Chapter 8 - Miscellaneous Practices: Bht-All-Spm

BHT-ALL-SPM
CHAPTER 8 — MISCELLANEOUS PRACTICES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraph Chapter/Section Page

Number Title Number Number
MISCELLANEOUS PRACTICES
8-1 Clamping of Rigid Tubes and Flexible Hoses ................................ 8-00-00 3

8-2 Clamping of Rigid Tubes and Flexible Hoses —
General Practices ..................................................................... 8-00-00 3
8-3 Control Tube (Adjustable) .............................................................. 8-00-00 4
8-4 Control Tube (Adjustable) — Thread Protection....................... 8-00-00 4
8-5 Control Tube (Adjustable) — Alignment ................................... 8-00-00 4
8-6 Data Plates .................................................................................... 8-00-00 5
8-7 De-icing, Anti-icing, and Snow Removal........................................ 8-00-00 6
8-8 De-icing, Anti-icing, and Snow Removal — Snow Removal..... 8-00-00 6
8-9 De-icing, Anti-icing, and Snow Removal — De-icing................ 8-00-00 7
8-10 De-icing, Anti-icing, and Snow Removal — Anti-icing .............. 8-00-00 8
8-11 De-icing, Anti-icing, and Snow Removal — Fluid Removal ...... 8-00-00 9
8-12 Elastomeric (Rubber) Parts............................................................ 8-00-00 9
8-13 Elastomeric (Rubber) Parts — General Practices .................... 8-00-00 10
8-14 Elastomeric (Rubber) Parts — Guidelines for Storage ............. 8-00-00 11
8-15 Elastomeric (Rubber) Parts — Guidelines for Determination
of the Useful Age ...................................................................... 8-00-00 12
8-16 Electric ARC Etching — Unauthorized Procedure ......................... 8-00-00 13
8-17 Gears ............................................................................................. 8-00-00 13
8-18 Gears — Spline and Teeth Wear Measuring Pins.................... 8-00-00 13
8-19 Gears — Wear Pattern Check .................................................. 8-00-00 13
8-20 Grease ........................................................................................... 8-00-00 16
8-21 Grease — Changing Types or Brands...................................... 8-00-00 16
8-22 Grease — Storage Life ............................................................. 8-00-00 16
8-22A Grease Fitting — Inspection ..................................................... 8-00-00 16A
8-22B Grease Fitting (NAS516) — Replacement................................ 8-00-00 16A
8-23 Placards and Markings .................................................................. 8-00-00 17
8-24 Application of Decals ................................................................ 8-00-00 17
8-25 Retaining Compounds ................................................................... 8-00-00 18
8-26 Retaining Compounds — Application ....................................... 8-00-00 18
8-27 Safetying ........................................................................................ 8-00-00 18
8-28 Safetying — Safety Wire........................................................... 8-00-00 18
8-29 Safetying — Cotter Pins ........................................................... 8-00-00 23
8-30 Studs and Inserts ........................................................................... 8-00-00 25
8-31 Studs and Inserts — Standard Studs Identification .................. 8-00-00 25
8-32 Studs and Inserts — Standard Studs Replacement ................. 8-00-00 28
8-33 Studs and Inserts — Ring Locked Studs and Inserts
Replacement............................................................................. 8-00-00 28
8-34 Surface Roughness ....................................................................... 8-00-00 29
8-35 Systems of Units ............................................................................ 8-00-00 30
8-36 Thermal Fit Parts ........................................................................... 8-00-00 45
8-37 Thermal Fit Parts — Methods of Securing Dimensional
Changes ................................................................................... 8-00-00 45
8-38 Unwanted Particles ........................................................................ 8-00-00 45
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT)
Paragraph Chapter/Section Page

Number Title Number Number
8-39 Unwanted Particles — Visual Identification .............................. 8-00-00 47

8-40 Unwanted Particles — Chemical Identification ......................... 8-00-00 47
8-41 Hydraulic Press Pressure Gauge — Measuring Unit Conversion.. 8-00-00 51
8-42 Measuring Unit Conversion — Pound-Force (N) to PSI (kPa).. 8-00-00 53
FIGURES
Figure Page
Number Title Number
8-1 Gears — Methods for Spline and Teeth Wear Measurement............................. 14

8-2 Safetying — Safety Wire Installation................................................................... 20
8-3 Safetying — Cotter Pin Installation ..................................................................... 26
8-4 Studs and Inserts — Standard Studs Identification ............................................ 27
8-5 Visual Identification of Ferrous Particles on Chip Detectors ............................... 49
8-6 Magnesium Oxide Flakes — Visual Identification............................................... 52
8-7 Hydraulic Press Servo Actuator .......................................................................... 54
TABLES
Table Page
Number Title Number
8-1 Approximate Holdover Times (HOT) for De-icing/Anti-icing Fluid....................... 9

8-2 Gears — Measuring Pins Versus Helicopter Models and Kit Designation
Letters ................................................................................................................. 15
8-3 Retaining Compounds — Heat Cure Temperature and Time............................. 18
8-4 Safetying — CRES (MS24665) Cotter Pin Dash Numbers................................. 24
8-5 Safetying — Cadmium Plated Steel (MS24665) Cotter Pin Dash Numbers....... 24
8-6 Surface Roughness — Machining Method Versus Roughness .......................... 30
8-7 Systems of Units — Conversion Formulas ......................................................... 31
8-8 Systems of Units — Inch (Fraction) to Millimeter (MM) Conversions ................. 34
8-9 Systems of Units — Inch to Millimeter (MM) Conversions.................................. 35
8-10 Systems of Units — Ounce-Force (OZF) and Pound-Force (LBF) to
Newtons (N) Conversions ................................................................................... 36
8-11 Systems of Units — Ounce (OZ) and Pound (LB) to Kilogram (KG)
Conversions ........................................................................................................ 38
8-12 Systems of Units — Microinch (µin) to Micrometer (µm) Conversions ............... 40
8-13 Systems of Units — Pound-Force per Square-Inch (PSI) to Kilopascal (KPA)
Conversions ........................................................................................................ 40
8-14 Systems of Units — Inch-Pound (IN-LB) and Foot-Pound (FT-LB) to
Newton-Meter (NM) Conversions ....................................................................... 41
8-15 Systems of Units — Fluid-Ounce (OZ) to Milliliter (ML) Conversions ................. 42
8-16 Systems of Units — Gallon (GAL) to Liter (L) Conversions ................................ 42
8-17 Systems of Units — Degree Fahrenheit (°F) to Degree Celsius (°C)
Conversions ........................................................................................................ 43
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TABLES (CONT)
Table Page
Number Title Number
8-18 Systems of Units — Degree Celsius (°C) to Degree Fahrenheit (°F)

Conversions ........................................................................................................ 44
8-19 Thermal Fit Parts — Material Versus Maximum Temperature............................ 46
8-20 Unwanted Particles — Visual Identification ........................................................ 48
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MISCELLANEOUS PRACTICES
8-1. CLAMPING OF RIGID TUBES AND • Fluorosilicone cushions (blue) are used for
FLEXIBLE HOSES application at high temperature in areas
contaminated with petroleum-based hydraulic
Always install clamps MS21919 in accordance with the fluid (C-002) or hydraulic fluid (C-072). Not
procedure of the applicable manual, bulletin, or resistant to synthetic hydraulic fluid. Ideal for
instruction. Paragraph 8-2 provides additional extreme temperature conditions and exposure
information to ensure correct installation of new to fuel or oil.
clamps MS21919 or troubleshooting an installation
where evidence of chafing between the tubing and the c. The size of the clamp MS21919 should
structure occurred. Refer to the BHT-ELEC-SPM for provide a tight fit on the tube or hose without pinching.
electrical applications. The clamp MS21919 should not slide on the tube or
hose when you apply a light axial pull.
8-2. CLAMPING OF RIGID TUBES AND
2. Unless otherwise specified in the procedure of
FLEXIBLE HOSES — GENERAL
the applicable manual, bulletin, or instruction, the
PRACTICES
general practices for installation of clamps MS21919
on rigid tubes and flexible hoses are as follows:
1. Unless it is specified in the procedure of the
applicable manual, bulletin, or instruction, make sure
a. Based on the band material used for the
the appropriate materials were selected for the clamp
clamp MS21919, make sure the fasteners used are in
MS21919, as follows:
accordance with the following:
a. Material for the clamp band must be as (1) For aluminum clamp bands, use a screw
follows, based on other clamps MS21919 used in a MS27039-1 of the appropriate length, a spacer
similar environment and consistent with the NAS43DD3 of the appropriate length if applicable, a
application: nut MS21042L3, and a washer NAS1149D0332J
under the nut.
• Aluminum band (band code D)
(2) For CRES clamp bands, use a screw
• Corrosion Resistant Steel (CRES) band (band MS27039C1 of the appropriate length, a spacer
code C) NAS43HT3 of the appropriate length if applicable, a
nut MS21042L3, and a washer NAS1149C0332R
under the nut.
b. Material for the clamp cushion must be
compatible with the operating environment:
b. When the tubing runs horizontally, clamps
MS21919 are installed with the mounting holes above
• Nitrile cushions (yellow) are used for the loop to prevent the attachment legs from bending.
application in fuel immersion and fuel vapors.
Not resistant to synthetic hydraulic fluids and c. Clamps MS21919 are installed with the rear
not for use on titanium tubings. attachment leg resting on the structure.
• Chloroprene cushions (black) are used for d. Clamps MS21919 are installed so the rigid
general application in areas contaminated tube or flexible hose they support does not come in
with petroleum-based hydraulic fluid (C-002) contact with the surrounding structure when subject to
and occasional fuel splash. Not resistant to vibrations.
synthetic hydraulic fluids.
e. The last clamp MS21919 on a flexible line
• Silicone cushions (white) are used for must be loose enough to allow movement through full
application at high temperature in areas range of the equipment it connects to.
contaminated with synthetic hydraulic fluid.
Not resistant to petroleum-based hydraulic f. Clamps MS21919 are installed with 24 inches
fluid (C-002). (610 mm) or less of space between.
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3. Whenever you do a major inspection in areas For control tubes that feature a spherical
subject to a combination of dirt and lubricants, it is a self-aligning bearing on one end and a
good practice to examine rigid tubes and flexible spherical nonself-aligning bearing on the
hoses at areas covered by the clamps. other end, refer to step 2.
Attaching screws may be loosened or removed and 1. Align the control tube between the two spherical
clamps moved away to allow visual inspection of the self-aligning bearings as follows:
rigid tubes or flexible hoses for fretting, corrosion, and
mechanical damage.
a. Loosen the locknut on the control tube.
8-3. CONTROL TUBE (ADJUSTABLE)

b. Turn the control tube and the adjustable end in
the same direction until both bottom out.
8-4. CONTROL TUBE (ADJUSTABLE) —
THREAD PROTECTION
c. Tighten locknut.
d. Turn the control tube in both directions by

MATERIALS REQUIRED
hand, and make sure that each end bottoms out at the
Refer to Chapter 13 for specifications. same time.
NUMBER NOMENCLATURE e. If one spherical self-aligning bearing has more

C-101 Corrosion Preventive travel and does not bottom out, loosen the locknut and
Compound reposition the adjustable end to provide equal
clearance, in each direction, at the bearing having the
C-104 Corrosion Preventive extra travel. Tighten the locknut and do a check of the
Compound alignment again.
1. During assembly and adjustment procedures of f. Move the controls through their full range of
adjustable control tubes, apply corrosion preventive travel and make sure the control tube clevises have
compound (C-104) to the threads of the rod end. clearance at all positions.
2. After the adjustment of adjustable control tubes, 2. Align the control tube between one spherical
apply corrosion preventive compound (C-101) to the self-aligning bearing and one nonself-aligning bearing
rod end jam nuts and threads. as follows:
8-5. CONTROL TUBE (ADJUSTABLE) — a. Loosen the locknut on the control tube.
ALIGNMENT
b. Position the control tube so the tangs of the
clevis are parallel to the flat surface of the spherical
NOTE
self-aligning bearing retaining boss.
Two different types of spherical bearings
can be installed on adjustable control
tubes. These are self-aligning and/or c. Tighten the locknut and do a check of the
nonself-aligning bearings. alignment again.
For control tubes that feature a spherical d. Move the controls through their full range of
self-aligning bearing on each end, refer to travel and make sure the control tube clevises have
step 1. clearance at all positions.
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8-6. DATA PLATES If an existing data plate was lost, you may reproduce
the same serial number that appears on the
component or the Historical Service Record (HSR).
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Refer to Chapter 13 for specifications. NOTE

NUMBER NOMENCLATURE The serial number created is to be used in
all of the helicopter records to provide
C-305 Aliphatic Naphtha maximum traceability for the life of the part
or assembly.
C-309 MEK
C-317 Adhesive If a new component is built up from spare or

serviceable detail parts, you may assign a serial
C-423 Abrasive Cloth or number of your choice.
Paper
After forming the data plate to the proper contour,
C-486 Cheese Cloth
bond the data plate on the component as follows:
1. Clean the back side of the data plate and the

CAUTION bonding surface on the component as follows:
a. Abrade lightly with a 400 grit abrasive cloth or

