AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY-BANGLADESH (AIUB)

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING LAB

SECTION: A LAB NO: 5 GR NO:
SEMESTER: FALL 21-22 DATE:

TITLE: Mobile Wireless Propagation Models II and Path Loss Estimation.

Submitted by:
NAME: NOVA, KHAN EMDADUL HAQUE
ID: 17-34058-1

ID NAME DEPT
17-34058-1 NOVA,KHAN EMDADUL HAQUE EEE
16-32428-2 ALAM, ASHRAF UL EEE
GROUP-2 16-32083-2 JABER, MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH-AN-NAYEEM EEE
15-30409-3 SHUVO, MD. SHAZZAD HOSSAIN EEE
17-34592-2 NOMAN, SHIBLY EEE

SUBMITTED TO:
SHUVRA SAHA
DEPARTMENT OF EEE, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

© Dept. of EEE & COE, FE, AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY-BANGLADESH (AIUB)

Introduction:
Radio-frequency propagation is fuzzy in nature in multipath environments because of irregular terrain, RF
barriers, and scattering phenomena. The performance of mobile communication systems is limited by the
radio channel, and the transmission path between transmitter and receiver varies randomly from simple line
of sight (LOS) to one obstructed severely by building and foliage [3]. Most cellular radio system operates in
urban environment there is no direct wave at the receiver. Rather, an integrated wave resulting from
diffraction, reflection, and scattering from various obstacles (buildings, moving
objects, etc.)

Objective:
The objectives of this experiment are:
1.
2.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING LAB [EEE] [A] 2

Theory and Methodology:
System Model:
1. CCIR (ITU-R) model
This model[1]takes terrain profile and its induced path loss into account in addition to the free space
path loss and is given by

where, a(hm ) = [1.1Log10( fMHz) − 0.7]hm − [1.56Log10( fMHz) − 0.8]

B = (% area covered by building)
So, the maximum distance in ITU-R model is given by

2. Hata model
The Hata model is the empirical formulization of the graphical path loss information provided by Okumora
[3]. It is based on ITU-R model and extensive measurements of urban as well as suburban radio propagation
losses. This model provides a standard formula for path loss in urban environment and correction equations
for other environments (suburban and rural as well) and isgiven by
LT − Hata(urban) = 69.55+ 26.16log10 fc −13.82log10 hte − a(hre) + (44.9 − 6.55log10
hte)log10 d (1.7)

© Dept. of EEE & COE, FE, AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY-BANGLADESH (AIUB)

For open areas (rural), the formula is modified as

Hence, the maximum distance in Hata model is given by

For higher carrier frequencies [2] of 1500 – 2000 MHz, the following modification of Hata model for urban
area has been proposed.

Additional correction factor, C = 0 dB for medium-sized cities and = 3 dB for metropolitan centers. These
modified equations have been successfully used for cellular mobile network design at 1800MHz band.
However, itshould be noted that(modified) Hata model is only valid for macrocell (d > 1 km) design Note
that in the aforementioned models, hb and hte, hm and hre, as well asf (MHz) and fc are used
interchangeably.

