Rahul Sir

CHAPTER = 1

Functions of Several Variables

1) Determine the domains of the functions given by the following formulas and draw the
sets in the xy – plane.
(a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = √𝑥 − 1 + √𝑦) [𝒙 ≥ 𝟏, 𝒚 ≥ 𝟎]

2
(b) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = + √9 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) [It is the set of points that lie outside the
√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2−4
circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟗 ]

1
(c) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = + √3𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 9) (Eco(H) 2008)
√𝑥 2+𝑦 2−4

(d) √2 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) [𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ≤ 𝟐]

(e) √(4 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 1) [ 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚 𝟐 ≤ 𝟒 ]

𝑥
(f) f(x,y)=√ (Eco(H) 2015) [1st quadrant if x,y ≥ 𝟎; 𝟑𝒓𝒅 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 ≤ 𝟎]
𝑦

√𝑥+𝑦+1
(g) f(x,y)= (Eco(H) 2016) [x + y ≥ −𝟏]
𝑥−1

(h) f(x,y)= ln(1-𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) [𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 < 1]

1
(i) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = + √(3𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 9)
√(𝑥 2+𝑦 2−4)
(j) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑙𝑛(𝑦 2 − 𝑥) [𝒚𝟐 > 𝑥 ] (Eco(H) 2017)

(k) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = √𝑦 − 𝑥ln(𝑦 + 𝑥) (Eco(H) 2018)

2) Where are the functions given by the following formulas continuous?

(a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 8𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑧 [for all x, y, z]
𝑥𝑦−3
(b) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) =
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 −4
[Continuous for all (x, y) except those that lie on the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 =4 ]

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3) Consider the function of two variables defined by the equation 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 .

What are the level curves? Draw both a set of level curves and the graph of the
function.

4) Sketch the level curves for the following functions at heights specified by k:
a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 at height k = 0, 2. (Eco(H) 2012, 2015)
{𝑨𝒕 𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟐; 𝑨𝒕 𝒌 = 𝟐, 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟎}
b) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 , at the height k = 0. (Eco(H) 2017)
𝟐/𝟑
{𝑨𝒕 𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝒙 }
c) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 − 𝑙𝑛𝑥, at the height k = 0, 2. (Eco(H) 2017)
{𝑨𝒕 𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏𝒙; 𝑨𝒕 𝒌 = 𝟐, 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝟐}
d) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦, at the height k = 0, 2. (Eco(H) 2016)
{𝑨𝒕 𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒚; 𝒂𝒕 𝒌 = 𝟐, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒚 + 𝟐}
e) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 at height k = 10. (Eco(H) 2015)
{𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎}
f) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑦 − 2𝑥)2 , at the height k = 4. (Eco(H) 2016)
𝟐
{𝑨𝒕 𝒌 = 𝟒, 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚 = 𝟒} 𝟐

g) Specify the domain and provide a rough sketch of it for the function
f(x, y) = ln(9-x2 – 9y2). Also, provide a rough sketch of the level curve at the
height 4.(Eco (H) 2019)

5) Draw the level curve for the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = √𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 passing through the (3, 5).
Find the unit vector perpendicular to the level curve at this point. (Eco(H) 2018)

6) Draw the graph of the following functions in three-dimensional space, and draw a set
of level curves for each of them:
(a) 𝑧 = 3 − 𝑥 − 𝑦
(b) 𝑧 = √3 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
(c) f(x, y) = (𝑥𝑦 + 1)2 , (𝑥, 𝑦 > 0), at height k=4.
(d) g(x, y)= 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2, at height k=0

7) Show that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 6 is a level curve of f(x, y) = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 +2 and that all

the level curves of f must be circles centered at the origin.

8) Show that 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = c, for all values of the constant c lies on a level curve for
2 2
f(x, y) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 .

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9) Sketch the graph of the following function in three dimensional space and draw a set
of level curves of height 𝑐 = (0, 2) :
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑦
For 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) ≥ 0

10) Compute the partial derivatives of the following:

(i) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 2
𝑥𝑦
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒚
(iii)𝑧 = 3𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 3
(iv) 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥
(v) 𝑧 = log(𝑥 + 5)𝛼 (𝑦 + 2) 𝛽
2 2
(vi) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑦
(vii) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑦
𝑥+𝑦
(viii) 𝑧 = √
𝑥−𝑦
𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
𝒊) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏; = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝒇 𝒚𝟑−𝒙𝟐𝒚 𝝏𝒇 𝒙𝟑 −𝒚𝟐𝒙
𝒊𝒊) = 𝟐 ; = 𝟐
𝝏𝒙 (𝒙𝟐+𝒚𝟐 ) 𝝏𝒚 (𝒙𝟐+𝒚𝟐 )
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝒊𝒊𝒊) = 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐; = 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟔𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝒊𝒗) = 𝟏 + 𝒆𝒚 + 𝒚𝒆𝒙 ; = 𝟏 + 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒙𝒆𝒚
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝒛 𝜶 𝝏𝒛 𝜷
𝒗) = ; =
𝝏𝒙 𝒙+𝟓 𝝏𝒚 𝒚+𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 −𝒚𝟐
𝒗𝒊) 𝒇𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝒆𝒙 −𝒚 ; 𝒇𝒚 = −𝟐𝒚𝒆𝒙
𝒗𝒊𝒊) 𝒇𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝒆𝒚 ; 𝒇𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒚
𝝏𝒛 −𝒚 𝒙−𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝒙 𝒙−𝒚
𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊) = √𝒙+𝒚 ; = √𝒙+𝒚
𝝏𝒙 (𝒙−𝒚)𝟐 𝝏𝒚 (𝒙−𝒚)𝟐
[ ]

𝑤
11) (a) Find all the first-order partial derivatives of 𝑓(𝑢, 𝜐, 𝜔 ) = 𝑢 𝜐
𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑧
(b) Let 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ). Show that 𝑦 = −𝑥
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦

2
12) (a) If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑦 , find the first and second-order partial derivatives at
(𝑥, 𝑦) = (1,0). [𝒇′𝟏 = 𝟑; 𝒇′𝟐 = 𝟎; 𝒇′𝟏𝟏 = 𝟔; 𝒇′𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎 = 𝒇′𝟐𝟏 ; 𝒇′𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐 ]

(b) Find all the first-and second-order partials of the function

𝜔 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ) = 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 3

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[𝒘′𝟏 = 𝟑𝒚𝒛 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝒛𝟑 ; 𝒘′𝟐 = 𝟑𝒙𝒛 + 𝒙𝟐 ; 𝒘′𝟑 = 𝟑𝒙𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙𝒛𝟐 ; 𝒘′𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝒚; 𝒘′𝟐𝟏 =
𝒘′𝟏𝟐 = 𝟑𝒛 + 𝟐𝒙 ; 𝒘′𝟏𝟑 = 𝒘′𝟑𝟏 = 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟑𝒛𝟐 ; 𝒘′𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎; 𝒘′𝟐𝟑 = 𝒘′𝟑𝟐 = 𝟑𝒙; 𝒘′𝟑𝟑 = −𝟔𝒙𝒛]

13) Find all the 2nd order partial derivatives of:

𝑧 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑒 2𝑥𝑦 (Eco(H) 2014)

𝝏𝟐 𝒛
( ) = 𝒚𝟐𝒆𝟐𝒙𝒚 [𝟖𝒙𝒚 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐]
𝝏𝒙𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛
( )=( ) = 𝒆𝟐𝒙𝒚 [𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝒚]
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝟐 𝒛
( 𝟐 ) = 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒙𝒚 [𝟖𝒙𝒚 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐]
{ 𝝏𝒚 }

14) Verify Young’s Theorem for each of the function:

(a) 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑦
(b) 𝑧 = 𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑦
(c) 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦

15) Define the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )/(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )when (x, y)≠ 0and f(0,0)=0.
Show that Young’s theorem does not apply at (0,0) by finding 𝑓1′ (0, 𝑦) and 𝑓2′ (𝑥, 0),
′′ ′′
then showing that 𝑓12 (0, 0) = 1 and that 𝑓21 (0, 0) = -1. Show that young’s theorem is
′′ ′′
not contradicted because both 𝑓12 & 𝑓21 are discontinuous at (0, 0).

16) Prove that if 𝑧 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)2 , then 𝑥𝑧𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧𝑦 = 2𝑧.

1 𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧
17) Let 𝑧 = 𝐼𝑛 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ). Show that + = 0.
2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2

18) Compute 𝜕 𝑝+𝑞 𝑧/𝜕𝑦 𝑞 𝜕𝑥 𝑝 at (0,0) for the following:

(a) 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝐼𝑛 (1 + 𝑦)
(b) 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − 1)

𝝏𝒑+𝒒 𝒛
𝒂) = (−𝟏)𝒒−𝟏(𝒒 − 𝟏)! 𝒆𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒚)−𝒒
𝝏𝒚𝒒𝝏𝒙𝒑
[ 𝝏𝒑+𝒒 𝒛
]
𝒃) = 𝒆𝒙+𝒚[𝒙𝒚 + (𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒚 + 𝒒𝒙 + (𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒒 − 𝟏 ]
𝝏𝒚𝒒𝝏𝒙𝒑

1 𝜕 𝑢𝑥𝑦 1 𝜕 𝑢𝑥𝑦
19) Prove that if 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 , then ( )= ( )
𝑢𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑦 𝑢𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑦

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20) If 𝑢 = 𝐼𝑛(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 ) , show that

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
i. 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 =3
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
ii. (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ) ( + + )=3
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
iii. If𝑧 = (𝑥 2 𝑦), show that 𝑥 = 2𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
21) a) If 𝑢 = ∅(𝑦 + 𝑎𝑥 ) + 𝜓(𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥). Show that = 𝑎2 .
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
b) If 𝑧 = , prove that ( − ) = 4 (1 − − )
𝑥+𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

22) Let ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝑦) + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑦) where f and g are twice differentiable function of
one variable:
𝑑2 ℎ 𝑑2ℎ
a) Prove that 2
= . (Eco(H) 2013)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2
b) If 𝑓(𝑢 ) = 2
𝑢 and 𝑔(𝑢 )
= 0, describe the level curves 𝑧 = ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) and
ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑦) + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑦). (Eco(H) 2013) {𝒙 − 𝒚 = √𝒌}

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
23) (a) If 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 (𝑦 − 𝑧 ) + 𝑦 2 (𝑧 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑧 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦), prove that + + = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
(b) If 𝑉 = (1 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )−1/2, prove that 𝑥 −𝑦 = 𝑦 2𝑉 3.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
24) If = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , show that 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = −𝑢 and
𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
+ + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
25) (a)𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧, show that 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = 3𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 3𝑢
(b) If 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 , show that = (1 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 )𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 .
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧

𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
(c) If 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , show that (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) ( 2
+ 2
+ ) = 1.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2

𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑢 2
26) (a) If 𝑢 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , show that ( ) + ( ) + ( ) = 1.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
(b) If 𝑧 = log(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ), prove that 𝑥 +𝑦 = 2.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
(c) If 𝑢 = + + , prove that 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = 0.
𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
27) (a) If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ), prove that : = 𝑥: 𝑦.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

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(b) If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 ), 𝑣 = ∅(𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 ), prove that

𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝜕 𝜕𝑣
(𝑢 )= (𝑢 )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Composite Functions

28) Suppose that 𝑤 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ): (Eco(H) 2012)

a) If x, y and z are function of u and v. Find the partial derivatives of w with respect
𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
to u and v. { = 𝒇′ 𝒙 + 𝒇′ 𝒚 + 𝒇′ 𝒛 ; = 𝒇′ 𝒙 + 𝒇′ 𝒚 + 𝒇′ 𝒛 }
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗
b) If x and y are functions of u and v and if z, u and v are function of t, find the
derivative of w with respect to t.
𝒅𝒘
{ = 𝒇′ 𝒙[𝒈′𝒖 𝑮′ (𝒕) + 𝒈′𝒗 𝑯′ (𝒕)] + 𝒇′ 𝒚[𝒉′𝒖𝑮′ (𝒕) + 𝒉′𝒗 𝑯′ (𝒕)] + 𝒇′ 𝒛 𝑰′ (𝒕)}
𝒅𝒕

29) Compute dz/dt when 𝑧 = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 with 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 and 𝑦 = 2𝑡.

𝒅𝒛
[ = 𝟒𝒕𝟑 + 𝟐𝟒𝒕𝟐]
𝒅𝒕

30) Find 𝜕𝑧/𝜕𝑡 and 𝜕𝑧/𝜕𝑠 for the following cases:

(a) 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 , 𝑥 = 𝑡 − 𝑠 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑠.
(b) 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 2 , 𝑥 = 𝑡 + 𝑠 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 2𝑠
𝑥−𝑦
(c) 𝑧 = , 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡+𝑠 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡𝑠
𝑥+𝑦
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝒂) = 𝟐𝐭 − 𝟐𝐬 𝟐 + 𝟒𝒕𝒔𝟐 ; = −𝟒𝒕𝒔 + 𝟒𝒔𝟑 + 𝟒𝒕𝟐𝒔
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒔
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝒃) = 𝟓𝒕𝟒 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒𝒕𝟑𝒔𝟒; = 𝟐𝒕𝟓𝒔 + 𝟒𝒕𝟒𝒔𝟑
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒔
𝝏𝒛 𝟐(𝟏−𝒔)𝒆𝒕𝒔+𝒕+𝒔 𝝏𝒛 𝟐(𝟏−𝒕)𝒆𝒕𝒔+𝒕+𝒔
[ 𝒄) = ; = ]
𝝏𝒕 (𝒆𝒕+𝒔 +𝒆𝒕𝒔 )𝟐 𝝏𝒔 (𝒆𝒕+𝒔 +𝒆𝒕𝒔 )𝟐

31) If 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) and f is differentiable, x = s + t and y = s – t. Show that:

𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
{( ) − ( ) = . } (Eco(H) 2016)
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒔 𝝏𝒕

32) (a) Find expressions for 𝜕𝑧/𝜕𝑡1 and 𝜕𝑧/𝜕𝑡2 when 𝑧 = 𝐹(𝑥) and
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡1 , 𝑡2 ). [ = 𝑭′𝒙 𝝏𝒙⁄𝝏𝒕 ; = 𝑭′𝒙 𝝏𝒙⁄𝝏𝒕 ]
𝝏𝒕𝟏 𝟏 𝝏𝒕𝟐 𝟐

(b) Find a formula for 𝜕𝑢/𝜕𝑟 when 𝑢 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑤) and x, y, z, and w all are functions
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒛
of t and r [ = + + + ]
𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒓

(c) Let 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑤, 𝑥 = 𝑟 + 𝑠, 𝑦 = 𝑟 − 𝑠, 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑠, and 𝑤 = 𝑟/𝑠, and compute 𝜕𝑢/𝜕𝑟 when
𝝏𝒖
(r, s) = (2,1). [ = 𝟐𝟖]
𝝏𝒓

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33) Suppose 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) has continuous second – order partial derivatives with
𝜕𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧
𝑥 = 𝑟 2 + 𝑠 2 & 𝑦 = 2𝑟𝑠. Find and . (Eco(H) 2017)
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 2

𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
= (𝟐𝒓) + (𝟐𝒔);
𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝟐𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝟐
= 𝟐
(𝟐𝒓) + 𝟐 . ( 𝟐𝒓 ) . ( 𝟐𝒔 ) + 𝟐
(𝟐𝒔)𝟐 + 𝟐. + 𝟐𝒔
{𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 }

𝑑𝑧
34) (a) 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑥 = 𝑡 2, 𝑦 = 𝑡 3find .
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧
(b) 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 ln 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑥, 𝑥 = 𝑡 + 1, 𝑦 = 1𝑛𝑡 find .
𝑑𝑡
1 𝑑𝑧
(c) If 𝑧 = 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑦 3 , − and 𝑦 = 5 + 𝑡, find .
𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧
(d) If 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡), where 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑡 and 𝑦 = 𝛼 + 𝛽𝑡, find .
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢
(e) Find when 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦, 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡.
𝑑𝑡
𝒂) 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟔𝒕𝟓)
𝒍𝒏𝒕 𝒕+𝟏 (𝒍𝒏(𝒕+𝟏))
𝒃) 𝒍𝒏(𝒍𝒏𝒕) + + +
𝒕+𝟏 𝒕𝒍𝒏𝒕 𝒕
𝒅𝒛 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟔𝒙𝒚
𝒄) = + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒚𝟐
𝒅𝒕 𝒕𝟐
𝒅) 𝒃. 𝒇𝒙 + 𝛽𝒇𝒚 + 𝒇𝒕
[ 𝒆) ]

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
35) If 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑦), show that 𝑏 +𝑎 = 2𝑎𝑏𝑧.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

36) If 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 𝑣, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 and z is a function of x and y, show that

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑢 +𝑣 =𝑥 + 2𝑦 .
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

37) Let f be a differentiable function of one variable and let a and b be tow constants.
Suppose that the equation 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑦 − 𝑏𝑧) defines z as a differentiable function of
x and y. prove that z satisfies 𝑎𝑧𝑥 + 𝑏𝑧𝑦 = 1.

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
38) Let 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑦 − 𝑧, 𝑧 − 𝑥). Show that + + = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑑𝑧
39) If 𝑧 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 3𝑎𝑥𝑦 = 5𝑎2 , find the value of when 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑎.[0]
𝑑𝑥

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40) If 𝑧 = 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡), and 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑡), prove that

𝜕 2 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑2 𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑑2 𝑦 𝜕 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 2 𝜕 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝜕 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑦 2
= + + ( ) +2 ( )( )+ 2( )
𝑑𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 2 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡

41) Consider the National Income Model described by three equations:

𝑌 = 𝐶 + 𝐼0 + 𝐺0
𝐶 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 (𝑌 − 𝑇 ); (𝛼 > 0, 0 < 𝛽 < 1)
𝑇 = 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑌; (𝛾 > 0, 0 < 𝛿 < 1)

Here Y is national income, C is consumption, I is Investment, G is public Expenditure and T

is tax Revenue.
𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑌
Find 𝑎𝑛𝑑 . (Eco(H) 2017)
𝜕𝐼0 𝜕𝐺0

𝝏𝒀 𝟏
=
𝝏𝑰𝟎 𝟏 − 𝜷 + 𝜷𝜹
𝝏𝒀 𝟏
=
{𝝏𝑮𝟎 𝟏 − 𝜷 + 𝜷𝜹}

42) The equilibrium values of the variables Y, C and I are given by the solution of three
equation:
𝑌 =𝐶+𝐼+𝐺
𝐶 = 𝑓 (𝑌, 𝑇, 𝑟 )
𝐼 = ℎ(𝑌, 𝑟)

Where T, G and r are parameters and f and h are differentiable functions. How does Y
changes when T and G increase by equal amount with no change in t. (Eco(H) 2012)

𝒅𝒚 𝒇′𝑻 +𝟏
{ = }
𝒅𝒕 𝟏−𝒇′𝒚−𝒉′𝑻

Implicit Functions
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
43) (a) If 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 3𝑎𝑥𝑦 = 0. Find and .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
(b) Find for the function 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 3 = 0
𝑑𝑥

44) Output z is a function of inputs x and y: 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦). Both marginal products are
strictly positive and strictly diminishing. State the condition for this to be true. Input
available change overtime.
𝑥 = 𝜙(𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑢(𝑡).
𝑑𝑧 𝑑2 𝑧
Obtain and ; in terms of 𝑓, 𝜙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢. (Eco(H) 2014)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2

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𝒅𝒛
{ = 𝒇′ 𝒙 𝝓′ (𝒕) + 𝒇′ 𝒚𝒖′ (𝒕)};
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝟐 𝒛
{ 𝟐 = 𝒇′′ (𝒙)[𝝓′ (𝒕)]𝟐 + 𝟐𝒇′′𝒙𝒚𝝓′ (𝒕)𝒖′ (𝒕) + 𝒇′′ 𝒚[𝒖′ (𝒕)]𝟐 + 𝒇′ 𝒙𝝓′′ (𝒕) + 𝒇′ 𝒚 𝒖′′ (𝒕)}
𝒅𝒕

𝑑2 𝑦 2𝑎 2𝑥 2
45) Prove that 2
+ = 0, where 𝑦 3 − 3𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 𝑦5

46) Compute 𝑧′𝑥 , 𝑧′𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧′′𝑥𝑦 when 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑧 = 0.

