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    CE-207 Lec 2 Fourier Series

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    Raquib Ahsan
    The document discusses Fourier series and their applications. It covers topics like periodic functions, harmonic functions, orthogonality of harmonic functions, determination of Fourier coefficients, and examples of using Fourier series to solve problems like modeling a square wave, a periodically driven oscillator, and an infinite beam on an elastic foundation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    CE-207 Lec 2 Fourier Series

    Uploaded by

    Raquib Ahsan
    31 views28 pages
    The document discusses Fourier series and their applications. It covers topics like periodic functions, harmonic functions, orthogonality of harmonic functions, determination of Fourier coefficients, and examples of using Fourier series to solve problems like modeling a square wave, a periodically driven oscillator, and an infinite beam on an elastic foundation.

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    The document discusses Fourier series and their applications. It covers topics like periodic functions, harmonic functions, orthogonality of harmonic functions, determination of Fourier coefficients, and examples of using Fourier series to solve problems like modeling a square wave, a periodically driven oscillator, and an infinite beam on an elastic foundation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    31 views28 pages

    CE-207 Lec 2 Fourier Series

    Uploaded by

    Raquib Ahsan
    The document discusses Fourier series and their applications. It covers topics like periodic functions, harmonic functions, orthogonality of harmonic functions, determination of Fourier coefficients, and examples of using Fourier series to solve problems like modeling a square wave, a periodically driven oscillator, and an infinite beam on an elastic foundation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    CE 207: Applied Mathematics for

    Engineers

    Fourier Series

    Raquib Ahsan, Ph.D.


    Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering
    BUET
    2
    Function
     
    A Relation relates two sets X and Y where and . Each x of X
    is mapped by R to one or more y’s of Y. X is called Domain
    and Y is called Codomain or Range. x is called input or
    argument and y is called an output or image.

    A Function is a relation where each x of X is mapped to a


    unique y of Y. All functions are relations but all relations are
    not functions.

    For example S = {1, 2, 3, 4, …} is a set of student numbers


    and I = {A, B, C, D, …} is a set of name initials. Now is a
    relation since for each i there may be multiple s’s. However,
    is a function since each s has a unique i.
    3
    Graph
     
    A Unary function has only one argument. If a function has
    more than one argument then the function is called
    Multivariate or n-ary function. For example f(x) = x2 is a unary
    function and f(x, y) = x2 + y2 is a binary or bivariate function. A
    unary function can be represented by a 2-dimensional graph
    and a binary function can be represented by a 3-dimensional
    graph. Some functions have names like , , etc., some don’t
    but can be expressed as graphs.
    𝑒  𝑥 𝑓  (𝑥)

     𝑥  𝑥

    4
    Series Representation of a Function
    Taylor Series:

    Center of
    expansion

    3 5 7
      𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2 3 𝑥
      𝑥 𝑥
    𝑒 =1+ 𝑥 + + + ⋯ sin 𝑥= 𝑥 − 3 ! + 5! − 7 ! ⋯
    2 ! 3!
    However, the following series does not have any particular
    name.

    So series representation is a general representation of a function.


    5
    Even and Odd Functions

    Even function Odd function

    6
    Properties of Even and Odd Functions

    7
    Example: Even and Odd Parts of a Function

    8
    Periodic Functions: Examples

    Heart Beat

    Planetary Motion Tidal Wave

    9
    Periodic Function: Definition

    Period

    𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=𝑓 ( 𝑥 +𝑛𝑇 )
     

      Periodic Fundamental Period

      Non-periodic

    10
    Harmonic Functions
      y=sin 𝑥 𝑇  → 2 𝜋 2𝑙
      𝑛𝜋𝑥  
     y=asin 𝑥 𝑇  → 2 𝜋 y=sin 𝑇→
    𝑙 𝑛
     y=sin 2 𝑥  𝑇 → 𝜋

     y=sin 𝑥 +sin 2 𝑥 𝑇  → 2 𝜋   𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑥 3𝜋 𝑥


    y=sin + sin +sin
    𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
     LCM of and 𝑇 → 2𝑙
     

      y=𝑎+sin 𝑥 𝑇  → 2 𝜋   ∞
    𝑛𝜋 𝑥
    𝑦=∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
    𝑙
    y=sin 𝑛𝑥
      𝑇  → 2 𝜋 /𝑛 𝑛 =1
     𝑇 → 2𝑙

    11
    Fourier Series

      ∞ ∞
    𝑛𝜋 𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
    𝑦=𝑎0 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑ 𝑏 𝑛 sin 𝑇 → 2𝑙
     
    𝑛=1 𝑙 𝑛=1 𝑙

    Coordinates Basis

     Function space of periodic functions with

    12
    Orthogonality of Harmonic Functions

    𝑙
     1 𝑚𝜋 𝑥 𝑛𝜋 𝑥 0    if  𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
    𝑙
    ∫ sin
    −𝑙 𝑙
    sin
    𝑙
    𝑑𝑥= {
    1    if  𝑚 =𝑛
    =𝛿 𝑚𝑛

    Kronecker delta
    𝑙 function
     1 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋 𝑥
    ∫ cos cos 𝑑𝑥 =𝛿 𝑚𝑛
    𝑙 −𝑙 𝑙 𝑙

    𝑙
     1 𝑚𝜋 𝑥 𝑛𝜋 𝑥
    𝑙
    ∫ sin 𝑙
    cos
    𝑙
    𝑑𝑥=0
    −𝑙

    13
    Determination of Coefficients

    14
    Analogy with Geometric Space and Vector Space
    𝑣 =𝑥 𝑖^ + 𝑦
     ⃗ ^𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘^
    𝑣 ∙ ^𝑗=𝑥 𝑖^ ∙ ^𝑗 + 𝑦 ^𝑗 ∙ ^𝑗+ 𝑧 𝑘^ ∙ ^𝑗
     ⃗

    𝑣
     ⃗ ∙ ^𝑗 = 0+ 𝑦 ×1+0
    ⃗𝑣
      ∙ ^𝑗 = 𝑦

    15
    Euler’s Formula

    16
    Example: Square Wave

    17
    Example: Square Wave (Continued)

    18
    Example: Square Wave (Continued)

    19
    Periodically Driven Oscillator

    20
    Particular Solution
    Let m = 1 kg, c = 0.04 kg/sec, k = 15 kg/sec2

      ∞
    sin 𝑛𝑎
    𝑥 𝑝=𝑥 0 + ∑ 𝑥𝑛
    1 𝑛𝜋 𝑎
      1   1
    15 𝑥 0 = ⇒ 𝑥 0=
    2𝜋 30 𝜋
    ′′ ′
     𝑥 𝑛 +0.04 𝑥 𝑛+15 𝑥 𝑛= cos 𝑛𝑡 Let  𝑥 𝑛= 𝐴 cos 𝑛𝑡 + 𝐵 sin 𝑛𝑡

      15 − 𝑛2 0.04 𝑛
    𝑥 𝑛= 2 2 2
    cos 𝑛𝑡 + 2 2 2
    sin 𝑛𝑡
    ( 15 − 𝑛 ) +0.0016 𝑛 ( 15− 𝑛 ) +0.0016 𝑛

    21
    22
    23
    Infinite Beam on Elastic Foundation

    24
    Solution

    25
    Periodically Driven Oscillator

    26
    Periodically Driven Oscillator - II

    27
    Infinite Beam on Elastic Foundation

    28

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