AERODYNAMICS

LABORATORY MANUAL

LAB INCHARGE
OBSERVATION:

SI SHUTTER U TUBE MANOMETER VELOCITY (V)

NO HEIGHT (m/s)
(cm) h1 h2 ∆h(h1-h2)
EXPT No: 01 CALIBRATION OF SUBSONIC WIND TUNNEL DATE:

AIM:

To determine the test section velocity of wind tunnel for varying shutter height.

APPRATUS REQUIRED:

 Subsonic Wind Tunnel

 U-Tube Manometer
 Pitot Static Tube

FORMULA USED:

Total pressure (Po)= P static + P Dynamic

P Dynamic= ½ ρairxV2 air
Capillary rise
P Dynamic= ρwaterx g ∆h

PROCEDURE:

 At first arrange the pitot static tube in axial flow direction.

 Switch on the button to start the wind tunnel.
 Open the shutter and exhaust to the shutter height.
 Note the reading of the U tube manometer varying the height and repeat the
experiment.
 Finally calculate the velocity of air in the test section.
 And the graph plotted between the various shutter and velocity.

RESULT:

Thus the subsonic wind tunnel velocity determined from the shutter height readings
and manometer readings

The various velocity verses shutter height could be plotted in the graph.
TABULATION:

S.NO U-TUBE ANGLE OF MULTIMETER MANOMETER READING

MANOMETER ATTACK
q1 q2 ∆q h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 h7 h8 h9 h10 h11 h12 h13 h14 href
1
href-h1-14
Cp
2
href-h1-14
Cp
3
href-h1-14
Cp
4
href-h1-14
Cp
5
href-h1-14
Cp
EXPT No: 02 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OVER A SYMMETRIC DATE:
AIRFOIL

AIM :

To find the coefficient of pressure in symmetric airfoil.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Symmetric aerofoil,
 Wind tunnel,
 Multitube nanometer,
 U-tube manometer.

FORMULAE:

Cp = p-p∞/q∞ ,

P – Multimeter Pressure,

P∞ – U-tube manometer,

q∞ – Dynamic pressure .

Cp = ∆H÷∆q

Cp= 1-Vn²÷V∞²

=1-[13√∆h∕13√∆H]²

Cp =1-∆hn/∆H

APPARATUS SPECIFICATION:

0pen type circuit section wind tunnel maximum caliberated test section
velocity = 35m/s.

Overall size= 6 х0.9 х 1.2 mᶾ

Concentration ratio = 11.1

Velocity correction filter = 1.02

TABULATION:

Chord (c) = Cm

S.NO X (cm) X/C (cm) Cp(α=0˚) Cp(α=5˚) Cp(α=10˚) Cp(α=-5˚) Cp(α=-10˚)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
 PROCEDURE:

 First check whether the pitot static tube is parallel to aerofoil.

 Then the exit shutter should be fully cloud and place the symmetric aerofoil
into the wind tunnel.
 Connect the corresponding aerofoil tube to the corresponding multimeter
manometer.
 Then switch on the wind tunnel then place exit shutter to any height.
 Change the angle of attack of aerofoil.
 Note the units of u-tube manometer and multimeter valve.
 Repeat this process for a difficult angle of attack.
 Finally plot the graph for Cp vs x/c .

RESULT:

Thus the pressure distribution for symmetrical airfoil is calculated and the graph is plotted
for Cp vs x/c
TABULATION:

S.NO U-TUBE ANGLE OF MULTIMETER MANOMETER READING

MANOMETER ATTACK
q1 q2 ∆q h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 h7 h8 h9 h10 h11 h12 h13 h14 href
1
href-h1-14
Cp
2
href-h1-14
Cp
3
href-h1-14
Cp
4
href-h1-14
Cp
5
href-h1-14
Cp
EXPT No: 03 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OVER A CAMBERED AIRFOIL DATE:

AIM :

To find the coefficient of pressure in s cambered airfoil.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Symmetric aerofoil,
 Wind tunnel,
 Multitube nanometer,
 U-tube manometer.

FORMULAE:

Cp = p-p∞/q∞ ,

P – Multimeter Pressure,

P∞ – U-tube manometer,

q∞ – Dynamic pressure .

Cp = ∆H÷∆q

Cp= 1-Vn²÷V∞²

=1-[13√∆h∕13√∆H]²

Cp =1-∆hn/∆H

APPARATUS SPECIFICATION:

0pen type circuit section wind tunnel maximum caliberated test section
velocity = 35m/s.

