats. Most have little or no cross-country mobility and are not
designed for combined-arms manoeuvre. Protection levels and weights can vary.
Artillery: Weapons (including guns, howitzers, gun/howitzers, multiple-rocket launchers, mortars and
gun/mortars) with a calibre greater than 100mm for artillery pieces and 80mm and above for mortars,
capable of engaging ground targets with indirect fire.
Anti-Tank (AT): Guns, guided weapons and recoilless rifles designed to engage armoured vehicles and
battlefield hardened targets.
Air Defence (AD): Guns and missiles designed to engage fixed-wing, rotary-wing and unmanned aircraft.
CS and CSS Equipment: Includes bespoke military systems, such as assault bridging, engineer tanks,
armoured recovery vehicles and armoured ambulances. Civilian equipment, such as civil engineering
equipment used by engineers and civilian medical equipment, is excluded.
Explanatory Notes 491

cally infantry and armour, with combat support (CS) such and airborne forces are part of the air forces. An increasing
as engineers and artillery. Medical and logistic capabilities number of land units and formations are part of joint
are provided by combat service support (CSS). organisations.
The Military Balance 2012 carries more detail on armies’
combat support and combat service support capabilities, in NAVAL FORCES
a bid to make it easier to assess the ability of armies to fight,
deploy and sustain, thus making land-force comparisons Classifying naval vessels according to role is increasingly
more meaningful. complex. A post-war consensus on primary surface combat-
Land forces are generally structured into formations, ants revolved around a distinction between independently
units and sub-units. Most armies achieve flexibility by operating cruisers, air-defence escorts (destroyers) and
adopting a modular approach which enables grouping anti-submarine-warfare escorts (frigates). However, new
for specific operations, or phases within operations. So for ships are increasingly performing a range of roles; the
armies, organisation is as important a factor as equipment Littoral Combat Ship produced by the US, for example,
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:25 13 March 2012

in assessing operational effectiveness. However, while is a frigate-sized vessel that carries surface-to-air missiles
most land forces are part of armies, there are exceptions. and can be reconfigured for anti-submarine warfare, anti-
In some countries, amphibious forces are part of the navy surface warfare or a mine counter-measures role. For this

Principal Naval Equipment Definitions

To aid comparison between fleets, the following definitions, which do not necessarily conform to national definitions, are
used:

Submarines: All vessels equipped for military operations and designed to operate primarily under water.
Submarines with a dived displacement below 250 tonnes are classified as midget submarines; those
below 500 tonnes are coastal submarines. Those vessels with submarine-launched ballistic missiles
are also listed under ‘Strategic Nuclear Forces’.
Principal surface combatants: All surface ships primarily designed for operations on the high seas, either
as escorts or primary ships in a task force. These vessels usually have a FLD above 1,500 tonnes.
Such ships will have offensive ship-to-ship capabilities and may include anti-submarine-warfare and/
or anti-air capabilities. Principal surface combatants include aircraft carriers (including helicopter
carriers), cruisers (with a FLD above 9,750 tonnes), destroyers (with a FLD above 4,500 tonnes) and
frigates (with a FLD above 1,500 tonnes).
Patrol and coastal combatants: All surface vessels designed for coastal or inshore operations, in an escort,
protective or patrol role. These vessels include corvettes, which usually have a FLD between 500
and 1,500 tonnes and are distinguished from other patrol vessels by their heavier armaments, often
including ship-to-ship and/or ship-to-air missiles. Also included in this category are offshore patrol
ships, with a FLD greater than 1,500 tonnes, patrol craft, which have a full-load displacement between
250 and 1,500 tonnes and patrol boats with a FLD between ten and 250 tonnes. Fast patrol craft or
boats have a top speed greater than 35 knots.
Mine warfare vessels: All surface vessels configured primarily for mine laying or counter-measures.
Counter-measures vessels are either: sweepers, which are designed to locate and destroy mines in a
maritime area; hunters, which are designed to locate and destroy individual mines; or counter-meas-
ures vessels, which combine both roles.
Amphibious vessels: All surface vessels designed to transport personnel and/or equipment on to unpre-
pared shorelines. Such vessels are classified as amphibious-assault vessels, which can embark fixed-
wing and/or rotary wing air assets as well as landing craft; landing platforms, which can embark
Reference

rotary wing aircraft as well as landing craft; landing ships, which are amphibious vessels capable
of ocean passage; and landing craft, which are smaller vessels designed to transport personnel and
492 The Military Balance 2012

reason, The Military Balance has drawn up a classification


Attribution and
system based on full-load displacement (FLD) rather than
acknowledgements
role that will allow for greater international comparisons of
navies through their tonnage. Older vessels will still often The International Institute for Strategic Studies owes no
retain the primary role suggested by their type, but in more allegiance to any government, group of governments, or
modern ships this will decreasingly be the case. This clas- any political or other organisation. Its assessments are its
sification system thus does not assist comparison based on own, based on the material available to it from a wide
other important capabilities, such as command systems, variety of sources. The cooperation of governments of
but eases comparisons across international naval fleets. all listed countries has been sought and, in many cases,
Given this system, The Military Balance designation will received. However, some data in The Military Balance are
not necessarily conform to national definitions. estimates.
Care is taken to ensure that these data are as accurate
AIR FORCES and free from bias as possible. The Institute owes a consid-
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:25 13 March 2012

erable debt to a number of its own members, consultants


Aircraft listed in The Military Balance as combat capable and all those who help compile and check material. The
are assessed as being equipped to deliver air-to-air or Director-General and Chief Executive and staff of the
air-to-surface ordnance. The definition includes aircraft Institute assume full responsibility for the data and judge-
designated by type as Bomber, Fighter, Fighter Ground ments in this book. Comments and suggestions on the data
Attack, Ground Attack, and Anti-Submarine Warfare. and textual material contained within the book, as well as
Other aircraft considered to be combat capable are marked on the style and presentation of data, are welcomed and
with an asterisk (*). Operational groupings of air forces should be communicated to the Editor of The Military
are shown where known. Squadron aircraft strengths vary Balance at: IISS, 13–15 Arundel Street, London WC2R
with aircraft types and from country to country. 3DX, UK, email: milbal@iiss.org. Copyright on all infor-
When assessing missile ranges, The Military Balance mation in The Military Balance belongs strictly to the IISS.
uses the following range indicators: Short-Range Ballistic Application to reproduce limited amounts of data may be
Missile (SRBM), less than 1,000km; Medium-Range Ballistic made to the publisher: Taylor & Francis, 4 Park Square,
Missile (MRBM), 1,000–3,000km; Intermediate-Range Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN. Email: society.
Ballistic Missiles (IRBM), 3,000–5,000km; Intercontinental permissions@tandf.co.uk. Unauthorised use of Military
Ballistic Missiles (ICBM), over 5,000km. Balance data will be subject to legal action.

Principal Naval Equipment Definitions (continued)

equipment from a vessel or across small stretches of water. Landing ships have a hold; landing craft
are open vessels.
Auxiliary vessels: All ocean-going surface vessels performing an auxiliary military role, supporting
combat ships or operations. Such vessels are either very lightly armed or unarmed. These generally
fulfil five roles: underway replenishment (such as tankers and oilers); logistics (such as cargo ships);
maintenance (such as cable-repair ships or buoy tenders); research (such as survey ships); and special
purpose (such as intelligence-collection ships and ocean-going tugs).
Yard craft/miscellaneous vessels: All surface vessels performing a support role in coastal waters or to
ships not in service. These vessels often have harbour roles, such as tugs and tenders. Other miscel-
laneous craft, such as royal yachts, are also included here.
Weapons systems: Weapons are listed in the following order: land-attack missiles, ship-to-ship missiles,
surface-to-air missiles, guns, torpedo tubes, anti-submarine weapons and aircraft. Missiles with a
range less than 5km and guns with a calibre less than 76mm are generally not included, unless for
some lightly armed minor combatants.
Organisations: Naval groupings such as fleets and squadrons frequently change and are shown only
where doing so would add to qualitative judgements.
Explanatory Notes 493

Principal Aviation Equipment Definitions

Countries regularly use military aircraft in a variety of roles, with determinants including platform equipment,
weapons and systems fit, as well as crew training. The Military Balance uses the following main definitions as a
guide.

