1. What is the representation of relief for a topographic map?

Other representation of relief for a topographic map was the contour line is an imaginary line that
connects points on the ground surface. It can be defined as a slope or a steep slope and relief on
topographic maps may be shown effectively using contour lines. They may be described as an imaginary
line connecting two places on the ground that are of equal elevation.

2. what are spot heights?

spot height can be accurately measured and are used to indicate local peaks that are substantially higher
than the higher contour line close to them. The location of the point and the height of the highest
elevation are usually displayed on the chart's margin. Height is measured in meters above sea level on a
map. Spot heights depict the elevation of a specific location on the map. The lines connect equal-height
areas: Closely spaced contour lines indicate territory that rapidly rises or falls in elevation.

3. What are hachures?

Hachures map is like contour methods that use and it was image as gray and black in the map French
cartographers referred to these shading lines as "hachures" as the use of shading grew more systematic
in the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. The land's slope is represented by hachures ang the fewer
the lines, the gentler the slope. the lack of a line denotes flat terrain. This method is demonstrated in
the graphic on the right side of the document.

4. Define form lines

a line drawn on a map to show surface layout in a broad sense without identifying heights.

5. What are contour lines?

Contour lines is an sample of map line that represents an imaginary line on the ground surface with all
points at the same height above a datum plane, generally mean sea level.

6. What is layer tinting?

The Layer tinting method also known as “hypsometric tinting”, is a way of depicting relief on maps and
charts by coloring portions of them in different hues. Color gradients and gradient tints are also known
as height tint, altitude tint, and layer tint.

7. What is shading on mapping?

Shaded relief, also known as hill-shading, depicts the form of the terrain in a realistic manner by
demonstrating how a point light source would illuminate the three-dimensional surface. The shadows
usually follow the top-left lighting standard, which places the light source in the map's upper-left corner.
An example of map that use shading relief was choropleth map is a type of themed map in which
geographic areas are colored, shaded, or patterned in proportion to a numerical value. When viewing a
variable and how it varies over specific regions or geopolitical areas, this sort of map can be very useful.
 8. What is relief or terrain model?

The distance between a location's highest and lowest elevations is known as relief or terrian The, for
example, is spectacular, featuring both mountains and valleys in the vicinity. The topography of a
specific area is depicted on a two-dimensional relief map or the topography map given area.

9. What is ridge & stream lining

A mountain streamlining ridge, also known as a ridgeline, is a long, high crest formed by a series of
mountains or hills. The ridge's slopes fall away from the small summit on both sides. Hills and mountains
are other terms for ridges. And in stream lining in Geological structure and local topography appear to
have restricted the formation of these smooth bedrock ridges.

10. What is Subaqueous contours

Subaqueous contours was a portrayal of relief of the ground underwater is done and the outlines of the
subaqueous environment. Seashores and huge inland lakes, for instance, are frequently depicted on
topographic maps. Index Contour. The contour line is used to make it easier to scale elevations and to
speed up reading contours. shown by a thicker line spaced out more frequently.

11. What is the different characteristics of contour lines?

 All points on a contour line are of the same elevation.

 No two contour lines can meet or cross each other except in the rare case of an overhanging
vertical cliff or wall

 Closely spaced contour lines indicate steep slope

 Widely spaced contour lines indicate gentle slope

 Equally spaced contour lines indicate uniform slope

 Closed contour lines with higher elevation towards the centre indicate hills

 Closed contour lines with reducing levels towards the centre indicate pond or other depression.

 Contour lines of ridge show higher elevation within the loop of the contours. Contour lines cross
ridge at right angles.

 Contour lines of valley show reducing elevation within the loop of the contours. Contour lines
cross valley at right angles.

 All contour lines must close either within the map boundary or outside.

12. What is the different method of obtaining contour?