Simulation:
1. Plot the path losses as a function of distance for all considered models. Draw a
conclusion on which model you should consider, based on the results, using
comparative analysis method.
8
Matlab Code
% CMCL 01: Wireless propagation models and path loss estimation
% Part I: Define Variables
fMHz=900; % define RF carrier frequency in MHz Pt=39; % define
BS transmitting power in dBm dis_inc=1; % define incremental
distance for the graph dis_max=10; % define maximum distance (cell edge distance)
% define path loss variable for different models
LT_FS=randi([0 0],1,dis_max); % free-space
LT_ccir=randi([0 0],1,dis_max); % CCIR or ITU-R
LT_Hata_ur_smci=randi([0 0],1,dis_max); % Hata urban: small/medum city
LT_Hata_sur_smci=randi([0 0],1,dis_max); % Hata suburban
LT_Hata_op_smci=randi([0 0],1,dis_max); % Hata open or rural
LT_Hata_ur_lci=randi([0 0],1,dis_max); % Hata urban; large city
% Part II: Path loss versus distance estimation for
d_km=1:dis_inc:dis_max
LT_Hata_op_smci=randi([0 0],1,dis_max); % Hata open or rural
LT_Hata_ur_lci=randi([0 0],1,dis_max); % Hata urban; large city
% Part II: Path loss versus distance estimation for d_km=1:dis_inc:dis_max
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 9
%================================================================
===
=====================
% Model 1: Free-space path loss model
LT_FS(d_km)=32.45+(20*log10(d_km))+(20*log10(fMHz)); % path loss
% Model 2: CCIR (ITU-R) path loss model hb=8; %
define BS height in m hm=1; % define MS height in
m
a_hm=((1.1*log10(fMHz)-0.7)*hm)-(1.56*log10(fMHz)-0.8);
B=log10(0.25); % 25% area covered by buildings
LT_ccir(d_km)=69.55+(26.16*log10(fMHz))-(13.82*log10(hb))a_hm+((44.9-
(6.55*log10(hb)))*log10(d_km))-B; % path loss
%================================================================
===
=====================
% Model 3: Hata path loss model hte=hb; % define
BS height in m hre=hm; % define MS height in m
% correction factor for small and medium sized city a_hre_smci=(1.1*log10(fMHz)-
0.7)*hre-(1.56*log10(fMHz)-0.8); % Hata path loss for urban area: small and
medium sized city LT_Hata_ur_smci(d_km)=69.55+26.16*log10(fMHz)-
13.82*log10(hte)a_hre_smci+(44.9-6.55*log10(hte))*log10(d_km);
% Hata path loss for suburban area
LT_Hata_sur_smci(d_km)=LT_Hata_ur_smci(d_km)-2*(log10(fMHz/28))^25.4;
% Hata path loss for open (rural) area
LT_Hata_op_smci(d_km)=LT_Hata_ur_smci(d_km)-
4.78*(log10(fMHz))^2+18.33*log10(fMHz)-40.98;
% correction factor for large city, carrier frequency>300 MHz
a_hre_lci=3.2*((log10(11.75*hre))^2)-4.97;
% Hata path loss for urban area: large city
LT_Hata_ur_lci(d_km)=69.55+26.16*log10(fMHz)-
13.82*log10(hte)a_hre_lci+(44.9-6.55*log10(hte))*log10(d_km); end
%================================================================
=
% Define Output variables
disp('Path loss versus distance for wireless propagation models'); s=1:dis_inc:dis_max;
plot(s,LT_FS,s,LT_ccir,s,LT_Hata_ur_smci,s,LT_Hata_sur_smci,s,LT_Hat
a_op_smci,s,LT_Hata_ur_lci),grid
legend('Free-space','ITU-R','Hata urban: small and medium
city','Hata suburban','Hata open (rural)','Hata urban: large city'); xlabel ('distance in km');
ylabel ('path loss in dB');

© Dept. of EEE & COE, FE, AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY-BANGLADESH (AIUB)

The Hata open (rural) model is similar to the free space model relative to others, as we observed in the
experiment graph. Here, we concluded that the Hata open (rural) model provides the best results,
particularly at greater distances. Compared to other models, the ITU-R model gives us the highest path loss
for long distances since we get all the potential obstacles in the ITU-R model.
2. Plot the received signal power Pr as a function of distance (similar to Question 01). Assume transmit
power Pt = 39 dBm, total antenna gain Gt = 28 dBi (14 dBi for each antenna: Tx and Rx), total cable loss Lc
= 4 dB (2 dB at each side; Tx and Rx). Hint: use Equation 1.1.

