11 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Disciplines and Ideas

in the Social Sciences
Quarter 1 – Module 9:
Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social
sciences ideas: a) Institutionalism b) Feminist Theory
c) Hermeneutical Phenomenology d) Human-Environment Systems
Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 9: Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major
social sciences ideas: a. Institutionalism b. Feminist Theory c. Hermeneutical
Phenomenology d. Human-Environment Systems
First Edition, 2020

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Reviewer: Divina May S. Medez
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 11
Disciplines and
Ideas in the
Social Sciences
Quarter 1 – Module 9:
Analyze the basic concepts and
principles of the major social
sciences ideas:
a) Institutionalism
b) Feminist Theory
c) HermeneuticalPhenomenology
d) Human-Environment Systems
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences 11 Alternative

Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Analyze the basic concepts and principles of
the major social sciences ideas: a) Institutionalism b) Feminist Theory
c) Hermeneutical Phenomenology d) Human-Environment Systems!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by
educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher
or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences 11 Alternative

Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Analyze the basic concepts and principles of
the major social sciences ideas: a) Institutionalism b) Feminist Theory
c) Hermeneutical Phenomenology d) Human-Environment Systems!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time.
You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while
being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Need to Know competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
What I Know
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
What’s In the current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be

What’s New introduced to you in various ways; a story, a
song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity
or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of the
What is It lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
What’s More
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
This includes questions or blank
What I Have Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
This section provides an activity which will
What I Can Do help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

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 This is a task which aims to evaluate your
Assessment level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
In this portion, another activity will be given
Additional Activities to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that
you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful

learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY:

Content Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding of…
▪ The emergence of the Social Sciences and the different disciplines
▪ Key concepts and approaches in the Social Sciences

Performance Standard
The learners shall be able to…
▪ connect the disciplines with their historical and social foundations
▪ interpret personal and social experiences using relevant approaches in the
Social Sciences
▪ evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the approach

Most Essential Learning Competency

Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social science ideas:
▪ Institutionalism MELCS-Pages 609-610 DISS (Week 8-10)

Learning Objectives
At the end of the module you should be able to:
1. Explain institutionalism;
2. Identify the key concepts and theorists on institutionalism; and
3. Express the importance of the different types of institutionalism

1
 What Is This Module About?

Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences is one of the subjects that you need
to take under HUMSS, which stands for Humanities and Social Sciences. This strand
focuses on the study of human behavior and societal changes, and analysis of arts,
culture, literature, and politics. It involves Political Science, Anthropology, Linguistics,
Psychology, and Communication.
This module was designed and written to help you understand the basic
concepts and principles of the major social science ideas. To do this, you are required
to undergo a series of learning activities to complete each learning competency. In
each lesson, there are information sheets, tasks and activity sheets. You need to
perform each activity by yourself.

The module has six lessons, namely;

a. Psychoanalysis
b. Rational Choice
c. Institutionalism
d. Feminist Theory
e. Hermeneutical Phenomenology
f. Human-Environment Systems

Each lesson has the following parts:

• Introduction/Learning Objectives
• What I Know?
• What’s In?
• What’s New?
• What is It?
• What’s More?
• What I Have Learned?
• What I Can Do?
• Assessment
• Additional Activities
• Glossary
• Answer Key
• References

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 How Do You Use This Module?

To get the most from this Module, you need to do the following:

1. Begin by reading and understanding the Most Essential Learning

Competencies and Learning Objectives. These will tell you what you should know and
be able to do at the end of every lesson.
2. Find out what you already know by taking the Pretest then check your answer
against the Answer Key. If you get a perfect score (100%) in the pre- assessment, skip
the lesson. This means that you need not to go through the Lesson because you
already know what it is all about but if not and only get 50% to 99% correct, then
proceed with the lesson.
3. Do the required Learning Activities. They begin with mini lessons. The mini-
lesson contains important notes or basic information that you need to know. After
reading and understanding the mini-lesson, test yourself on how much you learned by
answering the varied activities. Refer to the Answer Key for correction. Do not hesitate
to go back to the lesson when you do not get all test items correctly. This will ensure
your mastery of basic information.
4. It is not enough that you acquire content or information. You must be able to
demonstrate what you have learned by doing the activity in “What I Can Do”. In other
words, you must apply what you have learned in real life.
5. To test how well you performed, accomplish the scoring rubrics.
6. Finally, answer the Post Assessment to test and measure the learning you have
acquired in the lesson.

Each Lesson also provides you with glossary and references for your guide.