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝟐𝒛𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
[𝒛′𝒙 = , 𝒛′𝒚 = , 𝑧′′𝑥𝑦 = ]
(𝟏−𝒛𝟐) (𝟏−𝒛𝟐 ) (𝟏−𝒛𝟐)𝟑

47) The equation 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑧 + 𝑧 𝑥 = 𝑘, where k is a positive constant defines z as a function

of x and y, for 𝑥 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 > 0. Find the partial derivatives of z
𝒚𝒙𝒚−𝟏 +𝒛𝒙 𝒍𝒏𝒛 𝒛𝒚𝒛−𝟏 +𝒙𝒚𝒍𝒏𝒙
with respect to x and y. [𝒛′𝒙 = , 𝑧′𝑦 = ]
𝒙𝒛𝒙−𝟏 +𝒚𝒛 𝒍𝒏𝒚 𝒙𝒛𝒙−𝟏 +𝒚𝒛 𝒍𝒏𝒚

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝒇𝒙 𝒇𝒚
48) (a) If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ) = 𝑐, find and . [− ,− ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝒇𝒛 𝒇𝒛
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
(b) If 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ) = 0, find . . . [-1]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
49) Assume that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ) = 𝑐 and z is a function of x and y. Find 𝑎𝑛𝑑 if z is defined
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
implicitly by the equation: 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑒 𝑧 = 4. (Eco(H) 2012)
𝝏𝒛 −(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚𝒛) 𝝏𝒛 −(𝟐𝒙𝒛 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 )
{ = ; = }
𝝏𝒙 (𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒆𝒛 ) 𝝏𝒚 (𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒆𝒛 )

𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
50) If ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ) = 0, show that ( ) ×( ) ×( ) = −1
𝜕𝑧 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

51) When y is eliminated from the two equations:

𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0; the result can be expressed in the form z = h(x).

Express the derivative h’(x) in terms of the partial derivatives of f and g. (Eco(H) 2014)
(𝒇′ 𝒚)(𝒈′ 𝒙)
{𝐡’(𝐱) = (𝒇′ 𝒙) − }
(𝒈′ 𝒚)

52) For the curve given by 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 = 0 find the slope of and equation for
the tangent at the point (x,y)=(2,1). [slope =8/5 ; (1/5)(8x-11)

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2
53) (a) Assume that the equation 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 𝑐 defines y as a differentiable
function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) of x. find a value of the constant c such that 𝑓(0) = 1, and
compute 𝑦 ′ 𝑎𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0,1). Find the tangent to the curve at (2, 1).

[c = -3; y’= -1/4; y = (1/5)(8x-11)]

54) A curve in the xy-plane is given by the equation 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 − 8 = 0

(a) Find the equation for the tangent at the point (2, 0).
(b) Which points on the curve have a horizontal tangent? [𝒂) 𝒚 = −𝟒𝒙 + 𝟖]

55) If z is defined implicitly by the equation:

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑒 𝑧 = 4
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝝏𝒛 𝟐𝒙+𝟐𝒚𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝟑𝒚𝟐+𝟐𝒙𝒛
Find 𝑎𝑛𝑑 . [ = −( 𝟐
); = −( ) ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝝏𝒙 𝟐𝒙𝒚+𝒆 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒙𝒚+𝒆𝟐

56) The equation 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥(𝑦−2) represents a curve in the xy-plane. Explain why the
curve passes through the point (-1, 2), and show that the slope of the tangent at this
point is equal to -4/3. Also find the equation for the tangent here.
[The curve passes through (-1, 2); equation y = 1/3(-4x+2)]

57) An equilibrium model of labor demand and output pricing leads to the system of
equations: 𝑃𝑓 ′ (𝐿 ) − 𝑤 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑓 (𝐿 ) = 𝑤𝐿 + 𝑐, where 𝑓 is twice differentiable with
𝑓 ′ (𝐿 ) > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′′ (𝐿) < 0. All the variables are positive. Regard w and c as exogenous
so that P and L are endogenous variables which are functions of w and c around the
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝐿 𝜕𝐿
point 𝐴(𝑤, 𝑐, 𝑃, 𝐿 ) = (𝑤0 , 𝑐0 , 𝑃0 , 𝐿0 ). 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 , , , by implicit
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑐 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑐
differentiation. (Eco(H) 2018)

Directional Derivatives

58) Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦. Compute the first and second directional derivatives of f at (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) in
the directions:
1 1
(a) (ℎ, 𝑘) = ( , ) and
√2 √2
1 1
(b) (ℎ, 𝑘) = ( ,− )
√2 √2

59) Compute the directional derivatives of the following functions at the given point and
in the given direction:
(a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 𝑎𝑡 (2,1), in the direction of (1,1). [3√𝟐/𝟐 ]
(b) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 at (1,1), in the direction of (3,4). [2e – 7/5 ]

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60) Compute the directional derivatives of the following functions at the indicated points
in the given direction d.
a) f(x, y)= x+2𝑥 2 -3xy; (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )=(1,1); d=(3/5, 4/5) [-6/5]
b) f(x, y)= log√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ; (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )=(1,0); d=(2/√5, 1/√5) [2/√𝟓] (Eco(H) 2014)

61) For the function (x, y) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 4𝑦, find the gradient at the point (2,-1). Hence find
the directional derivative in the direction of unit vector v = (2/ √29, 5/√29).[32/√𝟐𝟗]

62) Compute the directional derivative of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 at the point (4, −2) in the
1 3
direction ( , ) [128/√𝟏𝟎 ]
√10 √10

63) Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥/𝑦. Let 𝑃 = (1, 2)and 𝑄 = (7, 5). Find the first and
second directional derivative of f at P in the direction of Q. (Eco(H) 2012)
𝟗 𝟒𝟓
[𝟏𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 = ; 𝟐𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 = − ]
𝟒√𝟕𝟒 𝟐𝟗𝟔

64) Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦−𝑥 . In what direction should one move from the
point (2, 1) to increase the value of the function most rapidly? What is the maximum
̂ +𝟒𝒆𝒋̂
−𝒆
rate of increase? ̂=
(Eco(H) 2017) {𝑫 }
√𝒆𝟐+𝟏𝟔𝒆𝟐

65) Find the directional derivative of the function:

𝑥
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = at (1, 0) in the direction from P to Q (-1, 1). In what direction does the
𝑥+𝑦
function have the maximum rate of increase? What is the maximum rate of
increase? (Eco(H) 2016)

𝑰𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑷 𝒕𝒐 𝑸, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆
{ }
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒔 − 𝟑/𝟒.

66) For the function (x, y) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 4𝑦, find the gradient at the point (2, -1). Also, find the
2 5
directional derivative in the direction of the unit vector v = ( , ). (Eco(H) 2015)
√29 √29
𝟑𝟐
{ }
√𝟐𝟗

67) Compute the directional derivative of f(x, y) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 at the point (4, -2) in the
1 3
direction ( , ). (Eco(H) 2010) (128/√𝟏𝟎)
√10 √10

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68) Answer the following questions:

a) The equation 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 3𝑧 2 = 6 implicitly defines z as a function of x and y.
Find the directional derivative of the function in the direction (2, 5) at the point
(1, 1, 1). (Eco(H) 2018)
b) Find the value of 2 order direct partial derivative of z with respect to y for the
nd

function in part a) above at (1, 1, 1) (Eco(H) 2018)

𝑥2 𝑦2
69) Find a unit vector in the direction in which f(x, y) = +
2 2
a) Increases most rapidly at P(1, 1). Also, find the rate of change of f(x, y) at P in that
direction.
b) Decreases most rapidly at P(1, 1). Also, find the rate of change of f(x, y) at P in that
direction.

70) Find the directions in which the function

f(x, y, z) = log xy + log yz + log xz increases and decreases most rapidly at 𝑃0 (1, 1, 1).
Then find the directional derivative of the function in these directions.

71) Let f(x, y) = x-y and g(x, y) = xy. Evaluate each of the following:

a) ∇(2𝑓)
b) ∇(f + g)
c) ∇(f − g)
d) ∇(fg)
e) ∇(f/g)

72) Find the direction in which f(x, y) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 − 9

a) Increases most rapidly at the point P(1, -2).

b) Decreases most rapidly at the point P(1, -2).
c) What are the directions of zero change in f(x, y) at P(1, -2).

73) For the functions below, find a unit vector in the direction in which 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) increase
most rapidly at P :
𝟖𝒊+𝟒𝒋
(a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 4𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑃 = (1,1) [ ]
√𝟖𝟎
𝟏 𝟐
𝒊+ 𝒋
(b) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐼𝑛 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )1/2 𝑃 = (1,2) [ 𝟓 𝟓
]
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
√( ) +( )
𝟓 𝟓

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Quadratic Forms in Two Variables

74) Discuss the definiteness properties of the quadratic forms:

(a) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 (b) (𝑥 + 𝑦)2
(c) −𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 (e) 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 (Eco(H)
(d) 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 2014)
𝒂) 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
𝒃) 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
𝒄) 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
𝒅) 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
( 𝒆) 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆 )

75) Determine the definiteness of the following quadratic forms:

(a) 4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑦 2 (b) −𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2
(c) 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 − 9𝑦 2 (d) 4𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
1 1 (f) 6𝑥𝑦 − 9𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2
(e) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
2 4
𝒂) 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
𝒃) 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
𝒄) 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
𝒅) 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
𝒆) 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
( 𝒇) 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆)

76) Examine the definiteness of the following quadratic forms subject to the given linear
constraint:
(a) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 Subject to 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0.
(b) 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 Subject to 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0.
(c) −𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 Subject to 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0.
(d) q(u, v) = 2𝑢 2 − 4𝑢𝑣 + 𝑣 2 Subject to 3u + 4v = 0.

𝒂) 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
𝒃) 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
( )
𝒄) 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆
𝒅) 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆

77) Express the quadratic forms below as a matrix product involving a symmetric
coefficient matrix. How is this matrix related to the Hessian of the quadratic form? Use
the coefficient matrix to determine the definiteness of the quadratic forms:
(a) 𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = 𝑥12 − 6𝑥1 𝑥2 + 9𝑥22 [Positive semi definite]
2 2
(b) 𝑔(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = 3𝑥1 − 4𝑥1 𝑥2 + 7𝑥2 [Positive definite]
(Eco(H) 2012)

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78) Determine the definiteness of the following quadratic forms:

𝑄 (𝑥1 𝑥2 ) = (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )2 [ Semi positive definite ]
𝑄 (𝑥1 𝑥2 ) = −(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )2 [ Semi Negative definite ]

Tangent Planes

79) Find the tangent planes to the following surfaces at the indicated points:
(a) 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑎𝑡 (1, 2,5)
𝒂) 𝒛 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟓
(b) 𝑧 = (𝑦 − 𝑥 2 )(𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑎𝑡 (1,3,2) [ ]
𝒃) − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟑

80) Prove that all tangent planes to 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑓(𝑦/𝑥) pass through the origin.

81) Find the equation of the tangent plane to the surface𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 when 𝑥 =
1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2. [𝒛 = 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟕𝒚 − 𝟏𝟏]

82) Find the equation of the tangent plane at the point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) on the surface
𝑧 = √𝑥𝑦. [𝒙𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝒙𝟏 − 𝟐𝒛𝒛𝟏 ]

83) Find the equation of the tangent plane and the normal line to the surface,
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 4 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 at the point (1, 0, 2). (Eco(H) 2017)
{(𝑻𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟏); 𝑵𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆(𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝟑𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝒕)}

84) Find the equation for the plane that is tangent to the given surface
𝑧 = ln(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) at the point (1, 0, 0) (Eco(H) 2016) {𝒛 = 𝒙 − 𝟏}

85) Find the equation for the tangent plane at (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) = (1,1,5) to the graph of
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 [ Z = 4x + 6y - 5]

86) Show that the equation of the tangent plane of the point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) on the surface 𝑧 =
√𝑥𝑦 is given by 𝑦1 𝑥 + 𝑥1 𝑦 − 2𝑧1 𝑧 = 0. (Eco(H) 2018)

𝑥
87) Find the equation for the tangent plane to the surface 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = at the point
𝑥+𝑦
(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )=(1, 1). Find a unit normal vector to the surface at the point. (Eco(H) 2013)
𝟏
{𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝟏 − 𝒕, 𝒛 = − 𝟒𝒕}
𝟐

88) Find the equation of the plane through (1, 1, -1) and perpendicular to the line
(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = (4 − 3𝑡, 2 + 𝑡, 6 + 5𝑡) (Eco(H) 2015)
{𝟑𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 5𝑥3 = −1}

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89) Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦. Let the point P(2, -1). (Eco(H) 2013)

a) Find the gradient of f at p. {– 𝟏𝟏𝒊̂ + 𝟏𝟎𝒋̂ }

b) Find the directional derivative of f at p in the direction a = (4/5, 3/5) {-14/5}
c) Find the tangent plane to the surface 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −3 at P.
{-11x + 10y – z = -26}

𝑦
90) For the surface defined by the differentiable function z = F(x, ), show that the
𝑥
𝑦1 𝑦
tangent plane at (x1, y 1) intersects the z axis at z = F(x1, 𝑥 ) – F’x(x1, 𝑥1)𝑥1
1 1
(Eco(H) 2019)
Linear Approximation

91) Find the linear approximation about (0,0) for the following:
(a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = √1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 (b) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 1𝑛 (1 + 𝑦)
(c) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1) 𝑎 (𝑦 + 1) 𝑏
𝒙 𝒚
𝒂) 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚 ≈ 𝟏 + + )
𝟐 𝟐
[ 𝒃) 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) ≈ 𝒚 ]
𝒄)𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) ≈ 𝑨(𝟏 + 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚)

92) Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 3 − 2𝑥 3 , then 𝑓 (2,3) = 38 estimate the value of 𝑓(2.01,2.98).

[36.95]
2 2
93) Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦
(a) Compute 𝑓(1.02,1.99) [1.1909]
(b) Let 𝑓(1.02,1.99 = 𝑓(1 + 1.2,2 − 0.01) and find an approximate value
for 𝑓(1.02,1.99). How large is the error caused by
this approximation? [The error is 0.0009]
2 3
(c) Let 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑦 . Then 𝑓(1, −1) = −5, estimate the value of
( )
𝑓(0.98, −1.01).How large is the error caused by
this approximation? [The error is 0.000614]

𝑥−𝑦
94) Find the linear approximation to the function 𝑧 = , when each of x and y is
𝑥+𝑦
𝒙−𝒚
approximately equal to 1. [𝒛 = ]
𝟐

95) Find an approximate value for 𝑇 = [(2.01)2 + (2.99)2 + (6.02) 2 ]1/2 by using the
approximation ∆𝑇 ≈ 𝑑𝑇. [7.016]

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5𝑡 2+3𝑥𝑦
96) Calculate the rate of change in 𝑧 at 𝑡 = 0 if 𝑧 = , 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 1, 𝑦 = √𝑡 2 + 1,
2𝑤 2𝑦
𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑡 + 1 (Eco(H) 2018)

97) Let 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑣) be the length of a cube whose surface area is a and whose volume is v. Find
the linear approximation of the function at (6, 1). (Eco(H) 2013)
{𝟏 + 𝒇′𝒂 (𝒂 − 𝟔) + 𝒇′𝒗(𝒗 − 𝟏)}

1
98) Suppose that 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) = [(1 + 𝑢 )(1 + 𝑣)𝑎 ]1−𝛽 − 1. Show that if a and b are close to
1 𝛼
zero, then 𝑓 ∗ (𝜇, 𝑣 ) = 𝑈+ 𝑉. (Eco(H) 2010)
1−𝛽 1−𝛽

99) Suppose that 𝑔∗ (𝜇, 𝜀 ) = [(1 + 𝜇 )(1 + 𝜀 )𝛼 ]1/(1−𝛽) − 1(𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠)

𝟏 𝜶
Show that if 𝜇 and 𝜀 are close to 0, then [ 𝒈∗ (𝝁, 𝜺) ≈ 𝝁+ 𝜺.]
𝟏−𝜷 𝟏−𝜷

Homogeneous Functions

100) Examine which of the following function are homogeneous, and find, if possible, the
degree of homogeneity:
(i) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 (ii) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2
(iii)𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 (iv) 𝑥 (𝑝, 𝑟 ) = 𝐴𝑝−1.5 𝑟 2.08
(v) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 (vi) ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ) =
√𝑥+√𝑦+√𝑧
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
𝑥 2+𝑦 2 (viii) ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1𝑛 𝑥 + 1𝑛 𝑦
(vii) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = √𝑥𝑦1𝑛
𝑥𝑦
𝒊) 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟏
𝒊𝒊) 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟒
𝒊𝒗) 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖
𝒗) 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟑
𝟏
𝒗𝒊) 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 −
𝟐
𝒗𝒊𝒊) 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟏
[ 𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 ]

101) Examine the homogeneity of the following:

(𝑥1𝑥2 𝑥3)2 1 1 1
(a) 𝐹 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = ( + + )
𝑥14 +𝑥24 +𝑥34 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑥1+2𝑥2+3𝑥3+4𝑥4
(b) 𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 ) =
𝑥12 +𝑥22+𝑥32 +𝑥42

[a) Homogenous of degree 1; b) Homogenous of degree -1]

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102) Determine, the degree of homogeneity of each of the following functions:

𝑥 2 +2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 +𝑦 4
(a) 𝑧 =
𝑥+𝑦
(b) 𝑧 = 2(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)2 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
(c) 𝑧 = √𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2
(d) 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑥 𝛼 𝑦 𝛽
𝒂) 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟑
𝒃) 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟐
[ ]
𝒄) 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟏
𝒅) 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝜶 + 𝜷

103) If 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is a homogeneous function of degree r, then the following properties

hold:
𝑦 𝑥
(a) 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑟 ∅ ( ) = 𝑦 𝑟 𝜓 ( )
𝑥 𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
(b) and are homogeneous of degree (𝑟 − 1).
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
(c) Euler’s Theorem: 𝑥. +𝑦 = 𝑟𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧
(d) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟(𝑟 − 1) 𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

104) (a) If 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) is homogeneous of degree1, show that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑎 1𝑛 [𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)/𝑥 )] is
homogeneous of degree 0.
(b) With appropriate requirements on the function f, prove that 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑓(𝑥/
𝑦) implies 𝑥𝑧𝑥 + 𝑦𝑧𝑦 = 𝑧.

105) Show that 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2y is homogeneous of degree 3. Verify that the four
properties to hold.

106) See whether the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦/(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) is homogeneous, and check Euler’s
theorem if it is. [Homogenous of degree 0]

107) 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑎 1𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑏 1𝑛 𝑦 = 1𝑛 (𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 ); for all 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 > 0, where; a and b are
any positive parameters. Then show that F is homothetic but not homogenous
function

108) Are the following functions homothetic?

2 2
a) f(x,y)= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥𝑦
𝑥 4 +𝑦 4
b) g(x,y)= , x,y≠ 0. Give reason for your answer.
𝑥𝑦

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109) Answer the following:

a) State the definition of the homothetic function.
b) Are the following functions f and g are homothetic? Give reasons.
𝜇
−𝜌 −𝜌 −𝜌 −
𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛) = 𝐴(𝛿1 𝑥1 + 𝛿2 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝛿𝑛 𝑥𝑛 ) 𝜌 , g(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥1 + 5𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥2
(𝐄𝐜𝐨(𝐇) 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟖)
110) Which of the following functions are Homogenous/Homothetic? Give reasons for your
answers.
2 2
a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 , 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 (Not Homogenous)
𝑥2
b) ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = ln ( 2) , (𝑥 ≠ 0, 𝑦 ≠ 0) (Homogenous) (Eco(H) 2017)
𝑦

111) If F is a function of one variable that is homogenous of degree k≠ 0, and if 𝐹 −1 exists,

prove that 𝐹 −1 is homogenous of degree 1/k. Test the result by applying if to
F(x)=√𝑥.