Type and Role Definitions


Bomber (Bbr): Comparatively large platforms intended for the delivery of air-to-surface ordnance. Long-
range bombers are those which have an un-refuelled combat radius of greater than 5,000km with a
maximum weapons payload in excess of 10,000kg. Medium bombers have a range of between 1,000–
5,000km. Bbr units are units equipped with bomber aircraft for the air-to-surface role
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:25 13 March 2012

Fighter (Ftr): This term covers aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat, with the associated
sensors, weapons and performance. It may include a limited air-to-surface capability. Ftr units are
equipped with aircraft intended to provide air superiority, which may have a secondary and limited
air-to-surface capability.
Fighter/Ground Attack (FGA): indicates a multi-role fighter-size platform with a significant air-to-surface
capability, potentially including maritime attack, and some air-to-air capacity. FGA units are multi-
role units equipped with aircraft capable of air-to-air and air-to surface attack with varying degrees
of capability. 
Ground Attack (Atk): is used to describe aircraft designed solely for the air-to-surface task, with limited
or no air-to-air capability. Atk units are equipped with fixed-wing aircraft to undertake air-to-surface
missions.
Attack Helicopter (Atk Hel): Rotary platforms designed for delivery of air-to-surface weapons, and fitted
with an integrated fire control system.
Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW): Fixed and rotary-wing platforms designed to locate and engage subma-
rines, many with a secondary anti-surface-warfare capacity. ASW units are equipped with fixed- or
rotary-wing aircraft for anti-submarine missions.
Anti-Surface Warfare (ASuW): units are equipped with fixed- or rotary-wing-aircraft intended for anti-
surface-warfare missions.
Maritime Patrol (MP): Fixed-wing aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) intended for maritime
surface surveillance, which may possess an anti-surface-warfare capability. MP units are equipped
with fixed-wing aircraft or unmanned aerial vehicles intended for maritime surveillance. May also
have an ASuW/ASW capability.
Electronic Warfare (EW): Fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft and UAVs intended for electronic countermeas-
ures. EW units are equipped with fixed- or rotary-wing aircraft or UAVs used for electronic counter-
measures.
Intelligence/Surveillance/Reconnaissance (ISR): Fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft and UAVs intended to
provide radar, visible light, or infra-red imagery, or a mix thereof. ISR units are equipped with fixed-
or rotary-wing aircraft or UAVs intended for the ISR role.
Combat/Intelligence/Surveillance/Reconnaissance (CISR): is used to describe those UAVs which have
the capability to deliver air to surface weapons, as well as undertaking ISR tasks. CISR units are
equipped with armed UAVs for the ISR and air-to-surface missions.
COMINT/ELINT/SIGINT: Fixed and rotary-wing platforms and UAVs capable of gathering electronic
Reference

(ELINT), communication (COMINT) or signals intelligence (SIGINT). COMINT units are equipped
with fixed- or rotary-wing aircraft or UAVs intended for the communications-intelligence task. ELINT
494 The Military Balance 2012

Principal Aviation Equipment Definitions (continued)


units are equipped with fixed- or rotary-wing aircraft or UAVs used for gathering electronic intelli-
gence. SIGINT units are equipped with fixed- or rotary-wing aircraft or UAVs used to collect signals
intelligence.
Airborne Early Warning (& Control) (AEW (&C)): Fixed- and rotary-wing platforms capable of providing
airborne early warning, with a varying degree of onboard command and control depending on the
platform. AEW&C units are equipped with fixed- or rotary-wing aircraft to provide airborne early
warning and command and control.
Search and Rescue (SAR): units are equipped with fixed- or rotary-wing aircraft used to recover military
personnel or civilians.
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:25 13 March 2012

Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR): units are equipped with armed fixed- or rotary-wing aircraft for
recovery of personnel from hostile territory.
Tanker (Tkr): Fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft designed for air-to-air re-fuelling. Tkr units are equipped
with fixed- or rotary-wing aircraft used for air-to-air refuelling.
Tanker Transport (Tkr/Tpt): describes those platforms capable of both air-to-air refuelling and military
airlift.
Transport (Tpt): Fixed- or rotary-wing aircraft intended for military airlift. Light transport aircraft are
categorised as having a maximum payload of up to 11,340kg, medium up to 27,215kg, and heavy
above 27,215kg. Medium transport helicopters have an internal payload of up to 4,535kg; heavy trans-
port helicopters greater than 4,535kg. PAX aircraft are platforms are platforms generally unsuited for
transporting cargo on the main deck. Tpt units are equipped with fixed- or rotary-wing platforms to
transport personnel or cargo.
Trainer (Trg): A fixed- or rotary-wing aircraft designed primarily for the training role, some also have
the capacity to carry light to medium ordnance. Trg units are equipped with fixed- or rotary-wing
training aircraft intended for pilot or other aircrew training.
Multi-role helicopter (MRH): Rotary-wing platforms designed to carry out a variety of military tasks
including light transport, armed reconnaissance and battlefield support.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): Remotely piloted or controlled unmanned fixed- or rotary-wing
systems. Light UAVs are those weighing between 20–150kg; medium are those from 150kg–600kg;
and large are those weighing more than 600kg.
Reference

Table 43 List of Abbreviations for Data Sections

– part of unit is detached/less than AKR roll-on/roll-off cargo ship ATGW anti-tank guided weapon
* combat capable AKSL stores ship (light) ATK attack/ground attack
’’ unit with overstated title/ship class ALARM air-launched anti-radiation missile ATP advanced targeting pod
nickname ALCM air-launched cruise missile ATTC all terrain tracked carrier
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:27 13 March 2012

+ unit reinforced/more than amph amphibious/amphibian AV armoured vehicle


< under 100 tonnes AMRAAM advanced medium-range air-to- AVB aviation logistic support ship
† serviceability in doubt air missile avn aviation
‡ obsolete AO oiler AWACS airborne warning and control
ε estimated AOE fast combat support ship system
AOR fleet replenishment oiler with RAS AWT water tanker
AAA anti-aircraft artillery capability AX training craft
AAB Advisory and Assistance Brigade AORH oiler with hel capacity AXL training craft (light)
AAM air-to-air missile AORL replenishment oiler (light) AXS training craft (sail)
AAV amphibious assault vehicle AORLH oiler light with hel deck BA budget authority (US)
AB airborne AOT oiler transport Bbr bomber
ABM anti-ballistic missile AP armour-piercing/anti-personnel/ BCT brigade combat team
ABU sea-going buoy tender transport bde brigade
ac aircraft APC armoured personnel carrier bdgt budget
ACCS Air Command and Control System AR repair ship BfSB battlefield surveillance brigade
ACM advanced cruise missile ARC cable repair ship BG battle group
ACP airborne command post ARG amphibious ready group BMD ballistic missile defence
ACV air cushion vehicle/armoured combat ARH active radar homing BMEWS ballistic missile early warning
vehicle ARL airborne reconnaissance low system
AD air defence ARM anti-radiation missile bn battalion/billion
ADA air defence artillery armd armoured BSB brigade support battalion
adj adjusted ARS rescue and salvage ship BSTB brigade special troops battalion
AE auxiliary, ammunition carrier ARSV armoured reconnaissance/ bty battery
AEV armoured engineer vehicle surveillance vehicle C2 command and control
AEW airborne early warning arty artillery CAB combat aviation brigade
AF Air Force ARV armoured recovery vehicle CALCM conventional air-launched cruise
missile
AFB Air Force Base/Station AS anti-submarine/submarine tender
CAS close air support
AFS logistics ship ASaC airborne surveillance and control
casevac casualty evacuation
AG misc auxiliary AShM anti-ship missile
cav cavalry
AGB icebreaker aslt assault
cbt combat
AGF command ship ASM air-to-surface missile
CBU cluster bomb unit
AGHS hydrographic survey vessel ASR submarine rescue craft
CBRNE chemical, biological, radiological,
AGI intelligence collection vessel ASROC anti-submarine rocket nuclear, explosive
AGL automatic grenade launcher ASTOR airborne stand-off radar CCS command and control systems
AGM air-to-ground missile/missile range ASTOVL advanced short take-off and cdo commando
instrumentation ship vertical landing CET combat engineer tractor
AGOR oceanographic research vessel ASTROS II artillery saturation rocket CFE Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
AGOS oceanographic surveillance vessel system
C/G/H/M/N/L cruiser/guided missile/with
AGS survey ship ASTT anti-submarine torpedo tube hangar/with missile/nuclear-powered/
AH hospital ship ASW anti-submarine warfare light
Reference