Enjoy and happy learning!

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 What I Know

Directions: FIND AND PAIR

Match Column A with Column B. Write only the letter of the correct answer
in your activity notebook.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
_____1. He is known as the Father of “Institutionalism”
____2. This is an approach that aims to understand and a. Douglas North
analyze how actions, thoughts, and meaning that
penetrate into the social consciousness deeply enough to b. Environment Systems
embed themselves into the social psyche.
_____3. Patterns, routines, norms and rules that c. David Mitrany
govern and direct social thought and action.
d. Institutionalism
_____4. Refers to social practices that have been
commonly viewed as acceptable and more persistent than
e. Cognitive Fucntion
codified laws.
_____5. It operates through coercive isomorphism, which f. Formal Institution
places value on expediency as an effect of compliance.
_____6.These are the codified rules, policies, and norms g. Institutions
that are considered official, originating from state laws,
government or organizations. h. Institutional Actors
_____7.He was a French political economist and diplomat
and was viewed as one of the originators of the European i. Informal Institution
Union. He saw how the needs of the state are to be
achieved through the principle of supranationality. j. Jean Monnet
_____8.It refers to the people who make up society,
whose actions are controlled and regulated by institutions. k. Regulative Function
_____9.It operates through mimetic isomorphism, which
places values on what is being complied with by others.
_____ 10. He was known as a Romanian-born Bristish
scholar, historian, and political theorist and considered as
the father of functionalism in international relations, which
is classified under liberal institutionalism.

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 What’s In

Rational choice theory banks on the key idea that humans are actively
calculating the pros and cons of a particular choice, which affects the behaviors that
they exhibit. These choices are often determined by an individual’s preferences and
the extent by which he or she perceives them as immediate needs or wants. This
theory remains relevant today in providing an analytical lens for understanding the
choice that humans make especially with regard to deviant use.

What’s New

Activity 1: PICTURE ANALYSIS

Study the pictures below, and answer the questions that follow. Write your answers
in your activity notebook.

https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcQfNpnmuSt_W2hEl0ahFN1ofTDkDRFSacsNjA&usqp=CAU

https://study.com/academy/lesson/informal-organization-definition-structure-examples.html

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 1. What can you say about the pictures above?
2. How can you relate this to your daily life?
3. What do you think are two concepts of institutionalism that you can get from
the pictures above?

What is It

In order to understand institutionalism, it is important to first define institutions

in this theoretical perspective. Institutions are patterns, norms rules and schemes
that govern and direct social thought and action. Institutionalism, therefore, is an
approach that aims to understand and analyze how actions, thoughts, and meanings
penetrate into the social consciousness deeply enough to embed themselves into
social psyche. There are different types of institutionalism, but their common concern
is to find out the effects of these institutions and determine how these affect the
manner by which the society functions.
Institutions provide social legitimacy and survival through Isomorphism.
Isomorphism refers to the similarity in form, shape or structure. Institutions arise,
change, and persist due to their regulative, normative and cognitive functions. These
functions are isomorphic in nature as they adopt in form, shape or structure to provide
social legitimacy, survival or both.

Three functions of Isomorphism:

• regulative function operates through coercive isomorphism, which places
value on expediency as effect of compliance. Change either happens or not
depending on external factors such as rules and laws.
• normative function operates through normative isomorphism, which places
value on complying with social obligations. Change either happens or not
depending on external factors such as accreditations and certifications.
• cognitive function operates through mimetic isomorphism, which places value
on factors such as uncertainty and prevalence of others’ performance.

Key Concepts in Institutionalism

Formal and Informal Institutions

Formal and Informal institutions can be distinguished by what rules, practices
and norms they derive authority from. Formal institutions are codified rules, policies
and norms that are considered official, originating from state laws, government or
organizations. Examples: constitution, official law, regulation, standards enforced by
the state. Informal institutions, on the other hand, are equally known rules and norms
but are not commonly written down. Informal institutions are social practices that have
been commonly viewed as acceptable and are more persistent than codified laws like

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that of formal institutions. Examples: Informal institutions, social norms, attitudes,
traditions, self-enforced morals

Important Theorists on Institutionalism

David Mitrany
➢ David Mitrany (1888-1975) was a Romanian-born British
scholar, historian, and political theorist. Mitrany is considered
as the father of functionalism in international relations, which
is classified under liberal institutionalism. Functionalism, as
applied to the study of states, proposes an alternative to https://alchetron.com/cdn/davi
d-mitrany-c06f2121-2823-409b-
territorialism, which is the foundation from which states derive 9879-52f7ae639dd-resize-
their power of authority from territory. Functionalism explains 750.jpeg
that a state’s authority lies in functions and needs, and the ability to provide for
those needs. Its sees scientific knowledge and technological advancements as
sources of authority from which the state can derive its power. Territory then
becomes negligible and focuses instead on expertise and the ability to produce
what is needed by the people or by other states.