ALWAYS STAMP OR VIBROETCH THE paper (C-423).
DATA PLATE BEFORE BONDING ONTO
THE COMPONENT. FAILURE TO DO SO
MAY RESULT IN DAMAGE THE b. Remove the residue with a clean cloth
COMPONENT. moistened with aliphatic naphtha (C-305).
NOTE NOTE
Bell Helicopter Textron supplies blank data After cleaning, wear clean, dry gloves to
plates through spares. prevent contamination of the parts.
If the data plate of a part/component is lost or a The pot life of adhesive (C-317) is 30 to
component is built up from serviceable detail parts, 50 minutes.
Bell Helicopter recommends that a new data plate be
locally manufactured or purchased.
2. Apply a thin coat of adhesive (C-317) to the data
plate and to the bonding surface on the component.
The data plate may be made as follows:
• Material: aluminum alloy T0 or T3 3. Place a 4-mil thread in the adhesive (C-317) on

the data plate. Two pieces of thread positioned
lengthwise on the data plate serve as a spacer and
• Thickness: 0.025 or 0.032 inch (0.64 or control bond line thickness.
0.81 mm)
• or adhesive backed aluminum alloy foil 4. Position the data plate on the component.
The part number to be vibroetched on the data plate 5. Use rubber bands to maintain a pressure of
must match the actual configuration of the part/ approximately 0.5 to 1.0 PSI (3 to 7 kPa) on the
component and the records on hand. dataplate during the 24 hour cure period.
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8-8. DE-ICING, ANTI-ICING, AND SNOW

NOTE REMOVAL — SNOW REMOVAL
Refer to Chapter 13 for accelerated cure

temperature, time, and pressure data of
SPECIAL TOOLS REQUIRED
adhesive (C-317).
6. Before the adhesive (C-317) cures, remove any NUMBER NOMENCLATURE

excess of adhesive (C-317) outside the bonding area
with a clean cheesecloth (C-486) moistened with MEK Commercial Soft Bristle Broom or
(C-309). Brush

REMOVAL
CAUTION
DO NOT REMOVE SNOW WITH OTHER

WARNING TOOLS THAN THOSE SPECIFIED. HARD
BRISTLE BROOMS OR BRUSHES MAY
CAUSE DAMAGE TO SURFACES OF
DO NOT START OR OPERATE THE THE HELICOPTER.
HELICOPTER UNTIL YOU HAVE
COMPLETED APPROPRIATE DE-ICING, 1. Remove all deposits of snow from the helicopter
ANTI-ICING, AND SNOW REMOVAL. with a broom or brush. Make sure snow is removed
OPERATING A HELICOPTER WITH from the following areas, as applicable:
CONTAMINATION ON THE SURFACES
MAY RESULT IN REDUCED FLIGHT • Exterior surfaces
CONTROLABILITY AND CAUSE DEATH
OR SERIOUS INJURIES TO PERSONS. • Antennas
• Pitot tubes and static ports

NOTE
Refer to the applicable Flight Manual (FM) • Engine air inlets, particle separators, and
for operating limitations under snow or icing exhausts
conditions.
• Main and tail rotor blades and controls
The purpose of the following section is to provide
recommended guidelines for the de-icing, anti-icing, • Exposed flight controls
and snow removal of the helicopter. You may refer to
the FAA Advisory Circular AC 120-60B, to your local • Drain and vent ports
regulatory requirements, or your internal procedures,
as applicable, for the appropriate practices. • Landing gear bays and doors
It is difficult to make an accurate estimate of the • Inside cowlings and fairings

amount of time or Holdover Time (HOT) the de-icing/
anti-icing fluid will prevent the formation of frost and • Cabin and cockpit air ventilation inlets
ice, and accumulation of snow on the helicopter. Fluid
quantity, Outside Air Temperature (OAT), precipitation 2. If strong wind and blowing snow conditions
rate, wind speed, and other factors affect the HOT. occurred, pay special attention to inside areas of all
Table 8-1 provides an approximate HOT for different cowlings and fairings of the fuselage and the tailboom
weather conditions. for snow deposits.
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3. Refer to procedures for de-icing (paragraph 8-9) b. Mix a solution of 50% by volume of de-icing/
or anti-icing (paragraph 8-10), as applicable. anti-icing fluid (C-394) and 50% of water.

REMOVAL — DE-ICING
CAUTION
SPECIAL TOOLS REQUIRED DO NOT APPLY A HOT (180 ° F(82°C))

SOLUTION OF DE-ICING/ANTI-ICING
F L U I D ( C - 3 9 4 ) TO C O L D A C R Y L I C
NUMBER NOMENCLATURE WINDOWS. THE RESULTING THERMAL
SHOCK MAY CAUSE CRAZING OF THE
Commercial Spray Equipment WINDOW. USE FLUID AT OR NEAR 70°F
(21°C).
MATERIALS REQUIRED NOTE
Refer to Chapter 13 for specifications. The de-icing/anti-icing fluid (C-394) may

produce an unacceptable glare for the pilot
NUMBER NOMENCLATURE on the windshield. It is recommended to
remove a thin layer of frost with hot water
C-394 De-icing/Anti-icing 90 to 100°F (32 to 38°C) instead, providing
Fluid the Outside Air Temperature (OAT) is not
too low.
c. Heat solution to 180°F (82°C) for most

WARNING efficient and effective ice removal.
DE-ICING/ANTI-ICING FLUID (C-394) IS

POISONOUS. WEAR EYE AND SKIN CAUTION
PROTECTION. DO NOT PUT IN MOUTH
AND AVOID BREATHING THE FLUID
VAPORS. EXPOSURE TO HIGH DO NOT SPRAY DILUTED OR NON-
CONCENTRATIONS OR INGESTION OF DILUTED DE-ICING/ANTI-ICING FLUID
HIGH DOSES CAN BE HARMFUL OR (C-394) IN THE ENGINE AIR INLETS. IF
FATAL TO PERSONS. GET EMERGENCY FLUID ENTERS THE ENGINE AIR
TREATMENT IN CASE OF IRRITATIONS. INLETS, DO A COMPRESSOR WASH.
NOTE d. Spray the diluted solution of de-icing/anti-icing

fluid (C-394) to the helicopter with suitable spray
Using the approved de-icing/anti-icing fluid equipment as follows:
(C-394) and the following procedure will not
damage elastomeric parts.
(1) Start spraying from top to bottom of the
helicopter and finish with the critical surfaces (main
a. Remove snow from the helicopter (paragraph
rotor blades, tail rotor blades, flight controls, horizontal
8-8).
stabilizer, and vertical fin).
NOTE (2) Apply a course stream to loosen and

For removal of light icing, a solution with remove the ice.
40% in volume of de-icing/anti-icing fluid
(C-394) may be used. (3) Avoid spraying in the direction of wind.
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HIGH DOSES CAN BE HARMFUL OR

NOTE
FATAL TO PERSONS. GET EMERGENCY
Refer to Table 8-1 for the approximate TREATMENT IN CASE OF IRRITATIONS.
Holdover Times (HOT).
e. Before you start the helicopter, do a visual

inspection of all helicopter surfaces for evidence of ice CAUTION
and snow contamination.
f. After landing, remove the de-icing/anti-icing DO NOT SPRAY DILUTED OR NON-

fluid (C-394) from the helicopter as soon as practical DILUTED DE-ICING/ANTI-ICING FLUID
(paragraph 8-11). (C-394) IN THE ENGINE AIR INLETS. IF
FLUID ENTERS THE ENGINE AIR
8-10. DE-ICING, ANTI-ICING, AND SNOW INLETS, DO A COMPRESSOR WASH.
REMOVAL — ANTI-ICING
NOTE
Using the approved de-icing/anti-icing fluid
(C-394) and the following procedure will not
damage elastomeric parts.
NUMBER NOMENCLATURE
The non-diluted de-icing/anti-icing fluid
Commercial Spray Equipment (C-394) will freeze at approximately -25°F
(-32°C). Some ice or slush may form at or
below -25° F (-32°C).
MATERIALS REQUIRED Refer to paragraph 8-9 for instructions on

de-icing/anti-icing fluid (C-394) application.
Refer to Chapter 13 for specifications.
a. Spray or wipe non-diluted de-icing/anti-icing
NUMBER NOMENCLATURE fluid (C-394) on the helicopter to prevent ice and frost
from sticking.
C-394 De-icing/Anti-icing
Fluid
NOTE
Refer to Table 8-1 for the approximate
WARNING Holdover Times (HOT).
b. Before you start the helicopter, do a visual

DE-ICING/ANTI-ICING FLUID (C-394) IS inspection of all helicopter surfaces for evidence of ice
POISONOUS. WEAR EYE AND SKIN and snow contamination.
PROTECTION. DO NOT PUT IN MOUTH
AND AVOID BREATHING THE FLUID c. After landing, remove the de-icing/anti-icing
VAPORS. EXPOSURE TO HIGH fluid (C-394) from the helicopter as soon as practical
CONCENTRATIONS OR INGESTION OF (paragraph 8-11).
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8-11. DE-ICING, ANTI-ICING, AND SNOW 1. Remove the de-icing/anti-icing fluid and residue
REMOVAL — FLUID REMOVAL from the helicopter as follows:
a. Clean the helicopter with freshwater or with a

MATERIALS REQUIRED solution of detergent (C-355) and water. Rinse the
solution of detergent (C-355) with freshwater.
NUMBER NOMENCLATURE
C-355 Detergent
Table 8-1. Approximate Holdover Times (HOT) for De-icing/Anti-icing Fluid
APPROXIMATE HOT VS. WEATHER CONDITIONS (MINUTES)
OAT 1 FROST FREEZING LIGHT MODERATE

FOG SNOW 2 SNOW 2
>27°F (>-3°C) 45 11 to 17 11 to 16 6 to 11
27 to 21°F (-3 to -6°C) 45 8 to 14 8 to 13 5 to 8
20 to 14°F (-7 to -10°C) 45 6 to 10 6 to 10 4 to 6
<14°F (<-10°C) 45 5 to 9 4 to 6 2 to 4
NOTES:
No HOT exist for heavy snow, snow pellets, ice pellets, moderate and heavy freezing rain, hail.
HOT is reduced in heavy weather conditions (precipitation rate, wind speed, etc.) or when the helicopter skin
temperature is lower than the OAT.
The de-icing/anti-icing fluid (C-394) is not intended for and does not provide anti-ice protection during flight. Refer
to the applicable Flight Manual (FM) for operating limitations under snow or icing conditions.
1 Outside Air Temperature (OAT).
2 To use these Holdover Times (HOT), heat the de-icing/anti-icing fluid (C-394) to a minimum
of 140°F (60°C) and apply 2 gallons per 100 square-foot (1 L/m²) of diluted fluid.
8-12. ELASTOMERIC (RUBBER) PARTS Elastomers are also age sensitive materials or
materials subject to deterioration when exposed to
The parts defined as elastomeric are those made of environmental factors like oxygen, sunlight, heat, etc.
elastomer (ex. packings, O-rings) or those that feature
an elastomeric element (ex. seals, hose assemblies). The following paragraphs provide both required and
recommended procedures to follow for correct use of
For the most part, elastomers are synthetic rubbers, packings or O-rings, seals, seal assemblies, and hose
with elastic properties used for the sealing of assemblies before and during installation on a
components after installation. component.
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8-13. ELASTOMERIC (RUBBER) PARTS — b. Always examine the new packing for signs of
GENERAL PRACTICES cuts, nicks, manufacturing defects, or twists before
installation.
MATERIALS REQUIRED c. Never expose a packing to solvent. This can

cause deterioration or hardening of the packing and
Refer to Chapter 13 for specifications. result in leakage.
NUMBER NOMENCLATURE d. To install a preformed packing in the groove of

an outer or inner diameter, always stretch or collapse
C-001 1 Grease the packing, as applicable. Never twist the preformed
packing during installation. To prevent a twist in the
C-002 Hydraulic Fluid packing, never roll a preformed packing into a groove.
A twist in the packing will reduce its cross section area
C-003 Turbine Fuel
and cause leakage.
C-008 Petrolatum
e. Never substitute a preformed packing. A
C-024 Assembly Fluid preformed packing can look the same but can be
made of a different material that is not compatible with
C-030 Lubricating Oil the fluid used in the system or component.
C-072 Hydraulic Fluid

NOTE
C-355 Detergent
Refer to the applicable Flight Manual (FM)
C-428 Caps and/or Plugs for approved fuels and system lubricants.
C-516 Low-lint Cleaning Cloth f. Lubrication of packings must be as follows,

unless otherwise specified in the procedure of the
NOTE: applicable manual, bulletin, or instruction:
1 Mobilgrease 28 is preferred. (1) Always use an assembly fluid (C-024) to

lubricate a packing. Exceptions are:
(a) For packings operating in contact

CAUTION with hydraulic fluid, lubricate with hydraulic fluid
(C-002) or petrolatum (C-008).
ALWAYS INSTALL NEW PACKINGS OR (b) For packings operating in contact