2𝑦 𝑦 2
112) Draw a sketch of the level curve(s) to the function f(x, y)= + ( ) at the height 3 cm
𝑥 𝑥
or m. Is the function homothetic? (Eco(H) 2019)

113) If z is a function of x and y homogeneous of degree zero, show that z can be written as
𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 𝜕𝑧
a function of only and that =− .
𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑥

114) Show that 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑥 𝛼 𝑦 𝛽 is a homogeneous function. Verify that

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕 2𝑧
𝑥. + 𝑦. = (𝛼 + 𝛽 )𝑧 and 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 )(𝛼 + 𝛽 − 1) 𝑧.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

115) Assuming all necessary differentiability, if 𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) is homogeneous of degree k,

then prove that
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
𝑥 2 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 2 = 𝑘 (𝑘 − 1)𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

If 𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) is homogeneous of degree 1, find 𝑥, 𝑦 > 0, then prove that:

2
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
× − ( ) =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

116) If y = f (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 )is a linearly homogenous function, show that it can be written as 𝑦 =
𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝑥1 ∅ ( 2 , 3). Find , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 and verify Euler’s theorem.
𝑥1 𝑥1 𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥3

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117) If u is a homogeneous function of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 of order n. prove that

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = 𝑛𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

118) Verify Euler's Theorem for the following functions:

(𝑥 𝑛 +𝑦 𝑛 )
(a) 𝑢 =
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑦
(b) 𝑢 = 𝑥 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑥

𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
119) (a) 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦𝑓 ( ), show that 𝑥 +𝑦 = 2𝑧.
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
(b) If 𝑢 = 𝑓 ( ), show that 𝑥 +𝑦 = 0.
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑥 4 +𝑦 4 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
(c) If 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 , show that 𝑥 +𝑦 = 3.
𝑥−𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
120) If 𝑢 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )−1/2, show that 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = −𝑢.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥𝑦 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
121) (a) If 𝑢 = , show that 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 =0
𝑥+𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

𝑥𝑦 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢
(b) If , show that 𝑥 +𝑦 = .
√𝑥+√𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥

𝑦 𝑦 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
122) If 𝑢 = 𝑥 ∅ ( ) = 𝜓 ( ), prove that 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 =0
𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

123) If the function𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is homogeneousof degree 1, is the function:

g(x, y) = 𝑒 𝐼𝑛 𝑓(𝑥,𝑦) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) homogeneous? Find the degree of homogeneity, if any.

124) If 𝑢 = 𝑧𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 where z is a homogenous function in x and y with degree n, then prove
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
that 𝑥 +𝑦 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑛)𝑢 (Eco(H) 2015)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

125) If the function 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) is homogenous of degree 1,

𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑓(𝑥,𝑦) /𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 is homogenous? Find the degree of homogeneity, if any.
(Eco(H) 2008) (Degree = 1)

126) Output z is a linear homogenous function f(x, y) of input quantities x and y. Show that
𝑧 𝑧 𝑥
average product of each input 𝑎𝑛𝑑 can be expressed as function only of the ratio
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
in which the inputs are used. Show further that if the average product of an input
increases as the quantity of that input is increased while keeping the quantity used of
the other input fixed, then the marginal product of other input must be negative.
(Eco(H) 2014)
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127) Let 𝑓 be a function of x and y defined for 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0. Show that if function is
homogenous of degree 1, then slopes of the level curves are equal along any ray y =
cx. Show that the function G of x and y defined by 𝐺 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝜙[𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)] possesses the
same property if 𝜙 is strictly increasing function of one variable. (Eco(H) 2013)

128) Assuming all necessary differentiability, if 𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) is homogenous of degree k,

𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
then prove that: 𝑥 2 2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 𝑘(𝑘 − 1)𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

If 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) is homogenous of degree 1 and x, y > 0 then prove that

𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 2
2
× 2
−( ) = 0. (Eco(H) 2012)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

129) Suppose that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is homogenous of degree r,

a) Show that the following function ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥 𝑚, 𝑦 𝑚 ) is homogenous and find the
degree of homogeneity. (r = 3) (Eco(H) 2011)
2 3 2 3
b) Show that the following function ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 ) + (𝑦 ) (r = 6)

System of Equation

130) Consider the system of equations:

𝑧 + 𝑤 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑧𝑤 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
Find the differentials of z and w expressed in terms of dx and dy. (Eco(H) 2016)
𝟏 𝟏
{𝒅𝒛 = [(𝟏 − 𝒛𝒙) 𝒅𝒚 + (𝟏 − 𝒛𝒚)𝒅𝒙] ; 𝒅𝒘 = [(𝒘𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒅𝒚 + (𝒘𝒚 − 𝟏)𝒅𝒙] }
𝒘−𝒛 𝒘−𝒛

131) Consider the system of equations:

𝑢 2 + 𝑣 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑢𝑣 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
a) Find the differentials of u and v expressed in terms of dx and dy.
b) Find the partial derivatives of u and v with respect to x and y.
𝒚𝒖+𝟐𝒙 𝒙𝒖−𝟐𝒚 −𝟒𝒙𝒖+𝒚𝒗 𝟒𝒖𝒚−𝒙𝒗
𝒂) 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒚; 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒚
𝟐𝒖𝟐−𝒗 𝟐𝒖𝟐−𝒗 𝟐𝒖𝟐−𝒗 𝟐𝒖𝟐−𝒗
[ 𝝏𝒖 𝒚𝒖+𝟐𝒙 𝝏𝒖 𝒙𝒖−𝟐𝒚 ]
𝒃) = ; =
𝝏𝒙 𝟐𝒖𝟐−𝒗 𝝏𝒚 𝟐𝒖𝟐−𝒗

132) Consider the system of equations:

x𝑢 3 + 𝑣 = 𝑦 2
3uv - x = 4
a) Differentiate the system. Solve for du and dv in terms of dx and dy.
b) Compute u’x and v’x by using the results in part a).

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𝒂) 𝒅𝒖 = 𝑫−𝟏 (−𝟑𝒖𝟒 − 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 + 𝑫−𝟏𝟔𝒚𝒖 𝒅𝒚; 𝒅𝒗 = 𝑫−𝟏(𝟑𝒙𝒖𝟐 + 𝟑𝒖𝟑 𝒗)𝒅𝒙 + 𝑫−𝟏 (−𝟔𝒚𝒗)𝒅𝒚
[ 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗 ]
𝒃) = 𝑫−𝟏 (−𝟑𝒖𝟒 − 𝟏); = 𝑫−𝟏(𝟑𝒙𝒖𝟐 + 𝟑𝒖𝟑 𝒗); 𝑫 = 𝟗𝒙𝒖𝟑 − 𝟑𝒗
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙

133) Suppose that 𝑦1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦2 are implicitly defined as differentiable functions of 𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2
by
𝑓1 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 ) = 3𝑥1 + 𝑥22 − 𝑦1 − 3𝑦23 = 0
𝑓2 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 ) = 𝑥13 − 2𝑥2 + 2𝑦13 − 𝑦2 = 0
𝜕𝑦1 𝜕𝑦2 𝝏𝒚𝟏 𝝏𝒚𝟐
Compute 𝑎𝑛𝑑 . [ = 𝑱−𝟏 (𝟑 − 𝟐𝟕𝒙𝟐𝟏 𝒚𝟐𝟐); = 𝑱 −𝟏(𝟑𝒙𝟐𝟏 + 𝟏𝟖𝒚𝟐𝟏 )]
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥1 𝝏𝒙𝟏 𝝏𝒙𝟏

134) The function f(x, y, z, u, v):𝑅 3 → 𝑅 2 is defined by the system of two equations:
u3yz + 2xv – u2v2 – 2 = 0 and xy2 +xzu + yv2 – 3 = 0, has a solution at (x, y, z, u, v) =
(1, 1, 1, 1, 1). Find the values of endogenous variables u and v when x = 1.02, y = 0.99
and z = 1. (Eco(H) 2019)

Total Differentials

135) Find the total differentials for each if the following functions:
(a) 𝑧 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
(b) 𝑧 =
𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
2 2 𝑥−𝑦
(c) 𝑧 = log(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) (d) 𝑧 = 𝑒
𝑥
(e) 𝑧 = 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 (f) 𝑧 =
𝑥+𝑦
(g) 𝑧 = 𝑧 = 𝑥3 + 𝑦3
(h) 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦2

(i) 𝑧 = 1𝑛(𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 )
𝒂) 𝒅𝒛 = (𝟑𝒙𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟑 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐)𝒅𝒚
𝟏
𝒃) 𝒅𝒛 = 𝟐 (−𝟒𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒅𝒚)
(𝒙𝟐−𝒚𝟐 )
𝟐
𝒄) 𝒅𝒛 = (𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚𝒅𝒚)
(𝒙𝟐+𝒚𝟐 )
𝒅) 𝒅𝒛 = 𝒆𝒙−𝒚𝒅𝒙
− 𝒆𝒙−𝒚𝒅𝒚
𝒆) 𝒅𝒛 = (𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + (𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐)𝒅𝒚
𝟏
𝒇) 𝒅𝒛 = (𝒙+𝒚)𝟐 (𝒚𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒅𝒚)
𝒈) 𝒅𝒛 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐𝒅𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐𝒅𝒚
𝟐
𝒉) 𝒅𝒛 = 𝒆𝒚 (𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒚)
𝟐(𝒙𝒅𝒙−𝒚𝒅𝒚)
[ 𝒊) 𝒅𝒛 = ]
𝒙𝟐−𝒚𝟐

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136) Find the differentials of the following functions:

(a) 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(2𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 ) 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
(b) 𝑧 =
𝑥−𝑦
(c) 𝑧 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 (d) 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥
2 −𝑦 2

𝟏
𝒂) 𝒅𝒛 = (𝟒𝒙𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚𝒅𝒚)
(𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 )
𝟏
𝒃) 𝒅𝒛 = [(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒚]
(𝒙 − 𝒚) 𝟐
𝒄) (𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚)𝒅𝒙 − (𝟐𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙)𝒅𝒚
𝟐 −𝒚𝟐
[ 𝒅𝒛 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚𝒅𝒚) ]

137) Find dz expressed in terms of dx and dy when 𝑣 = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) and

(a) 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 𝑢 (b) 𝑧 = 𝑢 2
(c) 𝑧 = 1𝑛(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑢)
𝒂) 𝒅𝒛 = 𝟐𝒙𝒖𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐(𝒖′𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒖′𝒚 𝒅𝒚)
[ 𝒃) 𝒅𝒛 = 𝟐𝒖(𝒖′𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒖′𝒚 𝒅𝒚) ]
𝒄) [(𝒚 + 𝒚𝒖′𝒙 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙 + 𝒖 + 𝒚𝒖′𝒚 )𝒅𝒚]/(𝒙𝒚 + 𝒖𝒚)

138) Find the second order total differential of the following functions:
(a) z = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 3 (b) 𝑧 = √𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
(c) 𝑧 = 5𝑦 log(𝑥 + 𝑦) (d) 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦
(e) 𝑧 = 7𝑦 log(1 + 𝑥 )
𝒂) 𝒅𝟐 𝒛 = (𝟔𝒙 + 𝟔)𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 + (𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚)𝒅𝒚𝟐
𝟏
𝒃) 𝒅𝟐 𝒛 = 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 (𝒚 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 )
𝟐

(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝟐
𝟏
𝒄) 𝒅𝟐 𝒛 = (−𝟓𝒚𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 + (𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚)𝒅𝒚𝟐
(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐
𝒅)𝒅𝟐𝒛 = 𝒆𝒙+𝒚 (𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 + 𝒅𝒚𝟐 )
−𝟕𝒚 𝟏𝟒
𝒆)𝒅𝟐 𝒛 = 𝒅𝒙 𝟐+
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
[ (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒙) ]

139) Output Q(t) is related to capital stock k(t) and labor supply L(t) as follows:
𝑄(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 𝛼𝑡 [𝐾(𝑡)]𝛽 [𝐿(𝑡)]1−𝛽
For constant A, 𝛼, 𝛽 (A, 𝛼 > 0)( 0 < 𝛽 < 1)

Find the expression for the rate of growth of output in terms of the constants and the rate
of growth of capital stock and labor supply. (Eco(H) 2011)
𝒅
{ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐐(𝒕) = 𝜶 + 𝜷𝒓𝒌 + (𝟏 − 𝜷)𝒓𝑳 }
𝒅𝒕

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140) The demand for good both depends upon the price p of the good and the tax rate t:
𝐷 = 𝑓(𝑝, ℎ(𝑡)), Where h is a given function. The supply of the good depends on the
price: S = g(p). For any given value of t, an equilibrium price is a solution of the
equation 𝑓(𝑝, ℎ(𝑡)) = 𝑔(𝑝). Assume that this equation defines p as a differentiable
𝑑𝑝
function of t. Find in terms of derivatives of f, g and h. (Eco(H) 2011)
𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝒑 𝒇′ (𝒕). 𝒉′ (𝒕)
{ = }
𝒅𝒕 𝒈′ (𝒑) − 𝒇′ (𝒑)

141) Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 . Suppose x changes from 2 to 2.01 and y changes from 3 to
2.98. Find and compare the values of ∆𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑧. (Eco(H) 2017)
{𝒅𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑; ∆𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟏}

142) Find 𝑑𝑈 expressed in terms of 𝑑𝑥 and dy when 𝑈 = 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦) satisfies the equation
√𝒚 𝒙
𝑈𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑥 √𝑦 [𝒅𝑼 = 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒚]
𝒆𝒖 +𝑼𝒆𝒖 𝟐√𝒚(𝒆𝒖 +𝑼𝒆𝒖 )

Elasticity

143) Find the elasticity of 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 w.r.t. x (with x and y both positive) [1+x]

2
144) Find the elasticity of y w.r.t x when 𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 . (Eco(2010))
𝒂𝒙𝒂 𝒚𝒃 − 𝒙𝒂+𝟏. 𝒚𝒃−𝟐
{ }
𝒃𝒙𝒂 𝒚𝒃 + 𝟐𝒙𝒂+𝟏 . 𝒚𝒃−𝟐

145) Find the partial elasticity of z with respect to x and y in the following cases:
(a) 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 (b) 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 5
(c) 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 𝑛 𝑒 𝑦 (d) 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝒂)𝑬𝒍𝒙 𝒛 = 𝟏, 𝑬𝒍𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟏
𝒃) 𝑬𝒍𝒙 𝒛 = 𝟐, 𝑬𝒍𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟓
𝒄) 𝑬𝒍𝒙 𝒛 = 𝒏 + 𝒙, 𝑬𝒍𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒏 + 𝒚
𝒙 𝒚
[ 𝒅) 𝑬𝒍𝒙 𝒛 = 𝒙+𝒚
, 𝑬𝒍𝒙 𝒚 = ]
𝒙+𝒚

146) Find the elasticity of z with respect to t for :the following:

(a) 𝑧 = 𝑥 20 𝑦 30 , 𝑥 = 𝑡 + 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = (𝑡 + 1)2
(b) 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑥 = 1𝑛 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 2
𝒂)𝟖𝟎𝒕/(𝒕 + 𝟏)
[ 𝟐[𝒍𝒏𝒕+𝒕𝟒𝒆−𝟐𝒕 (𝟐−𝒕)]]
𝒃) 𝟐 𝟒 −𝟐𝒕
(𝒍𝒏𝒕) +𝒕 𝒆

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𝑔
147) Let 𝑧 = (𝑎1 𝑥1𝑑 + 𝑎2 𝑥2𝑑 + 𝑎3 𝑥3𝑑 ) , where 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑑, and g are constants. Compute
𝐸𝐼1 𝑧 + 𝐸𝐼2 𝑧 + 𝐸𝐼3 𝑧. [𝑬𝒍𝒊 𝒛 = 𝒑 + 𝒂𝒊 𝒙𝒊 ; 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒊 = 𝟏, … 𝒏. ]

𝒙+𝒚
148) If 𝑦/𝑥 = 1𝑛(𝑥𝑦), find the elasticity of y with respect to x. [𝑬𝒍𝒙 𝒚 = ]
𝒚−𝒙

149) In a factory, the daily output 𝑄 = 60𝐾 1/2 𝐿1/3 units, where k denotes the capital
investment (in units of Rs. 1000) and L is the size of the labor force (in working
hours). The current capital investment is Rs. 900,000 and 1000 worker hours of labor
are used each day. Using differential, estimate the change in output that will result
when capital investment is increased by 3%. {𝒅𝑸 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎} (Eco(H) 2016)

150) The demand for good 1 and good 2 are given by:
𝑞1 = 𝑝1 −1.7 𝑝2 0.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞2 = 𝑝1 0.5 𝑝2 −0.2

Calculate the cross price elasticity of demand. {0.5} (Eco(H) 2015)

151) The following system of equations defines y and z: as differentiable functions of x.

𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 , 𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 𝑧 𝑐 = 1
Where a, b, and c are positive constants.
𝒂(𝒙−𝒚)
Find the elasticity of y and z with respect to x. [𝑬𝒍𝒙 𝒛 = ]
𝟏+𝒄𝒚

152) Derive the elasticity of substitution for the function

𝑧 = 𝐴[𝑎𝑥 𝜌 + 𝑏𝑦 𝜌 ]1/𝜌 ,Where A, a and b are positive constant and 𝜌 ≠ 0 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟 < 1.
𝟏
(Eco(H) 2013) { }
𝟏−𝝆

153) Answer the following:

0.2 0.8 −1
a) For the function 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( + ) , evaluate the elasticity of substitution
𝑥 𝑦
and verify the Euler’s theorem. (Eco(H) 2018)
b) Is the sum of two quasi – concave functions necessarily quasi – concave? Why or
why not? (Eco(H) 2018)

154) 𝑄(𝐾, 𝐿, 𝑁) = 𝐾 𝜌 𝐿𝜌 𝑁𝜌 𝑒 (𝛼𝐾+𝛽𝐿+𝛾𝑁)

Where 𝜌, 𝛼, 𝛽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 are constant. Compute the sum of partial elasticity of Q with respect to
K, L and N. (Eco(H) 2012) {𝟑𝝆 + 𝜶𝑲 + 𝜷𝑳 + 𝜸𝑵}

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155) Let f be function which 𝑓(𝑥 ) > 0, 𝑓′(𝑥 ) > 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓′′(𝑥) < 0 for all 𝑥 > 0.
𝑑𝑥
(a) The equation [𝑓(𝑥 )/ 𝑓′(𝑥 )]-x = t defines x implicitly as a function of t. find and
𝑑𝑡
show that it is > 0.
(b) Show that the elasticity 𝐸𝑙𝑡 𝑓′(𝑥 ) = −𝑡/(𝑡 + 𝑥)

Leibniz Formula:
1 2
156) Find F’(𝛼) when F(𝛼) = ∫0 𝑥𝑒 𝛼𝑥 𝑑𝑥(𝛼 ≠ 0) by using the Leibniz formula. Check the
answer by finding an explicit expression for F(𝛼) and then differentiating.

157) Find F’(𝑡) in the following cases:

2𝑡
a) 𝐹(𝑡 ) = ∫𝑡 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑒 𝑡𝑥
b) 𝐹(𝑡 ) = ∫1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
2𝑡 𝑒 𝑡𝑥
c) 𝐹(𝑡 ) = ∫𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

158) In a growth model studied by N. Kaldor and J.A. Mirrlees, a function N is defined by
𝑡
𝑁 (𝑡 ) = ∫ 𝑛(𝜏)𝑒 −𝛿(𝑡−𝑇(𝑡)) 𝑑𝜏
𝑡−𝑇(𝑡)
Where T = T(t) is a given differentiable positive function. Compute 𝑁̇(𝑡).

159) Suppose that function is a continuous function and g is a differentiable function.