Jean Monnet
➢ Jean Monnet (1888-1979) was a French political economist and
diplomat. As one of the originators of the European Union, he saw
how the needs of the state are to be achieved through the principle
of supranationality. As Mitrany argued against territory being the
source of authority, Monnet used the argument to erase country
borderlines.
During Monnet’s time, coal production was abundant in Germany,
https://upload.wikimedia.o
which was still under the sanctions imposed by the Allies’ victory rg/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f
5/Jean_Monnet.jpg/240px-
after World War II. France at that time also needed some coal. Jean_Monnet.jpg
Given the situation, Germany needed some sanctions to be lifted
so as to gain some economic growth, while France needed coal to get back to its
pre-war economic status.

Stephen Krasner
➢ Stephen Krasner (born 1942) is an American professor of international
relations. Krasner argues that the American government and
nongovernment organizations should prioritize the stabilization of
weakened states so that American interests would be protected. In order to
address the continued deterioration of weaker states, he suggested creation
of institutions that will allow the weaker states to enter a market democracy.
https://www.usip.org/sites/def
Krasner also argues that the formal institutions of the U.S. come from ault/files/styles/headshot/publi
decisions made by the president, but bureaucratic process convey the idea c/2016-12/Stephen-D-
Krasner_0.png?itok=iZ13Ocqc
that many people decided on these matters and not just the president. He

7
 holds that the president’s power to control, manipulate, and create policies is seemingly perceived
as being dissipated by the bureaucratic machinery.

Types of Institutionalism:

1. Normative institutionalism- is a sociological interpretation of institutions and

holds that a “logic of appropriateness” guides the behavior of actors within an
institution. It predicts that the norms and formal rules of institutions will shape the
actions of those acting within them.

2. Rational Choice Institutionalism- is a theoretical approach to the study of

institutions arguing that actors use institutions to maximize their utility. However,
actors face rule-based constraints which influence their behavior.

3. Historical institutionalism – is a new institutionalist social science approach that

emphasizes how timing, sequences and path dependence affect institutions, and
shape social, political, economic behavior and change.

4. Sociological institutionalism – is a form of new institutionalism that concerns

“the way in which institutions create meaning for individuals, providing important
theoretical building blocks for normative institutionalism within political science”.

5. Institutional Economics – focuses on understanding the role of the evolutionary

process and the role of institutions in shaping economic behavior.

6. Discursive institutionalism – is an umbrella concept for approaches that concern

themselves with the substantive content of ideas and the interactive processes of
discourse in institutional context.

7. Constructivist institutionalism – According to multiple theorists, this is so

whether the field in question is directly denoted as or has to do more with bringing
constructivist ideas into some other field, or with bringing ideas back into the
theory in contrast against structuralist and/or system.

8. Feminist institutionalism – is a new institutionalist approach that looks at how

gender norms operate within institutions and how institutional processes construct
and maintain gender power dynamic.

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 Activity 2:

Basic Radial Directions: Using the box below, give examples of Formal and Informal
Institutions.

FORMAL INSTITUTIONS INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS

What’s More

Answer the following questions in your activity notebook:

1. What will happen to the society if there is no Institutionalism?

2. Explain the different types of Institutionalism.
3. How does the views of Institutionalism theorists help you as an individual?
4. Why is it important for us to study Institutionalism theory?

What I Have Learned

Based from what you have learned in this lesson, write a two paragraph essay on the
benefits of the different types of Institutionalism that is applicable in your day to day
lives. Write your essay on a short bondpaper.
Rubrics:
Content-10 points
Organization of Ideas- 5 points
Format and Mechanics-5 points

What I Can Do

▪ How was Rational Choice developed?