O-RINGS. FAILURE TO DO SO MAY with fuel, lubricate with turbine fuel (C-003).
RESULT IN EQUIPMENT LEAKAGE AND
EARLY FAILURE. (2) If assembly fluid (C-024) is not available
or specified, use the applicable system lubricant as an
alternate (ex. lubricating oil (C-030)).
NOTE
After installation, packings or O-rings are 2. Follow the precautions provided hereafter when
no longer age controlled. you remove and install (elastomeric) seals and seal
assemblies:
1. Follow the precautions provided hereafter when
you install a new preformed packing, or O-ring: a. Only touch the outer surface of a seal.
a. Never use a packing more than once. Make b. Never expose a seal to solvent. This can
sure you discard the packing after removal from a cause deterioration or hardening of the sealing
component and use a new packing at installation. surfaces and result in leakage.
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c. If applicable, always keep the protective cup judgment/experience, for the appropriate
installed on the sealing surfaces, until installation in practices.
the next assembly.
Uninstalled (stored) packings or O-rings,
d. Always examine the sealing surfaces of a new hose assemblies, seal assemblies, and
seal for signs of cuts, nicks, or manufacturing defects seals are age controlled.
before installation.
1. Follow the precautions provided hereafter for the
storage of elastomeric parts:
NOTE
Refer to applicable manual, bulletin or a. Each elastomeric part should be individually
instruction for the brand of grease (C-001) stored in the original heat-sealed envelope or an
to apply. equivalent that uses barrier material (C-427).
e. Lubricate single and double lip seals with NOTE

grease (C-001). Unless stated otherwise, Mobil 28 is
preferred. If the cure date of an elastomeric part
cannot be identified, discard the part.
3. If necessary, clean (elastomeric) seals as follows:
b. Each envelope should show the cure date (i.e.
date of manufacture) of the elastomeric part.
a. Wipe the sealing surfaces of the seal lightly
with a clean low-lint cleaning cloth (C-516) to remove
contaminated oil and/or grease. NOTE
If the storage temperature is less than 59°F
b. Clean the seal with a detergent (C-355) and (15°C), the temperature of an elastomeric
water. part should be raised to 68°F (20°C) before
installation on the component.
c. Rinse the seal with water and dry with a clean
low-lint cleaning cloth (C-516). c. Storage temperature should be 59 to 100F
(15 to 38C) and humidity not to exceed 75%, or 65%
4. Always put protective caps and/or plugs (C-428) if polyurethanes are being stored.
on the open ends of hose assemblies when removed
from the helicopter. d. For hose assemblies, the storage temperature
must not exceed 125°F (52°C).
8-14. ELASTOMERIC (RUBBER) PARTS —
e. Stock rotation of elastomeric parts should
GUIDELINES FOR STORAGE
comply with the First In First Out (FIFO) principle.
f. During storage or when you handle packings,

MATERIALS REQUIRED make sure of the following:
Refer to Chapter 13 for specifications. (1) Never expose elastomeric parts to direct
sources of heat (radiator) or light (sunlight).
NUMBER NOMENCLATURE
(2) Do not let elastomeric parts make contact
C-427 Barrier Material
with liquids or liquid vapors (fuel, oil, grease, solvents,
etc.), unless otherwise specified.
NOTE
(3) Avoid contact between elastomeric parts
The purpose of the section that follow is to made of different elastomers, contact with metals
provide recommendations for the storage of (copper, iron, etc.), and contact with adhesive tapes.
elastomeric parts. You may refer to the
latest revision of the SAE specification (4) Avoid incorrect stacking of elastomeric
AS5316 and AS1933, or to your personal parts, i.e. compression and/or flattening under heavy
8-00-00
Export Classification C, ECCN EAR99 30 AUG 2021 Rev. 8 Page 11
BHT-ALL-SPM
loads and creases could occur when forced against

Customer Care:
corners and edges of storage containers.
+1 800 447 2273 (U.S./Canada)
+44 (0) 1344 328 300 (Europe and Middle East)
8-15. ELASTOMERIC (RUBBER) PARTS —
+604 293 3600 (Asia Pacific)
GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINATION OF
THE USEFUL AGE
Using the latest revision of SAE specification AS5316,
the useful age of uninstalled (stored) packings or
NOTE O-rings, seals, seal assemblies, and hose assemblies
The purpose of the section that follow is to (AS1933) is based on the cure date and should not be
provide recommendations to determine the more than one of the following recommended age
useful age of elastomeric parts. You may limits:
refer to the latest revision of the SAE
specification AS5316 and AS1933, or to 1. Packings (O-rings), seals, and seal assemblies:
your personal judgment/experience, for the
appropriate practices.
From the cure date of the packing to the date of
The useful age of elastomeric parts is considered the installation on a component, and depending on the
maximum amount of time, from the cure date (date of type of material, the useful age should not exceed one
manufacture) to the date the part is installed in of the following:
components.
• 12 Quarters (or 3 years)
Within the useful age, the elastomeric part is expected
to retain its characteristics as originally specified.
• 20 Quarters (or 5 years)
Examine the part for damage and signs of aging, and
discard the part as required, if any of the following
conditions occur: • 60 Quarters (or 15 years)
• The age is in question and the part is not yet • Unlimited (i.e. on-condition)
installed on a component.
• The cure date cannot be identified. 2. Hose assemblies:
• The heat-sealed envelope used for storage is With reference to AS1933, bulk hose, from the cure
not correctly sealed or is damaged. date of the bulk hose to the time of installation into
hose assemblies, components, accessories, engines
or helicopters should not exceed 32 quarters (8 years).
NOTE
After installation in component, elastomeric
3. Hose assemblies are not preferred to be stored
parts, including packings, O-rings, seals,
for an extended period of time. Elastomers may take a
seal assemblies and hose assemblies, are
compression set. If the date of assembly of an unfilled,
no longer age controlled.
stored hose assembly is more than one quarter (3
months), before installation or a periodic pressure test,
Please, refer to the latest revision of SAE
the following is recommended:
specification AS5316, for applicability of the
following recommended age to the material
specification of the elastomers. SAE
specifications may be obtained from: NOTE
Refer to the applicable Flight Manual (FM)
for approved system fluids.
IHS Inc.
321 Inverness Drive South a. Fill the hose assembly with the applicable
Englewood, Colorado 80112 system fluid for 24 hours before installation and any
www.ihs.com pressurization.
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BHT-ALL-SPM
8-16. ELECTRIC ARC ETCHING —

NOTE
UNAUTHORIZED PROCEDURE
Make sure to specify the kit designation
The electric arc (pencil marking) etching of the letter and helicopter model when you order
components is not authorized for the reasons that (Table 8-2).
follow:
a. To order kits, U.S. operators may contact the
following:
1. Electric arc is a high temperature source.
Machinists Tools and Supplies
1000 Quaker St.,
2. Electric arc blasts away surface metal and
Dallas, Texas, 75207
causes a notch.
www.machinists-tools.com
3. Heating causes three zones of weakness: b. To order kits, foreign operators may contact
the following:
• Cast zone Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc.
Customer Support and Service
• Re-hardened zone Spare Parts Department
P.O. Box 482
• Tempered zone Fort Worth, Texas 76101-0482
1-817-280-2919
4. In service, the notched metal under high residual 1-817-280-2551
tensile strength is prone to cracking. Cracks grow in
the re-hardened brittle metal below the surface and NOTE
cause failure of the component. Each set has two pins and the pins are of
the same length and diameter.
8-17. GEARS
c. Sets of two pins can also be purchased
8-18. GEARS — SPLINE AND TEETH WEAR separately. Make sure to specify the pin length and
MEASURING PINS diameter for each set you may want to order.
d. Individual pins can be purchased from any

1. Measuring pins of different diameters are machinist supplier.
required to examine wear of gear teeth and spline
during components and parts overhaul. 8-19. GEARS — WEAR PATTERN CHECK
Each kit (Table 8-2) includes sets of pins, one set for MATERIALS REQUIRED
each size of pin required. Each set of pins is stored in
a labeled plastic container and all of the sets are Refer to Chapter 13 for specifications.
stored in a single container designed to
accommodate, protect, and identify each set. NUMBER NOMENCLATURE
C-028 Dry Film Lubricant

Table 8-2 provides the different sizes of pins required
for each model of helicopter and included in each kit.
1. Spray three gear teeth, approximately 120° apart,
Diameter of pins has a tolerance of 0 inch to 40 with dry film lubricant (C-028).
microinches (1.016 µm). Length is not critical.
2. Assemble the component only to the extent
necessary to rotate the gear.
Figure 8-1 shows the correct position for the pair of
measuring pins when measuring the spline/teeth wear 3. Manually operate the component.
of internal and external gears.
4. Disassemble as required and examine the wear
2. Measuring pins are procurable as follows: pattern of the gear teeth.
8-00-00
BHT-ALL-SPM
GAUGE PIN - GEAR
MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT OVER PINS
BETWEEN PINS
ALL_SPM_08_0005
Figure 8-1. Gears — Methods for Spline and Teeth Wear Measurement
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BHT-ALL-SPM
Table 8-2. Gears — Measuring Pins Versus Helicopter Models and Kit Designation Letters
MEASURING PINS 47 206 204 47 47/206 407 427 429

205 206 204/205
212 212
LENGTH DIAMETER KIT A KIT B KIT C KIT D KIT E – – –

(INCH) (INCH)
1 0.0240 X X X
1 0.0360 X
1 0.0432 X
1 0.0450 X X X X X
1 0.0480 X
1 0.0540 X X X X X X
1 0.0600 X X X X X X X
1 0.0710 X X
1 0.0720 X X
1 0.0800 X X
1 0.0864 X X
1 0.0900 X X
1 0.0960 X X X X X X
1 0.1080 X X X X X X X
1 0.1200 X X X X X X X
1 0.1309 X X
1/4 0.1440 X X X X X X X
1 0.1440 X X X X X X X X
1 0.1440 1 X X
1/4 0.1600 X X X X X X X
1 0.1600 X X X X X X X
1 0.1680 X X X X
1/4 0.1728 X X X X X X
1 0.1728 X X X X X X X X
1 0.1800 X X
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16 FEB 2007 Rev. 2 Page 15
BHT-ALL-SPM
Table 8-2. Gears — Measuring Pins Versus Helicopter Models and Kit Designation Letters (Cont)
MEASURING PINS 47 206 204 47 47/206 407 427 429

205 206 204/205
212 212
LENGTH DIAMETER KIT A KIT B KIT C KIT D KIT E – – –

(INCH) (INCH)
1 0.1920 X X X X X X X X
1 0.2057 X X X X X
1 0.2065 X X X
1 0.2160 X X X X
1 0.2400 X X X
1 0.2880 X X X
1 0.3000 X
NOTES:
There is no kit available for the 407, 427, and 429 models. Sets of pins can only be purchased individually.
1 Flattened pins.
8-20. GREASE component is not put into service before expiration of

the 4 year shelf life of the grease, the component must
8-21. GREASE — CHANGING TYPES OR be purged and lubricated before installation on the
BRANDS helicopter.
NOTE After initial operation of the component on the

helicopter, refer to the appropriate lubrication chart for
Refer to the procedure of the applicable lubrication intervals.
manual, bulletin, or instruction to make sure
the correct grease type or brand is used for 2. Before installation of bearings, lubricated with
the specific component. MIL-G-25013 lubricant (C-026) or MIL-PRF-81322
grease (C-001), do the following:
MIL-PRF-81322 grease (C-001) is recommended for
use in all applications which previously used
MIL-G-25537 bearing grease (C-007). a. Clean the bearings (Chapter 5).
Intermixing of greases is prohibited. When you change b. Examine the bearings for corrosion.
from one grease to the other, purge until previous
grease is depleted. Be careful the same way when you c. Lubricate again the bearings with the
switch brands of grease as when you switch types of applicable grease (C-001) or lubricant (C-026).
grease.
Components with bearings installed must be purged
8-22. GREASE — STORAGE LIFE and lubricated before installation on the helicopter.
1. Grease, 204-040-755-005 lubricant (tube pack) After initial operation of the component on the
(C-015) has a shelf storage life of 4 years, whether helicopter, refer to the appropriate lubrication chart for
stored in the original container or in a component. If a lubrication intervals.
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BHT-ALL-SPM
8-22A. GREASE FITTING — INSPECTION 2 HOURS AT THE MAXIMUM SPECIFIED

TEMPERATURE.
Prior to and following grease lubrication, visually
examine grease fittings for presence of the spring NOTE
loaded steel ball. If the steel ball is not visible, does
not spring back to the closed position, the grease Refer to Table 8-19 for information on
fitting indicates excessive leakage, or it is difficult to material versus maximum temperature. If
inject grease during lubrication, replace the grease you are unsure of the material of the part,
fitting. Refer to paragraph 8-22B for replacement of contact Product Support Engineering.
NAS516 type grease fittings.
2. Ensuring not to exceed the specified maximum
allowable temperature for the material of the part
If the grease fitting is removed due to the spring
(Table 8-19), heat the part adjacent to the grease
loaded steel ball not being visible, insert a small steel
fitting.
probe into the back of the grease fitting to confirm the
presence of the steel ball. If it is identified that the steel
ball is not present in the grease fitting, further
investigation is required to ensure that the steel ball
CAUTION
has not migrated into the component and caused
damage. Discard grease fittings that have been
removed.
ACCESS TO SOME GREASE FITTINGS
IS LIMITED DUE TO INSTALLATION IN A
8-22B. GREASE FITTING (NAS516) — COUNTERBORED AREA. DO NOT
REPLACEMENT DAMAGE THE PART OR THE BORE FOR
THE GREASE FITTING DURING
REMOVAL OF THE GREASE FITTING.
DAMAGE TO THE PART MAY REQUIRE
MATERIALS REQUIRED REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT.
Refer to BHT-ALL-SPM for specifications.