AIFV armoured infantry fighting vehicle ASuW anti-surface warfare CISR Combat ISR
AIP air independent propulsion AT tug/anti-tank CIMIC civil–military cooperation
AK cargo ship ATACMS army tactical missile system CIWS close-in weapons system
aka also known as ATBM anti-tactical ballistic missile CLOS command-to-line-of-sight
AKL cargo ship (light) ATF tug, ocean going COIN counter insurgency
496 The Military Balance 2012

comb combined/combination GBAD ground-based air defence LC/A/AC/D/H/M/PA/PL/T/U/VP landing


comd command GBU guided bomb unit craft/assault/air cushion/dock/heavy/
medium/personnel air cushion/
COMINT communications intelligence gd guard personnel large/tank/utility/vehicles and
comms communications GDP gross domestic product personnel
coy company GEODSS ground-based electro-optical LCC amphibious command ship
CPV crew protected vehicle deep space surveillance system
LFV light forces vehicles
CPX command post exercise GMLS guided missile launch system
LGB laser-guided bomb
CS combat support GMLRS guided multiple-launch rocket
LHA landing ship assault
system
CSAR combat search and rescue LHD amphibious assault ship
GNP gross national product
CSS combat service support LIFT lead-in ftr trainer
gp group
C-RAM counter rocket, artillery and mortar LKA amphibious cargo ship
GPS global positioning system
CT counter terrorism lnchr launcher
GW guided weapon
CTOL conventional take off and landing log logistic
HARM high-speed anti-radiation missile
CV/H/L/N/S aircraft carrier/helicopter/ LORADS long range radar display system
light/nuclear powered/VSTOL HBCT heavy brigade combat team
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:27 13 March 2012

hel helicopter LP/D/H landing platform/dock/helicopter


CW chemical warfare/weapons LRAR long range artillery rocket
DD/G/H/M destroyer/with AShM/with HIMARS high-mobility artillery rocket
system LRSA long-range strike/attack
hangar/with SAM
HMMWV high-mobility multi-purpose LS/D/L/LH/M/T landing ship/dock/
DDS dry dock shelter logistic/logistic helicopter/medium/tank
wheeled vehicle
def defence HMTV high-mobility tactical vehicle Lt light
demob demobilised HOT high-subsonic optically teleguided LWT lightweight torpedo
det detachment how howitzer maint maintenance
DISTEX disaster training exercise HQ headquarters MAMBA mobile artillery monitoring
div division HUMINT human intelligence battlefield radar
dom domestic HWT heavyweight torpedo MANPADS man portable air-defence
DSCS defense satellite communications system
hy heavy
system MANPATS man portable anti-tank system
IBCT infantry brigade combat team
ECM electronic countermeasures MARDIV marine division
IBU inshore boat unit
ECR electronic combat and reconnaissance MAW marine aviation wing
ICBM inter-continental ballistic missile
EELV evolved expendable launch vehicle MBT main battle tank
IFV infantry fighting vehicle
ELINT electronic intelligence MC/C/I/O mine countermeasure coastal/
IMET international military education and inshore/ocean
elm element/s training
engr engineer MCD mine countermeasure diving
IMINT imagery intelligence
support
EOD explosive ordnance disposal imp improved
MCLOS manual CLOS
eqpt equipment IMV infantry mobility vehicle
MCM mine countermeasures
ESG expeditionary strike group incl includes/including
MCMV mine countermeasures vessel
ESM electronic support measures indep independent
MD military district
est estimate(d) inf infantry
MDT mine diving tender
EW electronic warfare INS inertial navigation system
MEADS medium extended air defence
EWSP electronic warfare self protection int intelligence system
excl excludes/excluding IR infra-red MEB marine expeditionary brigade
exp expenditure IIR imaging infra-red mech mechanised
FAC forward air control IRBM intermediate-range ballistic missile med medium / medical
fd field IRLS infra-red line scan MEF marine expeditionary force
FF/G/H/M frigate/with AShM/with hangar/ ISD in-service date MEU marine expeditionary unit
with SAM ISR intelligence, surveillance and MFO multinational force and observers
FGA fighter ground attack reconnaissance
MGA machine gun artillery
FLD full-load displacement ISTAR intelligence, surveillance, target
acquisition and reconnaissance MH/C/D/I/O mine hunter/coastal/drone/
flt flight inshore/ocean
JDAM joint direct attack munition
FMA Foreign Military Assistance MI military intelligence
JSF Joint Strike Fighter
FMTV family of medium transport vehicles mil military
JSTARS joint surveillance target attack
FROG free rocket over ground radar system MIRV multiple independently targetable
FS/G/H/M corvette/with AShM/with re-entry vehicle
LACV light armoured combat vehicle
hangar/with SAM MIUW mobile inshore undersea warfare
LACM land-attack cruise missile
FSSG force service support group mk mark (model number)
LAMPS light airborne multi-purpose
FSTA future strategic tanker aircraft system ML minelayer
Ftr fighter LANTIRN low-altitude navigation and MLRS multiple-launch rocket system
FTX field training exercise targeting infra-red system night MLU mid-life update
FW fixed-wing LAV light armoured vehicle mne marine
FY fiscal year LAW light anti-tank weapon mob mobilisation/mobile
Reference 497

mod modified/modification PSO/H offshore patrol vessel over 1,500 SSK attack submarine with ASW
mor mortar tonnes/with hangar capability(hunter-killer)SSM surface-to-
ptn pontoon bridging surface missile
mot motorised/motor
PTRL/SURV patrol/surveillance SSN nuclear-powered attack submarine
MP maritime patrol/military police
qd quadrillion SSP attack submarine with air-
MPA maritime patrol aircraft independent propulsion
MPS marine prepositioning squadron R&D research and development
SSW midget submarine
MR maritime reconnaissance/motor rifle RAM rolling airframe missile
START Strategic Arms Reduction Talks/
MRAP mine-resistant ambush-protected RAS replenishment at sea Treaty
MRAAM medium-range air-to-air missile RCL recoilless launcher / ramped craft STO(V)L short take-off and (vertical)
logistic landing
MRBM medium-range ballistic missile
RCWS remote controlled weapon station str strength
MRL multiple rocket launcher
RCT regimental combat team SUGW surface-to-underwater GW
MRTT multi-role tanker transport
recce reconnaissance SURV surveillance
MS/A/C/D/I/O/R mine sweeper/auxiliary/
coastal/drone/inshore/ocean regt regiment SUT surface and underwater target
msl missile RIB rigid inflatable boat sy security
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:27 13 March 2012

MSTAR man-portable surveillance and RL rocket launcher t tonnes


target acquisition radar ro-ro roll-on, roll-off tac tactical
Mtn mountain RPAS remotely piloted air system temp temporary
MW mine warfare RPV remotely piloted vehicle THAAD theatre high altitude area defence
NAEW NATO Airborne Early Warning & RRC/F/U rapid-reaction corps/force/unit tk tank
Control Force RSTA reconnaissance, surveillance and tkr tanker
n.a. not applicable target acquisition
TLAM Tomahawk land-attack missile
n.k. not known RV re-entry vehicle
TLE treaty-limited equipment (CFE)
NBC nuclear biological chemical rvn riverine
TMD theatre missile defence
NCO non-commissioned officer SACLOS semi-automatic CLOS
torp torpedo
nm nautical mile SAM surface-to-air missile
TOW tube launched optically wire guided
nuc nuclear SAR search and rescue
tpt transport
O & M operations and maintenance SARH semi-active radar homing
tr trillion
obs observation/observer sat satellite
trg training
OCU operational conversion unit SBCT Stryker brigade combat team
TRV torpedo recovery vehicle
op/ops operational/operations SDV swimmer delivery vehicles
TT torpedo tube
OPFOR opposition training force SEAD suppression of enemy air defence
UAV unmanned aerial vehicle
org organised/organisation SEWS satellite early warning station
UCAV unmanned combat air vehicle
OTH/-B over-the-horizon/backscatter (radar) SF special forces
URG under-way replenishment group
OTHR/T over-the-horizon radar/targeting SHORAD short-range air defence
USGW underwater to surface guided
PAAMS principal anti-air missile system SIGINT signals intelligence
weapon
PAC Patriot advanced capability sigs signals
utl utility
para paratroop/parachute SLAM stand-off land-attack missile
UUV unmanned undersea vehicle
PAX passenger/passenger transport SLBM submarine-launched ballistic missile
V(/S)TOL vertical(/short) take-off and
aircraft SLCM submarine-launched cruise missile landing
PB/C/F/I/R patrol boat/coastal/fast/ SLEP service life extension programme veh vehicle
inshore/riverine SMAW shoulder-launched multi-purpose VLB vehicle launched bridge
PC/C/F/G/H/I/M/O/R/T patrol craft/coastal assault weapon
with AShM/fast/guided missile/with VLS vertical launch system
SOC special operations capable VSHORAD very short range air defence
hangar/inshore/with CIWS missile or
SAM/offshore/riverine/torpedo SP self propelled VSRAD very short range air defence
PDMS point defence missile system Spec Ops special operations
wg wing
pdr pounder SPAAGM Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun
WLIC Inland construction tenders
and missile system
pers personnel WMD weapon(s) of mass destruction
spt support
PG/G/GF/H patrol gunboat/guided WTGB US Coast Guard Icebreaker tugs
missile/fast attack craft/hydrofoil sqn squadron
YAC royal yacht
PGM precision-guided munitions SRBM short-range ballistic missile
YAG yard craft, miscellaneous
PH/G/M/T patrol hydrofoil/with AShM/ SS submarine
YDG degaussing
missile/torpedo SSAN submersible auxiliary support vessel
(nuclear) YDT diving tender
pl platoon
SSBN nuclear-powered ballistic-missile YFB ferry boat
PKO peacekeeping operations
submarine YFL launch
PPP purchasing-power parity
SSC coastal submarine
Reference