𝑑 𝑔(𝑝) −𝑝𝑡
Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 .
𝑑𝑝 0

2𝑡 𝜏 2𝑡
160) Define 𝑧 (𝑡 ) = ∫𝑡 𝑥 (𝜏) exp[− ∫𝑡 𝑟(𝑠)𝑑𝑠] 𝑑𝜏, 𝑝(𝑡 ) = exp[− ∫𝑡 𝑟(𝑠)𝑑𝑠]

where the functions 𝑥 (𝜏) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟(𝑠) are both differentiable. Prove that

𝑧̇ (𝑡) − 𝑟 (𝑡)𝑧(𝑡) = 2𝑝(𝑡)𝑥 (2𝑡) − 𝑥(𝑡)

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CHAPTER = 2
Economic Applications of Partial Derivatives
1) The demand functions of two commodities 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 are 𝑥1 = 𝑝1−0.4 𝑒 0.2𝑝2 and 𝑥2 =
𝑝2−0.6 𝑒 0.5𝑝1 Respectively, where 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 are quantities demanded of 𝑋1 , and 𝑋2
respectively and 𝑝1 and 𝑝2 are respective prices. Find the four partial elasticities of
demand and determine whether the commodities are competitive or complimentary.
𝝏𝒙𝟏 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝟏 𝝏𝒙𝟏
[ = −𝟎. 𝟒𝒑𝟏−𝟏.𝟒𝒆𝟎.𝟐𝒑𝟐 , = −𝟎. 𝟔𝒑𝟐−𝟏.𝟔𝒆𝟎.𝟓𝒑𝟏 , = 𝟎. 𝟐𝒙𝟏 , =
𝝏𝒑𝟏 𝝏𝒑𝟐 𝝏𝒑𝟏 𝝏𝒑𝟏
𝟎. 𝟓𝒙𝟐 , 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔]

2) For the demand functions of two commodities given below, find out whether the
commodities are substitute or complementary:
𝑥1 = 2𝑝1−0.6 𝑝20.8 and 𝑥2 = 3𝑝2−0.5 𝑝10.7

Where 𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑝1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝2 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦 .

[Competitive]

Partial Price Elasticity of Demand

−𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑝2 +𝑎1
3) Two commodities joint demand functions are 𝑥1 = 𝑝1 𝑒 , and 𝑥2 =
−𝑎
𝑝2 22 𝑒 𝑎21𝑝1 +𝑎2 ,
Where x1 and x2 are the units demanded when prices are p1 and p2 per
unit respectively. Show that direct price elasticity of demand are independent of prices
whereas cross price elasticity of demand depend on the price of other commodity. Also
find the condition when both the commodities are (i) competitive, (ii) complementary.
[Ans.: (i) a12, a21 > 0, (ii) a12, a21 < 0]

4) If the demand functions for two related commodities are given by x = ae q-p, y = bep-q,
where x & y are quantities demanded, and p & q are their respective prices. Find the
four partial elasticity of demand and determine whether the commodities are
competitive or complementary. [Ans.: 11 = - p, 22 = -q,  12 = q, 21 = p;
Competitive]

5) Given the demand functions of two commodities as

400 500
𝑄1 = 2000 + − 50𝑝2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄2 = 2000 − 100𝑝2 +
𝑝1 + 3 𝑝1 + 4
i) Find the nature of commodities.
ii) Calculate the four partial elasticity of demand at p 1 and p2 = 1.

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𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝟓 𝟗
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : (𝒊) 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒚, (𝒊𝒊)𝟏𝟏 = − , 𝟏𝟐 = − , 𝟐𝟏 = − , 𝟐𝟐 = − ]
𝟔𝟒 𝟒𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝟒 𝟏𝟕𝟔

6) The joint demand function of two products are 𝑥1 = 2𝑝1−0.6 , 𝑝20.8 and 𝑥2 = 3𝑝10.7 , 𝑝2−0.5 ,
where X1 and X 2 are the units demanded of the two products when their prices are Rs.
P1 and Rs. P 2 per unit respectively. Find the four price elasticity at the particular prices
P1 and P2. Also find the percentage changes in the quantity demanded when:
i) P1 increases by 2% from the existing level
ii) P2 decreases by 2% from the existing level
𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝟏𝟏 = −𝟎. 𝟔, 𝟏𝟐 = −𝟎. 𝟖, 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟕, 𝟐𝟐 = −𝟎. 𝟓,
[ (𝒊) 𝑿𝟏 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝟏. 𝟐% 𝑿𝟐 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝟏. 𝟒%,]
(𝒊𝒊) 𝑿𝟏 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝟏. 𝟔% 𝑿𝟐 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝟏. 𝟎%

7) For the demand functions of two commodities given below, find the four partial
elasticity of demand with respect to price and indicate whether the commodities are
competitive or complementary: 𝑥1 = 2𝑝1−0.6 𝑝20.8 , 𝑥2 = 3𝑝10.7 𝑝2−0.5

Where x1 and x 2 are the quantities demanded of the two commodities at prices p 1 and p2
respectively. [Ans.: 11 = - 0.6,  12 = 0.8, 21 = 0.7 and 22 = -0.5; Competitive]

8) The demand function for a commodity X is given by

𝑝𝑥2 𝑝𝑦 𝑌
𝐷 (𝑥 ) = 300 − + + ,
2 50 20

Where px is the price of the commodity x, py is the price of a related commodity y and Y is
the income of consumer. Find the cross elasticity and income elasticity of demand for x
when px = 10, py = 15 and Y = 300. [Ans.: 3/2653 &
150/2653]

9) The demand function for mutton is Q M = 4850 – 5PM + 1.5P C + 0.1Y. Find
i) the income elasticity of demand, and
ii) the cross price elasticity of demand for mutton
At Y (income) = Rs. 1000, PM (price of mutton) = Rs. 200, Pc (price of chicken) = Rs. 100.

[Ans.: (i) 1/41, (ii) 3/82]

10) If the supply function x = f(p1, p2, …….., pm) is homogenous of degree n, show that the
sum of the partial price elasticity of supply equals n. (x denotes the quantity supplied
of a particular commodity and p 1, p2,…., pm are the prices of different commodities).

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Total Differential and its Applications

11) Calculate the first order total differential of the function z = f(x, y) = 7y log(1 + x)
𝟕𝒚
[𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝒅𝒛 = 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟕 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝒅𝒚]
𝟏+𝒙

12) Calculate the first order differential of the function Z = 3x 2 + xy – 2y2.

[Ans.: dz = (6x + y) dx + (x – 4y) dy]

13) The output at a certain plant is Q = f(x, y) = 0.08x 2 + 0.12xy + 0.03y 2 units per day,
where x is the number of hours of skilled labor and y is the number of hours of
unskilled labor used. Currently 80 hours of skilled labor and 200 hours of unskilled
labor are being used each day. Use total differential of Q to estimate the change in the
output that will result when skilled and unskilled labor are increased by 5%. Hence,
find the percentage by which the daily output will increase. What is the nature of
returns to scale? [Ans.: 10%; Increasing]

14) The output at a certain plant is Q = f(x, y) = 0.08x2 + 0.12xy + 0.03y 2 units per day,
where x is the number of hours of skilled labor and y is the number of hours of
unskilled labor used. Currently 80 hours of skilled labor and 200 hours of unskilled
labor are being used each day. Use total differential of Q to estimate the change in the
output that will result if an additional hour of skilled labor is used along with an
additional 2 hours of unskilled labor. [Ans.: 80 units]

15) At a certain factory, daily output is q = 60L 1/3 K1/2 units, where L indicates the size of
labor force and K denotes capital investment. Use the concept of total differential to
estimate the percentage by which daily output changes if capital investment and labor
force are both increased by 3%. What is the nature of return to scale in this case?
[Ans.: 2.5%, Decreasing]

16) At a certain factory, daily output is Q = f(L, K) = 40L 3/4K 1/2, where L indicates the size
of labor force and K denotes the capital investment. Use calculus to estimate the

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percentage by which the daily output will increase when capital investment and labor
force are increased by 4%. What is the nature of returns to scale in this case?
[Ans.: Output will increase by 5%; Increasing returns to scale]

The Production Function

1) Marginal and Average Product

2) Linear Homogeneous Production Function & its properties
3) Input-Output Analysis
1) Marginal and Average Product
17) The production function of a firm is given by:
Q = 8LK – L2 – K2, where L > 0 and K > 0

Find marginal productivities of labor (L) and capital (K). Also find degree of homogeneity
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑄
of the production function using the formula 𝐿 +𝐾 = 𝑛𝑄. [Ans. 8K – 2L,8L – 2K,n= 2]
𝜕𝐿, 𝜕𝐾

18) For the production function Q = f(L, K) = AK L ea(K/L), where A, ,  and a are positive
constants, find the marginal products of labor and capital. Also verify Euler’s theorem.
19) The production function for a commodity is:
Q = 10L – 0.1L2 + 15K – 0.2K2 + 2KL,

Where L is labor, K is capital and Q is production.

i) Calculate the marginal products of the two inputs when 10 units each of labor
and capital are used.
ii) 10 units of capital are used. What is the upper limit for use of labor which a
rational producer will never exceed?
[Ans.: (i) MPL = 28, MPK = 31, (ii) 150]

2) Linear Homogeneous Production Function & its Properties

20) Define a linear homogeneous production function. State its important properties and
verify them for the production function Q = f(L, K) = AL 2/3 K 1/3, where L is units of
labor, K is units of capital and A is a positive constant.

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21) Define a homogeneous function. Find out the degree of homogeneity of the production
function 𝑄 −𝛽 = a𝐾 −𝛼 + b𝐿−𝛽 , where Q represents output, K and L denote factors of
production labor and capital respectively. [Ans.: 1]

22) For the production function given below, show that the marginal products of the
2ℎ𝑙𝑘−𝑎𝑙2 −𝑏𝑘 2
factors depend only on the ratio of factors. 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑙, 𝑘) =
𝑐𝑙+𝑑𝑘

Also, determine the degree of homogeneity and verify Euler’s theorem for the function.

[Ans.: Linear Homogeneous]

3) Input-Output Analysis
23) A production function is given by
𝑄 = 𝐴𝐿1/3 𝐾1/3, where L is labor and K is capital

i) Find the behavior of marginal product of each factor.

ii) What is the nature of returns to scale?
iii) Show that the total product is not exhausted if each factors is paid a price equal
to its marginal product. [Ans.: (i) Diminishing returns to factors, (ii)
Decreasing]
24) A production function is given by Q = f(L, K) = 27L 2/3K1/3, where L is units of labor and
K is units of capital.
i) Find the behavior of the marginal product of each factor.
ii) What is the nature of returns to scale? [Ans.: (i) Diminishing returns to factors,
(ii) Constant]

25) Suppose a firm has production function q = Ak 𝐿1−𝛼 where A > 0 and 0 <  < Show
that the production function has diminishing returns to inputs.

26) A production function is given by Q = AL3/4K 3/4, where L is labor and K is capital.
i) What is the nature of returns to scale?, and
ii) What is the total reward of labor and capital if each factor is paid a price equal to
its marginal product? [Ans.: (i) Increasing, (ii) Nil]

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27) A firm’s production function is Q = f(L, K) = AL K. Under what conditions will it give
increasing returns to scale and diminishing returns to inputs, if possible?

28) The production function of a firm is given by: Q = f(L, K) = ALK,

Where  +  < 1, and L and K denote inputs of labor and capital respectively.
Show that there are decreasing returns to scale and reduce that the total product is
greater than L times the marginal product of labor plus K times the marginal product of
capital.

29) Show that the production function 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝐿, 𝐾 ) = 2√𝐿𝐾 (where x, L and K are units of
output, labour and capital respectively) gives constant returns to scale and diminishing
returns to inputs.

30) Define the degree of homogeneity of a function and state Euler’s theorem. Show that

the production function 𝑞 = 𝑓(𝑙, 𝐾) = √𝑙𝐾, (where q is total output obtained by using l
and k units of labour and capital respectively) gives constant returns to scale and
diminishing returns to inputs.

31) Given a linear homogeneous production function Z = ALKPy, where L, K, P stand for
factor quantities and A is a constant, show that
i) the sum of marginal products of factors each multiplied by its respective
quantity equals the total output,
ii) the sum of production elasticity with respect to the factors is unity, and
iii) In (i) and (ii) above, consider how these results change if the given production
function in not linear homogeneous, but homogeneous of degree n?
[Ans.: (iii) nZ, n]

Constant Product Curves (or Isoquants)

1) Properties of Isoquants
2) MRTS and Elasticity of Substitutions

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1) Properties of Isoquants:
32) Define isoquants and state their important properties.
33) Given the production function:
−1
Q = f(L, K) = A[αK −θ + (1 − α)L−θ ] θ (0 < α < 1, −1 < θ ≠ 0)

Where A is a positive constant and L and K are strictly positive quantities of two factors of
production. Show that the isoquants generated by this production function are always
negatively sloped and convex to the origin.

34) For the constant production function Q = f(L, K) = ALK, show that the isoquants
generated are downward sloping and convex from below using the concepts of total
differential.
dK d2 K
35) If the production function is X = 2ALK – BL2 – CK 2 , find and . Under what
dL dL2

conditions the isoquants are downward sloping and convex to the origin?

2) MRTS and Elasticity of Substitution

36) The production function for a commodity is x = 2HLK – AL2 – BK 2, find out at any point
on constant product curve, the marginal rate of technical substitution (MRTS) of L for
𝑯𝑲−𝑨𝑳
K. [𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝒓 = ]
𝑯𝑳−𝑩𝑲

37) Find the marginal rate of technical substitution and the elasticity of substitution for the
𝐿𝐾 𝑲 𝟐 𝟏
production function 𝑄 = 𝑓 (𝐿, 𝐾) = . [𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝑴𝑹𝑻𝑺 = ( ) , 𝝈 = ]
𝐿+𝐾 𝒍 𝟐

38) Find the elasticity of substitution for the following production function:
1
𝑄 = 𝑓 (𝑙, 𝑘) = [𝑎𝑘 −𝑏 + (1 + 𝑎)𝑙 −𝑏 ]−𝑏
𝑓𝑙 /𝑓𝑘 𝑑(𝑘/𝑙) 𝟏
By using the formula 𝜎 = . . [𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝝈 = ]
𝑘/𝑙 𝑑(𝑓𝑙 /𝑓𝑘 ) 𝒃+𝟏

39) Find the marginal rate of technical substitution and elasticity of substitution for the
1
−
following production function: 𝑋 = 𝑓 (𝑙, 𝑘) = [𝑎𝑘 −𝜃 + (1 − 𝑎)𝑙 −𝜃 ] 𝜃 ,
Where x is the total output obtained by using l and k units of labor and capital respectively.
𝟏− 𝒌 𝜽+𝟏 𝟏
 and  are positive constants. [𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝑴𝑹𝑻𝑺 = ( )( ) ,𝝈 = ]
 𝒍 𝜽+𝟏

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40) Show that the production function given below has constant elasticity of substitution.
1
−
𝑋 = 𝑓(𝑙, 𝑘) = [𝑎𝑘 −𝜃 + (1 − 𝑎)𝑙−𝜃 ] 𝜃 , where x is the total output obtained by using l and k
𝟏
units of labour and capital respectively and  and  are constants. [𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝝈 = ]
𝟏+𝜽

41) Show that the following production function has the constant elasticity of substitution
𝑋 = 𝑓 (𝑙, 𝑘) = 𝑎𝑘 𝜃 (1 − 𝑎) 𝑙−1/𝜃 , where x is total output obtained by using l and k units
of labour and capital respectively and a and  are constants. [𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝝈 = 𝟏]
42) Find the elasticity of substitution for the production function
𝟏
𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) = (20 − 𝑎 −2 − 𝑏 −2 ) [𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝝈 = ]
𝟑
43) Find the elasticity of substitution () for the production function
𝟓
𝑄 = 75(0. 3𝑘 −0.4 + 0.7𝐿−0.4 )−5 [𝑨𝒏𝒔. : 𝝈 = ]
𝟕

44) Show that elasticity of substitution between good x and good y 𝜎𝑦𝑥 =
−𝐹1′ 𝐹2′ (𝑥𝐹1′ +𝑦𝐹2′ )
2 ′′ −2𝐹 ′ 𝐹 ′ 𝐹 ′′ +(𝐹 ′ )2 𝐹 ′′ ]
𝑥𝑦[(𝐹2′ ) 𝐹11 1 2 12 1 22

Miscellaneous Question

45) For the Cobb-Douglas production function 𝑋 = 𝐴. 𝐾 𝛼 𝐿𝛽 , find

(a) The percentage change in output when labor increases by 1%.[ 𝜷]
(b) The percentage change in output when capital increases by 1%.[ 𝜶]

46) The following are the two linear homogeneous production functions where X, L and K
represent output, labor and capital respectively. Show that L times the marginal
product of labor plus K times the marginal product of capital equals total product in
each case:
(a) 𝑋 = 𝐴. 𝐿𝛼 𝐾 1−𝛼
(b) 𝑋 = 𝑎𝐿 + 𝑏𝐾

What is the sum of partial elasticity of output in each case? (unity in each case)

47) Let 𝑋 = 𝐴. 𝐿𝛼 𝐾𝛽 be the production function of a firm.

(a) Find the average product of labor. Under what condition, will it be diminishing?
[ 𝑨. 𝑳𝜶−𝟏 𝑲𝜷 , 𝜶 < 1]
(b) Show that the ratio of 𝑀𝑃𝐿 to 𝐴𝑃𝐿 is constant. Give an economic interpretation to
this ratio.

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48) Prove that 𝑋 = 𝑓(𝐾, 𝐿) is a linearly homogeneous production function and average
product of K is increasing, then 𝑀𝑃𝐿 must be negative.

49) If 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝐾, 𝐿) is a linearly homogeneous, production function, show that Euler's

𝐾 𝐿
theorem is satisfied. Also show that 𝑓𝐿𝐿 = − 𝑓𝐾𝐿 and𝑓𝐾𝐾 = − 𝑓𝐾𝐿 .
𝐿 𝐾

50) The demand facing a monopolist is given by 𝑝 = 225 − 𝑥, where p denotes price and
x denotes quantity produced. If the production function of the monopolist firm is 𝑥 =
25𝐿 + 30𝐾 − 𝐿2 − 3𝐾 2 , find marginal revenue products of labour and capital when
L = 4 and K = 1. [𝑴𝑹𝑷𝑳 = 𝟓𝟏, 𝑴𝑹𝑷𝑲 = 𝟕𝟐]

51) Find the ratio of marginal productivities of production function

−1
𝑋 = (𝑎𝐿−𝛽 + 𝑏𝐾 −𝛽 ) 𝛽 Where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝛽 are constants, X is output, L is labor and K is
𝒂 𝑲 𝜷+𝟏
capital. [ ( ) ]
𝒃 𝑳

Show that the same result is obtained when the production function is written as 𝑋′ =
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑋.

52) Let the budget equation of a consumer be 𝑥𝑝𝑥 + 𝑦𝑝𝑦 = 𝑀, where 𝑝𝑥 and 𝑝𝑦 are the
prices of x and y and M is consumer's income. Show that the weighted sum of the
income elasticity of demands of x and y is unity. What are the weights? [Proportion of
expenditure on goods ]

53) If 𝑝1 𝑥1 + 𝑝2 𝑥2 = 𝑀 is the budget constraint of a consumer, show that

𝑆1 . 𝜂11 + 𝑆2 𝜂21 = −𝑆 Where 𝜂11 and 𝜂21 are partial elasticities of demand of goods I and
II and 𝑆𝑖 (𝑖 = 1,2) is the proportion of income spent on the i goods.