NOTE
NUMBER NOMENCLATURE
If required, return the part to Bell Helicopter
C-204 Epoxy Polyamide Textron (BHT) for evaluation and possible
Primer installation of replacement grease fitting.
C-304 Drycleaning Solvent Refer to General Information Letter (IL)

GEN-04-98 for the applicable shipping
C-516 Clean Cloth
information and to obtain a Return Material
Authorization (RMA) number.
1. If required, disassemble the component to the
extent necessary for repair using the instructions 3. Pull the grease fitting out of the part with a small
provided in the applicable manual. self-tapping screw and pliers. As an alternate means,
good quality pliers may be used to grasp and pull the
fitting from the part. Discard the grease fitting.
CAUTION 4. Make sure the bore of the part, for the grease
fitting, is not obstructed or damaged.
DO NOT EXCEED THE MAXIMUM
ALLOWABLE TEMPERATURE WHEN 5. Clean the mating surfaces of the bore and the
YOU HEAT A PART OR DAMAGE TO THE grease fitting with drycleaning solvent (C-304) and a
PART MAY OCCUR. DO NOT EXCEED clean cloth (C-516).
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ECCN EAR99 17 JUN 2011 Rev. 4 Page 16A
BHT-ALL-SPM
6. Wet install a new grease fitting in the part with

epoxy polyamide primer (C-204) while the area is still
CAUTION heated. Press or use a soft material punch and lightly
tap the grease fitting into position.
MAKE SURE THE TEMPERATURE OF

7. Make sure the grease fitting is tight in the part
THE PART DOES NOT EXCEED 265°F
and functions properly by injecting specified grease.
( 1 2 9 ° C ) W H E N W E T I N S TA L L I N G
GREASE FITTING WITH PRIMER.
EXCEEDING THE TEMPERATURE LIMIT 8. If required, reassemble component using the
CAN DAMAGE THE CHARACTERISTICS instructions provided in the applicable manual.
AND THE CURE OF THE PRIMER.
9. Lubricate the part or component per the
applicable servicing instructions.
8-00-00
Page 16B Rev. 4 17 JUN 2011 ECCN EAR99
BHT-ALL-SPM
8-23. PLACARDS AND MARKINGS with a clean clean cloth (C-516) before the toluene
(C-306) evaporates.
The requirements and procedures given in paragraph
8-24 concern the application of pressure-sensitive 2. Apply the pressure-sensitive (adhesive-backed)
(adhesive-backed) decals to internal and external decal to the bonding surface as follows:
surfaces of helicopters.
a. Apply the decal at temperatures above 60°F
8-24. APPLICATION OF DECALS (16°C) for best results. Otherwise, first apply solvent
(refer to the manufacturer's instructions) or isopropyl
alcohol (C-385) to the decal.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
b. Remove the adhesive protection from one
Refer to Chapter 13 for specifications. edge of the decal with a quick smooth movement.
NUMBER NOMENCLATURE c. Carefully align the decal in the correct

position.
C-233 Polyurethane Enamel
d. Put the peeled edge of the decal on the edge
C-305 Aliphatic Naphtha
of the bonding surface and apply a firm pressure with
C-306 Toluene your finger along the same edge.
C-349 Edge Sealer

NOTE
C-385 Isopropyl Alcohol For application of large decals, use a
plastic squeegee with a firm pressure.
C-426 Masking Tape
e. While you continue to remove the adhesive
C-516 Low-lint Cleaning Cloth protection, apply finger pressure to the remaining part
of the decal until the entire decal is applied. For best
result, hold the opposite edge away from the surface
NOTE until the entire decal is applied.
Bonding surfaces must be nonporous. f. Make sure there is no air bubbles trapped
under the decal. Otherwise, make a hole in the bubble
1. Remove dirt, grease, wax, or other contaminants
with a pin and press with your finger or a squeegee to
from the surfaces to be bonded as follows:
remove the air.
a. For non-metallic and painted surfaces, clean 3. Edge seal or fully coat the decal with the
with a clean cloth moistened with aliphatic naphtha applicable coating as follows:
(C-305). Dry the surfaces with a clean clean cloth
(C-516) before the aliphatic naphtha (C-305)
a. Apply masking tape (C-426) 1/8 inch (3 mm)
evaporates.
away from the edge and all around the decal.
NOTE
CAUTION
A clear polyurethane enamel (C-233) may
be used to seal decals applied to all types
DO NOT ALLOW TOLUENE TO MAKE of exterior finishes.
CONTACT WITH PAINTED OR NON-
METALLIC SURFACES OR DAMAGE TO b. For the sealing of exterior decals, apply the
THE SURFACE MAY OCCUR. same material used for the exterior painting. For
example, if the exterior paint is polyurethane enamel
b. For bare metal surfaces, clean with a clean (C-233), then use a clear polyurethane enamel
cloth moistened with toluene (C-306). Dry the surfaces (C-233).
8-00-00
16 FEB 2007 Rev. 2 Page 17
BHT-ALL-SPM
c. For the sealing of interior decals, apply a clear

NOTE
edge sealer (C-349).
Parts or assemblies with greased bearings
d. Remove the masking tape (C-426) from may be heated to a maximum of 200°F
around the decal when the coating is dry. (93°C).
f. Within 30 minutes after assembly or bearing

8-25. RETAINING COMPOUNDS staking, as applicable, heat cure at one of following
times and temperatures.
Retaining compounds are single component liquid
materials used in locking, retaining, bonding, and
sealing of parts at assembly. Table 8-3. Retaining Compounds —
Heat Cure Temperature and Time
These adhesive/sealants are anaerobic compounds,
TEMPERATURE TIME
or compounds that become solid in absence of air.
They remain liquid on metal or other surfaces as long 300°F (149°C) 5 minutes
as they are in contact with air.
250°F (121°C) 10 minutes
Confining the compound between closely fitting 200°F (93°C) 15 minutes
surfaces prevents contact with air and the compound
will harden to a strong permanent bond. 175°F (79°C) 20 minutes
150°F (66°C) 30 minutes

Retaining compounds are formulated to give a wide
range of strengths, viscosities, degrees of adhesion,
and cure time. Refer to the procedure in the applicable 8-27. SAFETYING
manual, bulletin, or instruction for correct selection of
the compound. NOTE
Not all applications of fasteners require
8-26. RETAINING COMPOUNDS — safety wire or cotter pins. Refer to the
APPLICATION procedure in the specific manual, bulletin,
or instruction for applicability.
1. Apply retaining compounds as follows:
Unless otherwise specified in the procedure of the
applicable manual, bulletin, or instruction, refer to the
a. Make sure all bonding surfaces are clean. FAA Advisory Circular AC 43.43-1 and, as applicable,
Otherwise, refer to Chapter 5. paragraph 8-28 or paragraph 8-29 for proper use of
safety wires and cotter pins. Refer to the
b. Mix the compound and use the applicator BHT-ELEC-SPM for electrical applications.
nozzle provided with the container, or a cotton swab
soaked in the compound, to apply the retaining 8-28. SAFETYING — SAFETY WIRE
compound to the bonding surfaces.
c. Assemble the parts. SPECIAL TOOLS REQUIRED
d. When the retaining compound is used for NUMBER NOMENCLATURE

retention of bearings in conjunction with staking, stake
the bearing within 30 minutes. Do not stake parts after Commercial Wire Twister
the retaining compound has cured.
Commercial Wire Cutter
e. If staking of the bearing is not required, allow
Commercial Pliers
the compound to fully cure before use.
8-00-00
Page 18 Rev. 2 16 FEB 2007
BHT-ALL-SPM
• For general safety wiring, use a 0.032 inch

(0.81 mm) diameter lockwire (C-405).
MATERIALS REQUIRED
• For safety wiring of a part with a hole diameter
more than 0.062 inch (1.57 mm), use a 0.040
NUMBER NOMENCLATURE inch (1.02 mm) diameter lockwire (C-447).
C-405 Lockwire • For safety wiring of a part with a hole diameter

less than 0.045 inch (1.14 mm), use a 0.020
C-414 Shear Wire inch (0.51 mm) diameter lockwire (C-508).
C-447 Lockwire • For safety wiring of parts with 2 inches (50.80

mm) or less of space between, use a 0.020
C-508 Lockwire
inch (0.51 mm) diameter lockwire (C-508).
• For safety wiring of closely-spaced fasteners,

WARNING 0.25 inch (6.35 mm) diameter and less, use a
0.020 inch (0.51 mm) diameter lockwire
(C-508).
ALWAYS WEAR EYE PROTECTION
WHEN YOU REMOVE AND INSTALL • For safety wiring with the single-wire method,
SAFETY WIRE. FAILURE TO DO SO MAY use the largest size of wire that the hole can
RESULT IN INJURIES TO PERSONS. accommodate.
1. Unless it is specified in the procedure of the NOTE

applicable manual, bulletin, or instruction, select the
appropriate wire to use as follows: The single-wire method may be used if
there is less than 2 inches (50.80 mm)
between holes in a closed-geometrical
a. Select a material for the wire, based on the pattern (triangle, rectangle, circle, etc.).
application:
Procedure for the single-wire method is the
same as the double-twist method except
NOTE
that the wire is not twisted.
Shear wiring of emergency equipment is
used to prevent actuation of the equipment. 2. Safety wire the part(s) using the double-twist
method as follows (Figure 8-2):
Seal wiring of equipment is used to report
actuation of the equipment.
• For shear and seal wiring, use a copper shear

CAUTION
wire (C-414) (MS20995CY).
ALWAYS INSTALL A NEW WIRE WHEN
• For safety (or lock) wiring, use a Corrosion YOU SAFETY WIRE EQUIPMENT OR
Resistant Steel (CRES) safety wire (AS1000). FASTENERS. FAILURE TO DO SO WILL
RESULT IN UNSAFE SECURING AND
POSSIBLE DAMAGE TO THE
NOTE
EQUIPMENT.
Wire sizes provided hereafter are to be
used for safety wiring with the double-twist a. Make sure to use new safety wire.
method, except where indicated.
b. Loop the wire through and around the part to
b. Select the size of the safety wire as follows: be secured.
8-00-00
16 FEB 2007 Rev. 2 Page 19
BHT-ALL-SPM
SCREW HEADS EXAMPLE
BOLT HEADS EXAMPLES
CASTELLATED NUTS EXAMPLE
SAFETY WIRING OF FASTENERS

DOUBLE-TWIST METHOD
SAFETY WIRING SAFETY WIRING OF SAFETY WIRING IN SAFETY WIRING OF

SINGLE-WIRE METHOD SINGLE PARTS DIFFERENT PLANES HOLLOW-HEAD PLUGS
ALL_SPM_08_0001
Figure 8-2. Safetying — Safety Wire Installation (Sheet 1 of 3)
8-00-00
Page 20 Rev. 2 16 FEB 2007
BHT-ALL-SPM
STRAIGHT CONNECTIONS
FLEXIBLE HOSE
TO RIGID TUBE TEE FITTING
CONNECTION CONNECTION
SAFETY WIRING
APPLICATION TO COUPLING NUTS
SAFETY WIRING
APPLICATION TO OIL CAPS
ALL_SPM_08_0002
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16 FEB 2007 Rev. 2 Page 21
BHT-ALL-SPM
SAFETY WIRING
APPLICATION TO DRAIN
COCKS AND PLUGS
SAFETY WIRING
APPLICATION TO CONTROL LINKS
SINGLE WRAP METHOD
DOUBLE WRAP METHOD
ALL_SPM_08_0003
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Page 22 Rev. 2 16 FEB 2007
BHT-ALL-SPM
c. Twist the wire 6 to 8 twists per inch (3 twists a. Select a material for the cotter pin, based on
per centimeter) and make sure the loop around the the application:
head of the fastener(s) stays down and fits closely to
the contour. • For any of the following, use a Corrosion
Resistant Steel (CRES) cotter pin (MS24665).
d. Route the twisted wire in a manner that Refer to Table 8-4 for the dash number.
prevents the part(s) from loosening.
- Non-magnetic requirements
e. Apply a light tension to the twisted-wire so it is
tight but not over-stressed.
- Contact with CRES fasteners
f. Wire single parts to another adjacent part.
Wire multiple parts as follows: - Exposure to the relative wind
(1) Wire together a maximum of three parts if - Operation in corrosive environments

the groups of parts are 4 to 6 inches (102 to 152 mm)
spaced. - Exposure to high temperatures, up to 800°F
(426°C)
(2) For groups of parts with 2 inches (50 mm)
or less of space between, the maximum number of
parts that can be wired together is the number of parts • For general applications, use a cadmium
that can be wired with a 24 inch (610 mm) long wire. plated steel cotter pin (MS24665). Refer to
Table 8-5 for the dash number.
g. Connect the wire ends together so it makes a
pigtail of 0.25 to 0.5 inch (6.35 to 12.70 mm) in length b. For the size of the cotter pin, select the largest
(3 to 6 twists). diameter that the hole can accommodate. The length
must be compatible with the installation method used.
h. Always bend and fold the pigtail in a manner
that prevents snags and possible injuries to persons. 2. Install cotter pins in castellated nuts using the
general installation method that follows (Figure 8-3):
3. Ensure the installed position of the safety wire
and pigtail will not cause chafing or interference with
a. Tighten the nut to the minimum of the
adjacent parts or installations.
specified or calculated torque range (Chapter 2),
unless otherwise specified.
8-29. SAFETYING — COTTER PINS
SPECIAL TOOLS REQUIRED CAUTION
NUMBER NOMENCLATURE MAKE SURE YOU DO NOT EXCEED THE

MAXIMUM PERMITTED TORQUE VALUE.
Commercial Wire Cutter OTHERWISE THE FASTENERS MAY
OVERSTRESS (CHAPTER 2).
Commercial Plier
b. Continue to torque the nut until a slot aligns
1. Unless it is specified in the procedure, select the with the hole in the bolt. Do not exceed the maximum
appropriate cotter pin to use as follows: permitted torque value.
8-00-00
16 FEB 2007 Rev. 2 Page 23
BHT-ALL-SPM
Table 8-4. Safetying — CRES (MS24665) Cotter Pin Dash Numbers
COTTER PIN COTTER PIN DIAMETER

LENGTH INCH (MM)
INCH (MM)
0.031 (0.79) 0.047 (1.19) 0.062 (1.59) 0.094 (2.38) 0.125 (3.17)
0.250 (6.35) -18 -82 -1010 - -
0.312 (7.93) -1001 - -1011 - -
0.375 (9.52) -1002 - -1012 - -
0.437 (11.11) -1003 - -1013 - -
0.500 (12.70) -22 -86 -151 -298 -366
0.750 (19.05) -24 -88 -153 -300 -368
1.000 (25.40) -26 -90 -155 -302 -370
1.250 (31.75) -27 -91 -157 -304 -372
1.500 (38.10) -28 -92 -159 -306 -374
1.750 (44.45) -29 -93 -161 -308 -376
2.000 (50.80) -30 -94 -162 -309 -377
Table 8-5. Safetying — Cadmium Plated Steel (MS24665) Cotter Pin Dash Numbers
COTTER PIN LENGTH COTTER PIN DIAMETER

INCH (MM) INCH (MM)
0.031 (0.79) 0.047 (1.19) 0.062 (1.59) 0.094 (2.38) 0.125 (3.17)
0.5000 (12.70) -5 -69 -132 -281 -349
1.000 (25.40) -9 -73 -136 -285 -353
1.500 (38.10) -11 -75 -140 -289 -357
2.000 (50.80) -13 -77 -143 -292 -360
c. Make sure to use a new cotter pin.