YFRT range support tenders


PPV protected patrol vehicle
SSG guided missile submarine YTB harbour tug
PR photo-reconnaissance
SSGN nuclear-powered guided missile YTL light harbour tug
PRH passive radar-homing submarine YTM medium harbour tug
prepo pre-positioned
YPT torpedo recovery vessel
YTR firefighting vessel
498 The Military Balance 2012

Table 44 Index of Country/Territory Abbreviations


AFG.......................................................Afghanistan GAM.............................................................. Gambia NOR................................................................Norway
ALB.................................................................Albania GEO............................................................... Georgia NPL.................................................................... Nepal
ALG..................................................................Algeria GER..............................................................Germany NZL......................................................New Zealand
ANG.................................................................Angola GF...................................................... French Guiana OMN..................................................................Oman
ARG........................................................... Argentina GHA.................................................................. Ghana PT........................................ Palestinian Territories
ARM............................................................. Armenia GIB................................................................Gibraltar PAN............................................................... Panama
ATG..................................... Antigua and Barbuda GNB................................................... Guinea Bissau PAK............................................................... Pakistan
AUS...............................................................Australia GRC................................................................. Greece PER....................................................................... Peru
AUT.................................................................. Austria GRL........................................................... Greenland PHL..........................................................Philippines
AZE...........................................................Azerbaijan GUA......................................................... Guatemala POL.................................................................. Poland
BDI................................................................. Burundi GUI...................................................................Guinea PNG......................................... Papua New Guinea
BEL.................................................................Belgium GUY................................................................Guyana PRC...........................China, People’s Republic of
BEN.....................................................................Benin HND...........................................................Honduras PRT...............................................................Portugal
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:07 06 August 2012

BFA.......................................................Burkina Faso HTI........................................................................Haiti PRY..............................................................Paraguay


BGD........................................................Bangladesh HUN..............................................................Hungary PYF.............................................. French Polynesia
BHR................................................................Bahrain ISL....................................................................Iceland QTR.....................................................................Qatar
BHS..............................................................Bahamas ISR........................................................................Israel ROC..........................Taiwan (Republic of China)
BIH........................................Bosnia–Herzegovina IDN............................................................ Indonesia ROK...........................................Korea, Republic of
BIOT....................British Indian Ocean Territory IND...................................................................... India ROM............................................................ Romania
BLG................................................................Bulgaria IRL.................................................................... Ireland RSA........................................................South Africa
BLR..................................................................Belarus IRN......................................................................... Iran RUS....................................................................Russia
BLZ.................................................................... Belize IRQ......................................................................... Iraq RWA..............................................................Rwanda
BOL...................................................................Bolivia ITA..........................................................................Italy SAU.......................................................Saudi Arabia
BRB............................................................. Barbados JAM............................................................... Jamaica SDN.................................................................. Sudan
BRN.................................................................. Brunei JOR.................................................................. Jordan SEN................................................................ Senegal
BRZ..................................................................... Brazil JPN.................................................................... Japan SGP............................................................Singapore
BWA...........................................................Botswana KAZ........................................................ Kazakhstan SLB................................................ Solomon Islands
CAM......................................................... Cambodia KEN....................................................................Kenya SLE........................................................ Sierra Leone
CAN................................................................Canada KGZ.......................................................... Kyrgyzstan SLV........................................................... El Salvador
CAR................................Central African Republic KWT................................................................ Kuwait SOM..............................................Somali Republic
CHA.....................................................................Chad LAO......................................................................Laos SRB....................................................................Serbia
CHE.........................................................Switzerland LBN.............................................................. Lebanon SSD...................................................... South Sudan
CHL......................................................................Chile LBR...................................................................Liberia STP...................................São Tomé and Principe
CIV........................................................Côte d’Ivoire LBY..................................................................... Libya SUR.............................................................Suriname
CMR.......................................................... Cameroon LKA.............................................................. Sri Lanka SVK................................................................Slovakia
COG..................................................................Congo LSO................................................................ Lesotho SVN.............................................................. Slovenia
COL.............................................................Colombia LTU.............................................................. Lithuania SWE............................................................... Sweden
CPV......................................................... Cape Verde LUX...................................................... Luxembourg SYC........................................................... Seychelles
CRI.............................................................Costa Rica LVA.................................................................... Latvia SYR.......................................................................Syria
CRO.................................................................Croatia MDA.............................................................Moldova TGO..................................................................... Togo
CUB.....................................................................Cuba MDG......................................................Madagascar THA..............................................................Thailand
CYP................................................................. Cyprus MEX.................................................................Mexico TJK.............................................................. Tajikistan
CZE................................................ Czech Republic MHL............................................... Marshall Islands TLS..........................................................Timor Leste
DJB................................................................Djibouti MLI.........................................................................Mali TTO.......................................Trinidad and Tobago
DNK.............................................................Denmark MLT.....................................................................Malta TKM....................................................Turkmenistan
DOM......................................Dominican Republic MMR.......................................................... Myanmar TUN................................................................. Tunisia
DPRK. Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of MNE .................................................... Montenegro TUR...................................................................Turkey
DRC..........Democratic Republic of the Congo MNG...........................................................Mongolia TZA...............................................................Tanzania
ECU................................................................Ecuador MOR.............................................................Morocco UAE......................................United Arab Emirates
EGY.....................................................................Egypt MOZ....................................................Mozambique UGA............................................................... Uganda
ERI..................................................................... Eritrea MRT......................................................... Mauritania UK.................................................United Kingdom
ESP......................................................................Spain MUS............................................................ Mauritius UKR................................................................Ukraine
EST...................................................................Estonia MWI.................................................................Malawi URY...............................................................Uruguay
ETH................................................................Ethiopia MYS..............................................................Malaysia US........................................................ United States
FIN.................................................................. Finland NAM............................................................. Namibia UZB.........................................................Uzbekistan
FLK................................................. Falkland Islands NCL..................................................New Caledonia VEN............................................................Venezuela
FJI..............................................................................Fiji NER..................................................................... Niger VNM............................................................. Vietnam
FRA...................................................................France NGA.................................................................Nigeria YEM................................................................. Yemen
FYROM.Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic NIC.............................................................Nicaragua ZMB................................................................Zambia
GAB..................................................................Gabon NLD.......................................................Netherlands ZWE..........................................................Zimbabwe
The Military Balance 2012
Index

