1.

Define the term dynamo

• Two sections of dynamos are the stator which is stationary and rotor, the portion that rotates.
3. From what material is each part listed in Question 2 made?

• Stator’s field is built up of customary laminated steel core and winding, while the rotor, is build up of
laminated core, and slotted to receive the insulated copper armature winding.
4. What is meant by pole core? pole shoe?

• Pole cores is built of a stack of steel laminations about 0.025 in. thick per lamination, having good
magnetic qualities; rivets are driven through holes in the sheets to fasten together a stack of such
laminations equal to the axial length of the armature core. Pole shoe permits the flux to spread out over
a wider area where the flux enters the armature core.
5. Why are laminations used in constructing the field core?

• Field core is built up of a stack of steel lamination because it has good magnetic qualities.
6. Why are laminations used in constructing the armature core?

• Armature core is built up of a stack of steel lamination because it has good magnetic qualities. It has
circular section.
7. Why are pole cores constructed with a shoe?

• Poles cores are constructed with a shoe in order to permit the flux to spread out a wider area where
the flux enters the armature core.
8. What two kinds of field winding are used for generators and motors? Describe the construction of
each?

• Shunt Field is a shunt in which there are turns of fine wires while the Compound Field is a compound
field in which both a shunt and series winding are used.
9. What is the purpose of dipping and baking field coils?
• The purposes of dipping and baking field coils are to add stiffness, mechanical strength, and good
insulating properties to the winding.
10. What is the yoke? What purpose does it serve? How it is usually constructed?

• Yoke is the outside frame of a machine; it is usually a circular iron or steel ring of rectangular section,
sometimes rounded on the surface for added strength. It is where the field-pole assemblies are bolted.
11. Why is cast steel or rolled steel more desirable than cast iron for the yoke material of dynamos?

• Cast steel is used because this material makes it possible to reduce the weight by as much as 60
percent without any increase in the reluctance of the magnetic circuit.
12. Describe a commutator construction?

• Commutator is built-up of hard drawn copper bars, wedge-shaped in section when viewed on end, and
having V-shaped grooves at each end.
13. What purpose does the commutator serve in a generator? In a motor?

• Commutator performed the process of rectifying the alternating current, that is changing the internal
alternating current to an external direct current.
14. What is the function of the armature winding in a generator? In a motor?

• Armature winding is virtually the heart of the dynamo, it is where the voltage is generated in the
generator or where the torque is developed in the motor.
15. Under what conditions is it necessary to use a brush rigging in which each arm contains several brush
holders and brushes?

• In large machines, a brush arm may have several brush holders, into each of which is placed a carbon
or copper-graphite brush rides freely, without chattering, on the commutator.
16. What keeps the brushes in good contact with the commutator?

• Each brush is held down firmly on the commutator by a spring that exerts a pressure of about 1 to 2 lb
per sq. in.
17. How is the brush surface made to conform with the commutator surface?

•The surface of the brushes in contact with the commutator must be ground or sandpapered smooth so
that perfect contact exists between them.
18. What purpose is served by the brush pigtails?
• Each brush arms also contain flexible copper pigtails for good electrical connection between the
insulated brush arms and the respective brushes.
19. Which terminal is positive on a generator? On a motor?

• In a generator the positive terminal “feeds” current to the load while in the motor it is the terminal
that is connected to the positive bus of the source.
20. Name the two general types of armature winding.

• The two general types of armature winding are the lap and wave.
21. Distinguish between a simplex-lap and a simplex-wave winding with regard to construction; with
regard to the number of parallel paths.

• In simplex-lap windings, coil are connected to adjacent commutator segments, while in the simplex-
wave windings the coil ends are connected to a commutator segments very nearly, but never exactly,
equal to the distance between poles of the same polarity, that is alternate poles.
• In simplex-lap winding the currents divide into P parallel paths, where P is the no. of poles, while the
no. of parallel in simplex-wave winding is to, regardless the no. of poles.
22. In general, what is a frog-leg winding?

• Frog leg winding is a combination of a multiplex-wave and a simplex-lap winding. It has a unique
features retaining the advantages of both types without their inherit disadvantages.
23. What is the important requirement with regard to the coil span of all types of armature winding?

• The distance of two sides of a coil must be equal (or very nearly so) to the distance between two
adjacent poles. The coils span must be 180 electrical degrees, or approximately so.
24. Explain what would happen if the coil span were 360 electrical degrees in a generator; in a motor.

• If the coil ends are connected to segments exactly 360 electrical degrees apart, every group of P/2
coils would constitute a complete reentrancy because there are 360 electrical degrees in every pair of
poles
25. State the formula to determine the coil span Ys for an armature winding.

• Ys = (S/P)-k
Where:
• Ys – coil pitch, in slots
• S - total number of armature slots
• P - number of poles
• k - any part of s/p that subtracted to make Ys an integer
26. What is the commutator pitch in a simplex-lap winding? A duplex-lap winding? A multiplex-lap
winding?

• The ends of the coils of simplex-lap winding are connected to adjacent commutator segments. They
are all connected together in succession at successive commutator segments. Duplex-lap is when the
ends of the first lap coil are joined to segments 1 and 3 instead of 1 and 2, the succeeding coils will be
joined to segments 2 and 4, 3 and 5, 4
27. What is meant by the term reentrancy?
• Reentrancy is used to designate this important fact where the winding is the said to close upon itself
or reenter.
28. Under what condition is the reentrancy of a duplex-lap winding single? Double?
•If the commutator has an even number of segments, the odd-numbered segments will join together
one half of all the coils, while the even-numbered segments will join together the other half of all the
coils. Such a winding is double reentrant. On the other hand, a duplex-lap winding on armature having
odd number segments will be singly reentrant.
29. Under what condition is the reentrancy of a triple-lap winding single? Triple?
•Triplex-lap winding would have the first coil ends connected to segments 1 and 5 and reentrancy would
depend only upon the relation between the number of 7 commutator segments and the plex.
30. What is the purpose of multiplex-lap winding?
• Generally restricted to low-voltage high-current machines because, practically speaking, it is desirable
to limit the current per path to values no greater than about 250 to 300amp. When the current per path
is in excess of these general practical limits, commutation becomes difficult.