54) If the production function is 𝑄 = 𝐴(𝑡)𝐿𝛼 𝐾𝛽 , where 𝐴(𝑡) is an increasing function of

time and 𝐿 = 𝐿0 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐾 = 𝐾0 + 𝑏𝑡, find the rate of growth of Q in terms of the
rate of growth of A, L and K. [𝒓𝑸 = 𝒓𝑨 + 𝜶𝒓𝑳 + 𝜷𝒓𝑲]

55) Let 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝐾, 𝐿) be a production function. To change scale, we define 𝑢 = 𝜆𝐾 and 𝑣 =

𝑑 log 𝑧
𝜆𝐿, where 𝜆 > ,0 is an unknown scalar, and Write 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣). If 𝜀 = is defined
𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝜆
𝜕𝑧
as the elasticity of output w.r.t scale (or elasticity of productivity), show that 𝑢 +
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑧
𝑣 = 𝜀𝑧. Deduce Euler's theorem from this relation if 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝐾, 𝐿) is given to be a
𝜕𝑣
homogeneous function. What is the degree of homogeneity? [Degree = 𝜺 ]

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𝑄
56) For the Cobb-Douglas, productions function.𝑄 = 𝐾 𝛼 𝐿1−𝛼 , (0 < 𝛼 < 1). 𝑞 = and 𝑘 =
𝐿
𝐾
.
𝐿
(a) Show that 𝑞 = 𝑓(𝑘)
(b) Show that 𝑓′(𝑘) > 0 and 𝑓’’(𝑘) < 0.
(c) Find elasticity of q with respect to k. [𝑬𝒍𝒙 = 𝜶]

57) The demand function of good I is

𝑥1 = 10𝑝1−1 . 𝑝22

If 𝑝1 increases from Rs. 3.5 to 3.7 and 𝑝2 decreases from Rs. 7 to 6.9, estimate the change in
demand using differentials. [-12]

58) The demand functions of the two goods, 𝑋1 , and 𝑋2 , are 𝑥1 = 20 − 5𝑝1 + 6𝑝22 and 𝑥2 =
15 + 5𝑝12 − 3𝑝2 , where 𝑝1 and 𝑝2 are prices per unit of 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 respectively If 𝑝1
decreases from Rs. 1 to 0.90 and 𝑝2 increases from Rs. 2.50 to 2.55, estim ate the
change in demand of the two goods by using differentials. [𝒅𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟎, 𝒅𝒙𝟐 = −𝟏. 𝟏𝟓]

59) Two goods X and Y are produced jointly with the aid of 2 factors K and L. Technical
conditions give two production functions 𝑋 = 𝑓(𝐾, 𝐿) and 𝑌 = 𝑔(𝐾, 𝐿). Find :
𝑑𝐾 𝑑𝐿
( ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( )
𝑑𝑋 𝑌 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑌 𝑋 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝒅𝑲 𝒈′𝒍
( ) =
𝒅𝑿 𝒀 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒈𝒍 𝒇𝒌 −𝒈′𝒌 𝒇′𝒌
′ ′
Also, interpret these results. [ ]
𝒅𝑳 𝒇′𝒌
( ) =
𝒅𝒀 𝑿 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒈𝒍 𝒇𝒌 −𝒈′𝒌 𝒇′𝒍
′ ′

60) Output 𝑄(𝑡) is related to capital stock 𝐾(𝑡) and labour supply 𝐿(𝑡) as follows: 𝑄 (𝑡 ) =
𝐴𝑒 𝛼𝑡 [𝐾(𝑡)]𝛽 [𝐿(𝑡)]1−𝛽 For constants 𝐴, 𝛼 and𝛽. (𝐴, 𝛼 > 0), (0 < 𝛽 < 1)
(i) Find an expression for the rate of-growth of output in terms of the constants and
the rate of growth of capital stock and labour supply.
(ii) Explain how 𝛼 can be regarded as a measure of the rate of technical progress.
𝒊) 𝒓𝒚 = 𝜶 + 𝜷𝒓𝑲 + (𝟏 − 𝜷)𝒓𝑳
[ ]
𝒊𝒊) 𝑰𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔

61) A consumer's demand for a good A is given by 𝑄𝐴 = 4850 − 5𝑃𝐴 + 0.1𝑌 + 1.5𝑃𝐵
Where 𝑃𝐴 and 𝑃𝐵 are the prices of goods A and B and Y is the income of the consumer.
Find the partial elasticity of demand for A with respect to 𝑃𝐵 when 𝑃𝐴 = 200,
𝑃𝐵 = 100, 𝑌 = 10000. Are goods A and B complements or substitutes?
[Substitute]

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If the price of B rises by 10%, how will this affect the demand for
good A? [.3%]

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CHAPTER = 3

Convex Sets
1) Graph each of the following sets and indicate whether is it convex?
(a) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 } (b) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≥ 𝑒 𝑥 }
(c) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≤ 13 − 𝑥 2 } (d) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥𝑦 ≥ 1, 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0}
(e) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 2}

[𝒂) 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒙, 𝒃) 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒙, 𝒄) 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒙, 𝒅) 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒙, 𝒆) 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒙 ]

2) Identify graphically the regions in the X – Y plane that correspond to the following sets:
𝐴1 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≥ 0}
𝐴2 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) : (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 0}
𝐴3 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) : 𝑥𝑦 ≤ 1}
Show the regions corresponding to the sets?
𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 ∪ 𝐴3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴1 ∩ 𝐴2 ∩ 𝐴3

3) Show graphically the regions in (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) plane represented by the following sets
𝐴 = {(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ): 𝑥12 + 𝑥22 ≤ 4}
𝐵 = {(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ): 𝑥12 + 𝑥22 ≥ 1}
𝐶 =𝐴∩𝐵
Which of the sets is convex. [set A]

4) Define a convex set. Sketch the following sets and check whether they represent
convex sets:
𝐴1 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≥ |𝑥 |}
1
𝐴2 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) : 𝑦 ≤ }
|𝑥 |
𝐴1 ∩ 𝐴2 , 𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 [yes, no, no, no]

5) Identify graphically, the regions in the X – Y plane that corresponds to that following
sets:
𝑥+3
𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≥ , 𝑥 > 0}
𝑥+1
𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 2 }
𝐶 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵, 𝐷 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵̅ , 𝐸 = 𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵̅
Which of these sets are convex? [A & D]

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6) Show graphically the regions in (x, y) plane represented by the following sets:
|𝑥 − 1|
𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≥ , 𝑥 > 0}
𝑥
𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≤ 21 − 18𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 }
𝐶 =𝐴∩𝐵

Which of these sets are convex? [B & C]

7) Graph the following sets and indicate whether is it convex?

2
𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≤ }
|𝑥 + 1|
𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 5}
𝐶 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵, 𝐷 = 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 [B]

8) Define a convex set. Indicate graphically the regions in the x – y plane represented by
the following sets:
2𝑥 + 5
𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≥ , 𝑥 > 0}
𝑥+2
𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 2 }
𝐶 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵, 𝐷 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵̅ , 𝐸 = 𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵̅

Which of these sets are convex? [A & D]

9) Identify graphically, the regions in X – Y plane that corresponds to the following sets.
1
𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≥ }
(𝑥 − 1)2
𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≤ 10𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 23}
1+𝑥
𝐶 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≥ }
|𝑥 |

Which of these are convex sets? [B]

10) Decide which of the following sets are convex by drawing each in the 𝑥𝑦 plane
(a) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 < 2} (b) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0}
(c) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 > 8} (d) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0, 𝑥𝑦 ≥ 1}
(e) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥𝑦 ≤ 1} (f) {(𝑥, 𝑦): √𝑥 + √𝑦 ≤ 2}
[a, b and d]

11) Sketch a graph for each of the following and indicate whether the set is convex:
(a) 𝑆 = ⌊(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑥𝑦 ≥ 𝑎2 , 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0⌋
(b) 𝑆 = [(𝑥, 𝑦)|3𝑥 + 4𝑦 ≤ 12, 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ 1,3𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 3]

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12) Verify whether the sets A and B are convex:

𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 16, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 4}
2𝑥+5
𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|𝑦 ≥ , 𝑥 > 0} (Eco(H) 2018)
𝑥+2

13) A set S in 𝑅 2 is said to be convex if x ∈ 𝑆, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑆, & 𝜆 ∈ [0,1] ⇒ (1 − 𝜆)𝑥 + 𝜆𝑦 ∈ 𝑆.

Using the definition, verify whether the following set is convex. (Eco(H) 2017)

{𝒙𝒚 ≤ 𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒙}

14) Two sets A and B in R 2 are defined as A = {(x, y)| xy≥ 10} and B ={(x, y)| 2x2+ y≤ 10}

Draw a sketch of the sets to decide:

a) Whether the sets A and B are closed and bounded.

b) Whether the set 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 is convex.(Eco(H) 2019)

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CHAPTER = 4

Multivariable Optimization
Local Extreme Points

1) Find the critical point and test whether the function is at a relative maximum or
minimum, given
(a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑦 3 − 𝑥 3 + 147𝑥 − 54𝑦 + 12 [𝒙 = 𝟕, 𝒚 = 𝟑]
2 2
(b) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = −2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 3 [x = 1, y = 2]
2 2
(c) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = −2𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 36𝑥 + 42𝑦 + 158 [x = 5, y = 8]
1
(d) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 9𝑦 (Eco(H) 2017) [x = -2/3, 1, y = ±𝟏]
2

2) Find the stationary points of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦). and classify them when
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
(a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 [( , − ) &(− , )]
𝟐 𝟒 𝟑 𝟑
2 2 𝟑
(b) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 − 2)𝑒 𝑥 +𝑥 𝑒 (𝑦−2) [(𝟏, 𝟐)& ( , 𝟐)]
𝟐
(c) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 4𝑥𝑦 − − 𝑥4 𝑦4
(Eco(H) 2015) [(𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟏, 𝟏), (−𝟏, −𝟏)]
2 2
(d) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 6𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 (Eco(H) 2008) [(−𝟏, −𝟏)]

3) Find all the stationary points of the following functions and classify them:
(a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 [𝒔𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 (𝟎, 𝟎); 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎(𝟏, 𝟏)]
𝟒 𝟏
(b) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎(− , )
𝟑 𝟑
2 3(
(c) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑦 6 − 𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎(𝟐, 𝟑)
(d) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 2
𝟑
[𝒔𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 (𝟎, 𝟎); 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂(𝒂, 𝟎)(−𝒂, 𝟎); 𝒂 = √ ]
𝟐

(e) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥3 − 𝑦3
+ 9𝑥𝑦
[𝒔𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 (𝟎, 𝟎); 𝑴𝒂𝒙. 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒊𝒏. 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 (𝟎, 𝟎)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟑, −𝟑)]
(f) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 (Eco(H) 2013)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
[𝒔𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔(𝟎, 𝟎); 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂 ( , ) (— , − )]
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
2 (𝑦−2)2
(g) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = (2𝑥 + 4)𝑒 𝑥 −𝑥 (2𝑦 − 1)𝑒 (Eco(H) 2018)

4) Find and classify the stationary points of:

1
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 8𝑥𝑦 − (𝑥 + 𝑦)4 (Eco(H) 2012) [𝒙 = 𝒚 = 𝟎, −𝟏, 𝟏]
4

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5) Find the stationary points for the following function:

f(x,y) = x3 + y2 -2xy – 2x2 + x – y + 4. Classify the stationary points as maxima,
minima and saddle points. (Eco(H) 2019)

6) (a) Determine values of the constants a, b, and c such that

𝟏
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑐 [𝒂 = 𝟏, 𝒃 = −𝟐, 𝒄 = ]
𝟐𝟕
Has a local minimum at the point (2/3, 1/3) with local minimum value -1/9.

(b) With the values of a, band c found in part (a), find the maximum and minimum
values of f over the domain in the xy-plane determined by the inequalities 𝑥 ≥
𝟏𝟗𝟑 𝟏
0, 𝑦 ≥ 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 4. [𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂 = , 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂 = − ]
𝟐𝟕 𝟗

7) Consider the three functions:

(a) 𝑧 = −𝑥 4 − 𝑦 4
(b) 𝑧 = 𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4
(c) 𝑧 = −𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3

Prove that the origin is a stationary point for each one of these functions, and that 𝐴𝐶 −
𝐵 2 = 0 at origin in each case. By studying the functions directly, prove that the origin is
respectively a maximum point for (a), a minimum point for (b), and a saddle point for (c).

8) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑘𝑥𝑦 where k takes values except 2 and -2.

Find the stationary point of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦). Determine the values of the constant k for which this
stationary point is

a) A local minimum point

b) A saddle point (Eco(H) 2016)

{(𝟎, 𝟎) 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒔𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒍𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒌 = 𝟎, −𝟏, 𝟏 }

Extreme Points

9) Let 𝑧 = 3𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ;
Show that on every line y = mx, the function z has a minimum at (0, 0). (Eco(H)
2014)

10) Find the extreme points and extreme values for f(x, y) defined over S
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 − 1, 𝑆 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1}
[f(x, y) has a maximum 1 at (0, 1) and minimum -1 at (0, -1)]

11) Let 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 , 𝑆 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 25}

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(a) Compute 𝑓1′ (𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑓2′ (𝑥, 𝑦), [𝒇′𝟏(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙, 𝒇′𝟐(𝒙, 𝒚) = −𝟒𝒚 ]
(b) Find the only stationary point for function. [(1, 0)]
(c) Find the extreme points for f over S.
[f(x, y) has a maximum 2 at (1, 0) and minimum -70 at (-5, 0)]
12) Find the maximum and minimum points for 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).defined over S for thefollowing:
(a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 9𝑥𝑦 + 27 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4.
[f(x, y) has a maximum 91 at (0, 4) and (4, 0) and minimum 0 at (3, 3)]
(b) 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 𝑥 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1.
( )
[f(x, y) has a maximum 9/4 at (-1/2, √𝟑⁄𝟐) and minimum -1/4 at (1/2,0)]
(c) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≥ 0.
[f(x, y) has a maximum 3 at (0, 0) and at (1,0) and minimum 2 at
(0,-1) and at (0,1)]
(d) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 4 (Eco(H) 2013)
[f(x, y) has a max at (-2,0), (2,0) and minimum at (0, -2), (0, 2)]
2 2
(e) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 − 2)𝑒 𝑥 −𝑥 (2𝑦 − 1)𝑒 (𝑦−2) 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1/2.
[f(x, y) has a maximum 2𝒆𝟒 at (0, 0) and minimum 0 for all (x, 1/2) where x ∈
[𝟎, 𝟐]𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 (𝟐, 𝒚) where y ∈[0, 1/2]]

13) Find all maxima and minima of:

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 1; on the closed triangular region bounded by lines

𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥 in the first quadrant.
𝑨𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂 𝒂𝒕(𝟎, 𝟎)
[ ]
𝑨𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒆 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂 𝒂𝒕(𝟏, 𝟐)

14) Consider the problem of maximizing 𝑧 = −(𝑥 4 + 𝑦) Find the strict maxima. What is the
problem in applying the condition that the Hessian Matrix is Negative Definite?
(Eco(H) 2014) ((0,0) is the Maximum Point)

15) Find the maximum and minimum values of:

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2

On the given set S which is the square region bounded by :

𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝟎
−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 [ ]
𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = −𝟐

16) Find the extreme point and extreme values for f(x, y) defined over S when:
2 −𝑦 2
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 ; On the given set 𝑆 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1}:

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𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝒆 𝒂𝒕 (𝟏, 𝟎)𝒂𝒏𝒅(−𝟏, 𝟎)

[𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 (𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟎, 𝟏), (𝟎, −𝟏), (𝟏, 𝟎), (−𝟏, 𝟎); ]
𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝒆−𝟏 𝒂𝒕 (𝟎, 𝟏), (𝟎, −𝟏)

17) Find the maximum and minimum values of the function:

𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦; on the closed Bounded set
𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3; 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2} (Eco(H) 2015)
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝟗 𝒂𝒕 (𝟑, 𝟎)
{ }
𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒕 (𝟎, 𝟎)

18) Let 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 1 be defined over the area bounded by the straight
lines x = 0, y = 2 and y = 2x. Find and classify all the extreme points of this function.
Also, find the extreme values of the function f(x, y). (Eco(H) 2008, 2017)
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝟏 𝒂𝒕(𝟎, 𝟎)
{𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 (𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟎, 𝟐), (𝟏, 𝟐); }
𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = −𝟓 𝒂𝒕 (𝟏, 𝟐)

19) Let 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦(1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) be defined over the area Bounded by the square formed
by 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1. Find and classify all the extreme points of this function.
(Eco(H) 2013)

𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝟏/𝟖 𝒂𝒕( , )
{𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 ( , ) , (𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟎, 𝟏), (𝟏, 𝟎), (𝟏, 𝟏); 𝟐 𝟐 }
𝟐 𝟐
𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒕 (𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟎, 𝟏), (𝟏, 𝟎), (𝟏, 𝟏)

20) Find the maximum and minimum values of:

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 on the given set S which is the square region by
0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1. (Eco(H) 2012)

𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝟎
{𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 (𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟎, −𝟏), (−𝟏, 𝟎), (𝟏, 𝟎), (𝟏, 𝟏), (−𝟏, 𝟏), (𝟏, −𝟏); }
𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = −𝟐
2 −𝑥 2
21) Find the maxima and minima of the function 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = (2𝑥 + 4)𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑦 − 1)𝑒 (𝑦−2)

Defined on the set S where S is rectangular region with vertices (0, 0), (0, 1), (2, 1), (2, 0).
(Eco(H) 2018)

22) Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 8𝑦; find the extreme point of the function z defined over the
area bounded by the triangle rectangle formed by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = 1, y = 2.
(Eco(H) 2014)
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝟏𝟕 𝒂𝒕(𝟏, 𝟐)
{𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 (𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟏, 𝟎), (𝟏, 𝟐), (𝟐, 𝟎); }
𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = −𝟒 𝒂𝒕 (𝟐, 𝟎)

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Concave & Convex Functions

23) Examine concavity/convexity of the following functions:

(i) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 (Eco(H) 2015) [Both Concave and Convex]
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 2 2
= −3𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 + 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 1 (Eco(H) 2015) [Concave]
(iii) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 [strictly convex]
(iv) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 2 2
= 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 + 4 [strictly concave]

24) Examine concavity/convexity of the. following functions:

(i) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 5𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4 [strictly concave]
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6 [strictly convex]
(iii) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 [concave]

25) Let f be defined for all x, y by𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑥 2

(a) Show that f is concave.
(b) Show that−𝑒 −𝑓(𝑥,𝑦) is concave.

26) Examine the convexity/concavity of the following function:

(a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 [strictly concave]
3 1
(b) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 [strictly convex]
2 2

27) Examine the convexity/concavity of the following function:

a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝛼 + 𝑦 𝛽 ; 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0; 𝛼 > 0; 𝛽 > 0, 𝛼 + 𝛽 < 1
𝒂) 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐚𝐯𝐞
b) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 + 𝑦)1/2 ; 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0 (Eco(H) 2012) { }
𝒃) 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐚𝐯𝐞

28) Decide for which values of the constant a the following function is concave, convex, or
neither: 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = −6𝑥 2 + (2𝑎 + 4)𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 4𝑎𝑦
[ 𝒏𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒙; 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒊𝒇 − 𝟐 − √𝟔 ≤ 𝒂 ≤ −𝟐 + √𝟔 ]

29) Find the largest convex domain S in the xy-plane on which the function
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 3 is concave. [ 𝑺 = {(𝒙, 𝒚): 𝒙 ≥ 𝟓/𝟏𝟐}]

30) Show that the function f defined by 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = −2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 3 for all
(𝑥, 𝑦) has maximum at (𝑥, 𝑦) = (1,2).

31) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 −𝑥 √1 + 𝑦 2 ; Prove that the function is strictly Convex for |𝑦| < 1.
(Eco(H) 2009)

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32) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + b𝑦 2 + 2𝑐𝑥𝑦 + 𝑑;

For what value of a, b, c and d the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is concave? (Eco(H) 2008)

{𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅. 𝒕𝒐 𝒃𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒔𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒅 ∶ 𝒂𝒃 − 𝒄𝟐 > 0, 𝑎 < 0, 𝑏 < 0}

33) Consider the Cobb – Douglas production function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) =

𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 (𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 ) defined for 𝑥 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 > 0. Prove that f is concave if and
only if it exhibits constant or decreasing returns to scale. (Eco(H) 2017)

34) Let D be the set of point (x, y) with −1 < 𝑥 < 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 1 < 𝑦 < 1 and let
1
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (x − y)4 − (x − y)2 − (x + y)2
12

a) Show that 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) is neither Concave or Convex in D.

b) Find the subset of D at which 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) is Concave. (Eco(H) 2009)

{𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐃 𝐢𝐬 𝐱 < √𝟐 + 𝐲 𝐨𝐫 𝐱 > 𝑦 − √𝟐}

Quasi Concave & Quasi Convex Functions

2
35) Show that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 is quasi concave on R.