Note: This index covers the essays Antigua and Barbuda 365, 370 Berlin (Germany) 72
on defence issues, regional policy Antonov, Anatoliy 184 Best Management Practices 413
and economic analysis and the top Antony, A.K. 216 Binational Border Security Plan (Colombia/
ten defence budgeting nations, found Arab Awakening 9–17, 42, 76, 191, 305, Brazil) 361
in chs 1 and 3–9. Page numbers for 313, 314, 315 bin Laden, Osama 40
the military capabilities data for Arab–Israeli wars 312 Black Sea Fleet (Russia) 187
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:27 13 March 2012

individual states are indicated in bold Arab League 304 Blair, Dennis 39
type. Capability data, figures, tables Archangelsk (Russia) 187 Blohm & Voss 81
and maps are not included. Arctic 43, 49, 187 ‘Blue Amazon’ (Brazil) 367
Argentina 362, 363, 364, 369, 370 Boeing 48, 190, 219, 224, 366
A Armenia 89 Boko Haram 414
Abbottabad (Pakistan) 40 Army Capabilities Integration Center Bolivia 362, 363, 374
King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (United States) 20 Border Enforcement (Iraq) 309
311, 313, 314 Asaad, Riadh 304 Bosnia-Herzegovina 17, 97
Abdulrahman bin Abdulaziz 311 Ashdod (Israel) 305 Botswana 416, 417, 422
ABG Shipyard 220 Ashkelon (Israel) 305 Bouazizi, Mohamed 12, 303
Abyan (Yemen) 303 Asia 40, 41, 205–224, 420 Bouteflika, Abdelaziz 10
Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) 414 al-Assad, Bashar 9, 10 Brazil 18, 19, 21, 22, 81, 361ff, 366–369,
Aegean Sea 305 al-Assad, Maher 9, 304 376, 418
Aero Vodochody 369 Atech 369 Brega (Libya) 13
Afghanistan 13, 16ff, 23ff, 27–30, 39, 40, 41, Austal USA 315 British Council 28
43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 71, 72, 73, 76, 77, Australia 21, 22, 23, 47, 207ff, 220, 226 Brunei 231
82, 83, 85, 209, 225 Australian Defence Force 207 Brussels (Belgium) 40
Afghan National Army 27 Austria 72, 73, 76, 90, 416, 417 Budget Control Act of 2011 (United States)
Afghan National Police 27 Avibras 369 44
Afghan National Security Forces 27, 28, 30 al-Awlaki, Anwar 304 Bulgaria 75, 76, 98
African Development Bank 418, 419 Azerbaijan 92 Bundeswehr University (Germany) 80
African Partnership Station (United States) Burkina Faso 414, 423
413 B Burundi 414, 424
African Peace and Security Architecture 411 BAE Systems 22, 312, 315, 366
African Standby Force 411 Baghdad International Airport (Iraq) 309 C
African Union 411, 415 Baghdad (Iraq) 308, 310 Calderón, Felipe 361
AFRICOM (United States) 12, 14, 40, 411 Bahamas 373 Cambodia 207, 232
al-Ahmar, Ali Muhsin 303 Bahrain 9, 11, 12, 46, 81, 303, 305, 307, 312, Cameron, David 81, 82
Airbus 190, 418 315, 318 Cameroon 411, 425
Air–Space Defence Command (Russia) Bahrain Defence Forces 9 Canada 13, 28, 49–50, 51
185, 186 Balkans 16, 26, 73 Canada First Defence Strategy 49
Alawites 9, 304 Balkh (Afghanistan) 27 Cape Verde 426
Albania 88 Baltic states 73 Caprivi (Namibia) 416
Algeria 10, 22, 23, 81, 306, 316, 413 Bamiyan (Afghanistan) 27 Caribbean 362, 363, 365
Al-Khalifa family 9, 10 Bangladesh 210, 229 Caribbean Community 364
Allamand, Andrés 363 Bangui (Central African Republic) 415 Carpathian mountains 305
Allen, John 27, 39 Baniyas (Syria) 304 Carter, Ashton 39
Allied Democratic Forces–National Army Ban Ki-moon 363 Caspian Sea Flotilla (Russia) 187
for the Liberation of Uganda 415 Barak, Ehud 305 Cassidian 81
All-Volunteer Force (United States) 44 Barbados 365, 373 Central Africa 415–416
Almaz-Antey 186, 190 Barinas (Venezuela) 362 Central African Republic 415, 416, 427
al-Qaeda 30, 40 Basra (Iraq) 83 Central America 361, 364, 365
al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula 303, 304 Beersheba (Israel) 305 Central American Integration System 361
al-Shabaab 415 Beijing (China) 212 Central Asia 41, 208, 210
Amazon 366, 367 Beijing Military Region (China) 213 Central Command (United States) 48
Amorim, Celso 366 Belarus 93 Central Intelligence Agency (United States)
Amos, James 47 Belgium 13, 73, 74, 95, 415, 416 39, 214
Anápolis (Brazil) 366 Belize 374 Central Military District (Russia) 187
Angola 414, 416, 418, 421 Ben Ali, Zine el-Abidene 9 Chad 416, 427
Annual Conference of South American Benghazi (Libya) 12, 13, 14, 303 Chanson, Francis 76
Defence Chiefs 362 Benin 422 Chemezov, Sergei 190
500 The Military Balance 2012

Chengdu 24 Democratic Party of Japan 223, 224 Red Flag 313


Chengdu Military Region (China) 213 Democratic Party (United States) 41, 43 Rivet Joint 16
Chile 21, 22, 361, 363, 364 Democratic Republic of the Congo 415, UNASUR I 363
China 19, 22ff, 42, 47, 191, 205ff, 211–216, 416, 430 Valiant Jetty 87
220, 222, 223, 224, 305, 363, 413, 414, Dempsey, Martin 39
416, 417, 418 Denel Dynamics 418 F
China Marine Surveillance 207 Denmark 13, 28, 73, 105 Facebook 12
Civil Order Police (Afghanistan) 27 Department for International Development Facilities Protection Service (Iraq) 309
Clapper, James R. 39 (United Kingdom) 82 FAdeA 369
Clinton, Hillary 42, 315, 362 Department for Security and Disarmament Fahd bin Abdullah 311
Clinton, William 47 Affairs (Russia) 184 FARC 367
Coast Guard (Canada) 49 Department of Defence (South Africa) 417 Fedayeen al-Maliki (Iraq) 310
Cochin Shipyard 216 Department of Defense (United States) 39, Federal Police (Brazil) 367
Cold War 18, 44, 220, 222, 224 211, 214 Federal Reserve (United States) 365
Colombia 361ff, 367, 381 Department of National Defence (Canada) Federal Security Council (Saudi Arabia) 315
Combined Joint Expeditionary Force 78 49 Federal Space Agency (Russia) 184
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:27 13 March 2012

