CHAPTER 5 INTEGUMENTARY

Integumentary System

• skin cutaneous layer

• under the skin hypodermis (subcutaneous)

• other stuff accessory structures

Integumentary System
• Cutaneous layer = skin
• epithelial layers = epidermis
• connective tissue layer = dermis
• Subcutaneous layer = connective tissues
• adipose c.t.
• areolar c.t.

Integumentary System
• Accessory structures = appendages
• hair
• nails
• glands
• nerve endings
• blood vessels

Functions
Protection
barrier against foreign body, water loss, dirt
defenses WBC
chemical pH (urea) ; antibiotics
Temperature regulation
sweat
blood flow
adipose
Sensation information from environment
Cushion

epidermis
• stratified squamous epithelium
• mostly keratinocytes
– produce keratin - protective protein
• keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• no capillaries

epidermis
• layers :
– stratum corneum
– stratum lucidum (palms and soles only)
– stratum granulosum
– stratum spinosum
 – stratum basale
epidermis
• stratum basale = basal layer = stratum germanitivum
– Merkel cells

– melanocytes

– basal cells

epidermis
• stratum spinosum
– keratinocytes

– Langerhan’s cells

epidermis
• stratum granulosum
– keratinocytes squamous cells
thickened cell membrane
dying

epidermis
• stratum corneum
– dead cells
– thick keratin coat
– waterproof
• thick skin palm and sole
– thick stratum corneum + stratum lucidum + keratin

• thin skin
– thin stratum corneum

Cancer
• - oma tumor , mass
• carcin/o cancerous epithelial tissue
• sarc/o connective tissue (flesh)
• carcinoma cancerous tumor of epithelial tissue
• sarcoma cancerous tumor of connective tissue
• basal cell carcinoma
• squamous cell carcinoma
• malignant melanoma
• hematoma

dermis
• connective tissue layer
• papillary layer areolar c.t.
– dermal papillae
– capillaries
• reticular layer dense irregular c.t.
 – blood supply 5% of body’s blood
temperature control
– nerves
hypodermis
• = subcutaneous layer = superficial fascia
• adipose + areolar c.t.

• insulation
• cushion

skin color
• melanin made from tyrosine (amino acid)
reflexts UV rays
various colors and amounts
• carotene carrots , tomatoes Vit A
• hemoglobin reddish when oxygenated

• darker skin to reflect increased UV

• lighter skin to allow more Vit D production

hair
• hair = hard keratin + dead keratinocytes
– root below skin
– shaft above skin
– medulla inner core of keratinocytes + air
– cortex several layers of keratinocytes
– melanin various colors of hair

• function touch
temperature control

hair
• hair follicle epidermal tissue
– internal root sheath = matrix - mitotic cells
– external root sheath - continuation of epidermis

– connective tissue root sheath - dermis

• papilla - capillaries

• hair follicle receptor nerves at hair bulb

• arrector pili muscle

sebaceous glands
• secrete sebum (oil)
• prevents drying of skin and hair
• most secrete into hair follicle
• covers entire body, except palms and soles WHY?

sweat glands = sudoriferous glands

• sweat blood filtrate
– 99% water
– urea waste product of AA
kills bacteria
• temperature control
• 2 types
– eccrine (merocrine) = most body areas
ducts to sweat pore
– apocrine axilla , genital area
duct to hair follicle
sweat + fats

modified sweat glands

• ceruminous glands
– ear canal
– cerumen waxy substance

• mammary glands
– produce milk

nail
• nail hard, clear keratin
• body
• root under skin, proximal
• nail bed epidermis
• nail matrix basal cells , produce keratin
• nail folds skin over edges
– eponychium = cuticle - proximal fold
• lunula white area extension of matrix (avascular)

nerves
• sensations pain
temperature
touch
pressure
• nerve endings
• free
– pain
– temperature
• encapsulated
– Meissner’s touch
– Pacinian pressure

blood vessels
• arteries , venules
– vasodilate increase blood flow
heat loss
– vasoconstrict decrease blood flow
conserve heat
• capillaries
– dermal papillae

What could go wrong ?

• blister
• friction separate st corneum
• water protects deep layers
• callus
• chronic friction or pressure
• mitosis
• increase thickness of stratum corneum
• dehydration - profuse sweating
• burns
• cancer
Burns
• damage from heat, electricity, radiation, chemicals

• risks: dehydration
circulatory shock
infection
Burns
• st
1 degree burn :
– superficial layers
– vasodilation
• mild swelling
• redness
– drying
Burns
• nd
2 degree burn :
– entire epidermis
– vasodilation
– histamine  fluid + blister

Burns

3rd degree burn :

– through dermis
– loss of protective function
– loss of sensation
– infection - septicemia
– dehydration - circulatory shock