CAUTION
d. Insert the cotter pin in the slot of the nut and
through the hole of the bolt. Do not flatten the eye.
ALWAYS INSTALL A NEW COTTER PIN
WHEN YOU SECURE FASTENERS. e. Turn the cotter pin so the axis of the eye is at
FAILURE TO DO SO WILL RESULT IN a right angle (90°) to the bolt shank.
UNSAFE SECURING AND POSSIBLE
DAMAGE TO THE EQUIPMENT. f. Bend the upper prong over the end of the bolt
and cut so it does not extend beyond the diameter.
8-00-00
Page 24 Rev. 7 24 MAR 2017 Export Classificaiton C, ECCN EAR99
BHT-ALL-SPM
g. Bend the lower prong down and cut so it does b. Insert the cotter pin in the slot of the pin. Do
not rest on the washer or any other material. not flatten the eye.
3. If the upper prong may act as a snag or if a c. Turn the cotter pin so the axis of the eye is
clearance is required at the end of the bolt, you may parallel to the shank of the pin.
want to use one of the following alternate installation
methods: d. Bend the prongs around the shank of the pin
and into the closest castellation of the nut.
e. Make sure the installed position of the cotter

NOTE pin will not chafe or interfere with adjacent parts or
The bend and tuck method is the preferred installations.
method due to less risk of injury. All other
methods are acceptable alternates. 8-30. STUDS AND INSERTS
a. Bend the tip of the upper prong sideways and 8-31. STUDS AND INSERTS — STANDARD
insert it into an adjacent slot of the nut (preferred STUDS IDENTIFICATION
method).
1. Studs are identified with a mark on both ends (AN
studs) or on one end only (Bell studs) (Figure 8-4).
b. Turn the cotter pin so the axis of the eye is
Characteristics for each type of stud is identified as
parallel to the shank of the bolt and bend the prongs
follows:
around the contour of the nut (alternate method No. 1).
a. AN studs have a mark on the top end of the
c. Cut the upper prong flush with the top of the stud to give the stud material. The mark is visible when
bolt (alternate method No. 2). the stud is installed.
4. Install cotter pins in pins using the installation b. AN studs have a mark on the opposite end of
procedure that follows: the stud. The mark shows if the stud is oversized or
undersized.
c. Bell studs have no mark on the top end of the

CAUTION stud.
d. Bell studs have a mark on the opposite end of

ALWAYS INSTALL A NEW COTTER PIN the stud. The mark shows if the stud is oversized or
WHEN YOU SECURE FASTENERS. undersized.
FAILURE TO DO SO WILL RESULT IN
UNSAFE SECURING AND POSSIBLE e. Studs installed during manufacturing are
DAMAGE TO THE EQUIPMENT. usually standard size. If it is not possible to get the
required height and torque with a standard size stud,
a. Make sure to use a new cotter pin. an oversized or undersized stud can be installed.
8-00-00
Export Classificaiton C, ECCN EAR99 24 MAR 2017 Rev. 7 Page 25
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Figure 8-3. Safetying — Cotter Pin Installation
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Figure 8-4. Studs and Inserts — Standard Studs Identification
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16 FEB 2007 Rev. 2 Page 27
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8-32. STUDS AND INSERTS — STANDARD 3. Select the correct size for the replacement stud.
STUDS REPLACEMENT
4. Finger tighten the new stud in the tapped hole. If
the stud fails to engage in one or two turns, remove
MATERIALS REQUIRED
the stud and select the next oversized stud.
5. Temporarily remove the stud and coat the course
NUMBER NOMENCLATURE threaded end of the stud with wet unreduced epoxy
polyamide primer (C-204).
C-204 Epoxy Polyamide
Primer
6. Clean out the small vent hole in the bottom of the
tapped hole.
CAUTION
NOTE
DO NOT REPAIR A DAMAGED STUD OR Refer to Chapter 2 for the standard torque
A STUD THAT DOES NOT MEET THE range of values applicable to the stud.
MINIMUM INSTALLATION TORQUE AND
HEIGHT REQUIREMENTS. ONLY THE 7. At the same time, install the stud with the
STUD REPLACEMENT IS PERMITTED. applicable stud driving tool and make sure the driving
torque is within the required torque range.
NOTE
The following instructions are applicable to 8-33. STUDS AND INSERTS — RING LOCKED
studs of the standard type, which thread STUDS AND INSERTS REPLACEMENT
directly into cases or sleeves.
1. Measure and record the height of the damaged

stud before removal.
NOTE NUMBER NOMENCLATURE
If the stud is broken off, drill a hole in the 1 2 Removal Tool

center of the stud and extract with an
“EZY-Out” type of extractor. Step Drill
2. Grip the damaged stud with an appropriate tool Wrench

and turn it slowly to avoid seizure and breakage.
Lockring Drive Tool
NOTE NOTES:
The correct size for a replacement stud is 1 Refer to the stud/insert manufacturer for the
the size that allows the stud to meet the special tools applicable part numbers.
minimum driving torque requirement. Ex. Rosan Products, P.O. Box 25225,
3130 W. Harvard St., Santa-Anna,
Usually, the correct size for a replacement California, 92799
stud is the next larger size of stud.
2 If special tools are not available,
The applicable Illustrated Parts Breakdown
replacement is possible with other tools. Be
(IPB) manual provides the list of the
careful when you use other tools for
standard studs and four oversize studs by
replacement of studs/inserts.
increments of 0.003 inch (0.076 mm).
8-00-00
Page 28 Rev. 2 16 FEB 2007
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NOTE
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Holes are tapped with a standard class 3
Refer to Chapter 13 for specifications. tap and the counter bore has a 90°
shoulder.
NUMBER NOMENCLATURE
3. Examine the tapped hole and the counterbore for
C-204 Epoxy Polyamide condition. If necessary, clean up minor damage but do
Primer not enlarge the holes.
4. Apply a layer of unreduced epoxy polyamide

NOTE primer (C-204) to the threads of the new stud or insert
The following instructions are applicable to that will contact the case.
studs and threaded inserts installed with a
lockring. The lockring inner teeth engage 5. Wet install the stud or insert in the tapped hole
the serrated collar on the stud or insert and until the upper surface of the serrated collar is 0.010 to
the lockring outer teeth broach into the 0.020 inch (0.254 to 0.508 mm) below the case
material of the case. surface.
1. Remove a ring locked insert as follows: 6. Apply a layer of unreduced epoxy polyamide
primer (C-204) to the new lockring.
a. Select a drill, same diameter as the serrations

between the lockring and the insert. 7. Align the lockring serrations with the stud/insert
serrations.
b. Drill to a depth equal to the lockring thickness.

8. Wet install the lockring into the case with the drive
tool until it is flush with the upper surface of the stud/
c. Remove the insert and the remaining portion insert serrations.
of the lockring.
8-34. SURFACE ROUGHNESS
2. Remove a ring locked stud as follows:

NOTE
If no tool is available to mill the lockring,
NUMBER NOMENCLATURE
saw off the stud, drill a hole in the stud
center, and extract the stud with an 2 to 250 microinches Surface Roughness
“EZY-Out” type of extractor. Tester
a. Select the applicable removal tool. If not 2 to 250 microinches Surface Finish Scales
available, select a hollow mill with an outside diameter or
0.015 inch (0.381 mm) less than the root diameter of Microfinish Comparators
the lockring outer serrations.
Surface roughness may be identified in one of the
b. Mill to a depth equal to the lockring thickness. following nomenclatures:
For best results, do not mill completely through the
lockring. • Root Mean Square (RMS)
c. Apply the removal torque to the stud. If you • Roughness Height Rating (RHR)
did not mill completely through the lockring, removal
torque will jack out the lockring. • Microinches
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16 FEB 2007 Rev. 2 Page 29
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The three nomenclatures refer to the average linear 8-35. SYSTEMS OF UNITS
deviation of the actual surface. The surface roughness
height is the arithmetical average deviation expressed The following charts (Table 8-7 through Table 8-18)
in microinches measured normal to the center line. A provide formulas and tables to convert a quantity to
one of the following systems, as applicable:
microinch is one millionth of an inch (0.000001) inch.
Table 8-6 gives the different machining methods and • Metric or International System of Units (SI)
corresponding roughness numbers that will normally
be achieved. • US or English System of units
• Imperial System of units

Table 8-6. Surface Roughness —
Machining Method Versus Roughness
MACHINING ROUGHNESS
METHOD (MICROINCHES)
Rough Machine 250 (6.350 µm)
Medium Machine, Drill 125 (3.175 µm)
Smooth Machine, Ream 63 (1.600 µm)
Grind, Fine Machine 32 (0.813 µm)
Grind, Hone 16 (0.406 µm)
Hone 8 (0.203 µm)
Lap, Polish 4 (0.102 µm)
Polish, Superfinish 2 (0.051 µm)
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Table 8-7. Systems of Units — Conversion Formulas
MULTIPLY BY TO GET
LENGTH OR DISTANCE (US TO SI)
microinch 0.0254 micrometers (µm)

mil 25.4 micrometers
0.0254 millimeters (mm)
inch 25.4 millimeters
foot 0.3048 meters (m)
yard 0.9144 meters
mile 1.609 kilometers (km)
LENGTH OR DISTANCE (SI TO US)
micrometer 3.937 microinches

0.0394 mils
millimeter 39.37 mils
0.0394 inches
meter 3.281 feet
1.0936 yards
kilometer 0.6214 miles
AREA OR SURFACE (US TO SI)
square-inch 645.16 mm2

6.4516 cm2
square-foot 0.0929 m2
square-yard 0.8361 m2
AREA OR SURFACE (SI TO US)
mm2 0.0015 square-inches

cm2 0.1550 square-inches
m2 10.764 square-feet
1.196 square-yards
VOLUME OR CAPACITY (US TO SI)
cubic-inch 16.387 cm3

16.387 milliliters (ml)
0.0164 liters (l)
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Table 8-7. Systems of Units — Conversion Formulas (Cont)
MULTIPLY BY TO GET
VOLUME OR CAPACITY (US TO SI) (CONT)

fluid-ounce 29.574 milliliters
pint 0.4732 liters
quart 0.9464 liters
gallon 3.7854 liters
cubic-foot 0.0283 m3
cubic-yard 0.7646 m3
VOLUME OR CAPACITY (SI TO US)
cm3 0.0610 cubic-inch

milliliters 0.0610 cubic-inch
0.0338 fluid-ounce
liters 61.024 cubic-inch
2.1134 pint
1.0567 quart
0.2642 gallon
m3 35.315 cubic-foot
1.3080 cubic-yard
VOLUME OR CAPACITY (US TO IMPERIAL)
fluid-ounce 1.041 fluid-ounces

pint 0.833 pints
quart 0.833 quarts
gallon 0.833 gallons
VOLUME OR CAPACITY (IMPERIAL TO SI)
fluid-ounce 28.413 milliliters
pint 0.5683 liters
quart 1.136 liters
gallon 4.546 liters
MASS OR WEIGHT (US TO SI)
ounce (oz) 28.35 grams (g)

pound (lb) 0.4536 kilograms (kg)
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Table 8-7. Systems of Units — Conversion Formulas (Cont)
MULTIPLY BY TO GET
MASS OR WEIGHT (SI TO US)
gram 0.0353 ounces

kilogram 2.2046 pounds
FORCE (US TO SI)
ounce-force (ozf) 0.278 newtons (N)

pound-force (lbf) 4.448 newtons
FORCE (SI TO US)
newton 3.597 ounce-force

0.225 pound-force
TORQUE (US TO SI)
inch-pound 0.1129 newton-meters (Nm)

foot-pound 1.3558 newton-meters
TORQUE (SI TO US)
newton-meter 8.8507 inch-pounds
0.7375 foot-pounds
POWER
horsepower (hp) 0.7457 kilowatts (kW)

kilowatt 1.3410 horsepower
PRESSURE OR STRESS (US TO SI)
inches of mercury 3.3864 kilopascals (kPa)

pound-force per square-inch (PSI) 6.8947 kilopascals
PRESSURE OR STRESS (SI TO US)
kilopascal 0.2953 inches of mercury

0.1450 pound-force per square-inch
TEMPERATURE
Degree Fahrenheit (°F) (°F - 32) x 0.555 Degrees Celsius (°C)

Degree Celsius (°C x 1.8) + 32 Degrees Fahrenheit
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16 FEB 2007 Rev. 2 Page 33
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Table 8-8. Systems of Units — Inch (Fraction) to Millimeter (MM) Conversions
INCH INCH MM INCH INCH MM