Common Security and Defence Policy 71, Department of State (United States) 214, Federal Special Construction Agency
73 308 (Russia) 183
Compass Navigation Satellite System Deraa (Syria) 304 Federal Tax Service (Russia) 184
(China) 214 Diehl 81 Fifth Fleet (United States) 313
Comprehensive Spending Review (United Direction générale de l’armement (France) Fiji 210, 242
Kingdom) 87 77 Fincantieri 366
Congo 428 Directive on Defence and Security Finland 76, 109
Conservative Party (Canada) 49 Procurement (European Commission) 1st Armoured Division (Yemen) 303
Convention of Patriots for Justice and 75 1st Infantry Regiment (France) 77
Peace (Central African Republic) 415 Djibouti 222, 414, 432 Fisheries Law Enforcement Command
Costa Rica 361, 362, 365, 384 Dominican Republic 386 (China) 207
Côte d’Ivoire 78, 411, 429 Dongshan Island (China) 213 Foreign Military Financing (United States)
Cougar task group (United Kingdom) 313 Donilan, Thomas 39 416
Council of Ministers (Saudi Arabia) 311 Douala (Cameroon) 411 Foreign Military Sales (United States) 312,
Counter-Terrorism Bureau (Iraq) 310 Durieux, Benoît 76 314
Croatia 75, 100 Foreign Office (United Kingdom) 82
CTF 151 313 E 4th Armoured Division (Syria) 9, 304
Cuba 384 EADS 81 Fourth State Training and Operational Test
Cyber Operations Group (United East Africa 411, 414–415 Centre (Russia) 186
Kingdom) 81 East Asia 46, 47, 208, 210, 211, 220 Fox, Liam 81, 82, 83
Cyprus 102 East China Sea 205, 208, 212, 213, 220 France 13, 16, 17, 21, 22, 25, 73, 74, 76–79,
Czech Republic 73, 76, 185, 104, 369 Eastern Military District (Russia) 187 81, 111, 183, 187, 312, 313, 411, 413,
Eastern Province (Saudi Arabia) 312 416, 417
D East Sea 205 Franco-British defence treaty 77, 78
Dannatt, Richard 82 Eberhardt, Klaus 81 ‘Free Syrian Army’ 9, 304
da Silva, Luis Inácio Lula 366 ECOWAS 414 Fujimura, Osamu 224
Dassault 77, 78, 81, 219, 366 Ecuador 361, 363, 364, 387 Fukushima (Japan) 220
‘Day of Rage’ 305 Egypt 9ff, 42, 303, 304, 305, 313, 319 Funes, Mauricio 361
DCNS 78, 366 Elbit 366, 367, 369 Future Years Defense Plan (United States)
Defence and Military Cooperation Electronic Warfare Directorate (Russia) 47
agreement (Colombia/Brazil) 361 184
Defence Equipment and Support (United El Salvador 361, 364, 389 G
Kingdom) 82 Embraer 366, 367, 369 Gabon 435
Defence Policy Guidelines (Germany) 79, Embraer Defesa e Segurança 369 Gadhafi, Muammar 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17,
80 Equateur (DRC) 415 19, 20, 303
Defence Reform Review (United Kingdom) Equatorial Guinea 433 Gambia 436
82, 86 Eritrea 411, 414, 415, 433 Gates, Robert 16, 17, 39, 40, 41, 45, 47, 73,
Defence White Papers Estonia 76, 107 74, 212, 308, 315
Australia 207 Ethiopia 411, 414, 415, 419, 434 Gaza 10, 26, 305
China 211, 213 Eurocopter 367 Gbagbo, Laurent 78
France 76, 78 Europe 12, 17, 18, 23, 24, 40, 47, 50, 71–87, GCHQ (United Kingdom) 81
Japan 205, 220, 222 184, 205, 363, 418 General Authority for Civil Aviation (Saudi
Defense Planning Guidance (United States) European Commission 75, 76 Arabia) 311
43 European Defence Agency 71, 76 General Staff (Russia) 183, 184, 185, 187
Defense Security Cooperation Agency European Union 71, 73, 76, 414, 417 Georgia 19, 25, 116, 183, 188
(United States) 304 Exercises Germany 13, 23, 24, 71, 73, 74, 76, 79–81,
Deficit Reduction Action Plan (Canada) 49 Anatolian Express 313 117, 188, 208, 315
Deir el-Zour (Syria) 304 Centre 2011 183 Ghana 413, 419, 437
de Maizière, Thomas 79, 80, 81, 188 Flandres 2011 78 Global Positioning System (United States)
Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Mission Action 213 214
Congo 415 Red Alligator 313 Golan Heights 10
Index 501

Google 214 Interior Ministry (Egypt) 9, 12 Khafji (Saudi Arabia) 312


Government of South Sudan 415 International Atomic Energy Agency 42 Khalid bin Sultan 311, 315
Gray, Bernard 82, 86, 87 International Court of Justice 362 ‘Khamis’ Brigade (Libya) 9
Greece 73, 74, 121, 305 International Maritime Bureau 413 Khan, Jan Muhammad 28
Greenert, Jonathan 40 International Military Education and Kim Jong-il 206
Guam 47 Training (United States) 416 Kim Jong-un 206
Guangzhou Military Region (China) 213, International Monetary Fund 43, 209, 214, Kim Kwan-jin 206
214 305, 364, 367, 418, 419 King Faisal Naval Academy (Saudi Arabia)
Guatemala 364, 390 International Security Assistance Force 20, 312
Guatemala City (Guatemala) 361 27, 28, 30, 39, 40 King Khalid Military City (Saudi Arabia)
Guillaud, Edouard 77 International Symposium on Air Defence 307
Guinea 116 307 Kismayo (Somalia) 415
Guinea–Bissau 414, 438 Iran 10, 11, 42, 305, 306, 307–308, 311, 312, Korean peninsula 205, 206
Gulf Cooperation Council 11, 303, 304, 323, 363 Korean War 20, 44
305, 307–308, 312 Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps 22 Kosovo 16, 17
Gulf of Aden 313, 413 Iraq 13, 16ff, 23ff, 39, 40ff, 46, 47, 82, 85, Krasnoznamensk (Russia) 186
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:27 13 March 2012

Gulf of Guinea 413 222, 306, 308–310, 311, 326 Krauss-Maffei Wegmann 81, 366
Gulf War 307, 312 Iraqi Federal Police 309, 310 Kunduz (Afghanistan) 27
Guyana 363, 391 Iraq Training and Advisory Mission Kurdistan Democratic Party (Iraq) 308, 310
(United States) 308 Kurds 304, 310
H Ireland 73, 126 Kuwait 46, 305, 307, 312, 333
Hainan Island (China) 207 Irving Shipbuilding Inc. 49 Kyrgyzstan 208, 209, 262
Haiti 363, 392 Israel 10, 26, 77, 206, 304, 305, 315, 328, 366,
Hamas 10 414, 416 L
Hama (Syria) 304 Istanbul Cooperation Initiative 72 Labour Party (United Kingdom) 84
Hammond, Philip 82 Itaguaí (Brazil) 366 Lanzhou military region (China) 213
Hanshin-Awaji earthquake 222 Italy 21, 23, 73, 74, 76, 127, 305, 366, 416 Laos 263
Haqqani Network 28, 30 Ivanov, Oleg 184 Larissa (Greece) 305
Harper, Stephen 49 Ivanov, Sergey 189 Larsen & Toubro 220
Harpia 369 Iveco 366 Lashkar Gah (Afghanistan) 27, 28
Hashemites 10 Latin America 361–369
Hashid tribal confederation (Yemen) 304 J Lattaqiyah (Syria) 304
Hayden, Michael 214 Jalalabad (Afghanistan) 28 Latvia 76, 131
Helibras 367 Jamaica 365, 393 Lavrov, Sergey 363
Helmand (Afghanistan) 27, 28, 83 Japan 23, 39, 43, 205, 208, 210, 212, Lebanon 10, 304, 336
Heluin, Bruno 76 220–224, 251 Lehman Brothers 214
Herat (Afghanistan) 27, 50 Japan Air Self-Defense Force 224 Le Nen, Nicolas 76
Hindustan Aeronautics 219 Japan Coast Guard 220 Leslie, Andrew 49
Hizbullah 10, 26, 305 Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force 222, Lesotho 417, 440
‘Homeland Guard’ (Brazil) 366 224 Lord Levene 82
Homs (Syria) 304 Japan Self-Defense Forces 220, 222, 223 Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) 223
Honduras 361, 364, 392 JD-3.4.4 Contre-Insurrection 76 Liberia 411, 441
Hong Kong 208 Jebel Nafusa (Libya) 12, 13, 16 Libya 9ff, 12–17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 27, 39ff,
Horizon project 21 Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) 308 50, 72, 73, 76, 77, 78, 82, 83, 85, 212,
House of Commons Defence Committee Jinan Military Region (China) 213 303, 304, 306, 337
(United Kingdom) 83 Jobim, Nelson 366 Libya Contact Group 12
House of Commons Liaison Committee Joint Forces Command (United Kingdom) Libyan Army 14
(United Kingdom) 83 82 Line of Actual Control (India/China) 216
Houthi militias (Yemen/Saudi Arabia) 304, Joint Forces Command (United States) 39, Lithuania 132
312, 313 43, 45 Lipetsk (Russia) 186
Humala, Ollanta 362 Joint Logistics Departments (China) 213 Lisbon (Portugal) 71
Hungary 73, 74, 124 Joint Select Committee on Deficit Lisbon Treaty 76
Hussein, Saddam 310 Reduction (United States) 39, 44 Litani River 305
Jones, James 39 Lockheed Martin 22, 24, 214, 224, 309, 315
I Jonglei (South Sudan) 414 Lord’s Resistance Army 415, 416
Iceland 125 Jordan 10, 11, 13, 72, 331 Luxembourg 133
Independent Commission of Inquiry Lynn, William J., III 39, 46
(Bahrain) 12 K
India 19, 22, 24, 25, 81, 191, 205, 208, 209, Kabul (Afghanistan) 27, 28, 30, 50 M
210, 213, 216–220, 243, 313, 416 Kaliningrad (Russia) 186 MacArthur, Douglas 40
Indian Navy 216 KamAZ 190 Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic
Indian Ocean 76, 208, 212, 216, 222, 413 Kandahar (Afghanistan) 27, 28, 49 134
Indonesia 22, 23, 25, 42, 206, 209, 248 Karzai, Ahmed Wali 28 MacKay, Peter 49
Integrated Border Monitoring System Karzai, Hamid 27, 28 Madagascar 442
(SISFRON) (Brazil) 367, 369 Kazakhstan 208, 209, 255 Maehara, Seiji 223, 224
InterContinental Hotel (Kabul, Kenya 413, 414, 415, 416, 439 Mai-Mai (Uganda) 415
Afghanistan) 28 Kerala (India) 216 Main Operations Directorate (Russia) 184
502 The Military Balance 2012

