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Research IV
Quarter 1

Science, Technology and

Engineering Program
Research IV – Grade 10
Self-Learning Module (SLM): Research …..
Quarter 1 – Module 1: First Edition, 2020

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Research
Quarter 1-Week 1:

Review the Nature and

Characteristics of Research

DAVE D. DAZA

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Introductory Message
For the learner:

Hello, young Researchers! How are you? Were you able to write and present
your research study last year? Were you also able to present your study on
Science/Research Exhibit or Science Congress? That would be a good experience!

Hope you are excited to learn something new! This module was designed to
provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent
learning at your own pace and time. It is made to help you conduct an
enhance/continuing research project, practice constant consultation with experts,
and finalize your research paper. The lessons are arranged following the content
standards of the Research 10 curriculum guide with their corresponding learning
competencies.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
3. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
4. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
5. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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Pre-assessment

Before we start, kindly answer the 15-item test to check what you know
about our lesson.

Direction: Read each question carefully. Choose the best answer. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

I. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

_______ 1. A variable that is applied to the experimental unit and can be changed
to see its effect.
a. dependent b. independent c. single
d. none of the above

_______ 2. In Research, what does CRD stand for?

a. Central Registration Depository c. Chronic Respiratory
disease.
b. Completely Randomized Design d. Common Route
Definition

_______ 3. A variable that is being tested in the experiment and is affected by

another type of variable.
a. dependent b. independent c. single
d. none of the above

_______ 4. An educated guess based on related facts.

a. Data gathering c. drawing conclusion
b. hypothesis d. analyzing the data

_______ 5. Making a concrete statement based on the results of the experiment.

a. Data gathering c. drawing conclusion
b. hypothesis d. analysing the data

_______ 6. Reasons for conducting peer review include all of the following except
a. Analysing the experimental design
b. Pointing out possible bias
c. Identifying an illogical conclusion
d. Changing data to support the hypothesis

_______ 7. An experimental design included references from prior experiments,

materials and equipment, and step-by-step procedures. What else
should be included before the experiment can be started?
a. A set of data
b. A conclusion based on data
c. Safety precautions to be used
d. An inference based on results

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 _______ 8. Which statement about the use of independent variables in controlled
experiments is correct?
a. A different independent variable must be used each time an
experiment is repeated.
b. The independent variable must involve time.
c. Only one independent variable is used for each experiment.
d. The independent variables state the problems tested.

_______ 9. A research based on practical experience without the benefit of

scientific knowledge or theory.
a. logical c. empirical
b. cyclical d. analytical

_______ 10. A decision-oriented research which involves the application of the

steps of scientific method in response to an immediate need for
improvement of existing practices.

a. Action research c. Pure research

b. Applied research d. Laboratory research

I. Modified TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statements is correct, and if

the statement is false, change the underlined word to the correct one.

_______ 1. Research intended to all bodies of scientific knowledge in order to

discover the basic truth or principles is called Pure research.

_______ 2. The response variable is independent variable.

_______ 3. A variable which alters the relationship between the independent

variable and dependent variable is intervening variable.

_______ 4. A research is logical if it is based on valid procedures or principles.

_______ 5. A variable which interferes with the independent and dependent

variables but whose effects can either strengthen or weaken the
independent and dependent variables is moderate variable.

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 Revisiting the Concepts of
Module
1-W1 Research Paper
This chapter presents the meaning of research, the characteristics of the
researcher, characteristics, of research, type of research, classification of research,
meaning of variables, types of variables, values of research, and components of the
research process.

What is Research?
Research may be defined as a scientific investigation of phenomena which
includes collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of facts that links
man’s speculation with reality.

Simply put, research is the organized search for knowledge. To put a finer
point on it, it is the systematic gathering and study of facts to increase knowledge,
and test a theory or educated guess, also known as hypothesis.

Characteristics of the Research

There are six characteristics of research.

1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the

researcher. The collection of data relies on practical experience without
benefit of the scientific knowledge or theory.

2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedure and principles. Scientific

investigation is done in an orderly manner so that the researcher has
confidence on the results. Logical examination of the procedures used in the
research enables the researcher to draw valid conclusions. Thus, the logic of
valid research makes it important for decision making.

3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process. It starts with a problem and ends

with a problem. For instance, a researcher who completes his study states
his findings and draws up his conclusions and recommendations. In his
recommendations, many problems may crop up as other subjects for study
hence, the cycle is repeated.

4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the

data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental, or case study. In
historical research, the data gathered focus in the past; in descriptive
research, the study focuses on the present situation; experimental, future;
and in case study, past, present, and future.

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 5. Replicability. The Research designs and procedures are replicated to enable
the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results. Similarities and
differences of replicated researches can be compared. The more replications
of researches, the more valid and conclusive the results would be.

6. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgement. A higher level of

confidence must be established, i.e., at 1.0 per cent or 5.0 per cent level of
confidence. Based on these levels of confidence, the researcher is confidently
precise in his interpretations on whether the results are significant or
insignificant, or whether to reject or accept the hypothesis.

Types of Research

There are three types of research.

1. Pure research. This is also called “basic research” or “fundamental research.”

It aims to discover basic truths or principles. It is intended to add to the
body of scientific knowledge by exploring the unknown to discover new facts,
and learn more accurately the characteristics of known without any
particular thought as to immediate practical utility (Shubin, 1971).