(FRACTION) (DECIMAL) (FRACTION) (DECIMAL)
1/64 0.015625 0.39688 33/64 0.515625 13.09687

1/32 0.03125 0.79375 17/32 0.53125 13.49375
3/64 0.046875 1.19062 35/64 0.546875 13.89062
1/16 0.0625 1.58750 9/16 0.5625 14.28750
5/64 0.078125 1.98437 37/64 0.578125 14.68437
3/32 0.09375 2.38125 19/32 0.59375 15.08125
7/64 0.109375 2.77812 39/64 0.609375 15.47812
1/8 0.125 3.17500 5/8 0.625 15.87500
9/64 0.140625 3.57187 41/64 0.640625 16.27187
5/32 0.15625 3.96875 21/32 0.65625 16.66875
11/64 0.171875 4.36562 11/16 0.6875 17.46250
3/16 0.1875 4.76250 45/64 0.703125 17.85937
13/64 0.203125 5.15937 23/32 0.71875 18.25625
7/32 0.21875 5.55625 47/64 0.734375 18.65312
15/64 0.234375 5.95312 3/4 0.750 19.05000
1/4 0.250 6.35000 49/64 0.765625 19.44687
17/64 0.265625 6.74687 25/32 0.78125 19.84375
9/32 0.28125 7.14375 51/64 0.796875 20.24062
19/64 0.296875 7.54062 13/16 0.8125 20.63750
5/16 0.3125 7.93750 53/64 0.828125 21.03437
21/64 0.328125 8.33437 27/32 0.84375 21.43125
11/32 0.34375 8.73125 55/64 0.859375 21.82812
23/64 0.359375 9.12812 7/8 0.875 22.22500
3/8 0.375 9.52500 57/64 0.890625 22.62187
25/64 0.390625 9.92187 29/32 0.90625 23.01875
13/32 0.40625 10.31875 59/64 0.921875 23.41562
27/64 0.421875 10.71562 15/16 0.9375 23.81250
7/16 0.4375 11.11250 61/64 0.953125 24.20937
29/64 0.453125 11.50937 31/32 0.96875 24.60625
15/32 0.46875 11.90625 63/64 0.984375 25.00312
31/64 0.484375 12.30312 1 1.00 25.40000
1/2 0.500 12.70000
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Table 8-9. Systems of Units — Inch to Millimeter (MM) Conversions
INCH 0 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0006 .0007 .0008 .0009
MM MM MM MM MM MM MM MM MM MM
.0000 – .00254 .00508 .00762 .01016 .01270 .01524 .01778 .02032 .02286
.0010 .02540 .02794 .03048 .03302 .03556 .03810 .04064 .04318 .04572 .04826
.0020 .05080 .05334 .05588 .05842 .06096 .06350 .06604 .06858 .07112 .07366
.0030 .07620 .07874 .08128 .08382 .08636 .08890 .09144 .09398 .09652 .09906
.0040 .10160 .10414 .10668 .10922 .11176 .11430 .11634 .11938 .12192 .12446
.0050 .12700 .12954 .13208 .13462 .13716 .13970 .14224 .14478 .14732 .14986
.0060 .15240 .15494 .15748 .16002 .16256 .16510 .16764 .17018 .17272 .17526
.0070 .17780 .18034 .18288 .18542 .18796 .19050 .19304 .19558 .19812 .20066
.0080 .20320 .20574 .20828 .21082 .21336 .21590 .21844 .22098 .22352 .22606
.0090 .22860 .23114 .23368 .23622 .23876 .24130 .24384 .24638 .24892 .25146
INCH 0 .0010 .0020 .0030 .0040 .0050 .0060 .0070 .0080 .0090
.0100 .2540 .2794 .3048 .3302 .3556 .3810 .4064 .4318 .4572 .4826
.0200 .4080 .5334 .5588 .5842 .6096 .6350 .6604 .6858 .7112 .7366
.0300 .7620 .7874 .8128 .8382 .8636 .8890 .9144 .9398 .9652 .9906
.0400 1.0160 1.0414 1.0668 1.0922 1.1176 1.1430 1.1684 1.1938 1.2192 1.2446
.0500 1.2700 1.2954 1.3208 1.3462 1.3716 1.3970 1.4224 1.4478 1.4732 1.4986
.0600 1.5240 1.5494 1.5748 1.6002 1.6256 1.6510 1.6764 1.7018 1.7272 1.7526
.0700 1.7780 1.8034 1.8288 1.8542 1.8796 1.9050 1.9304 1.9558 1.9812 2.0066
.0800 2.0320 2.0574 2.0828 2.1082 2.1336 2.1590 2.1844 2.2098 2.2352 2.2606
.0900 2.2860 2.3114 2.3368 2.3622 2.3876 2.4130 2.4384 2.4638 2.4892 2.5146
INCH 0 .0100 .0200 .0300 .0400 .0500 .0600 .0700 .0800 .0900
.1000 2.540 2.794 3.048 3.302 3.556 3.810 4.064 4.318 4.572 4.826
.2000 5.080 5.334 5.588 5.842 6.096 6.350 6.604 6.858 7.112 7.366
.3000 7.620 7.874 8.128 8.382 8.636 8.890 9.144 9.398 9.652 9.906
.4000 10.160 10.414 10.668 10.922 11.176 11.430 11.684 11.938 12.192 12.446
.5000 12.700 12.954 13.208 13.462 13.716 13.970 14.224 14.478 14.732 14.986
.6000 15.240 15.494 15.748 16.002 16.256 16.510 16.764 17.018 17.272 17.526
.7000 17.780 18.034 18.288 18.542 18.796 19.050 19.304 19.558 19.812 20.066
.8000 20.320 20.574 20.828 21.082 21.336 21.590 21.844 22.098 22.352 22.606
.9000 22.860 23.114 23.368 23.622 23.876 24.130 24.384 24.638 24.892 25.146
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Table 8-10. Systems of Units — Ounce-Force (OZF) and Pound-Force (LBF) to Newtons (N) Conversions
OZF 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
N N N N N N N N N N
0 – 0.28 0.56 0.83 1.11 1.39 1.67 1.95 2.22 2.50
10 2.78 3.06 3.34 3.61 3.89 4.17 4.45 4.73 5.00 5.28
LBF 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
N N N N N N N N N N
0 – 4.4 8.9 13.3 17.8 22.2 26.7 31.1 35.6 40.0
10 44 49 53 58 62 67 71 76 80 85
20 89 93 98 102 107 111 116 120 125 129
30 133 138 142 147 151 156 160 165 169 173
40 178 182 187 191 196 200 205 209 214 218
50 222 227 231 236 240 245 249 254 258 262
60 267 271 276 280 285 289 294 298 302 307
70 311 316 320 325 329 334 338 343 347 351
80 356 360 365 369 374 378 383 387 391 396
90 400 405 409 414 418 423 427 431 436 440
100 445 449 454 458 463 467 472 476 480 485
LBF 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
N N N N N N N N N N
200 890 934 979 1023 1068 1112 1157 1201 1246 1290
300 1334 1379 1423 1468 1512 1557 1601 1646 1690 1735
400 1779 1824 1868 1913 1957 2002 2046 2091 2135 2180
500 2224 2269 2313 2358 2402 2447 2491 2535 2580 2624
600 2669 2713 2758 2802 2847 2891 2936 2980 3025 3069
700 3114 3158 3203 3247 3292 3336 3381 3425 3470 3514
800 3559 3603 3648 3692 3737 3781 3825 3870 3914 3959
900 4003 4048 4092 4137 4181 4226 4270 4315 4359 4404
1000 4448 4493 4537 4582 4626 4671 4715 4760 4804 4849
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Table 8-10. Systems of Units — Ounce-Force (OZF) and Pound-Force (LBF) to Newtons (N)
Conversions (Cont)
LBF 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
N N N N N N N N N N
1000 4448 4893 5338 5783 6228 6672 7117 7562 8007 8452
2000 8896 9341 9786 10,231 10,676 11,121 11,565 12,010 12,455 12,900
3000 13,345 13,789 14,234 14,679 15,124 15,569 16,014 16,458 16,903 17,348
4000 17,793 18,238 18,683 19,127 19,572 20,017 20,462 20,907 21,351 21,796
5000 22,241 22,686 23,131 23,576 24,020 24,465 24,910 25,355 25,800 26,245
6000 26,689 27,134 27,579 28,024 28,469 28,913 29,358 29,808 30,248 30,693
7000 31,138 31,582 32,027 32,472 32,917 33,362 33,806 34,251 34,696 35,141
8000 35,586 36,031 36,475 36,920 37,365 37,810 38,255 38,700 39,144 39,589
9000 40,034 40,479 40,924 41,368 41,813 42,258 42,703 43,148 43,593 44,037
10,000 44,482 44,927 45,372 45,817 46,262 46,706 47,151 47,596 48,041 48,486
11,000 48,930 49,375 49,820 50,265 50,710 51,155 51,599 52,044 52,489 52,934
12,000 53,379 53,823 54,268 54,713 55,158 55,603 56,048 56,492 56,937 57,382
13,000 57,827 58,272 58,717 59,161 59,606 60,051 60,496 60,941 61,385 61,830
14,000 62,275 62,720 63,165 63,610 64,054 64,499 64,944 65,389 65,834 66,279
15,000 66,723 67,168 67,613 68,058 68,503 68,947 69,392 69,837 70,282 70,727
16,000 71,172 71,616 72,061 72,506 72,951 73,396 73,840 74,285 74,730 75,175
17,000 75,620 76,065 76,509 76,954 77,399 77,844 78,289 78,734 79,178 79,623
18,000 80,068 80,513 80,958 81,402 81,847 82,292 82,737 83,182 83,627 84,071
19,000 84,516 84,961 85,406 85,851 86,296 86,740 87,185 87,630 88,075 88,520
20,000 88,964 89,409 89,854 90,299 90,744 91,189 91,633 92,078 92,523 92,968
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Table 8-11. Systems of Units — Ounce (OZ) and Pound (LB) to Kilogram (KG) Conversions
OZ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
KG KG KG KG KG KG KG KG KG KG
0 – 0.028 0.057 0.085 0.113 0.142 0.170 0.198 0.227 0.255
10 0.283 0.312 0.340 0.369 0.397 0.425 0.454 0.482 0.510 0.539
LB 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 – 0.45 0.91 1.36 1.81 2.27 2.72 3.18 3.63 4.08
10 4.5 5.0 5.4 5.9 6.4 6.8 7.3 7.7 8.2 8.6
20 9.1 9.5 10.0 10.4 10.9 11.3 11.8 12.2 12.7 13.2
30 13.6 14.1 14.5 15.0 15.4 15.9 16.3 16.8 17.2 17.7
40 18.1 18.6 19.1 19.5 20.0 20.4 20.9 21.3 21.8 22.2
50 22.7 23.1 23.6 24.0 24.5 24.9 25.4 25.9 26.3 26.8
60 27.2 27.7 28.1 28.6 29.0 29.5 29.9 30.4 30.8 31.3
70 31.8 32.2 32.7 33.1 33.6 34.0 34.5 34.9 35.4 35.8
80 36.3 36.7 37.2 37.6 38.1 38.6 39.0 39.5 39.9 40.4
90 40.8 41.3 41.7 42.2 42.6 43.1 43.5 44.0 44.5 44.9
100 45 46 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 49
LB 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
200 91 95 100 104 109 113 118 122 127 132
300 136 141 145 150 154 159 163 168 172 177
400 181 186 191 195 200 204 209 213 218 222
500 227 231 236 240 245 249 254 259 263 268
600 272 277 281 286 290 295 299 304 308 313
700 318 322 327 331 336 320 345 349 354 358
800 363 367 372 376 381 386 390 395 399 404
900 408 413 417 422 426 431 435 440 445 449
1000 454 458 463 467 472 476 481 485 490 494
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Table 8-11. Systems of Units — Ounce (OZ) and Pound (LB) to Kilogram (KG) Conversions (Cont)
LB 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
1000 454 499 544 590 635 680 726 771 816 862
2000 907 953 998 1043 1089 1134 1179 1225 1270 1315
3000 1361 1406 1451 1497 1542 1588 1633 1673 1724 1769
4000 1814 1860 1905 1950 1996 2041 2087 2132 2177 2223
5000 2268 2313 2359 2404 2449 2495 2540 2585 2631 2676
6000 2722 2767 2812 2858 2903 2948 2994 3039 3084 3130
7000 3175 3221 3266 3311 3357 3402 3447 3493 3538 3583
8000 3629 3674 3719 3765 3810 3856 3901 3946 3992 4037
9000 4082 4128 4173 4218 4264 4309 4354 4400 4445 4491
10,000 4536 4581 4627 4672 4717 4763 4808 4853 4899 4944
11,000 4990 5035 5080 5126 5171 5216 5262 5307 5352 5398
12,000 5443 5488 5534 5579 5625 5670 5715 5761 5806 5851
13,000 5897 5942 5987 6033 6078 6123 6169 6214 6260 6305
14,000 6350 6396 6441 6486 6532 6577 6622 6668 6713 6759
15,000 6804 6849 6895 6940 6985 7031 7076 7121 7167 7212
16,000 7257 7303 7348 7394 7439 7484 7530 7575 7620 7666
17,000 7711 7756 7802 7847 7893 7938 7983 8029 8074 8119
18,000 8165 8210 8255 8301 8346 8391 8437 8482 8528 8573
19,000 8618 8664 8709 8754 8800 8845 8890 8936 8981 9026
20,000 9072 9117 9163 9208 9253 9299 9344 9389 9435 9480
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16 FEB 2007 Rev. 2 Page 39
BHT-ALL-SPM
Table 8-12. Systems of Units — Microinch (ΜIN) to Micrometer (ΜM) Conversions
ΜIN 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ΜM ΜM ΜM ΜM ΜM ΜM ΜM ΜM ΜM ΜM
0 0.0254 0.051 0.076 0.102 0.127 0.152 0.178 0.203 0.229
10 0.254 0.279 0.305 0.330 0.356 0.381 0.406 0.432 0.458 0.483
20 0.508 0.533 0.559 0.584 0.610 0.635 0.660 0.686 0.711 0.737
30 0.762 0.787 0.813 0.838 0.864 0.889 0.914 0.940 0.965 0.991
40 1.02 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.22 2.24
50 1.27 1.30 1.32 1.35 1.37 1.40 1.42 1.45 1.47 1.50
60 1.52 1.55 1.57 1.60 1.63 1.65 1.68 1.70 1.73 1.75
70 1.78 1.80 1.83 1.85 1.88 1.91 1.93 1.96 1.98 2.01
80 2.03 2.06 2.08 2.11 2.13 2.16 2.18 2.21 2.24 2.26
90 2.29 2.31 2.34 2.36 2.39 2.41 2.44 2.46 2.49 2.51
100 2.54 2.57 2.59 2.62 2.64 2.67 2.69 2.72 2.74 2.77
110 2.79 2.82 2.84 2.87 2.90 2.92 2.95 2.97 3.00 3.02
120 3.05 3.07 3.10 3.12 3.15 3.18 3.20 3.23 3.25 3.28
Table 8-13. Systems of Units — Pound-Force per Square-Inch (PSI) to Kilopascal (KPA) Conversions
PSI 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
KPA KPA KPA KPA KPA KPA KPA KPA KPA KPA
6.9 13.8 20.7 27.6 34.5 41.4 48.3 55.2 62.1
10 69 76 83 90 97 103 110 117 124 131
20 138 145 152 159 165 172 179 186 193 200
30 207 214 221 228 234 241 248 255 262 269
40 276 283 290 296 303 310 317 324 331 338
50 345 352 359 365 372 379 386 393 400 407
60 414 421 427 434 441 448 455 462 469 476
70 483 490 496 503 510 417 524 531 538 545
80 552 558 565 572 579 586 593 600 607 614
90 621 627 634 641 648 655 662 669 676 683
100 689 696 703 710 717 724 731 738 745 752
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Table 8-14. Systems of Units — Inch-Pound (IN-LB) and Foot-Pound (FT-LB) to Newton-Meter (NM)
Conversions
IN-LB 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM
– 0.11 0.23 0.34 0.45 0.56 0.68 0.79 0.90 1.02
10 1.13 1.24 1.36 1.47 1.58 1.69 1.81 1.92 2.03 2.15
20 2.26 2.37 2.49 2.60 2.71 2.82 2.94 3.05 3.16 3.28
30 3.39 3.50 3.62 3.73 3.84 3.95 4.07 4.18 4.29 4.41
40 4.52 4.63 4.75 4.86 4.97 5.08 5.20 5.31 5.42 5.54
50 5.65 5.76 5.88 5.99 6.10 6.21 6.33 6.44 6.55 6.67
60 6.78 6.89 7.01 7.12 7.23 7.34 7.46 7.57 7.68 7.80
70 7.91 8.02 8.13 8.25 8.36 8.47 8.59 8.70 8.81 8.93
80 9.04 9.15 9.26 9.38 9.49 9.60 9.72 9.83 9.94 10.06
90 10.17 10.28 10.39 10.51 10.62 10.73 10.85 10.96 11.07 11.19
100 11.30 11.41 11.52 11.64 11.75 11.86 11.98 12.09 12.20 12.32
IN-LB 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
200 22.60 23.73 24.86 25.99 27.12 28.25 29.38 30.51 31.64 32.77
300 33.90 35.03 36.16 37.28 38.41 39.54 40.67 41.80 42.93 44.06
400 45.19 46.32 47.45 48.58 49.71 50.84 51.97 53.10 54.23 55.36
500 56.49 57.62 58.75 59.88 61.01 62.14 63.27 64.40 65.53 66.66
FT-LB 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
– 1.4 2.7 4.1 5.4 6.8 8.1 9.5 10.8 12.2
10 14 15 16 18 19 20 22 23 24 26
20 27 28 30 31 33 34 35 37 38 39
30 41 42 43 45 46 47 49 50 52 53
40 54 56 57 48 60 61 62 64 65 66
50 68 69 71 72 73 75 76 77 79 80
60 81 83 84 85 87 88 89 91 92 94
70 95 96 98 99 100 102 103 104 106 107
80 108 110 111 113 114 115 117 118 119 121
90 122 123 125 126 127 129 130 132 133 134
FT-LB 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
NM – 136 271 407 542 678 813 949 1085 1220
FT-LB 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
NM – 1356 2712 4067 5423 6779 8135 9491 10,847 12,202
8-00-00
16 FEB 2007 Rev. 2 Page 41
BHT-ALL-SPM
Table 8-15. Systems of Units — Table 8-16. Systems of Units —