𝑎 𝑎
36) Show that Cobb-Douglas function 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑥1 1 . 𝑥2 2 (𝐴 > 0, 𝑎1 & 𝑎2 > 0) is quasi-concave
on real number.

37) Decide which of the following function are quasi - concave. Give reasons:?
a) y = 5x + 7
b) 𝑧 = ln(𝑥1 𝑎1 . 𝑥2 𝑎2 ) (Both are Quasi - Concave) (Eco(H) 2016)

38) Decide which of the following functions are quasi-concave:

(a) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 4
(b) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 , (𝑦 > 0)
(c) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑥 2 𝑦 3 , (𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0)
𝒂) 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒔𝒊 − 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒂𝒗𝒆
𝒃) 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒔𝒊 − 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒂𝒗𝒆
[ ]
𝒄) 𝑵𝒐𝒕 𝒂 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒔𝒊 − 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒂𝒗𝒆

39) Use the definition to test whether the following three functions are quasi concave or
not:
a) f(x) = x2
b) g(x) = √𝑥

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c) h(x, y) = x2y (Eco(H) 2019)

40) Derive the conditions on 𝛼, 𝛽 under which the function 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 𝛼 𝑦 𝛽 , 𝛼, 𝛽 > 0
defined on the domain x≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0 is

a) Strictly concave
b) Concave
c) Quasi-concave
d) Convex (Eco(H) 2019)
Economic Applications
1 1
41) Consider the function 𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 𝑦 3 − 9𝑦 + 20,600 defined
100 300
for 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 ≥ 0. Show that stationary point is (𝑥, 𝑦) = (500,30) and show that it
is a minimum point.

42) Show that the CES function if defined for 𝐾 > 0, 𝐿 > 0 by
1
−
𝑓 (𝐾, 𝐿 ) = 𝐴 [𝛿𝐾 −𝑝 + (1 − 𝛿 )𝐿−𝑝] 𝑝 (𝐴 > 0, 𝜌 ≠ 0,0 ≤ 𝛿 ≤ 1) is concave for 𝜌 ≥ −1 and
convex for 𝜌 ≤ −1.

43) Show that the Cobb-Douglas function 𝑌 = 𝐴𝐾 𝑎 𝐿𝑏 , defined for 𝐾 > 0 and 𝐿 > 0, is
concave if 𝐴 > 0, 𝑎 ≥ 0, 𝑏 ≥ 0, and 𝑎 + 𝑏 ≤ 1, and is strictly concave if a and b are
positive with 𝑎 + 𝑏 <1.

44) Let D be the set- of points (𝑥, 𝑦) with −1 < 𝑥 < 1 and −1 < 𝑦 < 1 and let𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) =
1
(𝑥 − 𝑦 )4 − (𝑥 − 𝑦 )2 −(𝑥 + 𝑦 )2
12
(a) Show that f is neither convex nor concave in D.
(b) Find the subset of D at which f is concave. [𝒙 < √𝟐 + 𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 > 𝑦 − √𝟐]

1/3 1/3
45) Suppose a firm that use 2 inputs has the production function: 𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = 12𝑥1 𝑥2
And faces input prices (𝑝1 , 𝑝2 ) and output price q. Show that f is concave for 𝑥1 >
0, 𝑥2 > 0.

46) A firm produces 𝐾 1/2 𝐿1/4 units of output of a good when it uses K units of capital and L
units of labor. The firm obtains the price 16 per unit of output and pays 4 per unit of
capital and 2 per unit of labor so that its profit is 𝜋(𝐾, 𝐿) = 𝑝𝑄 − 𝑤𝐿 − 𝑟𝐾, where Q is
the firm's output and w and r are price paid to labor and capital.
(i) Show that 𝜋(𝐾, 𝐿) is concave;
(ii) Find the profit maximizing values of K, L; [L = K = 16]

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47) A firm under perfect competition produces two commodities 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 with prices
equal to Rs. 10 and Rs. 15 respectively. If the cost function of the firm is
𝐶 = 2𝑥12 + 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 2𝑥22 , where 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 denote the levels of output of 𝑋1 and 𝑋2
respectively;
(i) Determine profit maximizing levels of output of 𝑋1 and 𝑋2.
(ii) Compute the amount of maximum profits.
(iii) Verify the second order conditions.

48) A firm produces two goods x and y. The prices of x and y are Rs. 32 and Rs. 16
respectively. The cost function of the firm is 𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 + 8. Find the
profit maximizing output levels and the firm's profit.

49) Given the profit function 𝜋 = 160𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 + 120𝑦 − 18 for a firm
producing two goods x and y, find the following:
(a) Maximize profits
(b) Test the second-order condition
(c) Evaluate the function at the critical values x and y.

50) A monopolist sells two products x and y for which the demand functions are
𝑥 = 25 − 0.5𝑃𝑥
𝑦 = 30 − 𝑃𝑦

And the combined cost function is 𝐶 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 20.

Find the following:

(a) The profit-maximizing level of output for each product

(b) The profit-maximizing price for each product

(c) The maximum profit

51) A monopolist produces two commodities, x and y, jointly. The relevant cost function is
𝐶 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 .The demand functions are 𝑝𝑥 = 36 − 3𝑥 and𝑝𝑥 = 50 − 5𝑦.
Find the prices and quantities that would maximize total profits. Also find the amount
𝟏𝟏𝟗 𝟖𝟐 𝟕𝟓𝟗 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟎
of this maximum profit. [𝒙𝟏 = , 𝒙𝟐 = , 𝒑𝟏 = , 𝒑𝟐 = , 𝝅 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟑]
𝟑𝟏 𝟑𝟏 𝟑𝟏 𝟑𝟏

52) A monopolist firm can produce its output in one of the two different plants. The cost of
production in two plants are given respectively by:
𝑇𝐶 (𝑥1 ) = 2𝑥1 2
𝑇𝐶 (𝑥2 ) = 100 + 20𝑥2

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Demand function p = 200 – 2x where x is the total output. How much output should the
profit maximizing monopolist produce in each plant? (Eco(H) 2009)2]; {𝒙𝟏 = 𝟓, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝟎}

53) A monopolist produces two types of chocolates, 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 , at a constant average cost of
Rs. 2 and Rs. 3 per Kilogram respectively. If 𝑝1 and 𝑝2 are prices (Charged in rupees per
kilo), the market demand for the two types are 𝑥1 = 5(𝑝2 − 𝑝1 ) and
𝑥2 = 32 + 5𝑝1 − 10𝑝2 thousand kilograms per week. Find the values of 𝑝1 and 𝑝2
such that the joint monopoly profits are maximized. Also find the equilibrium
quantities. [𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒈, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒌𝒈, 𝒑𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟐, 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟕]

54) A manufacturer can produce a commodity at two locations. The selling price per unit is
given by 𝑝 = 200 − 0.8𝑥, where 𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2. The cost functions at the two locations
are 𝐶1 = 0.3𝑥12 + 60𝑥1 + 5000 and 𝐶2 = 0.5𝑥22 + 30𝑥2 + 8000 respectively. Find 𝑥1
and 𝑥2 so that profits are maximize. [𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟏, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟓]

55) A discriminating monopolist is able to separate its customers into two markets with
respective demand functions as 𝑥1 = 16 − 0.2𝑝1 and 𝑥2 = 9 − 0.05𝑝2 . The total cost
function of the monopolist is 𝐶 = 20 + 20𝑥, where (𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ).
(i) Find the profit maximizing values of 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 . [𝒙𝟏 = 𝟔, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒]
(ii) Find the price charged in each market and the maximum profits.
[𝒑𝟏 = 𝟓𝟎, 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝝅 = 𝟒𝟖𝟎]
(iii) Find the elasticity of demand in two markets.
[ 𝜼𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕, 𝜼𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓]

56) A discriminating monopolist, serving two isolated markets with demand elasticity
𝜂1 & 𝜂2 sells quantities 𝑥1 & 𝑥2of his product at prices 𝑝1 & 𝑝2 respectively. Show that for
maximizing profits:
1
𝑝1 1−𝜂
2
= 1
𝑝2 1−𝜂
1

Hence deduce that the price will be higher in the market where the demand is less elastic.

57) A monopolist discriminates prices between two markets and average revenue
functions for the two market are A𝑅1 = 53 − 4𝑄1 & 𝐴𝑅2 = 29 − 3𝑄2 & his total cost
function is C = 20+5Q. Find the profit maximizing outputs and prices in two markets.
What are these values when there is no price discrimination?

58) A profit maximizing monopolist sells its output in two markets with demand functions
𝑥1 = 100 − 𝑝1 And 𝑥2 = 140 − 2𝑝2 , The cost function of the firm is 𝐶 = 90 + 6𝑥
where 𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2

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(i) Find prices charged and the equilibrium output if the monopolist can
maintain separation between two markets. [𝒙𝟏 = 𝟒𝟕, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟔𝟒, 𝒑𝟏 =
𝟓𝟑, 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟑𝟖]
(ii) Suppose that the good can be transported from one market to another at a
cost of Rs. 8 per unit. Find the prices charged and equilibrium outputs in the
two markets. [𝒙𝟏 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟔𝟕, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟑𝟑, 𝒑𝟏 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟑𝟑, 𝒑𝟐 =
𝟒𝟎. 𝟑𝟑]
(iii) Answer part (ii) if the cost of transportation, becomes zero.
[𝒙𝟏 = 𝟓𝟕, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟓𝟒, 𝒑𝟏 = 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟒𝟑]

59) A firm produces two items 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 , the market prices are given by 𝑝1 = 100 − 2𝑥1,
and 𝑝2 = 125 − 3𝑥2 . The cost of production is 12𝑥1 + 11𝑥2 + 4𝑥1 𝑥2 for producing 𝑥1
and 𝑥2 units. How many items of each type be produced to have
maximum joint profit? [𝒙𝟏 = 𝟗, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟑]

60) A monopolist produces two commodities 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 , at constant average cost of Rs 2.50
and Rs 3.00 per item respectively. If 𝑝1 and 𝑝2 are the prices charged and the market
demands are 𝑥1 = 5(𝑝2 − 𝑝1 )and 𝑥2 = 32 + 5𝑝1 − 10𝑝2 , find the prices of two
commodities for maximum joint profit. [𝒑𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟒, 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟕]

61) A multi-product firm produces two commodities 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 whose prices per unit are
Rs. 10 and Rs. 15 respectively. Assuming the firm's cost function as given by 𝐶(𝑥) =
2𝑥12 + 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 2𝑥22 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥1 ,
𝑥2 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑋1 & 𝑋2 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦.
a) Obtain the optimum level of output of the two commodities.
𝟓 𝟏𝟎
[𝒙𝟏 = , 𝒙𝟐 = ]
𝟑 𝟑
b) Compute the amount of maximum profits [𝝅 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟑]
c) Verify the second order conditions.

62) A scooter manufacturer produces the same model of a scooter at two different
production plants. The cost of production of 𝑥1 scooters at plant I is given by
𝐶1 = 𝑥12 + 1,000𝑥1 + 2,500, and the cost of production of 𝑥2 scooters at plant II is
given by, 𝐶2 = 1.5𝑥22 + 2000𝑥2 + 1800, where 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 are the annual outputs of
plant I and II respectively.
(i) If each scooter is sold at a uniform price of Rs. 20,000, find the levels of
production of each plant so that profits are maximized.
[𝒙𝟏 = 𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟎, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎]

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(ii) If the annual demand of scooters follows the demand law 𝑥 = 30,000 – 𝑝,
where p is the price of a scooter, find the levels of production of each plant
for maximum profits and the price of scooter.
[ [𝒙𝟏 = 𝟓𝟓𝟔𝟐. 𝟓, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟓, 𝒑 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟐. 𝟓𝟎]]

63) The joint cost of production of a firm producing two commodities X and Y is given by
𝐶 = 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 − 10𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 50, where x and y denotes the output
levels of respective commodities. Find the values of x and y so that C is minimized
and the minimum values of C. [𝒙 = 𝟒, 𝒚 = 𝟐, 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂 = 𝟐𝟐]

64) A monopolist produces two goods x and y. The demand function for the two goods are
functions of the prices 𝑝𝑥 and 𝑝𝑦
𝑥 = −4𝑝𝑥 + 𝑝𝑦 + 12
𝑥 = 2𝑝𝑥 − 3𝑝𝑦 + 18
The total cost is given by 𝐶 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 8 + 1.5𝑥 + 1.8𝑦

Find the values of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑝𝑥 , 𝑝𝑦 which maximize the profit and the maximal profit.

[𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒚 = 𝟗, 𝒑𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟗, 𝒑𝒚 = 𝟓. 𝟔, 𝛑 = 𝟑𝟏]

65) (a) A discriminating monopolist can separate his consumers into two distinct markets
with the following demand functions
Market 𝑄1 = 16 − 0.2𝑝1 .
Market 𝑄2 = 180 − 2𝑝2
Assume that the monopolist's total cost function takes the form
𝑇𝐶 − 20𝑄 − 20 = 0, where (𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 ) is the total output. Obtain the total
profit function and determine the prices he would charge in the two markets to
maximize profits. What is the total profit? [𝒑𝟏 = 𝟓𝟎, 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟓𝟓, 𝝅 = 𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟎]
Do you agree that the price charged in the market with a higher elasticity of
demand would be higher? Show by calculations.
(b) Calculate the ratio of prices charged by a discrimination monopolist in the two
markets with price elasticity of demand equal to 3.0 and 1.5. [1:2]

66) Assume that a monopolist sells in two isolated markets and the demand functions in
the two markets are:
𝑃1 = 17 − 2𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃2 = 25 − 3𝑥2
The monopolist's total cost-function is 𝐶 = 2 + 𝑥1 + 𝑥2. What are the prices that
the monopolist will charge in order to maximize his profits and how much will he
sell in each market? [𝒑𝟏 = 𝟗, 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟏𝟑, 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒]

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67) A monopolist charges different prices in two markets where his demand functions are
𝑥1 = 21 − 0.1𝑝1 and 𝑥2 = 50 − 0.4𝑝2 , 𝑝1 and 𝑝2 being prices and 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 be the
quantities demand. His total cost function is 𝑇𝐶 = 1𝑂𝑥 + 2,000 where x denotes
total output. Find prices that the monopolist should charge to maximize
his profits. [𝒑𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎, 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟔𝟕. 𝟓𝟎]
Also verify that higher price will be charged in the market having lower elasticity of
demand.

68) A firm manufactures two types of detergents. If 𝑥1 denotes the units of brand I and 𝑥2
denotes the units of brand II produced per Week, the weekly profit is given by
𝜋 = 300𝑥1 + 200𝑥2 + 45𝑥1 𝑥2 − 15𝑥12 − 50𝑥22 − 4,000. How many units of each
brand should be manufactured per week to maximize the profit? What is the
maximum weekly profit? [𝒙𝟏 = 𝟒𝟎, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎, 𝝅 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎]

69) A firm under monopolistic competition faces an inverse demand function

𝑝 = 100 − 3𝑥 + √𝐴 and has the total cost function 𝐶 = 4𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 𝐴, where x is
output and A is advertising expenditure,
(i) Find the values of p, x and A so that profits are maximized.
[P = 175, x = 15, A = 900]
(ii) Examine the second order conditions for maxima.
(iii) If 𝑒𝑥𝑝 and𝑒𝑥𝐴 are the partial elasticities of 𝑥. 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 price and
|𝑒𝑥𝐴 | 𝐴
advertising expenditure respectively, show that = at the profit
|𝑒𝑥𝑝 | 𝑝𝑥

maximizing values.

𝐿+𝐾
70) A firm's production function is 𝑋 = 12 − . The prices of labour, capital and output
𝐿𝐾
are Rs. 1, Rs. 4 and Rs. 9 respectively. Find the maximum profit combination of capital,
𝟑
labor and output; [𝑳 = 𝟑, 𝑲 = , 𝑿 = 𝟏𝟏 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔]
𝟐

71) The production function for a competitive firm is given by

𝑄 = 20𝐿 + 41𝐾 − 2𝐿2 − 3𝐾 2 . The wage and rental rates are 𝜔 = Rs 4 and r = Rs 5
respectively.
Price of output p= Re 1.

Calculate equilibrium output. [186]

2 4
72) The production function of a firm is given by 𝑞 = 12 − − and the prices (inRs.) of
𝐿 𝐾
q, L and K are 9, 2 and 4 respectively.
(i) Find the profit maximizing values of q, L and K. [q = 10, L = K = 3]

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(ii) Find the amount of maximum profit, [72]

(iii) Verify second order condition.

73) A monopolist produces two goods x and y. The demand function for the goods are;

𝑥 = 50 − 0.5𝑝𝑥 ; 𝑦 = 76 − 𝑝𝑦

If the cost is: 𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 + 55

Find the values of x, y which maximize profit. Also find the maximized profit and the prices
charged by the monopolist. [𝝅(𝟖, 𝟏𝟎) = 𝟕𝟐𝟓]

74) Find the closest point to the origin on the curve given by the equation

𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 > 0. Also, calculate the minimum distance. What is the rate of change in this
distance as the constant 1 in the equation of the curve increases marginally? (Eco(H)
2018)

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Chapter = 5

CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION
1) Find the maxima or minima of the function, 𝑧 = 5𝑥 2 + 6𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 subject to
24 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦. [The function has a minima at (x=6, y=9)]

2) Find the maxima of 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 subject to 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 60.

[The function has a maxima at (x=20, y=10, z=10)]

3) Find the smallest distance between the origin and a point on the line
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 25 = 0. [The function has a minima at (-4, 3)]

4) A rectangular brick has a given volume; Show that its surface area is least when it is
cube. [The function has a minima at (x=y=z)]

5) Given the utility function 𝑈 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑦 + 1), and the budget constraint
2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 51, Find the optimal levels of x and y purchased
by the consumer. [The function has a maxima at (x=13, y=5)]

6) A consumer enjoys two commodities x and y according to the utility function 𝑢 =

√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 . Find his utility if 𝑝𝑥 = 3 and 𝑝𝑦 = 4 and he has Rs. 50 to spend on the two
commodities. [utility(u)= 10]

7) An individual's utility function for two goods is given below:

𝑈 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑦 + 1)

It is given that 𝑝𝑥 = 𝑅𝑠. 4, 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑅𝑠. 6 and the individual's fixed income is Rs. 130. Using
Lagrange multiplier method, find the optimum level of purchase of the two commodities.
[The function has a maxima at (x=16, y=11)]

Is the second order condition for maximum utility satisfied?

8) Find the associated demand functions of x and y from the utility function
1 𝑴𝒑𝜶 𝟏
𝑢 = (𝑥 𝜌 + 𝑦 𝜌 ), where 0 < 𝜌 < 1. [x= 𝒙
, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝜶 = ]
𝜌 𝒑𝒙 +𝒑𝜶+𝟏
𝜶+𝟏
𝒚 𝝆−𝟏
𝑴𝒑𝜶 𝒚 𝟏
Show that the two goods are substitutes. [y= , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝜶 = ]
𝒑𝜶+𝟏
𝒙 +𝒑 𝜶+𝟏
𝒚 𝝆−𝟏
9) Use the Langrangeon method to find the extreme values of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 on the
circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1. (Eco(H) 2017)

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10) Find the maximum and minimum values that the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 takes on the
𝑥2 𝑦2
constraint + = 1. (Eco(H) 2016)
8 2
𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒊𝒔 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒚 = 𝟏
{ }
𝑻𝒓𝒚 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 (𝟐, −𝟏), (−𝟐, 𝟏), (−𝟐, −𝟏)𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒚𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒇.

11) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 5𝑥 − 3𝑦 subject to the constraint 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 136. Find the maximum and
minimum of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦). (Eco(H) 2011)

{𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎(𝒙 = −𝟏𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟔), (𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎(𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝒚 = −𝟔))}

12) Let the utility function be given by 𝑈 = 𝑥𝑦. The budget constraint is given as 100 −
𝑥𝑝𝑥 − 𝑦𝑝𝑦 = 0.

𝟓𝟎 𝟓𝟎
(i) Find the demand function for x and y. [(x= ,𝒚 = ]
𝒑𝒙 𝒑𝒚
(ii) Show that these functions are homogeneous of degree zero in absolute prices
and incomes.
(iii) Replace 𝑈 = 𝑥𝑦 with 𝑊 = (𝑥𝑦)2 and answer parts (i) and (ii) again.

𝛽
13) If 𝑢 = 𝑥1𝛼 𝑥2 is the utility function of a consumer and 𝑀 = 𝑥1 𝑝1 + 𝑥2 𝑝2 is his budget
constraint, find demand functions of the two goods by Lagrange multiple methods.
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥2
Using these demand functions, find 𝑝1 + 𝑀. 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝2 + 𝑀. .
𝜕𝑝1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑝2 𝜕𝑀
𝜶.𝑴 𝜷.𝑴
[𝒙𝟏 = , 𝒙𝟐 = ]
(𝜶+𝜷)𝒑𝟏 (𝜶+𝜷)𝒑𝟐
Comment upon the degree of homogeneity. (Degree of homogeneity=0 )

14) An individual's utility function is given as 𝑈 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 where x and y denotes the

𝑴 𝑴
quantities of two commodities. Find demand functions of x and y. [x= ,𝒚 = ]
𝟐𝒑𝒙 𝟐𝒑𝒚

15) A consumer maximizes his utility function 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝛼 𝑦 𝛽 , subject to the budget constraint
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 12, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑦 = 2. Find the values of 𝛼 and 𝛽 if the utility function is
𝟏
known to be linearly homogenous. [𝜶 = 𝜷 = ]
𝟐

16) A point moves on the curve x 2 + y2 = 100. At what point is its distance from the point
(x, y) = (10, 8)minimum? If the constant 100 in the equation of the curve were to be
increased by one unit, what is the instantaneous effect on the minimum distance.
(Eco(H) 2019)

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17) A consumer has the following utility function defined over

𝒂𝑴
x and 𝑦: 𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦; 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1. [x= ]
𝒑𝒙
𝒃𝑴
Find his demand schedules for x and y. [𝒚 = ]
𝒑𝒚

18) (a) A consumer is represented by a utility function 𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 . Find his demand for
the commodities x and y if 𝑝𝑥 = 2, 𝑝𝑦 = 3 and his income = 15. [x = y = 3]
(b) Check whether the second order condition of utility maximization is satisfied.

19) Find the optimum commodity purchases for a consumer whose utility function is
𝑈 = 𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = 𝑥1 𝑥2 . Prices of 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 are Rs. 1 and Rs. 5 respectively and
Income (𝑌 ) = 𝑅𝑠. 10. Use the second order conditions to verify that the solution is a
constrained maximum. [𝒙𝟏 =5, 𝒙𝟐 =1]

20) If 𝑢 = 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 is the utility functions of a consumer of two goods, I and II,
and 𝑀 = 𝑥1 𝑝1 + 𝑥2 𝑝2 be his budget constraint,
(i) Derive the demand functions of the two goods by using the method of
𝑴+𝟐𝒑𝟏 𝟑 𝑴+𝟑𝒑𝟏
Lagrange Multiplier. [𝒙𝟏 = − , 𝒙𝟐 = -1]
𝟐𝒑𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝒑𝟐
(ii) Examine the second order condition for maxima of utility.
𝛿𝑥1 𝛿𝑥1 𝛿𝑥1
(iii) Use these demand functions to find 𝑝1 + 𝑝2 +𝑀 and
𝛿𝑝1 𝛿𝑝2 𝛿𝑀
𝛿𝑥2 𝛿𝑥2 𝛿𝑥2
𝑝1 + 𝑝2 +𝑀 and interpret the results.
𝛿𝑝1 𝛿𝑝2 𝛿𝑀

21) A monopolist has the following demand functions for each of his products X and Y: 𝑥 =
72 − 0.5𝑝𝑥 , 𝑦 = 120 − 𝑝𝑦 . The combined cost 𝐶 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 35 and-the
maximum joint product is 40 units i.e. 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 40. Find
(i) The profit maximizing level of Output, [x=18, y=22]
(ii) The price of each product, and [𝒑𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖, 𝒑𝒚 = 𝟗𝟖]
(iii) The total profit. [𝝅 = 𝟐𝟖𝟔𝟏]

22) A firm produces radio sets at two different locations. If 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 denote the number of
radio sets produced at location I, II respectively, the joint cost function of the firm is
given by 𝐶 = 0.1𝑥12 + 0.2𝑥22 + 0.2𝑥1 𝑥2 + 180𝑥1 + 60𝑥2 + 25,000
If the firm has to supply an order of 1,000 radio sets, how many sets should be
produced at each location to minimize cost? [𝒙𝟏 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎]
Also find the minimum cost and marginal cost. [Rs. 2,69,000]

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23) The production function of a firm is 𝑋 = 𝐾 1/2 𝐿1/2 and prices of capital and labour are
fixed at Rs. r and 𝜔 respectively,

(i) Find the cost minimizing combination of capital and labour.

𝒘 𝒓
(ii) Derive the demand functions of capital and labour. [K= √ 𝑿, 𝑳 = √ 𝑿]
𝒓 𝒘

(iii) Derive the cost function of the firm. [C=2√𝒘𝒓.X]

24) Production function of a producer is given by 𝑋 = 12𝐿3/4 𝐾 1/4, where X is output, L is

labour and K is capital. It is also known that price of labour is Rs. 3 per unit and the
price of capital is Re 1 per unit. Find the combinations of inputs that can maximize
output for a given cost of Rs 80. [K=L=20]
𝟏
Also find the cost function of the producer. [C= 𝑿]
𝟑

25) A firm produces output Y from inputs 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 according to the production
𝛽
function𝑌 = 𝐴𝑥1𝛼 𝑥2 . Derive an expression for the minimum cost of producing output
𝟏 𝜷 𝜶
𝒀 𝜶+𝜷 𝜶𝒘𝟐 𝜶+𝜷 𝜷𝒘𝟏 𝜶+𝜷
Y in terms of input prices (𝜔1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔2 ) and Y. ( ) [𝒘𝟏 ( ) + 𝒘𝟐 ( ) ]
𝑨 𝜷𝒘𝟏 𝜶𝒘𝟐

If the production function is linearly homogenous, show that the cost function is linear
𝒀 𝜶𝒘𝟐 𝜷 𝜷𝒘𝟏 𝜶
in output. [𝒘𝟏 ( ) + 𝒘𝟐 ( ) ]
𝑨 𝜷𝒘𝟏 𝜶𝒘𝟐

26) A producer has the following production function 𝑋 = 𝐿1/2 + 𝐾 1/2, where X, L and K
denote the quantities of output, labor and capital respectively.
(a) It is given that price of labor is Rs. 4 per unit and price of capital is Rs. 5 per unit.
(i) Determine the values of L and K for producing 45 units of output at
minimum cost. [L=625, K=400]
(ii) Find this minimum cost. [4500]
(iii) Verify the second order conditions.

(b) Assuming that the price of labor is 𝑝𝐿 per unit and price of capital is 𝑝𝐾 per unit,
find:
𝑿𝟐𝒑𝟐𝒌 𝑿𝟐𝒑𝟐𝒍
(i) The demand functions for labor and capital. [L= (𝒑 )𝟐
, 𝑲 = (𝒑 𝟐
]
𝒌 +𝒑𝒍 𝒌 +𝒑𝒍 )
𝒑𝒌 𝒑𝒍
(ii) The cost function of the producer. [C=𝑿𝟐 ( )]
𝒑𝒌 +𝒑𝒍
(iii) The cost function when 𝑝𝐿 = 4 and 𝑝𝐾 = 5. [C=2.2𝑿𝟐 ]

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27) Assume that the production function of a producer is given by 𝑋 = 10𝐿4/9𝐾 5/9, where
X, L and K denote output labor and capital respectively. If labor costs Rs. 5 per unit and
capital Rs. 4 per unit, find least-cost capital Labor ratio. [25:16]

28) A producer has the production function 𝑋 = 10√𝐾𝐿, where X, K and L denote the
quantities of output, capital and labor respectively. If the price of labor is Rs. 10 per
unit and price of capital is Rs. 40 per unit:

(i) Determine the values of K and L for producing 200 units of output
at minimum cost, [K=10, L=40]

(ii) Calculate the cost. [800]

29) The production function of a firm is 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥1𝑎 𝑥2𝑏 where 𝑥1 and 𝑥2 are two inputs with
prices 𝑤1 and 𝑤2 respectively,
𝒃𝒘𝟏
(i) Find the cost minimizing combination of the two inputs. [𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟏 ]
𝒂𝒘𝟐
(ii) Derive the demand functions of the two inputs
𝟏 𝒃 𝟏 𝒂
𝒚 𝒂+𝒃 𝒂𝒘𝟏 𝒂+𝒃 𝒚 𝒂+𝒃 𝒃𝒘𝟏 𝒂+𝒃
[𝒙𝟏 = ( ) ×( ) , 𝒙𝟐 = ( ) ×( ) ]
𝑨 𝒃𝒘𝟐 𝑨 𝒂𝒘𝟐
(iii) Derive an expression for the minimum cost of producing y.
𝟏 𝒃 𝒂
𝒚 𝒂+𝒃 𝒂𝒘𝟐 𝒂+𝒃 𝒃𝒘𝟏 𝒂+𝒃
[C=( ) (𝒘𝟏 ( ) + 𝒘𝟐 ( ) )]
𝑨 𝒃𝒘𝟏 𝒂𝒘𝟐

(iv) Show that the cost function is linear in y if production function is linearly
homogeneous.
(v) Show that the total cost is linear in y if 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1.

30) A Consumer spends an amount M to buy x units of one good at a price of 6 per unit and
y units of other good at a price of 10 per unit, m is positive. The consumer utility
function is 𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑦
Find the optimal quantities of x and y as function of m. what are the solution for
𝑥 ∗, 𝑦 ∗ if 𝑚 ≤ 8. (Eco(H) 2010)

𝟐𝟎 − 𝒎 ∗ 𝒎 − 𝟖
{𝒙∗ = ,𝒚 = ; 𝑖𝑓 𝒎 ≤ 𝟖 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙∗ ≥ 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚∗ ≤ 𝟎}
12 8

31) The consumer utility is a function of two goods x and y is given by:
𝑈 = 𝛼𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝛽𝑙𝑛𝑦 (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛼, 𝛽 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 )
The consumer’s budget constraint is given by 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 =
𝑚 (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑠 𝑥 & 𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦 and m is money
income).

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a) Using Langrangeon method, find the optimal values of x and y as functions of p, q

𝒎𝜶 𝒎𝜷
and m. (𝒙 = ,𝒚 = )
𝒑(𝜶+𝜷) 𝒒(𝜶+𝜷)
b) Check the second order condition.
𝜕𝑈 ∗
c) Find the optimal values of 𝑈 ∗(𝑝, 𝑞 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚 ). 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 and give its economic
𝜕𝑚
interpretation. (Eco(H) 2016)
𝝏𝑼∗
( ) = 𝝀; 𝑼∗ 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒃𝒚 𝝀 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒎
𝝏𝒎
𝝏𝑼∗
( ) = −𝝀𝒙; 𝑼∗ 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒃𝒚 𝝀𝒙 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒑
𝝏𝒑
𝝏𝑼∗
( ) = −𝝀𝒚; 𝑼∗ 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒃𝒚 𝝀𝒚 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒒
{ 𝝏𝒒 }

32) A producer has the following production function:

𝑋 = 𝐴[𝛿𝐾 −𝜌 + (1 − 𝛿 )𝐿−𝜌 ]−1/𝜌
X, L & K are quantities of output, labor and capital respectively and
𝐴 = 10, 𝛿 = 0.4, 𝜌 = 1.
It is given that price of labor is Rs. 40 per unit and. price of capital is Rs. 60 per unit.
(i) Determine the values of L and K for producing 100 units of output at
minimum cost. [L=12, K=8]
(ii) Find this minimum cost. [960]
(iii) Verify the second order conditions.

33) The sales S as a function of expenditure x thousand and y thousand rupees on two
200𝑥 100𝑦
advertising media is given by 𝑆 = + . The net profit is 20% of sales minus cost
5+𝑥 10+𝑦
of advertising. If the advertising budget is Rs. 25,000, find the allocation of advertising
budget between the two media so as to maximize net profits. [15000, 10000]

34) Suppose a monopolist is practicing price discrimination in the sale of a product. Let the
demand curves be 𝑝1 = 100 − 𝑥1 and 𝑝2 = 80 − 𝑥2 and the cost function is 𝐶 = 6𝑥
(where𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ).
(i) How much should be sold in each market to maximize profit? What are the
prices charged? [(𝒙𝟏 = 𝟒𝟕, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑𝟕), (𝒑𝟏 = 𝟓𝟑, 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟒𝟑)]
(ii) How much profit is lost if price discrimination is made illegal? [∆𝝅 = 𝟓𝟎]
(iii) If the monopolist is allowed to maintain a price difference of Rs. 4 only,
find 𝑥1 and 𝑥2. [(𝟓𝟎, 𝟓𝟎) (34,46)]

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35) A monopolist sells its output in two markets with demand functions 𝑥1 = 55 − 𝑝1
and 𝑥2 = 70 − 2𝑝2 . The cost function is 𝐶 = 5𝑥, where 𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2.
(i) Find the profit maximizing levels of outputs and prices if the monopolist can
maintain the separation between two markets.
[(𝒙𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎, 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓), (𝒑𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎, 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎)]
(ii) If it cost Rs. 5 per unit to transport goods between two markets, find the
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
profit maximizing levels of outputs and prices. [𝟐𝟔 , 𝟐𝟏 , 𝟐𝟖 ]
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
(iii) How would your answer in part (ii) will be affected if transportation costs
𝟏
were zero? [𝟐𝟑 , 𝟓𝟓]
𝟑

36) Use the method of Lagrange multiplier to find:

(a) The minimum value of 𝑥 + 𝑦, subject to the constraint 𝑥𝑦 = 1;
(b) The maximum value of 𝑥𝑦 subject to the constraint 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 16. (Eco(H) 2008)

𝒂) 𝒙 = 𝒚 = 𝟏
Comment on the geometry of each solution. [ ]
𝒃) 𝒙 = 𝒚 = 𝟏

37) Show that two utility maximizing consumers with utility functions:
1/2 1/2
𝑈 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = 𝑥1 2 𝑥22 respectively have same demand
functions.

38) An individual purchases quantities 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 of two goods whose prices are 𝑝1 and 𝑝2
respectively. His utility functions is:
𝑈 (𝑋1 , 𝑋2 ) = 𝑋1 + 𝐼𝑛 𝑋2

Assuming his income is M, find the optimal quantities 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 . Also find the marginal
𝑴 𝒑𝟏 𝟏
utility of income. [ 𝑿𝟏 = − 𝟏, 𝑿𝟐 = &𝜆 = ]
𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒑𝟏

39) Maximize the utility function 𝑈 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑦; subject to constraint

𝑥𝑝𝑥 + 𝑦𝑝𝑦 = 𝑚. Check the 2nd order condition. (Eco(H) 2014)
𝒑𝒚 𝒎 − 𝒑𝒚
{𝒙 = ;𝒚 = }
𝒑𝒙 𝒑𝒚

40) Find the maximum and minimum values of:

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑦
Subject to the constraint:
𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4

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Write down the Lagrange function for the problem and solve the necessary
conditions for the optimal solutions. Find the determinant 𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦) and check the
second order condition. Explain the optimization solution geometrically by drawing
the level curves of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) together with the graph of the constraint. (Eco(H)
2012) [𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂 𝒂𝒕 (√𝟐, √𝟐), 𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂 𝒂𝒕 (−√𝟐, −√𝟐)]

41) Maximize 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 100𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 50𝑙𝑛𝑦, whenre 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0 subject to the constraint
𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟎
3x + y = 10. {𝒙 = ,𝒚 = } (Eco(H) 2011, 2015)
𝟗 𝟑

42) An individual purchase quantities x, y and z of three different commodities whose

prices are p, r and s respectively. The consumer income is m where 𝑚 > 2𝑝 and
consumer utility function is given by:
𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ) = 𝑥 + ln(𝑦𝑧 )
Find the consumer demand for each good as a function of prices and income. Show
that the expenditure on good y and z is always equal to the prices of the 1 st good.
𝒎 𝑝 𝑝
{𝒙 = − 2, 𝑦 = , 𝑧 = ; } (𝑬𝒄𝒐(𝑯)𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟗)
𝑝 𝑟 𝑠

43) A consumer Utility function for two goods is:

𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 1/2 𝑦1/2
Write down the necessary condition for the solution of the constraint optimization.
Problem for general values of 𝑝𝑥 , 𝑝𝑦 , 𝑚. Find the optimal values of x and y and the
corresponding values of 𝜆. Check the 2nd order condition and what are the consumer
demand functions for x and y? (Eco(H) 2012)
𝒎 𝒎 𝟏
{𝒙 = ,𝒚 = ,𝝀 = }
𝟐𝒑𝒙 𝟐𝒑𝒚 𝟐𝒑𝒚 𝟏/𝟐𝒑𝒙 𝟏/𝟐

44) A consumer faces the following utility maximization problem.

Max. U(x, y) = 100 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑦 subject to px + qy = m, where 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0. Here, p
and q are per unit prices of goods x and y respectively, and m is the consumer’s
money income.

a) Find the necessary conditions for the solution of the problem and solve them for
the two demand functions x = f(p, q, m) and y = g(p, q, m) by using the
Lagrangean Method.
b) What happens to the optimal values of x and y if per unit prices of both goods
and consumer’s money income are doubled. (Eco(H) 2017)

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45) 𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏 ) = 𝐴√𝑎𝑏 is a production function for good x using inputs a and b. Use the
Lagrangian method to find the amount of the factors required to produce an output 𝑥̅ at
minimum cost, when prices of the inputs are 𝑝𝑎 & 𝑝𝑏 . Check the 2nd order conditions
and verify the envelope theorem. (Eco(H) 2018)

46) A consumer's utility function for two goods is:

𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 1/2 𝑦1/2
Write down the necessary conditions for the solution of the constrained
optimization problem for general values of 𝑝𝑥 , 𝑝𝑦 and M. Find the optimal
values of x and y and the corresponding value of 𝜆. Check the second order
conditions. What are the consumer's demand functions for x and y? Find the
𝜕𝑈∗
indirect utility function 𝑈 ∗( 𝑝𝑥 , 𝑝𝑦 , 𝑀)and verify that 𝜆 = . (Eco(H) 2014)
𝜕𝑀
𝒎 𝒎 𝟏
[𝒙 = ,𝒚 = ,𝝀 = 𝟏/𝟐 𝟏/𝟐 ]
𝟐𝒑𝒙 𝟐𝒑𝒚 𝟐𝒑𝒚 𝒑𝒙

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Chapter=6

Differential equation
1) The number of arbitrary constants in the general solution of a differential equation of
4th order are:

a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3

2) The number of arbitrary constants in the particular solution of a differential

equation of 3rd order are:

a) 3
b) 2
c) 1
d) 0

3) Which of the following differential equation has y = c1 ex + c2 e−x as the general

solution?

d2y
a) +y =0
dx2
d2y
b) −y=0
dx2
d2y
c) +1 =0
dx2
d2y
d) −1 =0
dx2

4) Which of the differential equation has y = x as one of its particular solution?

d2y dy
a) − x2 + xy = x
dx2 dx
d2y dy
b) +x + xy = x
dx2 dx
d2y 2 dy
c) −x + xy = x
dx2 dx
d2y dy
d) +x + xy = 0
dx2 dx

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dy
5) The general solution of the differential equation = ex+y is
dx

a) ex + e−y = C
b) ex + ey = C
c) e−x + ey = C
d) e−x + e−y = C

dx
6) The integrating factor of the differential equation (1 − y 2 ) + yx = ay, is
dy

1
a)
y2−1
1
b)
√y2−1
1
c)
1−y2
1
d)
√1−y2

dy
7) The integrating factor of the differential equation x − y = 2x 2
dx

a) e−x
b) e−y
c) 1/x
d) x

8) Verify that the function y = e−3x is a solution of the differential equation

y ′′ + y ′ − 6y = 0.