Major Projects Review Board (United Moscow (Russia) 184, 186 Nigeria 414, 447
Kingdom) 87 Movement for Democracy and Noda, Yoshihiko 223
Makarov, Nikolay 183, 184, 187 Development (Chad) 416 North Africa 191, 303–315
Malawi 442 Movement for Democracy and Justice in Northern Bahr el Ghazal (South Sudan) 414
Malaysia 23, 42, 206, 207, 208, 209, 264 Chad 416 Northern Command (United States) 43
Mali 413, 414, 443 Mozambique 417, 444 Northern Fleet (Russia) 187
al-Maliki, Nuri 308, 310 Mubarak, Hosni 9, 11, 42, 304 ‘Northern Shield’ (Argentina) 362
Malta 135 Mullen, Michael 30, 39, 42, 45, 46, 308 North Korea 42, 47, 205, 206, 208, 213,
MAN Military Vehicles 81 Munich (Germany) 80 222, 256
Marine Corps (United States) 16, 44, 47 Murmansk (Russia) 187 North Waziristan (Pakistan) 30
Maritime Safety Administration (China) Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement Norway 13, 76, 141
207 (United States/Saudi Arabia) 312 Nova Scotia (Canada) 49
Mauritania 338 Myanmar 207, 268
Mauritius 444 O
Mazar-e Sharif (Afghanistan) 27, 50 N Obama, Barack 12, 17, 27, 40, 41, 43, 308,
McCain, John 41, 366 Namibia 416, 417, 445 362, 366
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:27 13 March 2012

McRaven, William 48 Nanhao Group 214 Oboronprom 190


Mecca (Saudi Arabia) 311 Nanjing Military Region (China) 213 Oceania 42
Mectron 369 National Audit Office (United Kingdom) Odebrecht 369
Medina (Saudi Arabia) 311 87 Odierno, Raymond T. 39, 47
Mediterranean 50, 83, 212 National Counter Terrorism Force (Iraq) Office of Management and Budget (United
Mediterranean Dialogue 72 310 States) 39
Medvedev, Dmitry 183, 185, 188 National Defence Programme Guidelines Office of Security Cooperation (United
Mehtar Lam (Afghanistan) 27 (Japan) 205, 220, 222, 223, 224 States) 309
Memorandum of Understanding National Defence Strategy (Brazil) 366, Office of the Commander in Chief (Iraq)
(Colombia/Chile) 361 368, 369 310
Mexico 18, 361, 364, 394 National Guard (United States) 313 Office of the UN High Commissioner for
Middle East 40, 41, 42, 46, 81, 191, 303–315 National Military Strategy (United States) Human Rights 303
Mid-Term Defence Programme (Japan) 220 41, 42, 43 Oil and Natural Gas Corporation 216
Military Academy (Russia) 184 National Security Agency (United States) Oil Police (Iraq) 309
Military Training Mission (United States) 44 Okinawa (Japan) 47, 212, 224
312 National Security Apparatus (Bahrain) Olympic Games (Brazil) 369
Ministry of Defence and Aviation (Saudi 12 Oman 342
Arabia) 311, 313 National Security Council (United OPEC 313
Ministries of Defence Kingdom) 82 Operations
Brazil 366, 369 National Security Law (Mexico) 361 Agate I 367
Colombia 362 National Security Strategy (United Agate II 367
Germany 80, 81 Kingdom) 81 Athena 49
Guinea–Bissau 414 National Security Strategy (United States) Attention 50
India 219, 220 41 Enduring Freedom–Maritime Interdiction
Iraq 309, 310 National Transitional Council (Libya) 13, Operation 222
Japan 223, 224 16, 303 Enduring Freedom Trans Sahara 414
Russia 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189 NATO 11ff, 16, 17, 19, 20, 27, 28, 30, 40, 41, Iraqi Freedom 18, 19
United Kingdom 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 312 50, 71ff, 77, 78, 80, 83, 85, 186 Linda Nchi 415
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry NATO Training Mission–Afghanistan 50 Mobile 50
(Japan) 223 Naval vessels Sentinel 367
Ministry of Finance (India) 217 RFS Admiral Gorshkov 216 Tomodachi 220
Ministry of Finance (Japan) 223 INS Arihant 216, 217 Tsuro 417
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia) 184 INS Chakra 216, 217 Unified Protector 12, 40, 72, 73
Ministry of Industry and Trade (Russia) ROKS Cheonan 206, 220 Orbisat 367
190 FNS Charles de Gaulle 77 Oto Melara 22
Ministry of Interior (Iraq) 309, 310 FNS Foudre 22 Ouattara, Alassane 78, 411
Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia) 185, HMS Hermes 216
188 JS Hyuga 222 P
Ministry of Justice (Brazil) 367 SNS Juan Carlos I 22 Pacific Command (United States) 212
MINUSTAH 363, 366 RFA Largs Bay 22 Pacific Fleet (Russia) 187
Misrata (Libya) 12, 13, 14, 16 SNV Varyag 212, 213 Pakistan 24, 25, 28, 30, 40, 42, 72, 208, 216,
Missile Defense Agency (United States) 44 INS Vikramaditya 216, 217 272, 313
Miyagi (Japan) 222 INS Viraat 216 Palestinian Territories 343
Miyako-Jima (Japan) 212 PLANS Xuzhou 212 Panama 361, 364, 365, 397
Miyako Strait 212 RFS Yuriy Dolgorukiy 187 Panetta, Leon 30, 39, 45, 46, 73, 309
Mogadishu (Somalia) 415 N’Djamena Accord 416 Panjsher (Afghanistan) 27
Moldova 136 Nepal 269 Pankov, Nikolai 184
Mongolia 208, 209, 267 Netherlands 13, 24, 28, 71, 75, 76, 138 Papua New Guinea 208, 210, 275
Montenegro, 137 New Zealand 21, 270 Paraguay 362, 363, 364, 398
MONUSCO 415 Nicaragua 362, 364, 365, 397 Paris (France) 77
Morocco 10, 339 Niger 413, 414, 446 Partnership for Peace 72
Index 503

Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (Iraq) 308, 310 Royal Navy (United Kingdom) 21, 22, South African Air Force 418, 419
Pearl roundabout (Bahrain) 305 312, 313 South African National Defence Force
Peninsula Shield Force 11, 305, 307 Royal Saudi Air Force 311, 312, 315 417, 419
People’s Armed Police (China) 215 Royal Saudi Land Forces 311, 312 South American Defence Council 363
People’s Liberation Army (China) 205, 207, Royal Saudi Navy 312, 313, 315 South Asia 208, 210
211, 212, 213, 214, 363 Royal Thai Air Force 207 South China Sea 205, 207, 208, 213, 216
People’s Liberation Army Navy (China) Russia 19, 22, 24, 25, 72, 78, 183–191, 192, Southeast Asia 206–208, 210
207, 212, 216 206, 208, 212, 216, 217, 315, 362, 363, Southern Africa 416–417
People’s Liberation Army Navy Marines 365, 414, 415, 419 Southern African Development Communit
(China) 213 Russia–Georgia War 18, 183, 188 417
People’s Liberation Army of Namibia 416 Russian Federal Service for Military– Southern Command (United States) 362
Perry, Rick 41 Technical Cooperation 191 Southern Cone 362
Persian Gulf 10, 11, 14, 41, 305, 308 Russian Space Agency 190 ‘Southern Cross’ (Argentina/Chile) 363
Peru 361, 362, 363, 364, 399 Rwanda 415, 448 South Kordofan (Sudan) 414
Petén (Guatemala) 361 South Korea 22, 39, 205, 206, 208, 209, 210,
Petraeus, David 27, 39 S 220, 259, 413
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:27 13 March 2012