Overall size= 6 х0.9 х 1.2 mᶾ

Concentration ratio = 11.1

Velocity correction filter = 1.02

TABULATION:

Chord (c) = Cm

S.NO X (cm) X/C (cm) Cp(α=0˚) Cp(α=5˚) Cp(α=10˚) Cp(α=-5˚) Cp(α=-10˚)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
 PROCEDURE:

 First check whether the pitot static tube is parallel to aerofoil.

 Then the exit shutter should be fully cloud and place the cambered aerofoil
into the wind tunnel.
 Connect the corresponding aerofoil tube to the corresponding multimeter
manometer.
 Then switch on the wind tunnel then place exit shutter to any height.
 Change the angle of attack of aerofoil.
 Note the units of u-tube manometer and multimeter valve.
 Repeat this process for a difficult angle of attack.
 Finally plot the graph for Cp vs x/c .

RESULT:

Thus the pressure distribution for cambered airfoil is calculated and the graph is plotted
for Cp vs x/c.
TABULATION:

SHUTTE U-TUBE POINT MULTITUBE MANOMETER READING

R MANOMETER FACIN
HEIGHT G THE
H1 H2 ∆H AIR h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 h7 h8 h9 h10 h11 h12 h13 h14 href
FLOW

∆h

Cptheo

Cpexp
EXPT No: 04 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OVER A SMOOTH CIRCULAR DATE:
CYLINDER

AIM:

To determine the pressure distribution over a smooth circular cylinder.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 Low speed subsonic wind tunnel

 U-tube Multi manometer
 Cylinder model
SPECIFICATION:

 Open circuit section type wind tunnel is given at 1440 rpm.

 Maximum calibration test section velocity is 35 m/s.
 Contraction ratio is 11:1.
 Overall size of wind tunnel is 6 x 0.9 x 12 m3.
 Velocity connection value is 1.2 cm/s.
FORMULA USED:

Cp=P - P∞
1/2ρ∞V∞2

Cpexp= 1 - ∆h/∆H

Cptheo=1-4sin2θ

PROCEDURE:

 First check whether the pitot is parallel to air flow.

 Then the air flow exit shutter should be finally cloved and place the smooth
circular cylinder aero foil in the wind tower.
 Connect the corresponding air flow tube to the corresponding multitube
manometer.
 Switch on the wind tunnel.
 Then place the exit shutter height and note down the U-tube manometer and
multitube manometer reading.
 Finally switch off the wind tunnel.
RESULT:

The pressure distribution over a smooth circular cylinder is calculated.

The graphs are plotted successfully.

TABULATION:

SHUTTE U-TUBE POINT MULTITUBE MANOMETER READING

R MANOMETER FACIN
HEIGHT G THE
H1 H2 ∆H AIR h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 h7 h8 h9 h10 h11 h12 h13 h14 href
FLOW

∆h

Cptheo

Cpexp
EXPT No: 05 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OVER A SMOOTH CIRCULAR DATE:
CYLINDER

AIM:

To determine the pressure distribution over a rough circular cylinder.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

 U-tube Multi manometer

 Rough cylinder
 Pitot static tube
 Multi limb manometer
 Wind tunnel
 Lift and drag indicator
SPECIFICATION:

 Open circuit section type wind tunnel is given at 1440 rpm.

 Maximum calibration test section velocity is 35 m/s.
 Contraction ratio is 11:1.
 Overall size of wind tunnel is 6 x 0.9 x 12 m3.
 Velocity connection value is 1.2 cm/s.
FORMULA USED:

Cp=P - P∞
1/2P∞V∞2

Cpexp= 1 - ∆h/∆H

Cptheo=1-4sin2θ

PROCEDURE:

 First check whether the pitot is parallel to air flow.

 Then the air flow exit shutter should be finally cloved and place the rough circular cylinder in the
wind tunnel.
 Connect the corresponding air flow tube to the corresponding multitube air foil.
 Switch on the wind tunnel.
 Then place the exit shutter height and note down the U-tube manometer and multitube manometer
reading.
 Finally switch off the wind tunnel.
RESULT:

The pressure distribution over a rough circular cylinder is calculated.

The graphs are plotted successfully.

TABULATION:

S.No Angle of X Y Cl Cd
Attack(α) in
deg in(N) in(N)
1
2
3
4
5
EXPT No: 06 FORCE MEASUREMENT USING WIND TUNNEL BALANCE DATE:

Aim:

To determine the force measurement by using wind tunnel balance.