▪ Why do people make decisions
9 based on different circumtances?
 Assessment

Direction: FIND AND PAIR

Match Column A with Column B. Write only the letter of the correct answer in your
activity notebook.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
_____1. These are codified rules, policies, and norms
that are considered official, originating from state laws, a. Douglas North
government or organizations.
_____2. He was a French political economist and b. Environment Systems
diplomat and is one of the originators of the European
Union. He saw how the needs of the state are to be c. David Mitrany
achieved through the principle of supranationality.
_____3. This refers to the people who make up society, d. Institutionalism
whose actions are controlled and regulated by
institutions. e. Cognitive Fucntion
_____4. It operates through mimetic isomorphism,
which places values on what is being complied with by f. Formal Institution
others.
_____5. He was a Romanian-born British scholar, g. Institutions
historian, and political theorist. The father of
functionlism in international relation under liberal h. Institutional Actors
institutionalism.
_____6. He was known as the Father of i. Informal Institution
“Institutionalism”
_____7. Refers to an approach that aims to understand j. Jean Monnet
and analyze how actions, thoughts and meaning
penetrate into the social consciousness deeply enough k. Regulative Function
to embed themselves into the social psyche.
_____8. These are patterns, routines, norms and rules
that govern and direct social thought and action.
_____9. Refers to social practices that have been
commonly viewed as acceptable and more persistent
than codified laws.
_____10. It operates through coercive isomorphism,
which places value on expediency as an effect of
compliance.

10
 Answer Key

10. K
9. I 10. C
8. G 9. E
7. D 8. H
6. A 1-3 answer will vary
7. J
5. C 6. F
you learned
4. A 5. K
Apply what have
3. H 4. I
2. J 3. G
1. F 2. D
you learned 1. A
Assess what have Try This

References
Alejandria-Gonzalez, Maria Carinnes P., and Elizabeth T. Urgel. DIWA Senior High School
Series: Discipline and Ideas in Social Sciences. Makati City, Philippines: DIWA
Laerning Systems Inc., 2016.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/informal-organization-definition-structure-examples.html
https://alchetron.com/cdn/david-mitrany-c06f2121-2823-409b-9879-52f7ae639dd-resize-
750.jpeg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Jean_Monnet.jpg/240px-
Jean_Monnet.jpg
https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/styles/headshot/public/2016-12/Stephen-D-
Krasner_0.png?itok=iZ13Ocqc
https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcQfNpnmuSt_W2hEl0ahFN1ofTDkDRFS
acsNjA&usqp=CAU
Wikipedia contributors, “New institutionalism,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia,
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_institutionalism&oldid=978196748
(accessed September 15, 2020).

11
 What I Need to Know

Lesson 4 FEMINIST THEORY

Content Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding of…
▪ The emergence of the Social Sciences and the different disciplines
▪ Key concepts and approaches in the Social Sciences

Performance Standard
The learners shall be able to…
▪ connect the disciplines with their historical and social foundations
▪ interpret personal and social experiences using relevant approaches in the
Social Sciences
▪ evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the approach

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social science ideas:
▪ Feminist Theory MELCS-Pages 609-610 DISS (Week 8-10)

Learning Objectives
At the end of the module you should be able to:
1. Explain feminist theory;
2. Identify the key concepts and feminist theorist; and
3. Express the importance of feminist theory

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 What I Know

Directions:
Identification. Read the questions carefully. Choose your answer inside the box and
write the correct answer in your activity notebook.

Female Feminism Feminist Theory Multicultural Feminists

Gender Performativity Human Feminism
Radical Libertarian Feminists Liberal Feminism
Feminism Gender Ideology Socialist feminism

1. It holds that the patriarchal system that oppresses women must be completely
eliminated and that women should be free to exercise total sexual and reproductive
freedom. _______________
2. It refers to the belief that men and women deserve equality in all opportunities,
treatment, respect, and social rights. ________
3. This includes attempts to describe and explain how gender systems work, as well
as a consideration of normative or ethical issues, such as whether a society's
gender arrangements are fair. ______
4. This explains how the idea of ‘sameness’ could counter intuitively be used as an
instrument of oppression rather than liberation. _______
5. It is a social belief that supports gender inequality. It is a social divide that
establishes perceived roles for men and women and relegating them to specific
roles. __________
6. It is a movement that calls for an end to capitalism through a socialist reformation
of our economy. ____________
7. It argues for equal treatment of women and disapproves discrimination based on
sex. ________
8. It also argues solidarity among women and acknowledges that there are
differences in human capacities that are based on sex. ________
9. This is a theory on the creation of gender, similar to how theatrical actors create
roles identifiable to audiences. ______
10. This is an individualistic form of feminist theory, which focuses on women’s ability
to maintain their equality through their own actions and choices. ______

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 What’s In
The theory of Institutionalism allows for a discourse on how institutions
affect the decision of humans within the frame of a society. Today, this theory finds its
relevance in creating opportunities for growth and development among institutions
whether in the macro or micro context.