Fluid-Ounce (OZ) to Milliliter (ML) Conversions Gallon (GAL) to Liter (L) Conversions
OZ OZ ML GAL GAL L
(US) (IMPERIAL) (US) (IMPERIAL)
0.1 0.1 3.0 1 0.83 3.79
0.2 0.2 5.9 2 1.67 7.57
0.3 0.3 8.9 3 2.50 11.36
0.4 0.4 11.8 4 3.33 15.14
0.5 0.5 14.8 5 4.16 18.93
0.6 0.6 17.7 6 5.00 22.71
0.7 0.7 20.7 7 5.83 26.50
0.8 0.8 23.7 8 6.66 30.28
0.9 0.9 26.6 9 7.49 34.07
1.0 1.0 29.6 10 8.3 37.85
2.0 2.1 59 20 16.7 76
3.0 3.1 89 30 25.0 114
4.0 4.2 118 40 33.3 151
5.0 5.2 148 50 41.6 189
6.0 6.2 177
7.0 7.3 207
8.0 8.3 237
9.0 9.4 266
10.0 10.4 296
20.0 20.8 591
30.0 31.2 887
40.0 41.6 1 183
50.0 52.0 1 479
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Table 8-17. Systems of Units — Degree Fahrenheit (°F) to Degree Celsius (°C) Conversions
°F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C
-100 -73.3 425 218.1 950 509.5 1475 800.9
-85 -64.9 440 226.4 965 517.8 1490 809.2
-70 -56.6 455 234.8 980 526.1 1505 817.5
-55 -48.3 470 243.1 995 534.5 1520 825.8
-40 -40.0 485 251.4 1010 542.8 1535 834.2
-25 -31.6 500 259.7 1025 551.1 1550 842.5
-10 -23.3 515 268.1 1040 559.4 1565 850.8
5 -15.0 530 276.4 1055 567.8 1580 859.1
20 -6.7 545 284.7 1070 576.1 1595 867.5
35 1.7 560 293.0 1085 584.4 1610 875.8
50 10.0 575 301.4 1100 592.7 1625 884.1
65 18.3 590 309.7 1115 601.1 1640 892.4
80 26.6 605 318.0 1130 609.4 1655 900.8
95 35.0 620 326.3 1145 617.7 1670 909.1
110 43.3 635 334.7 1160 626.0 1685 917.4
125 51.6 650 343.0 1175 634.4 1700 925.7
140 59.9 665 351.3 1190 642.7 1715 934.1
155 68.3 680 359.6 1205 651.0 1730 942.4
170 76.6 695 368.0 1220 659.3 1745 950.7
185 84.9 710 376.3 1235 667.7 1760 959.0
200 93.2 725 384.6 1250 676.0 1775 967.4
215 101.6 740 392.9 1265 684.3 1790 975.7
230 109.9 755 401.3 1280 692.6 1805 984.0
245 118.2 770 409.6 1295 701.0 1820 992.3
260 126.5 785 417.9 1310 709.3 1835 1000.7
275 134.9 800 426.2 1325 717.6 1850 1009.0
290 143.2 815 434.6 1340 725.9 1865 1017.3
305 151.5 830 442.9 1355 734.3 1880 1025.6
320 159.8 845 451.2 1370 742.6 1895 1034.0
335 168.2 860 459.5 1385 750.9 1910 1042.3
350 176.5 875 467.9 1400 759.2 1925 1050.6
365 184.8 890 476.2 1415 767.6 1940 1058.9
380 193.1 905 484.5 1430 775.9 1955 1067.3
395 201.5 920 492.8 1445 784.2 1970 1075.6
410 209.8 935 501.2 1460 792.5 1985 1083.9
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16 FEB 2007 Rev. 2 Page 43
BHT-ALL-SPM
Table 8-18. Systems of Units — Degree Celsius (°C) to Degree Fahrenheit (°F) Conversions
°C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F
-100 -148 180 356 460 860 740 1364
-90 -130 190 374 470 878 750 1382
-80 -112 200 392 480 896 760 1400
-70 -94 210 410 490 914 770 1418
-60 -76 220 428 500 932 780 1436
-50 -58 230 446 510 950 790 1454
-40 -40 240 464 520 968 800 1472
-30 -22 250 482 530 986 810 1490
-20 -4 260 500 540 1004 820 1508
-10 14 270 518 550 1022 830 1526
0 32 280 536 560 1040 840 1544
10 50 290 554 570 1058 850 1562
20 68 300 572 580 1076 860 1580
30 86 310 590 590 1094 870 1598
40 104 320 608 600 1112 880 1616
50 122 330 626 610 1130 890 1634
60 140 340 644 620 1148 900 1652
70 158 350 662 630 1166 910 1670
80 176 360 680 640 1184 920 1688
90 194 370 698 650 1202 930 1706
100 212 380 716 660 1220 940 1724
110 230 390 734 670 1238 950 1742
120 248 400 752 680 1256 960 1760
130 266 410 770 690 1274 970 1778
140 284 420 788 700 1292 980 1796
150 302 430 806 710 1310 990 1814
160 320 440 824 720 1328 1000 1832
170 338 450 842 730 1346 1010 1850
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BHT-ALL-SPM
8-36. THERMAL FIT PARTS 2. Apply a film of lubricating oil (C-020) by dipping,
brushing, or wiping with an oil-saturated clean cloth
Unless otherwise specified in the procedure of the (C-516) to either the outer part (e.g., housing, sleeve,
applicable manual, bulletin, or instruction, the cooling etc.) or the inner part (e.g., bushing, liner, etc.).
of the inner (male) part should be enough to get the
required dimensional changes (paragraph 8-37). 3. Cooling shall be accomplished as follows:
a. Cool inner parts, as required, using a

If necessary, it is permitted to heat the outer (female)
refrigerator, cold box, a mixture of dry ice and
part provided the following restrictions:
denatured alcohol (C-326), or nitrogen (liquid) (C-517).
• Do not exceed the maximum temperature 4. If necessary, heating shall be accomplished as

specified in Table 8-19 for the material. follows:
• Do not heat the outer part to the maximum a. Heat outer parts by placing in an oven, using a
temperature specified in Table 8-19 for more heat lamp, or by immersion in a bath of hot lubricating
than 2 hours. oil (C-020). Parts shall not be allowed to remain at the
temperature specified in Table 8-19 for longer than
8-37. THERMAL FIT PARTS — METHODS OF 2 hours.
SECURING DIMENSIONAL CHANGES
5. Assemble the parts immediately after you remove
MATERIALS REQUIRED the part(s) from the cooling and/or heating media, as
applicable.
8-38. UNWANTED PARTICLES
NUMBER NOMENCLATURE
Particles can be found in any of the following parts:
C-020 Lubricating Oil
• Chip detector(s) of the component
C-326 Denatured Alcohol
• Oil drained from the component
C-516 Clean Cloth
• Oil filter element for transmission assemblies
C-517 Nitrogen (Liquid)
• Screen housing at the oil pump inlet of
transmission assemblies
1. Parts shall be clean prior to assembly
(Chapter 5). • Screens on the oil jets of transmission
assemblies
The presence of unwanted particles may indicate the

NOTE
failure of one or more parts of the component.
When the instructions specify the use of However, it does not necessarily mean that the
primers or sealant on the thermal fit component is not serviceable.
assembly, the specified primer or sealant
shall be applied in lieu of oil, and may be To determine the serviceability of a component, you
applied before or after cooling or may be must consider the following:
applied to the housing. If primer/sealant is
applied to the housing, the housing • Quantity, source, form, and type of material
temperature shall not be greater than found
265°F (129°C).
• Amount of time in service since the
component was new or overhauled
NOTE
• Previous failures
When using liquid nitrogen for cooling,
oiling of the inner part is not practical. • Type of operation
8-00-00
BHT-ALL-SPM
Table 8-19. Thermal Fit Parts — Material Versus Maximum Temperature
MATERIAL HEAT TEMPER MAXIMUM

MATERIAL
ALLOY GRADE TEMPERATURE
Magnesium AZ61 T6 275°F (135°C)