Apparatus required:

 Low speed supersonic wind tunnel

 Pitot-static tube
 U-Tube manometer
 Wing(Testing model)

Formula Required:

1
Cl =
q∞ S

Where ,

q ∞ = ½ ρ∞ V 2∞ (Dynamic Pressure)

S = Refernce area (c*x)

C = Chord length
S = Span of the wing

Procedure:

 Arrange the Pitot - static tube in the axial direction.

 Open the test section and fix the given testing model.
 Connect the testing model to the vector instrument which is used to measure the lift(x) and
drag(y) due to the wind flow with the help of required shutter and exhaust height.
 Measure and note the value of x, y from the vector instrument.
 Finally plot the graph between ∞ ,V ∞ ,C l
Result:

Thus the force measurement is determined successfully and the graph is plotted.

TABULATION:

S.No Angle of Attack(α) in deg LIFT FORCE

in(N)
1
2
3
4
5
EXPT No: 07 DETERMINATION OF LIFT FOR THE GIVEN AEROFOIL DATE:
SECTION
Aim:

To determine the lift for the given aerofoil section.

Apparatus required:

 Wind Tunnel
 Digital beard
 Symmetric aero foil

Formula:

Lift of an airfoil velocity (v) is given by

L = ½ ρ ∞ V 2∞ S C L

ρ∞ = Free stream density

C L= Co-efficient of lift

L = Lift force
2
V ∞ = Free stream velocity

S= Projected area of an airfoil

Procedure:

 The symmetrical aerofoil is plotted in the wind tunnel.

 The airfoil is set at a angle of attack.
 The corresponding lift forces are measured.
 The experiment is repeated for various angles of attack 50 ,100 ,150 ,200 .
The values of forces are noted.
Result:

Thus the determination of lift force is measured.

EXPT No: 08 FLOW VISUALIZATION STUDIES ON LOW SPEED FLOW OVER A DATE:
CIRCULAR CYLINDER USING WATER FLOW CHANNEL

AIM
To visualize and study the flow pattern over a circular cylinder.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
 Water flow channel
 Circular cylinder model
 Saw dust
 Blue Ink

CONDUCT OF EXPERIMENT

Experimental set-up: Water flow channel

The water flow channel is a device used to visualize the 2D flow past an object. The
channel consists of a test section proceeded by contraction. This contraction increases the test
section speed and renders the flow stream lined and unidirectional. The corner valve in the return
circuit provides a smooth entry of water into the contraction. The entire set up is arranged in a
shallow rectangular box like tank filled with water to a required height.

The flow in the test section is established by means of two sets of parallel discs rotating
in opposite direction which is immersed in water. The water is re-circulated. So, the system can
work continuously. A half HPDC motor through a belt pulley drives arrangement which drives at
a lower speed. The speed of the stream is kept low so as to avoid turbulence and ripple formation
on their water surface.

Ideal flow model of flow past a circular cylinder

Irrotational incompressible flow past a circular cylinder without circulation can be generated by
adding a uniform flow, in the positive x direction to a doublet at the origin directed in the
negative x direction. Of particular interest here is the pressure coefficient distribution predicted

by the theory, given by the expression Cp=1-4sin2ө, where ө is angle measured from the back of
the cylinder. This inviscid pressure distribution is unrealistic in a number of ways; not least that
 it implies a zero drag. However, in this experiment you will have an opportunity to make your
own comparison with, and judgment of, this theory.

Flow around a circular cylinder can be approached from the previous example by bringing the
source and the sink closer. Then we are considering a uniform flow in combination with a

doublet. The stream function and the velocity potential for this flow are given by,

Viscous flow and Inference from visualization:

External flows past objects have been studied extensively because of their many practical
applications. Flow past a blunt body, such as a circular cylinder, usually experiences boundary
layer separation and very strong flow oscillations in the wake region behind the body. In certain
Reynolds number range, a periodic flow motion will develop in the wake as a result of boundary
layer vortice being shed alternatively from either side of the cylinder. This regular pattern of
vortices in the wake is called a Karman vortex sheet. It creates an oscillating flow at a discrete
frequency that is correlated to the Reynolds number of the flow. The periodic nature of the
vortex shedding phenomenon can sometimes lead to unwanted structural vibrations, especially
when the shedding frequency matches one of the resonant frequencies of the structure.
Flow Separation: The presence of the fluid viscosity slows down the fluid particles very close to
the solid surface and forms a thin slow-moving fluid layer called a boundary layer. The flow
velocity is zero at the surface to satisfy the no-slip boundary condition. Inside the boundary layer,
flow momentum is quite low since it experiences a strong viscous flow resistance. Therefore, the
boundary layer flow is sensitive to the external pressure gradient (as the form of a pressure force
acting upon fluid particles). If the pressure decreses in the direction of the flow, the pressure
gradient is said to be favorable. In this case, the pressure force can assist the fluid
movement and there is no flow retardation. However, if the pressure is increasing in the direction
of the flow, an adverse pressure gradient condition as so it is called exist. In addition to the
presence of a strong viscous force, the fluid particles now have to move against the increasing
pressure force. Therefore, the fluid particles could be stopped or reversed, causing the neighboring
particles to move away from the surface. This phenomenon is called the boundary layer separation.