Philippines 42, 207, 208, 209, 276 Saab 366, 418 South Sudan 414, 454
Pipavav Shipyard 220 al-Sadr, Muqtada 308 South West African Territorial Force
Poland 13, 73, 76, 143, 185 Sahel 411, 413 (Namibia) 416
Policy of Security and Defence for Said, Khaled 12 Soviet Union 22, 188, 189, 190, 191, 208,
Prosperity (Colombia) 362 Saleh, Ahmed 9 212. See also Russia
Popovkin, Vladimir 184, 189 Saleh, Ali Abdullah 9, 11, 303, 304 Space Forces (Russia) 186
Portugal 73, 74, 145 Salman bin Abdulaziz 311 Spain 13, 22, 73, 76, 154, 315, 413, 417
Portuguese Language Community 414 Sana’a (Yemen) 303 Special Police Commandos (Iraq) 310
Prime Minister’s Counter-Terrorism Force San Cristóbal (Venezuela) 362 Sri Lanka 210, 281
(Iraq) 309 Santiago (Chile) 362 Standard & Poor’s 43
Project Salam 315 Santos, Juan Manuel 362 State Defence Order (Russia) 183, 184, 185
‘Protected Amazon’ (Brazil) 366 Sardinia (Italy) 305 State Oceanic Administration (China) 207
Public Accounts Committee (United Sarkozy, Nicolas 77 State Security Investigations Service
Kingdom) 82 Saudi Arabia 10, 11, 42, 81, 303, 304, 305, (Egypt) 12
Puricelli, Arturo 363 307, 311–313, 346 Status of Forces Agreement (United States/
Putin, Vladimir 183, 188 Saudi Arabian National Guard 11, 307, Iraq) 308
311, 312 St Nazaire (France) 78
Q Saudi Arabian Projects Team (United Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty 184
Qatar 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 46, 72, 305, 306, Kingdom) 312 Strategic Border Plan (Brazil) 367
307, 344 Saudi–British Defence Cooperation Strategic Concept (NATO) 71, 72, 73
Quadrennial Defense Review (United Programme 312 Strategic Defence and Security Review
States) 41 Schwartz, Norton 48 (United Kingdom) 24, 81, 82, 83, 84
Queensland (Australia) 208 Senate Armed Services Committee (United STX shipyard 78
States) 41, 45 Sudan 414, 416, 455
R Senegal 413, 414, 449 Sudan People’s Liberation Army 414
Rabbani, Burhanuddin 28 Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands 220 Sukhorukov, Aleksandr 184, 189
Rasmussen, Anders Fogh 71, 72, 74, 75 9/11 18, 19, 20, 21, 23 Sultan bin Abdulaziz 311
Reagan, Ronald 44 Serbia 16, 149 Sunnis 9, 10, 11, 12
Republican Guard (Syria) 304 Serdyukov, Anatoliy 183, 184, 188, 189 Sun Shuxian 207
Republican Guard (Tunisia) 9 Severodvinsk (Russia) 187 Supreme Council for the Armed Forces
Republican Guard (Yemen) 9, 303 Seychelles 450 (Egypt) 12, 304
Republican Party (United States) 41, 43 shabbiha (Syria) 9, 304 Suriname 363, 402
Responsibility to Protect 17, 41 Shangri-La Dialogue 206 Surovikin, Sergei 187
Revolution in Military Affairs 18 Shi’ites 10, 11, 12, 305, 309 Sweden 13, 23, 72, 76, 158
Rheinmetall 81 Sicily (Italy) 50 Switzerland 72, 160, 417
Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) 366 Siemens 81 Syria 9, 11, 25, 303, 304, 306, 312, 348
Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) 311 Sierra Leone 411, 451
Rogozin, Dmitry 72 Sikorsky 367 T
Romania 75, 76, 147, 305 Sinai 10, 305 Tactical Missile Corporation 186
Romney, Mitt 41 Singapore 23, 42, 47, 206, 208, 278 Taiwan 39, 205, 206, 208, 213, 282
Rosatom 190 Singapore Armed Forces 206 Ta’izz (Yemen) 303
Rosoboronexport 78, 190 Sinikova, Nadezhda 189 Tajikistan 208, 209, 285
Rosoboronpostavka 189 Sirte (Libya) 12, 303 Taliban 19, 27, 28
Rosoboronzakaz 189 Sisulu, Lindiwe 417, 419, 420 Tantawi, Mohammed 304
Rostekhnologii (Russian Technologies) Skokov, Sergei 184 Tanzania 456
corporation 190 Slovakia 73, 76, 152, 416 Tarin Kot (Afghanistan) 28
Roughead, Gary 40 Slovenia 76, 153 Task Force Charlottetown 50
Rousseff, Dilma 366, 367, 368 Social Democratic Party of Japan 224 Task Force Libeccio 50
Royal Air Force (United Kingdom) 16, Somalia 413, 414, 415, 417, 451 Task Force Vancouver 50
24, 83 South Africa 415, 416, 417, 417–418, 418, Tea Party movement (United States) 41
Royal Marines (United Kingdom) 83 419, 420, 452 Tenth Malaysia Plan 206
504 The Military Balance 2012

Territorial Army (United Kingdom) 83 United Aircraft Corporation 190, 219 Vietnam 23, 42, 206, 207, 208, 210, 216, 292
Thailand 23, 42, 206ff, 286 United Arab Emirates 11, 13, 17, 72, 305, Vietnam War 20, 44
Thales 219 307, 352 VSMPO-AVISMA 190
Timor Leste 289 United Kingdom 11, 12, 16, 17, 19ff, 27,
Togo 457 28, 71, 73, 76, 81–87, 168, 208, 312, 315, W
Tohoku earthquake 220 413, 415, 416, 417 Warsaw Pact 185
Transportation Command (United States) United Nations 17, 222, 363, 411, 414ff Wegmann group 81
43 United Nations Security Council 17, 28, 304 West Africa 411–414, 414
Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism UNSCR 1973 12, 13, 14, 16, 20, 50, 73, 303 West Bank 26
Partnership 414 United Shipbuilding Corporation 187, 190 Western Pacific 212
Tretyak, Andrei 184 United States 10ff, 17, 19, 20, 22ff, 27, 28, West Point (United States) 40, 41
Trinidad and Tobago 402 30, 39–49, 54, 72, 74, 75, 76, 83, 184, Wieker, Volker 79
‘Tripoli Brigade’ (Libya) 14 186, 191, 205, 206, 207, 211, 214, 216, WikiLeaks 313
Tripoli (Libya) 12, 13, 17 219, 220, 304, 305, 307, 308, 309, 312, Willard, Robert 212
Tunisia 9, 10, 12, 303, 351 313, 315, 361, 363, 364, 414, 415, 417, World Bank 415
Turkey 10, 11, 13, 162, 304, 305, 313 418 World Cup (football) 369, 420
Downloaded by [Nanyang Technological University] at 02:27 13 March 2012

Turkmenistan 208, 209, 289 Unity (South Sudan) 414


25th Mechanised Infantry Brigade Upper Nile (South Sudan) 414 Y
(Venezuela) 362 Uribe, Álvaro 361, 362 Cyclone Yasi 208
21st Infantry Brigade (Venezuela) 362 Uruguay 363, 364, 403 Yellow Sea 212
US Air Force 42, 44, 47, 48, 309 Yemen 9, 11, 303, 304, 306, 311, 354
U US Army 44, 47 Yeonpyeong Island (South Korea) 206, 220
Uganda 414, 416, 419, 458 US Navy 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 205, 315, 413 Yonhap 206
Ukraine 165, 414, 415, 416 Uzbekistan 208, 290
UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan 28 Uzbin (Afghanistan) 76 Z
UN Economic Commission for Africa 418, Zambia 459
419 V ZANU-PF (South Africa) 417
Unified Command Plan (United States) Vancouver Shipyards 49 Zarya (Russia) 186
43 Vane, Michael 20 Zetas drug gang 361
UNIOGBIS 414 Venezuela 191, 362, 363, 364, 365, 367, 404 Zimbabwe 416, 417, 461
Union of Resistance Forces (Chad) 416 Vertolety Rossii 190 Zinjibar (Yemen) 303
Union of South American Nations 363 Veterans of Foreign Wars (United States) Zoller, Stefan 81
United Aero-Engine Corporation 190 41 zu Guttenberg, Karl-Theodor 79

You might also like