What’s New

Activity 1: PICTURE ANALYSIS

Study the pictures below and answer the questions that follow. Place your answers
in your activity notebook.

https://vignette.wikia.nocookie.net/alth https://cruxnow.com/wp-
https://primer.com.ph/blog/wp-
istory/images/2/2e/Cory_aquino_obit_t content/uploads/2016/08/Mother-
content/uploads/sites/14/2016/10/pia-
out.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width- Teresa-690x450.jpg
wurtzbach-manila-homecoming.jpg
down/200?cb=20121119144354

https://miro.medium.com/max/700/1*_9qwC1Bwr_etMKnkWfxVNQ.jpeg

1. Do you know who are in the first, second, and third picture and their
accomplishments?
2. What do you think is the last picture trying to tell us?
3. List down your interpretations in each picture.
4. What makes them different from other women?

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 What is It

First, let's define Feminism in general. The global idea of Feminism refers to
the belief that men and women deserve equality in all opportunities, treatment,
respect, and social rights. In general, Feminists are people who try to acknowledge
social inequality based on gender and stop it from continuing. Feminists point out that
in most cultures throughout history men have received more opportunities than
women.
While this basic idea of Feminism seems simple enough, there are many people
who misunderstand what the goal of Feminism is. Some people imagine that all
Feminists are angry, bitter women who only want to subjugate men! Of course, this
stereotype offends actual Feminists. Why is there such a big difference between
stereotype and reality when it comes to Feminists? One of the reasons for this
discrepancy might be because there are, in fact, lots of different, specific types of F
Feminism. Let’s cover four of those types now - Radical Feminism, Socialist Feminism,
Cultural Feminism, and Liberal Feminism. Maybe you are a Feminist, and you didn't
even know it!
Feminist theory includes attempts to describe and explain how gender
systems work, as well as a consideration of normative or ethical issues, such as
whether a society's gender arrangements are fair.
Feminist theory is a major branch within sociology that shifts its assumptions,
analytic lens, and topical focus away from the male viewpoint and experience toward
that of women.
In doing so, Feminist theory shines a light on social problems, trends, and
issues that are otherwise overlooked or misidentified by the historically dominant male
perspective within social theory.
Feminist theory encompasses a range of ideas, reflecting the diversity of
women worldwide. Feminism counters traditional philosophy with new ways of
addressing issues affecting humanity, calling for the replacement of the presiding
patriarchal order with a system that emphasizes equal rights, justice, and fairness.
Liberal feminists cite women’s oppression as rooted in social, political, and legal
constraints. Radical Libertarian Feminists hold that the patriarchal system that
oppresses women must be completely eliminated and that women should be free to
exercise total sexual and reproductive freedom. Radical Cultural Feminists urge
women to extricate themselves from the institution of compulsory heterosexuality.
Marxist–socialist feminists claim it is impossible for anyone, especially women, to
achieve true freedom in a class-based society. Multicultural feminists explain how the
idea of ‘sameness’ could counter intuitively be used as an instrument of oppression
rather than liberation. Postmodern feminists challenge Western dualistic thinking.
Global feminists stress the universal interests of women worldwide. Eco feminists
focus on the connection among humans to the nonhuman world. Feminist theory has

15
impacted virtually all structures, systems, and disciplines, challenging traditional
ontological and epistemological assumptions about human nature as well as
‘maleness’ and ‘femaleness.’ Modern feminism, which began 200 years ago, has
evolved in three waves. The first wave dealt with suffrage; the second centered on
equal access; and the current wave is focusing on global equality.

Feminism studies gender and its relation to power, and the dynamics these
two concepts play out in economics, politics, sexuality, race and nationality among
others. It is both a sociological perspective and a philosophy that aims to promote
gender equality, social justice, and women’s rights. However, the primary concern that
feminism tries to address is the oppression of women in society and the patriarchal
structure of most societies. Patriarchy, in its most basic sense, is a social organization
wherein the father or eldest male heads a society or government. The head of the
family is the father, and the mother is subordinate to the decisions of the father. In
some contexts, however, patriarchy constructs a social structure where men are seen
as more powerful than women.

Key Concepts in Feminism

Gender Ideology and Inequality

• Gender ideology is a social belief that supports gender inequality. It is a social
divide that establishes perceived roles for men and women and relegating them to
specific roles. Some gender ideologies include women staying at home while men
go to work, and women being more delicate, emotional, and nurturing compared
to men who are more aggressive, assertive, and dominant. Gender ideology is also
actualized in how toys are determined for children. Typically, action figures are
supposed to be played by boys and dolls are to be played by girls. A boy playing
with a doll is ridiculed as being gay, while a girl playing action figures is teased as
a lesbian.