Wake: The pressure is a maximum at the stagnation point and gradually decreases along the
front half of the cylinder. The flow stays attached in this favorable pressure region as expected.
However, the pressure starts to increase in the rear half of the cylinder and the particle now
experiences an adverse pressure gradient. Consequently, the flow separates from the surface and
creating a highly turbulent region behind the cylinder called the wake.

Vortex Shedding: The boundary layer separates from the surface forms a free shear layer and is
highly unstable. This shear layer will eventually roll into a discrete vortex and detach from the
surface (a phenomenon called vortex shedding). Another type of flow instability emerges as the
shear layer vortices shed from both the top and bottom surfaces interact with one another. They
shed alternatively from the cylinder and generates a regular vortex pattern in the wake
 Flow about a Lifting Cylinder (Magnus Effect)

A lifting flow can be generated by adding a free vortex to the flow about a circular cylinder just
described. The stream function and the velocity potential now become,

Procedure

Result:

Thus, the flow over the cylinder has been visualized and studied using the water flow
channel.
Exp.No: 09
FLOW VISUALIZATION STUDIES ON LOW SPEED FLOW OVER A FLAT
Date: PLATE USING WATER FLOW CHANNEL

AIM
 To visualize and study the flow pattern over a flat plate at different angle of attack.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
 Water flow channel
 Flat plate model
 Saw dust
 Blue Ink

CONDUCT OF EXPERIMENT

Procedure

1.
2.
3.

Description:

When the flat plate is inclined at some AOA to the relative water flow, the streamlines are disturbed.
An upwash is created at the front edge of the plate causing the water to flow through a more constricted
area, in a similar manner to flow through the throat of a Venturimeter. The net result is that as the water
flows through this restricted area, it speeds up. This in turn causes a drop in static pressure above the
plate (as explained in the Bernoulli’s principle) when compared with the static pressure beneath it
resulting in a net upward reaction. After passing the plate, there is a resulting downwash of the water
stream. When angle of attack increases, there was a shift in stagnation point and increment in the
strength of wake produced. The total reaction on the plate caused by it disturbing the relative water
flow has two vector components as shown in Figure. One at right angles to the relative water flow
known as lift and the other parallel to the relative water flow, opposing the motion, known as drag.
OBSERVATION:

(This is a reference
RESULT
Thus, the flow over the cylinder has been visualized and studied using the water flow
channel.
 Exp.No: 10 FLOW VISUALIZATION STUDIES ON LOW SPEED FLOW OVER A
SYMMETRICAL AERFOIL USING WATER FLOW CHANNEL
Date:

AIM

To visualize and study the flow pattern over a symmetrical aerofoil at different angle of attack.

Apparatus Required:

 Water flow channel

 Symmetriocal Aerofoil model
 Saw dust
 Blue ink
 Procedure:

Description:

A Symmetric airfoil, where the top surface is a mirror image of the bottom surface, has zero camber.

Thus , the flow over the flat plate has been visualized and studied using the waterflow channel.
OBSERVATION:

Flow pattern variation at different angles of attack

We noticed that the water just ahead of the aerofoil is moving not just left to right
but also upward; this is called upwash. Similarly, the water just aft of the aerofoil is
moving not just left to right but also downward; this is called downwash. Along the
leading edge of the aerofoil there is something called a stagnation point. It is the
dividing point between water that flows over the top of the aerofoil and water that
flows under the bottom of the aerofoil. There is another stagnation point at the
trailing edge which marks the place where air that passed above the wing rejoins air
that passed below the wing. We noticed that at moderate or high angles of attack, the
forward stagnation point is found well below and aft of the leading edge of the
aerofoil. If angle of attack rises, the adverse gradient was created in the water flow
which makes the flow to separate from the surface. As adverse pressure rises the
separation point moves forward; lift drops and the airfoil stalls.

RESULT

Thus, the flow over the symmetrical aerofoil has been visualized and
studied using the water flow channel.