9) Verify that the function y = ex + 1is a solution of the differential equation y ′′ −

y ′ = 0.

10) Verify that the function y = x 2 + 2x + C is a solution of the differential equation

y ′ − 2x − 2 = 0.

11) Verify that the function y = √1 + x 2 is a solution of the differential equationy ′ =

xy
2
.
1+x

12) Verify that the function y = Ax is a solution of the differential equation

xy ′ = y.

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13) Verify that the function xy = log y +C is a solution of the differential equationy ′ =
y2
.
1−xy

14) Verify that the function y = √a2 − x 2 ; x ∈ (−a, a) is a solution of the differential
dy
equation x + y =0
dx

15) Form the differential equation representing the family of curves y = mx, where m
is an arbitrary constant. (xy ′ − y = 0)

16) Form the differential equation representing the family of circles touching the x –
dy 2xy
axis at origin. ( = )
dx x2−y2

17) Form the differential equation representing the family of parabolas having vertex
dy
at origin and axis along positive direction of x – axis. (y 2 − 2xy = 0)
dx

18) Form the differential equation representing the family of curves by eliminating the
x y
arbitrary constant a and b from + = 1. (y 2 = 0)
a b

19) Form the differential equation representing the family of curves y 2 = a(b2 − x 2 )
d2y dy 2 dy
by eliminating a and b. (xy 2
+ x( ) = y )
dx dx dx

20) Form the differential equation representing the family of curves by eliminating the
d2y dy
arbitrary constant a and b from y = ae3x + be−2x. ( − − 6y = 0)
dx2 dx

21) Form the differential equation representing the family of curves by eliminating the
d2y dy
arbitrary constant a and b from y = e2x(a + bx). ( −4 + 4y = 0)
dx2 dx

22) Form the differential equation representing the family of parabolas having vertex
dy
at origin and axis along positive direction of x – axis. (x = 2y)
dx

23) Form the differential equation representing the family of ellipses having foci on y –
d2 y dy 2 dy
axis and center at origin. {x (y 2
+( ) )−y = 0}
dx dx dx

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24) Form the differential equation representing the family of hyperbolas having foci on
d2 y dy 2 dy
x – axis and center at origin. {x (y 2
+( ) )−y = 0}
dx dx dx

25) Form the differential equation representing the family of circles having center on y
dy 2 dy 2
– axis and radius 3 units. {x 2 (( ) + 1) = 9 ( )
dx dx

dy x+1
26) Find the general solution of the differential equation = .
dx 2−y
( x 2 + y 2 + 2x − 4y + C = 0, where C = 2C1 )

dy
27) Find the general solution of the differential equation + y = 1.
dx
(x = −log|1 − y| + C )

28) Find the general solution of the differential equation

(ex + e−x)dy − (ex − e−x )dx. ( y = log|ex + e−x | + C)

dy
29) Find the general solution of the differential equation x 5 = −y 5 .
dx
(x −4 + y −4 = −4C )

dy
30) Find the particular solution of the differential equation = −4xy 2 .
dx
𝟏
(y = )
𝟐𝐱 𝟐−𝐂

31) Find the particular solution of the differentiable equation

dy 1 x2−1 1 3
x(x 2 − 1) = 1; y = 0 when x = 2. ( y = log | | − log )
dx 2 x2 2 4

dy
32) For the differential equation xy = (x + 2)(y + 2), find the solution curve passing
dx
through the point (1, -1). ( y − x = 2log|x (y + 2)| − 2)

33) Find the equation of the curve passing through the point (1, 1) whose differential
equation is xdy = (2x 2 + 1)dx. ( y = x 2 + log|x| + C )

34) Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (-2, 3), given that the slope
1
2x
of the tangent to the curve at any point (x, y) is 2
. ( y = (3x 2 + 15)3 )
y

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35) Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (0, -2) given that any point
(x, y) on the curve, the product of the slope of its tangent and y coordinate of the
point is equal to the x coordinate of the point. (x 2 − y 2 + 4 = 0)

36) At any point (x, y) of a curve the slope of the tangent is twice the slope of the line
segment joining the point of contact to the point (-4, -3). Find the equation of the
curve given that it passes through (-2, 1). {y+3 =
2
(x + 4) }

37) In a bank, principal increases continuously at the rate of 5% per year. In how many
years Rs. 1000 double itself? ( t = 20𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐞 𝟐)

38) In a bank principal increases continuously at the rate of r % per year. Find the
value of r if Rs. 100 doubles itself in 10 years. (loge 2 = 0.6931) (6.931%)

39) In a culture, the bacteria count is 1, 00,000. The number is increased by 10% in 2
hours. In how many hours will the count reach 2, 00, 000, if the rate of growth of
2log2
bacteria is proportional to the number present? (t = )
log(1.1)

dy x2
40) Find the general solution of the differential equation x + 2y = x 2 . ( y = +
dx 4
−2
Cx )

41) Find the general solution of the differential equation y dx – (x+2y 2 )dy = 0.
(x = 2y 2 + Cy)

dy
42) Find the general solution of the differential equation (x + 3y 2 ) = y.
dx
(3y + C)

43) Find the general solution of the differential equation

y2 C
y dx + (x − y 2 )dy = 0. (x = + )
3 y

dy
44) Find the general solution of the differential equation (x + y) = 1.
dx
(Cey )
dy 2
45) Find the general solution of the differential equation xlog x + y = log x
dx x
−2
( [1 + logx] + C )
x

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dy y
46) Find the general solution of the differential equation + = x2.
dx x
x3 C
( + )
4 x

dy
47) Find the general solution of the differential equation + 3y = e−2x.
dx
( y = e−2x + Ce−3x )

48) Find the equation of the curve passing through the point (0, 2) given that the sum
of the coordinates of any point on the curve exceeds the magnitude of the slope of
the tangent to the curve at that point by 5. ( y = 4 − x − 2ex )

49) Find the equation of the curve passing through the origin given that the slope of
the tangent to the curve at any point (x, y) is equal to the sum of the coordinates of
the point. ( y = −x − 1 + ex )

dy
50) If = ( y − 1)( y − 2); then find the following:
dx

a) Solve the differential equation

b) Find the equilibrium state
c) Find the stable and unstable point
d) Draw the phase diagram
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
51) Consider the differential equation = 𝑘(1 − )𝑦 where k and m are positive
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
constants. Draw a phase line to determine if the equation possess a stable equilibrium.
(Eco(H) 2019)

dy
52) If + 5y = 4; then find the following:
dx

a) Solve the differential equation

b) Find the equilibrium state
c) Find the stable and unstable point
d) Draw the phase diagram

dy
53) If = ( y)( y − 2); then find the following:
dx

a) Solve the differential equation

b) Find the equilibrium state
c) Find the stable and unstable point

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 Rahul Sir

d) Draw the phase diagram

dx
54) If = ( x − 1); then find the following:
dt

a) Solve the differential equation

b) Find the equilibrium state
c) Find the stable and unstable point
d) Draw the phase diagram

dx
55) If + 2x = 24; then find the following:
dt

a) Solve the differential equation

b) Find the equilibrium state
c) Find the stable and unstable point
d) Draw the phase diagram

dx
56) If = x 2 − 9; then find the following:
dt

a) Solve the differential equation

b) Find the equilibrium state
c) Find the stable and unstable point
d) Draw the phase diagram

dx
57) If = x 3 + x 2 − x − 1; then find the following:
dt

a) Solve the differential equation

b) Find the equilibrium state
c) Find the stable and unstable point
d) Draw the phase diagram

dx
58) If = 3x 2 + 1; then find the following:
dt

a) Solve the differential equation

b) Find the equilibrium state
c) Find the stable and unstable point
d) Draw the phase diagram

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 Rahul Sir

dx
59) If = xex; then find the following:
dt

a) Solve the differential equation

b) Find the equilibrium state
c) Find the stable and unstable point
d) Draw the phase diagram

3 𝑑𝑥
60) Show that x(t) = Ce5t + is a solution to the differential equation = 5𝑥 − 3. Find the
5 𝑑𝑡
integral curve when x(2) = 1. (Eco(H) 2019)

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CHAPTER-7

INTEGRATION
Evaluate the following integrals:

1. ∫(√𝑥 + √𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
2 3 2 3
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 𝑥 2 + (𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝑐]
3 3

2. ∫(√𝑥 + √𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
2 3 2 3
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 𝑥 2 + (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑐]
3 3
1
3. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥+1+√𝑥−1
1 3 1 3
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : (𝑥 + 1)2 − (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑐]
3 3

4. ∫(𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 ). 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 𝑎−1 𝑎𝑥
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : + + 𝑐]
𝑎 + 1 log 𝑎

4𝑒 5𝑥 −9𝑒 4𝑥 −3
5. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥

[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 2𝑒 2𝑥 − 9𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑐]

3𝑒 2𝑥 .(1+𝑒 2𝑥 )
6. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥

[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 3𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐]

𝑥3
7. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1

𝑥3 𝑥2
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : + + 𝑥 + log|x − 1| + c]
3 2
1−𝑥
8. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥

[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 2𝑙𝑜𝑔 |x + 1| − x + c]

𝑥4
9. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1

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𝑥4 𝑥3 𝑥2
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : + + − 𝑥 + log|x + 1| + c]
4 3 2

Method of Substitution
2𝑥+9
10. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +9𝑥+10

[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : log|x 2 + 9x + 10| + c]

6𝑥−8
11. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥 [𝐴𝑛𝑠. : log|3x 2 − 8x + 5| + c]
3𝑥 2−8𝑥+5
𝑥5 1
12. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥 [𝐴𝑛𝑠. : log|1 + x 6 | + c]
1+𝑥 6 6
𝑥 √2𝑥 2+3
13. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥 [𝐴𝑛𝑠. : + 𝑐]
√2𝑥 2+3 2
1
14. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥 [𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 2𝑙𝑜𝑔|1 + √x| + c]
√𝑥+𝑥

√2+log 𝑥
15. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
2
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : (2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)3/2 + c]
3

𝑒 −1/𝑥
16. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 𝑒 −1/𝑥 + c]
2
17. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
1 2
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 𝑒 𝑥 + c]
2
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
18. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : log|ex + e−x| + c]

𝑒 𝑥 −1
19. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 +1

[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : log|ex/2 + e−x/2 | + c]

1
20. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑒 𝑥
ex
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : log | | + c]
1 + ex

21. ∫ 𝑥 . √𝑥 + 2. 𝑑𝑥

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5 3
(𝑥 + 2)2 2(𝑥 + 2) 2
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 2 { − } + c]
5 3

(3𝑥−1)
22. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
√2𝑥+3

(2𝑥 + 3)3/2 11(2𝑥 + 3)1/2

[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : − + c]
2 2

Integration by Parts

23. ∫ 𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 𝑒 𝑥 . (𝑥 − 1) + c]

24. ∫ 2𝑥. 𝑒 5𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥. 𝑒 5𝑥 2𝑒 5𝑥
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : − + c]
5 25

25. ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 𝑥. (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 1) + c]

26. ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 2 . 𝑑𝑥
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 2𝑥. (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 1) + c]

27. ∫(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 . 𝑑𝑥
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 𝑥. (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 1) + c]

28. ∫(1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥. 𝑑𝑥

𝑥2 x3
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 𝑥. (1 + ) . logx − − x + c]
3 9

29. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 . (1 + 𝑥 ) log(𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) . 𝑑𝑥
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥 . (log(𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥 ) − 1 + c]

Integration by Partial Fractions

5𝑥
30. ∫ (𝑥+1).(𝑥2 . 𝑑𝑥
−4)

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5
5 log|𝑥 − 2| 5
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : log|𝑥 + 1| + 6 log |𝑥 + 2| + c]
3 2

𝑥+3
31. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
𝑥.(𝑥+2)

3 1
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : log|𝑥 | − log |𝑥 + 2| + c]
2 2
1−𝑥
32. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(1−2𝑥)

1
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : log|𝑥 | − log |1 − 2𝑥| + c]
2
𝑥2
33. ∫ (𝑥−1).(𝑥−2) . 𝑑𝑥

[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 𝑥 − log|𝑥 − 1| + 4𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 𝑥 − 2| + c]

𝑥 3 −𝑥−2
34. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑥 2

𝑥2 1+𝑥
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : − log | | + c]
2 1−𝑥
2𝑥
35. ∫ (𝑥2 . 𝑑𝑥
+1).(𝑥2 +3)

1 𝑥2 + 1
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : log | 2 | + c]
2 𝑥 +3

2𝑥 2+𝑥+1
36. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−1)2.(𝑥+2)

11 4 7
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : . log|𝑥 − 1| − + log |x + 2| + c]
9 3(𝑥 − 1) 9
4𝑥 2+5𝑥+3
37. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−1)2.(𝑥+3)

3 5 3
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : . log|𝑥 + 3| + . log |x − 1| − + c]
2 2 x−1
1
38. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(6(log 𝑥)2 +7𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+2)

2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 1
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : log | | + c]
3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 2

Definite Integrals

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2
39. ∫3 (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ). 𝑑𝑥
4
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : ]
3
1
40. ∫−1(7𝑥 + 2). 𝑑𝑥
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 4]
𝑒−1 1
41. ∫0 . 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1

[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 1]
3
42. ∫1 (𝑥 + 2)2 . 𝑑𝑥
98
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : ]
3
1
43. ∫−1(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ). 𝑑𝑥
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 0]
3 1
44. ∫1 . 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥2

5
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : ]
3
2
45. ∫1 𝑒 3𝑥−1 . 𝑑𝑥
𝑒2 3
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : (𝑒 − 1)]
3
1
46. ∫0 2𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
3
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : ]
log 2
1 𝑥3
47. ∫0 . 𝑑𝑥
√1+𝑥 4
1
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : (√2 − 1)]
2
1 2
48. ∫0 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
𝑒−1
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : ]
2𝑒

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1 𝑥
49. ∫0 . 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2+1

[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : √2 − 1]

LIBNIEZ FORMULA

1. Solve the below question using Libniez Formula

𝑑 1 𝑑 3 𝑑 𝑡
a. ∫0 x 2 dx b. ∫1 e  x 2 dx c. ∫–𝑡 e  x 2 dx
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑 3 𝑑 𝑡 1/3 𝑑 𝑡 1
d. ∫√𝑡 𝐼𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 e. ∫𝑡 1/6 x 6 dx e. ∫𝑡 dx
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
x4  1

AREA BOUNDED

Find The Area of region bounded of the below question

1. f(x)= 3x2 in [0, 2] 2. f(x) = x6 in [0, 1]

3. f(x)= ex in [-1, 1] 4. f(x) = 1/x2 in [1, 10]

5. Compute the area A bounded by the graph of f (x) = 1/x3, the axis, and the lines x = -2
and x = -1.
1
6. Compute the area of A bounded by the graph of f(x) = (ex + e-x), the x-axis, and the
2
lines x = -1 and x = 1.

APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION

To find Cost Function and Average Cost Function, given MC

1. The marginal cost of production is found is found to be MC = 2000 – 40x + 3x2, where x
is the number of units produced. The fixed cost of production is Rs. 18,000. Find the
total cost function and the average cost function.
18000
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 𝐶 = 2000𝑥 – 20𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 18000; 𝐴𝐶 = 2000 – 20𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + ]
𝑥

2. The marginal cost function is given by MC = 2e0.001x. Find the total cost function if fixed
cost is Rs. 2,000.
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 𝐶 = 2000𝑒 0.001𝑥 ]

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3. The marginal cost of a product is given by MC = 2 + 3e x, where x is the number of units

produced. Find the total cost of production when x = 4, if the fixed cost is Rs. 200.
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 𝐶 = 205 + 3𝑒 4 ]

4. The marginal cost function of a firm is MC = 3 + 2logx. Find the total cost function when
the cost of production 1 units is Rs. 21.
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 𝐶 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 20]

5. If the marginal cost function is given by MC = 2(2x + 9)-1/2 and the fixed cost is Rs. 4,
find the average cost for 8 units of output.
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 𝑅𝑒. 1]

6. A factory manufacturing heavy machinery determined its marginal cost by the function
MC = 𝑥√𝑥 + 1 and the cost is Rs. 7800 when 3 machines are produced. Find the cost
function.
2 5 2 3 116888
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 𝐶 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − (𝑥 + 1)2 + ]
5 3 15

1) To find Total Revenue Function and Demand Function given MR

7. If the marginal revenue function for a commodity is MR = 9 – 4x 2, find the demand
function.
4
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 𝑝 = 9 − 𝑥 2 ]
3

8. If the marginal revenue function for a product is MR = 4 + e -0.03x, where x denotes the
number of units sold. Determine the total revenue from the sale of 100 units of the
product.
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 𝑅𝑠. 431.70]
𝑥
𝑥
9. A firm’s marginal revenue function is 𝑀𝑅(𝑥) = 20𝑒 −10 (1 − ). Find the corresponding
10

demand function.
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 𝑝 = 20𝑒 −𝑥/10 ]
6
10. If the marginal revenue function for output x is given by 𝑀𝑅 = + 5, find the total
(𝑥+2)2

revenue function and the demand equation.

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3𝑥 3
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 𝑅 = + 5𝑥, 𝑝 = + 5]
𝑥+2 𝑥+2
𝑎𝑏
11. If the marginal revenue function is − 𝐶, find the total revenue function and show
(𝑥+𝑏)2
𝑎
that 𝑝 = − 𝑐 is the demand function (where p is price, x is quantity demanded and a,
𝑥+𝑏

b and c are constants).

𝑎𝑥
[𝐴𝑛𝑠. : 𝑅 = − 𝑐𝑥]
𝑥+𝑏
𝑎𝑏
12. A firm has the marginal revenue function given by 𝑀𝑅 = − 𝑐, where is given by
(𝑥+𝑏)2
𝑎
𝑥= − 𝑏.
𝑝+𝑐
𝑎𝑏
13. Marginal revenue function of a firm is − 𝑐. Prove that the demand law is 𝑝 =
(𝑥−𝑏)2
𝑎
− 𝑐.
𝑏−𝑥

DIFFERNCE EQUATION
14. Find the solutions to the following difference equations with the given values of x0:
1. xt = 2xt-1 + 4 xo = 1
2. 3xt= xt-1 + 2, xo = 2
3. 2xt+ 3xt-1 + 2 = 0, xo = -1
4. xt- xt-1 + 3 = 0, xo = 3

EXAM STYLE QUESTION

1. Determine the market price P t in any time period, the equilibrium price P e and the

stability of the time path:

Qdt= 180-0.75P t

Qst= -30 +0.3Pt-1

P0 = 220

2. Find the total area between the curve y = 1 – x2 and the x-axis over the interval

[0,2].

3. A manufacturer estimates that the marginal revenue of a certain commodity as :

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R’ (x) = 240 + 0.1 x

When x units are produced. Find the demand function P( x).

𝑑 1 𝑡 4+1
4. Solve: ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑡 2+1

5. Solve the difference equation: x t + 3xt-1 + 8 = 0 and x0 = 16. comment on the nature

of the time path

6. Find the area of the region between the curve y = 2x –x2, 0 <x < 3 and the x-axis.

7. (a) Calculate:

(i) Q(L),where Q’ (L) = 6L 1/3 and Q(0) = 0

𝑑 𝑥2 −𝑢2
(ii) ∫ 𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
du

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