• Gender inequality is the actualization or realization of gender ideology. There is

gender inequality when the perceived role of women subordination to men reflects
hiring procedures and requirements. For example, a secretarial post accepting only
female applicants. Salaries are also unequal when it comes to men and women.

Four types of feminism

• Radical feminism is a movement that believes
sexism is so deeply rooted in society that the
only cure is to eliminate the concept of gender
completely. Radical feminists suggest
changes, such as finding technology that will
allow babies to be grown outside of a woman's
body, to promote more equality between men

16
 and women. This will allow women to avoid missing work for maternity leave, which
radical feminists argue is one reason women aren't promoted as quickly as men.
In fact, radical feminists would argue that the entire traditional family system is
sexist. Men are expected to work outside the home while women are expected to
care for children and clean the house. Radical feminists note that this traditional
dichotomy maintains men as economically in power over women, and therefore,
the traditional family structure should be rejected.

• Socialist feminism is slightly less extreme but still

calls for major social change. Socialist feminism is
a movement that calls for an end to capitalism
through a socialist reformation of our economy.
Basically, socialist feminism argues that capitalism
strengthens and supports the sexist status quo
https://study.com/academy/lesson/feminism-types-
because men are the ones who currently have and-definitions-liberal-socialist-culture-radical.html
power and money. Those men are more willing to
share their power and money with other men, which means that women are
continually given fewer opportunities and resources. This keeps women under the
control of men. In short, socialist feminism focuses on economics and politics.

• Cultural feminism is a movement that points out

how modern society is hurt by encouraging
masculine behavior, but society would benefit by
encouraging feminine behavior instead. This also
refers to the philosophy that men and women
have different approaches to the world around
them, and that greater value should be placed on https://study.com/academy/lesson/cultural-
the way women approach the world. In some feminism-definition-lesson-quiz.html
cases, cultural feminism argues that a woman’s way of looking at the world is
actually superior to men.

• Liberal feminism is an individualistic form of

feminist theory, which focuses on women's ability to
maintain their equality through their own actions
and choices. Liberal feminism's primary goal is
gender equality in the public sphere, such as equal
access to education, equal pay, ending job sex
segregation. It is broadly accepted that the
proposition of contemporary advanced industrial
societies are meritocratic, and that women as a group are not innately less.

17
Important Theorists in Feminism

➢ Wollstonecraft
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797) was an English writer, philosopher,
and women’s rights advocate. Wollstonecraft advocated that the human
rights written by John Locke also be accorded to women. Although
Locke’s human rights did not discriminate sexes, their application during
that time was relegated only to men. Wollstonecraft thus, argued that
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi
women should also have the right to life, property, pursuit of
a/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wolls happiness and suffrage.
tonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797
%29.jpg/220px-

➢ Nancy Cott
Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_
%28c._1797%29.jpg
Nancy Cott (born 1945) is an American historian and professor. Cott
traced the historical roots of the feminist movement in America and
identified its paradoxes, struggles, and periods of decline. One paradox
by Cott was the rise of two feminist ideologies-human feminism and
female feminism. Human feminism argues for equal treatment of women
and disapproves discrimination based on sex. Female feminism, on
https://scholar.harvard.edu/ the other hand, argues solidarity among women and acknowledges
files/styles/os_files_medium
/public/nancy- that there are differences in human capacities that are based on
cott/files/nancy_cott_photo
_credit_tony_rinaldo1.jpg?
sex.
m=1582902581&itok=R73cu
298
➢ Adrienne Rich
Adrienne Rich (1929–2012) was an American poet, and feminist.
She used poetry to bring to light the oppression of women and
lesbians in society. Her poems explored themes such as women’s
roles in society, racism, and war. Her collection of poetry, “Diving Into
the Wreck”, garnered wide praise and accolades. In her essay,
https://static.poetryfoundat “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence”, Rich defined
ion.org/o/harriet/2012/04/a
drienne-rich.jpg
how heterosexuality becomes an alienating and oppressing
concept that only lends to the establishment of male dominance
over women. Rich defined being a lesbian as more than a sexual preference,
but a cumulative lived experience of women and their history.