AZ63 T6 275°F (135°C)
AZ80 T6 275°F (135°C)
AZ91 T6 275°F (135°C)
AZ92 T6 275°F (135°C)
ZK60A T5 275°F (135°C)
ZE41A T5 275°F (135°C)
QE22A T6 275°F (135°C)
WE-43 T6 275°F (135°C)
EV-31A T6 275°F (135°C)
Aluminum 40E T5 300°F (149°C)
195 T6 300°F (149°C)
A357/357 T6X 300°F (149°C)
2014 T6 300°F (149°C)
2024 T6 300°F (149°C)
6061 T6 300°F (149°C)
7050 T7X 300°F (149°C)
7075 T73 300°F (149°C)
7075 T6 250°F (121°C)
7075 T76 250°F (121°C)
A356/356 T6 295°F (146°C)
A357/357 T6X 295°F (146°C)
2024 T3 200°F (93°C)
2024 T4 200°F (93°C)
1 – 200°F (93°C)
Steel 2 2 275°F (135°C)
All other All other
450°F (232°C)
steel parts steel parts
Titanium All All 450°F (232°C)
NOTES:
1 All shot peened aluminum.
2 Carburized parts, induction hardened parts, and parts tempered at 300° to 450°F (149° to 232°C).
8-00-00
Page 46 Rev. 4 17 JUN 2011 ECCN EAR99
BHT-ALL-SPM
8-40. UNWANTED PARTICLES — CHEMICAL

The type of material for the particles can be steel, IDENTIFICATION
silver, aluminum, magnesium, bronze, copper,
phenolic, or rubber (paragraph 8-39). SPECIAL TOOLS REQUIRED
8-39. UNWANTED PARTICLES — VISUAL

IDENTIFICATION NUMBER NOMENCLATURE
Commercial Test Tubes (Qty 2)

1. Visually identify the unwanted particles in shape,
size, quantity, and type of material as follows:
MATERIALS REQUIRED
a. Visually examine the color and hardness of Refer to Chapter 13 for specifications.
the particles.
NUMBER NOMENCLATURE
b. Refer to Table 8-20 to determine the probable C-431 Hydrochloric Acid

cause and the corrective action to perform after you
identify the particles. C-432 Nitric Acid
C-501 Sodium Chloride

NOTE
NOTE
There is evidence of ferrous metal particles
on a chip detector if the related caution The process of chemical identification
indication (message/annunciator) is shown allows you to identify minute particles that
on the display unit or caution and warning are too small to be examined for color and
panel, as applicable. hardness.
NOTE
c. Identify and collect ferrous metal particles
Identification of silver plate flakes in the oil
from screens or filter elements with a permanent
is not cause for replacement of the
magnet.
component.
d. Refer to Figure 8-5 to identify the ferrous Silver plate is a soft material that is used as
particles on chip detectors, the probable cause, and an additional lubricant for gear meshing,
the corrective action to perform. therefore it is not critical to the component.
1. To identify a silver particle, do the following:

e. A small amount of minute particles is a sign of
normal wear. If the particles are too small to be visually
identified, do a chemical identification of the particles WARNING
(paragraph 8-40).
ALWAYS ADD ACID TO WATER. NEVER

2. When the particles are large enough to be
ADD WATER TO ACID. IF WATER IS
identified as fragments of a part such as a gear, a ADDED TO ACID, A VIOLENT CHEMICAL
bearing, etc., you must replace or repair the REACTION CAN OCCUR AND CAUSE
component. Refer to the applicable Component Repair INJURIES TO PERSONS.
and Overhaul manual (CR&O).
a. Mix a solution of 50% by volume of nitric acid
(C-432) and 50% of water in a test tube.
3. If there is evidence of metallic particles but you
are not sure about the serviceability of the component, b. Mix a solution of 5% by weight of sodium
do a serviceability check. Refer to the applicable chloride (C-501) and 95% of water in a second test
Maintenance Manual (MM). tube.
8-00-00
BHT-ALL-SPM
Table 8-20. Unwanted Particles — Visual Identification
MATERIAL DESCRIPTION CORRECTIVE ACTION CAUSE
Aluminum Particles are in granular No action is required if the This can be the result
Magnesium form or particles look like quantity is small and the of the use of mallets or
miniature lathe turnings. particles are found at the drifts at assembly.
first inspection after an It can also indicate
overhaul or major wear on the oil pump
maintenance. internal surfaces or an
unusual interference.
Replace or repair the
component if the quantity
is large or if particles are
found at subsequent
inspections. 1
Silver Small amount of No action is required if This can be the result

particles in flake form or you find the particles of wear on silver plated
powder. during the first 100 hours parts such as bearing
of operation, at overhaul, cages and input pinion
or at first inspection. gear teeth. The
quantity can be
Replace or repair the relatively large until the
component if you find the part is fully "broken-in".
particles after the first
inspection of the first 100
hours and the quantity is
large. 1
Copper (Bronze) Particles are in a Replace or repair the This can be the result
granular form. component if the quantity of wear on the oil pump
is large. 1 sleeve bearings or the
bronze cages.
Chips. None This can be the result

of the use of mallets or
drifts at assembly.
Phenolic Chips, flakes, or powder. None This can be the result

of the use of mallets or
drifts at assembly.
Rubber Different shapes and None Material cut from the

sizes; usually have one packings at assembly.
rounded side.
NOTE:
1 Refer to the applicable Component Repair and Overhaul manual (CR&O) for repair information.
8-00-00
Page 48 Rev. 4 17 JUN 2011 ECCN EAR99
BHT-ALL-SPM
Figure 8-5. Visual Identification of Ferrous Particles on Chip Detectors (Sheet 1 of 2)
8-00-00
16 FEB 2007 Rev. 2 Page 49
BHT-ALL-SPM
Figure 8-5. Visual Identification of Ferrous Particles on Chip Detectors (Sheet 2 of 2)
8-00-00
Page 50 Rev. 2 16 FEB 2007
BHT-ALL-SPM
c. Add a particle of the material to be tested to 7. To identify a magnesium particle, do the

the nitric acid solution. If the particle does not dissolve, following:
slightly warm the solution.
a. Put a small quantity of nitric acid (C-432) in a
d. When the particle dissolves, add a few drops test tube.
of the sodium chloride solution to the nitric acid
solution. b. Add a particle of the material to be tested to
the nitric acid (C-432).
e. If a white precipitate forms, the particle is
silver.
NOTE
2. Empty the two test tubes and rinse with water If the particle is aluminum, there will be no
until they are clean. effect with the nitric acid (C-432).
c. If a rapid emission of bubbles occurs, the

3. To identify a copper or bronze particle, do the particle is magnesium.
following:
d. Remove flakes of magnesium oxide with the
a. Put a small quantity of nitric acid (C-432) in a Plastic Media Blasting (PMB) method. For PMB
test tube. procedures, refer to Chapter 3 and for additional
information on paint removers, refer to Chapter 4
b. Add a particle of the material to be tested to (Figure 8-6).
the nitric acid (C-432).
8. Empty the test tube and rinse with water until it is
c. If a green precipitate forms, the particle is clean.
copper or bronze.
8-41. HYDRAULIC PRESS PRESSURE
4. Empty the test tube and rinse with water until it is GAUGE — MEASURING UNIT
clean. CONVERSION
5. To identify an aluminum particle, do the following: Hydraulic presses in the industry are equipped with a
pressure gauge to monitor the pressure applied to the
compontn that is assembled or disassembled.
a. Put a small quantity of Hydrochloric acid
(C-431) in a test tube. These pressure gauges use different measuring units
for graduation. Some use ton-force (newton),
b. Add a particle of the material to be tested to pound-force (newton), while others use PSI (KPa).
the Hydrochloric acid (C-431).
Bell Helicopter Textron manuals also use these
c. If the particle gradually disintegrates with a different measuring units.
rapid emission of bubbles and forms a black residue
(aluminum chloride), then it is aluminum. While converting ton-force to pound-force is relatively
simple (1 ton-force (8896 N) = 2000 pound-force
6. Empty the test tube and rinse with water until it is (8896 N), converting pound-force (N) to PSI (kPa)
clean. requires more calculations (paragraph 8-42).
8-00-00
BHT-ALL-SPM
A
A
SectionAA
1
SPM_08_0008
Figure 8-6. Magnesium Oxide Flakes — Visual Identification
8-00-00
BHT-ALL-SPM
8-42. MEASURING UNIT CONVERSION — A = Surface area of the piston (1)

POUND-FORCE (N) TO PSI (KPA)
d = Diameter of the piston (1)
CAUTION
3.1416 X (d2)
A=
WHEN YOU USE A HYDRAULIC PRESS, 4
MAKE SURE YOU APPLY THE
REQUIRED PRESSURE. FAILURE TO 5. To complete the conversion from pound-force (N)
USE THE CORRECT PRESSURE GAUGE to PSI (kPa), use the following formula:
MEASURING UNITS CAN RESULT IN
COSTLY DAMAGE AND POSSIBLE P = Pressure on the pressure gauge in PSI
INJURY. (KPa)
1. To use the following conversion formulas you F = Force to be applied in pound-force (N)
must know the diameter, or the surface area of the
piston (1, Figure 8-7) in the servo actuator of the
A = Surface of the piston (1) in square inch
hydraulic press.
(cm2)
NOTE
The diameter that is needed for the F
calculation is the diameter of the piston (1) P
not the ram (4). A
2. The diameter or surface area of this piston (1) is 6. For examples of the pressure required in PSI
usually printed on the servo actuator or the hydraulic (kPa) to get 8000 pound-force (35,586 N) of pressure
press. It can also can be found in the operator’s for different piston (1) diameters, refer to the following:
manual or obtained from the manufacturer. As a last
resort, the servo actuator can be disassembled and
the piston diameter measured.
DIAMETER SURFACE AREA PRESSURE
3. Once obtained, print the diameter and the surface
area of the piston (1) on the hydraulic press for future 1.0 inch 0.8 square inch 10,000 PSI
reference. (2.5 cm) (5.1 cm2) (68,948 kPa)
2.0 inches 3.1 square inches 2581 PSI

(5.08 cm) (20.3 cm2) (17,795 kPa)
NOTE
If you already have the piston (1) surface 3.0 inches 7.1 square inches 1127 PSI
area go to step 5. (7.62 cm) (45.6 cm2) (7770 kPa)
4.0 inches 12.6 square inches 635 PSI

4. Calculate the piston (1) surface area with the (10.16 cm) (81.1 cm2) (4378 kPa)
following formula. The calculation to one decimal
place is sufficient:
8-00-00
BHT-ALL-SPM
PISTON DIAMETER
P
1
1. Piston
2. Cylinder
3. Spring
4. Ram
ALL_SPM_08_0007
Figure 8-7. Hydraulic Press Servo Actuator
8-00-00

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BHT-ALL-SPM

CHAPTER 8 — MISCELLANEOUS PRACTICES

Paragraph Chapter/Section Page

8-1 Clamping of Rigid Tubes and Flexible Hoses ................................ 8-00-00 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT)

Paragraph Chapter/Section Page

8-39 Unwanted Particles — Visual Identification .............................. 8-00-00 47

8-1 Gears — Methods for Spline and Teeth Wear Measurement............................. 14

8-1 Approximate Holdover Times (HOT) for De-icing/Anti-icing Fluid....................... 9

8-18 Systems of Units — Degree Celsius (°C) to Degree Fahrenheit (°F)

8-3. CONTROL TUBE (ADJUSTABLE)

d. Turn the control tube in both directions by

NUMBER NOMENCLATURE e. If one spherical self-aligning bearing has more

Refer to Chapter 13 for specifications. NOTE

C-317 Adhesive If a new component is built up from spare or

1. Clean the back side of the data plate and the

a. Abrade lightly with a 400 grit abrasive cloth or

• Material: aluminum alloy T0 or T3 3. Place a 4-mil thread in the adhesive (C-317) on

8-8. DE-ICING, ANTI-ICING, AND SNOW

Refer to Chapter 13 for accelerated cure

6. Before the adhesive (C-317) cures, remove any NUMBER NOMENCLATURE

8-7. DE-ICING, ANTI-ICING, AND SNOW

DO NOT REMOVE SNOW WITH OTHER

• Pitot tubes and static ports

It is difficult to make an accurate estimate of the • Inside cowlings and fairings

8-9. DE-ICING, ANTI-ICING, AND SNOW

SPECIAL TOOLS REQUIRED DO NOT APPLY A HOT (180 ° F(82°C))

MATERIALS REQUIRED NOTE

Refer to Chapter 13 for specifications. The de-icing/anti-icing fluid (C-394) may

c. Heat solution to 180°F (82°C) for most

DE-ICING/ANTI-ICING FLUID (C-394) IS

NOTE d. Spray the diluted solution of de-icing/anti-icing

NOTE (2) Apply a course stream to loosen and

HIGH DOSES CAN BE HARMFUL OR

e. Before you start the helicopter, do a visual

f. After landing, remove the de-icing/anti-icing DO NOT SPRAY DILUTED OR NON-

MATERIALS REQUIRED Refer to paragraph 8-9 for instructions on

b. Before you start the helicopter, do a visual

a. Clean the helicopter with freshwater or with a

Table 8-1. Approximate Holdover Times (HOT) for De-icing/Anti-icing Fluid

APPROXIMATE HOT VS. WEATHER CONDITIONS (MINUTES)

OAT 1 FROST FREEZING LIGHT MODERATE

27 to 21°F (-3 to -6°C) 45 8 to 14 8 to 13 5 to 8

20 to 14°F (-7 to -10°C) 45 6 to 10 6 to 10 4 to 6

1 Outside Air Temperature (OAT).

MATERIALS REQUIRED c. Never expose a packing to solvent. This can

NUMBER NOMENCLATURE d. To install a preformed packing in the groove of

C-072 Hydraulic Fluid

C-516 Low-lint Cleaning Cloth f. Lubrication of packings must be as follows,

1 Mobilgrease 28 is preferred. (1) Always use an assembly fluid (C-024) to

(a) For packings operating in contact

ALWAYS INSTALL NEW PACKINGS OR (b) For packings operating in contact

e. Lubricate single and double lip seals with NOTE

f. During storage or when you handle packings,