% CMCL 01: Wireless propagation models and path loss estimation % Part I: Define Variables fMHz=900;
% define RF carrier frequency in MHz Pt=39; % define BS transmitting power in dBm Gt=28; dis_inc=1; %
define incremental distance for the graph dis_max=10; % define maximum distance (cell-edge distance) %
define path loss variable for different models LT_FS=randi([0 0],1,dis_max); % free-space
LT_ccir=randi([0 0],1,dis_max); % CCIR or ITU-R LT_Hata_ur_smci=randi([0 0],1,dis_max); % Hata
urban: small/medum city % CMCL 01: Wireless propagation models and path loss estimation % Part I:
Define Variables fMHz=900; % define RF carrier frequency in MHz Pt=39; % define BS transmitting
power in dBm Gt=28; dis_inc=1; % define incremental distance for the graph dis_max=10; % define
maximum distance (cell-edge distance) % define path loss variable for different models LT_FS=randi([0
0],1,dis_max); % free-space LT_ccir=randi([0 0],1,dis_max); % CCIR or ITU-R
LT_Hata_ur_smci=randi([0 0],1,dis_max); % Hata urban: small/medum city 12
LT_Hata_sur_smci=randi([0 0],1,dis_max); % Hata suburban LT_Hata_op_smci=randi([0 0],1,dis_max); %
Hata open or rural LT_Hata_ur_lci=randi([0 0],1,dis_max); % Hata urban; large city % Part II: Path loss
versus distance estimation for d_km=1:dis_inc:dis_max
%========================================================= ==========
===================== % Model 1: Free-space path loss model
LT_FS(d_km)=32.45+(20*log10(d_km))+(20*log10(fMHz)); % path loss Pr_FS(d_km) = Pt + Gt -
LT_FS(d_km); % Model 2: CCIR (ITU R) path loss model hb=8; % define BS height in m hm=1; %
define MS height in m a_hm=((1.1*log10(fMHz)-0.7)*hm)-(1.56*log10(fMHz)-0.8); B=log10(0.25); %
25% area covered by buildings LT_ccir(d_km)=69.55+(26.16*log10(fMHz))-
(13.82*log10(hb))a_hm+((44.9- (6.55*log10(hb)))*log10(d_km))-B; % path loss Pr_ccir(d_km) = Pt + Gt -
LT_ccir(d_km); %=========================================================
========== ===================== % Model 3: Hata path loss model hte=hb; % define BS height
TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING LAB [EEE] [A] 6
in m hre=hm; % define MS height in m % correction factor for small and medium sized city
a_hre_smci=(1.1*log10(fMHz)-0.7)*hre-(1.56*log10(fMHz)-0.8); % Hata path loss for urban area: small
and medium sized city LT_Hata_ur_smci(d_km)=69.55+26.16*log10(fMHz)-
13.82*log10(hte)a_hre_smci+(44.9-6.55*log10(hte))*log10(d_km); Pr_Hata_ur_smci(d_km) = Pt + Gt -
LT_Hata_ur_smci(d_km); % Hata path loss for suburban area
LT_Hata_sur_smci(d_km)=LT_Hata_ur_smci(d_km)- 2*(log10(fMHz/28))^25.4; Pr_Hata_sur_smci(d_km)
= Pt + Gt - LT_Hata_sur_smci(d_km); % Hata path loss for open (rural) area
LT_Hata_op_smci(d_km)=LT_Hata_ur_smci(d_km)- 4.78*(log10(fMHz))^2+18.33*log10(fMHz)-40.98;
13 Pr_Hata_op_smci(d_km) = Pt + Gt - LT_Hata_op_smci(d_km); % correction factor for large city, carrier
frequency>300 MHz a_hre_lci=3.2*((log10(11.75*hre))^2)-4.97; % Hata path loss for urban area: large city
LT_Hata_ur_lci(d_km)=69.55+26.16*log10(fMHz)-13.82*log10(hte)- a_hre_lci+(44.9-
6.55*log10(hte))*log10(d_km); Pr_Hata_ur_lci(d_km) = Pt + Gt - LT_Hata_ur_lci(d_km); end
%========================================================= ======== % Define
Output variables disp('Received for wireless propagation models'); s=1:dis_inc:dis_max;
plot(s,Pr_FS,s,Pr_ccir,s,Pr_Hata_ur_smci,s,Pr_Hata_sur_smci,s,Pr_Hat a_op_smci,s,Pr_Hata_ur_lci),grid
legend('Free-space','ITU-R','Hata urban: small and medium city','Hata suburban','Hata open (rural)','Hata
urban: large city'); xlabel ('distance in km'); ylabel ('Received power in dB');
plot(s,Pr_FS,s,Pr_ccir,s,Pr_Hata_ur_smci,s,Pr_Hata_sur_smci,s,Pr_Hat a_op_smci,s,Pr_Hata_ur_lci),grid
legend('Free-space','ITU-R','Hata urban: small and medium city','Hata suburban','Hata open (rural)','Hata
urban: large city'); xlabel ('distance in km'); ylabel ('Received power in dB');
plot(s,Pr_FS,s,Pr_ccir,s,Pr_Hata_ur_smci,s,Pr_Hata_sur_smci,s,Pr_Hat a_op_smci,s,Pr_Hata_ur_lci),grid
legend('Free-space','ITU-R','Hata urban: small and medium city','Hata suburban','Hata open (rural)','Hata
urban: large city'); xlabel ('distance in km'); ylabel ('Received power in dB'); 14
plot(s,Pr_FS,s,Pr_ccir,s,Pr_Hata_ur_smci,s,Pr_Hata_sur_smci,s,Pr_Hat a_op_smci,s,Pr_Hata_ur_lci),grid
legend('Free-space','ITU-R','Hata urban: small and medium city','Hata suburban','Hata open (rural)','Hata
urban: large city'); xlabel ('distance in km'); ylabel ('Received power in dB');

3. How much dB (link budget or received signal strength) should there be increased so as to increase the
distance by double, covered by a cell. Carry out estimations for all considered models. Assume all
parameters remain unchanged

© Dept. of EEE & COE, FE, AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY-BANGLADESH (AIUB)

TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING LAB [EEE] [A] 8
© Dept. of EEE & COE, FE, AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY-BANGLADESH (AIUB)
Discussion : The Purpose of this experiment was Path loss, or path attenuation, is the reduction in power
density (attenuation) of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates through space. This experiment the term is
commonly used in wireless communications and signal propagation., we have known about the path loss for
different wireless propagation. At first we learnt the theoretical part from out course teacher. We also learnt
about MATLAB and the implementation of the related code and got the expected output. After completing
this experiment now we have an idea about the path loss and received power for different wireless
propagation. Finally, the experiment was done successfully. No problem was faced during the experiment

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Reference(s): [1] W. Debus,“RFPath Loss& Transmission Distance Calculations”, Technical Memorandum,
Axonn LLC, August 4, 2006. [2] K. M. Ahmed, “Cellular Mobile Systems” Lecture notes: AT77.07, Asian
Institute of Technology, Thailand, January2010

© Dept. of EEE & COE, FE, AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY-BANGLADESH (AIUB)