➢ Judith Butler
Judith Butler (born 1956) is an American philosopher and gender
theorist, whose key idea is her theory of Gender Performativity.
Gender performativity is a theory on the creation of gender similar to
how theatrical actors create roles identifiable to audiences. Butler
claims that gender is an action which is separable from the
https://www.publicspace.org/docu
ments/220568/1825027/36- actor. Gender is performative in a sense that gender roles and
Judith+Butler-3.jpg/56313282-c6cb-
0864-b426- norms have already been established in society throughout
644ae847659e?t=1529000341298
history. Humans are so accustomed to these traditions that we

18
 associate certain acts to a particular gender. For Butler, gender is not a pre-
established identity, but an act of existing in as much. Gender is a choice- a
choice to act according to how society established norms of masculinity or
femininity.

➢ Patricia Hill Collins

Patricia Hill Collins (born 1948) is an American sociologist. Her work
studies feminism in the perspective of a black woman. Collins argues
that different oppressions happen within the context of race, gender and
class and that there are overlapping instances of oppression. Collins
claims that knowing the point of view of a black woman’s struggle and
feminism can provide a window for other similarly oppressed groups
https://mediad.publicbro
adcasting.net/p/kgou/file
or individuals. She also argues that the dynamics of oppression
s/styles/large/public/201 must be seen from all angles, and not simply on one form or factor
702/CollinsHeadshot.jpg
of oppression.

➢ Ayn Rand
Ayn Rand (1905–1982) was an American novelist, philosopher, and
playwright. Calling her philosophy objectivism. She aimed to use
reason in order to achieve personal happiness. Her theories and
arguments were not limited within the confines of the feminist
agenda, but encompassed all of human existence. She did not
identify differences between genders because she talked about
universalities such as human rights. Objectivism, in particular, is
https://media.newyorker.com
/photos/5cf6a5eae764946988 living for one’s own sake without sacrificing himself or herself for
5b9959/master/w_2560%2Cc another. It is a philosophy determined to find personal truth and
_limit/Gessen-AynRand.jpg
fulfill without the use of force or violence. She is considered a
feminist due to her stance that all human beings are equal- equal in their pursuit
of self-interests and equal in upholding their rights.

Activity 2:

Editorial Cartooning
Materials needed: pencil, crayons, activity notebook
Directions: Create an editorial cartoon showing Gender Ideology in your activity
notebook.

Rubrics/Criteria
Relevance to the theme - 40pts
Originality - 35pts
Impact (neatness,harmony,
Color presentation - 25 pts

TOTAL 100 pts.

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 What’s More

Answer the following questions in your activity notebook:

1. How does Gender Ideology affect our society?

2. Have you experienced being unfairly treated? Under what circumstance/s? How
did you handle it?
3. As a student, how can you promote gender equality in your family? In the society?

What I Have Learned

Read the poem and answer the questions that follow. Write your answers in your
activity notebook.

I Stay at Home
| A Social Justice Poem by Guy Farmer

Brother goes off to school

While I stay at home
Tending to the boiling pot
On the stove, scrubbing the
Floor to a fine shine,
Cleaning the streaks off the windows,
Dreaming of being in a classroom
Traveling to colorful new worlds.

1. Who do you think is the persona of the poem, I Stay at Home?

2. What do you think is the poem all about?
3. Do you agree with the idea of the persona, staying at home?
4. What can you do to change the society’s traditional culture of gender inequality?

What I Can Do

▪ What is Institutionalism?
▪ How important is Institutionalism in our daily life?

20
 Assessment
Direction:
Identification. Read the following questions carefully. Choose your answer from the
word pool below. Write your answers in your activity notebook.

Female Feminism Feminist Theory Multicultural Feminists

Gender Performativity Human Feminism
Radical Libertarian Feminists Liberal feminism
Feminism Gender Ideology Socialist feminism
1. It is a movement that calls for an end to capitalism through a socialist reformation
of our economy. ____________
2. It argues for equal treatment of women and disapproves discrimination based on
sex. ________
3. It also argues solidarity among women and acknowledges that there are
differences in human capacities that are based on sex. ________
4. This is a theory on the creation of gender similar to how theatrical actors create
roles identifiable to audiences. ______
5. This is an individualistic form of feminist theory, which focuses on
women's ability to maintain their equality through their own actions and choices.
______
6. It holds that the patriarchal system that oppresses women must be completely
eliminated and that women should be free to exercise total sexual and reproductive
freedom. _______________
7. It refers to the belief that men and women deserve equality in all opportunities,
treatment, respect, and social rights. ________
8. This includes attempts to describe and explain how gender systems work, as well
as a consideration of normative or ethical issues, such as whether a society's
gender arrangements are fair. ______
9. This explains how the idea of ‘sameness’ could counter intuitively be used as an
instrument of oppression rather than liberation. _______
10. It is a social belief that supports gender inequality. It is a social divide that
establishes perceived roles for men and women and relegating them to specific
roles. __________

Additional Activities
Choose three (3) significant women that have a great impact in your life, and explain
how they have inspired you as a student. Write answer in your activity notebook.

