Chapter 1

Exercises
 Exercise 1-1

High pressure air at 1300 K flows into an aircraft gas turbine and undergoes a
steady-state, steady-flow, adiabatic process to the turbine exit at 660 K. Calculate
the work done per unit mass of air flowing through the turbine when

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Control Volume: The turbine.

Property Relation: Assume air is an ideal gas and use ideal gas relations.

Process: Steady-state, steady-flow, adiabatic process

Conservation Principles:

Conservation of mass:
 min   m out
m 1  m 2  m
Conservation of energy:

According to the sketched control volume, mass and work cross the control surface.
Neglecting kinetic and potential energies and noting the process is adiabatic, we
have

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 0  m 1h1  Wout  m 2 h2
Wout  m (h1  h2 )
The work done by the air per unit mass flow is
Wout
wout   h1  h2
m
Notice that the work done by a fluid flowing through a turbine is equal to the enthalpy
decrease of the fluid.

Using the air tables,

at T1 = 1300 K, h1 = 1395.97 kJ/kg
at T2 = 660 K, h2 = 670.47 kJ/kg
wout  h1  h2
kJ
 (1395.97  670.47)
kg
kJ
 7255
.
kg

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Exercise 1-2

Nitrogen gas is compressed in a steady-state, steady-flow, adiabatic process from 0.1 MPa,
25oC. During the compression process the temperature becomes 125oC. If the mass flow rate
is 0.2 kg/s, determine the work done on the nitrogen, in kW.

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Control Volume: The compressor (see the compressor sketched above)

Property Relation: Assume nitrogen is an ideal gas and use ideal gas relations

Process: Adiabatic, steady-flow

Conservation Principles:

Conservation of mass:
 m in   m out
m 1  m 2  m
Conservation of energy:

According to the sketched control volume, mass and work cross the control surface.
Neglecting kinetic and potential energies and noting the process is adiabatic, we
have for one entrance and one exit
0  m 1 (h1  0  0)  ( Win )  m 2 (h2  0  0)
Win  m (h2  h1 ) 6
The work done on the nitrogen is related to the enthalpy rise of the nitrogen as it
flows through the compressor. The work done on the nitrogen per unit mass flow is
Win
win   h2  h1
m
Assuming constant specific heats at 300 K from Table , we write the work as
win  C p (T2  T1 )
kJ
 1039
. (125  25) K
kg  K
kJ
 103.9
kg

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Exercise 1-3

Steam at 0.2 MPa, 300oC, enters a mixing chamber and is mixed with cold water at
20oC, 0.2 MPa, to produce 20 kg/s of saturated liquid water at 0.2 MPa. What are the
required steam and cold water flow rates?
Steam 1
Mixing
Saturated water 3
chamber
Cold water 2 Control
surface

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  m   m
in out

m 1  m 2  m 3
m 2  m 3  m 1

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Conservation of energy:

According to the sketched control volume, mass crosses the control surface.
Neglecting kinetic and potential energies and noting the process is adiabatic with no
work, we have for two entrances and one exit
m 1h1  m 2 h2  m 3h3
m 1h1  (m 3  m 1 )h2  m 3h3
m 1 (h1  h2 )  m 3 (h3  h2 )
(h  h )
m1  m 3 3 2
(h1  h2 )
Now, we use the steam tables to find the enthalpies:
T1  300o C  kJ
 h1  3072.1
P1  0.2 MPa  kg

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T2  20o C  kJ
 h2  h f @ 20o C  83.91
P2  0.2 MPa  kg

(h3  h2 )
m1  m3
(h1  h2 )
kg (504.7  83.91)kJ / kg
 20
s (3072.1  83.91)kJ / kg
kg
 2.82
s
m 2  m 3  m 1
kg
 (20  2.82)
s
kg
 17.18
s

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Exercise 1-4

Air is heated in a heat exchanger by hot water. The water enters the heat exchanger
at 45oC and experiences a 20oC drop in temperature. As the air passes through the
heat exchanger, its temperature is increased by 25oC. Determine the ratio of mass
flow rate of the air to mass flow rate of the water.
1
Air inlet

1 Control
Water inlet surface

2
Water exit
2
Air exit

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Conservation Principles:

Conservation of mass:
0(steady)
m in  m out  m system ( kg / s)

For two entrances, two exits, the conservation of mass becomes

 in  m
m  out
 air ,1  m
m  w,1  m
 air , 2  m
 w, 2
For two fluid streams that exchange energy but do not mix, it is better to conserve the
mass for the fluid streams separately.
m air ,1  m air , 2  m air
m w ,1  m w , 2  m w
Conservation of energy:

According to the sketched control volume, mass crosses the control surface, but no
work or heat transfer crosses the control surface. Neglecting the kinetic and potential
energies, we have for steady-flo

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 0(steady)
E in  E out  E system ( kW )
 
  
Rate of net energy transfer Rate change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc., energies

E in  E out
m air ,1hair ,1  m w ,1hw ,1  m air , 2 hair , 2  m w , 2 hw , 2
m air (hair ,1  hair , 2 )  m w (hw , 2  hw ,1 )
m air (hw , 2  hw ,1 )

m w (hair ,1  hair , 2 )
We assume that the air has constant specific heats at 300 K, Table A-2(a) (we don't
know the actual temperatures, just the temperature difference). Because we know the
initial and final temperatures for the water, we can use either the incompressible fluid
result or the steam tables for its properties.

Using the incompressible fluid approach for the water, Table ,

Cp, w = 4.18 kJ/kgK.

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mair C p , w (Tw, 2  Tw,1 )

mw C p , air (Tair ,1  Tair , 2 )
kJ
4.18  20 K 
kg w  K

kJ
1.005  25 K 
kg air  K
kg air / s
 3.33
kg w / s

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