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Glossary
Cognitive function – operates through mimetic isomorphism, which places value on
factors such as uncertainly and prevalence of others’ performance.
Feminist institutionalism – is a new institutionalist approach that looks at how
gender norms operate within institutions and how institutional processes construct and
maintain gender power dynamics.
Institutions – are patterns, norms rules and schemes that govern and direct social
thought and action.
Institutionalism – is an approach that aims to understand and analyze how actions,
thoughts, and meanings penetrate into the social consciousness deeply enough to
embed themselves into social psyche.
Isomorphism – refer to the similarity in form, shape or structure. Institutions arise,
change, and persist due to their regulative, normative and cognitive functions. These
functions are isomorphic in nature as they adopt in form, shape or structure to provide
social legitimacy, survival or both.
Regulative function – operates through coercive isomorphism, which places value
on expediency as effect of compliance. Change either happens or not depending on
external factors such as rules and laws.
Sociological institutionalism – is a form of new institutionalism that concerns “the
way in which institutions create meaning for individuals, providing important theoretical
building blocks for normative institutionalism within political science”.

Answer Key
10. Liberal feminism
performativity
1-3 answer will vary 9. Gender
8. Female feminism
you learned 7. Human feminism
Apply what have 6. Socialist feminism
5. Gender ideology
4. Multicultural feminist
3. Feminist theory
10. Gender ideology 2. Feminism
9. Multicultural feminist 1. Radical libertarian
8. Feminist theory
7. Feminism Try This
6. Radical libertarian
5. Liberal feminism
4. Gender performativity
3. Female feminism 1-2 answer will vary
2. Human feminism
Reflect
1. Socialist feminism
Assess what have you learned

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References
Alejandria-Gonzalez, Maria Carinnes P., and Elizabeth T. Urgel. DIWA Senior High School Series:
Discipline and Ideas in Social Sciences. Makati City, Philippines: DIWA Laerning Systems Inc.,
2016.
Crossman, Ashley. “Feminist Theory in Sociology An Overview of Key Ideas and Issues.” ThoughtCo,
February 25, 2020. https://www.thoughtco.com/feminist-theory-3026624.
Study.com. “Feminism Types and Definitions: Liberal, Socialist, Culture & Radical - Video & Lesson
Transcript | Study.Com.” Accessed September 15, 2020.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/feminism-types-and-definitions-liberal-socialist-culture-
radical.html.
Wikipedia contributors, “Feminist theory,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia,
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feminist_theory&oldid=975489983 (accessed
September 15, 2020).
https://vignette.wikia.nocookie.net/althistory/images/2/2e/Cory_aquino_obit_tout.jpg/revision/latest/sc
ale-to-width-down/200?cb=20121119144354
https://primer.com.ph/blog/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2016/10/pia-wurtzbach-manila-
homecoming.jpg

https://cruxnow.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mother-Teresa-690x450.jpg

https://miro.medium.com/max/700/1*_9qwC1Bwr_etMKnkWfxVNQ.jpeg

https://study.com/academy/lesson/feminism-types-and-definitions-liberal-socialist-culture-radical.html

https://study.com/academy/lesson/cultural-feminism-definition-lesson-quiz.html

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%2
8c._1797%29.jpg/220px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg

https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/styles/os_files_medium/public/nancy-
cott/files/nancy_cott_photo_credit_tony_rinaldo1.jpg?m=1582902581&itok=R73cu298

https://static.poetryfoundation.org/o/harriet/2012/04/adrienne-rich.jpg

https://www.publicspace.org/documents/220568/1825027/36-Judith+Butler-3.jpg/56313282-c6cb-
0864-b426-644ae847659e?t=1529000341298

https://mediad.publicbroadcasting.net/p/kgou/files/styles/large/public/201702/CollinsHeadshot.jpg

https://media.newyorker.com/photos/5cf6a5eae7649469885b9959/master/w_2560%2Cc_limit/Gesse
n-AynRand.jpg

https://youtu.be/cSEUtvAffn4?list=PUCUr096WDp86n62CXBeHlQw

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