2. Applied research. This type of research involves seeking new applications of

scientific knowledge to the solution of a problem, such as the development of
a new system or procedure, new device, or new method in order to solve the
problem. In this type of research, the problem is identified and a new system
or new method is applied in order to solve the problem. For instance, to solve
problem of rice shortage, research on using new varieties of rice has been
conducted for the purpose of producing more rice. Another problem is
population explosion. To solve this problem, research on the effectiveness of
the different contraceptives for family planning has been conducted to
alleviate the number of children per family.

3. Action research. This is a decision-oriented research involving the application

of the steps of the scientific method in response to an immediate need to
improve existing practices. This process involves practitioners who study a
certain problem in vivo and from such experience draw their decisions and
actions as well as evaluation. For instance, the culture of seaweed,
particularly Eucheuma using the broadcasting method has existed in the
locality and can be improved by using staking and bamboo rafts methods.

Classification of Research

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 Research is classified as library, field, and laboratory research.

1. Library research. This is done in the library where answers to specific

questions or problems of the study are available. The historical method lends
itself to library research because the study is focused on the past, and much
of the primary and secondary sources are found in the library. Some
historical evidence may, of course, be from archaeological findings.
Field and laboratory researches also make use of the library
researches but the answers to certain problems are not available in the
library. The data are gathered through survey or experimentation.

2. Field research. Research is conducted in a natural setting. No changes are

made in the environment. Field research is both applicable to descriptive
survey and experimental methods.

An example of field research using the experimental method is “The

Cultivation of green Mussel using Bamboo Raft and Staking Methods in
Bulobadyang Island, Estancia, Iloilo.” In this study, the green mussel is
cultured in the natural environment. All things are made equal except the
methods used in cultivation.

3. Laboratory research. The research is conducted in artificial or controlled

conditions by isolating the study in a rigorously specified and
operationalized area. The purpose are (1) to test hypotheses derived from
theory, (2) to control variance under research conditions, and (3) to discover
the relations between the dependent and independent variables.

An example of laboratory research using the descriptive method is

“The Effectiveness of traditional and Modern Methods of Teaching Physics.”
The researcher who should be a Physics teacher should choose his subjects
of the study (the students) with almost the same mental ability in both
traditional and modern methods. Test is the instrument used to gather data
in this study. All things are made equal except the method used.

Meaning of Variable

A variable is defined as a quantity or a “characteristics that has two or more

mutually exclusive values of properties.” (Sevilla et al., 1992). Numerical values or
categories represent these quantities or characteristics.

Types of Variable

There are five types of variables. These are the (1) independent variable, (2)
dependent variable, (3) moderate variable, (4) control variable, and (5) intervening
variable.

1. Independent variable. This is the stimulus variable in which is chosen by the

researcher to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon. For

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 instance, a researcher worker wants to ascertain the effect of educational
qualifications (EQ) on performance. He takes a group of high EQ teachers
and observes their performance. Likewise, he takes another group of low EQ
mentors and observes their performance. In this particular example, EQ is
the independent variable because it is manipulated.
2. Dependent variable. This is the response variable which is observed and
measured to determine the effect of the independent variable. For instance,
an investigator wants to determine the effect of educational qualification
(EQ) on performance. He takes a group of high EQ teachers and observes
their performance. In this example, the dependent variable is performance
because it changes as a result of variations in EQ. if EQ is high, what
happens to performance? If EQ is low, what happens to performance?
3. Moderate variable. This is a secondary or special type of independent
variable chosen by the researcher to ascertain if it alters or modifies the
relationships between the independent and dependent variables. For
example, if an investigator wants to determine the effects of the independent
variable A on the dependent variable B, but suspects that a third factor C,
alters or modifies the relationship between A and B, then C is considered the
moderator variable.
4. Control variable. This is a variable controlled by the researcher in which the
effects can be neutralized by eliminating or removing the variable. For
example, the researcher wishes to determine the effects of A (independent
variable) on B (dependent variable). He may control D (control variable)
because he cannot do many variables simultaneously. In other words, he
may remove or eliminate D to neutralize the effects. Control variable will
guarantee that it will not have a moderating effect on the relationship
between A and B.
5. Intervening variable. This is a variable which interferes with the independent
and dependent variables, but its effects can either strengthen or weaken the
independent and dependent variables. For example, a research worker wants
to ascertain how A (independent variable) will affect B (dependent variable).
It is possible that F (intervening variable) might have an effect on B.

Let’s try a simple exercise if you’ve understood what you read about the
different types of variables.

Refer to the table/graph to answer Questions 1-3. Write your answer

on a separate sheet of paper.

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 Activity 1: VARIABLES

GUIDED QUESTION:

1. What is the independent variable?

_____________________________________________________________________

2. What is the dependent variable?

_____________________________________________________________________

3. How are the independent and dependent variable related? Be as

precise as you can. (3 pts)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

When conducting Research, scientists/researchers use the Scientific Method

to collect measurable, empirical evidence in an experiment related to a hypothesis,
the results aiming to support or contradict a theory.

Scientific Method

Scientific method is a systematic way of arriving at answers to questions or

solutions to problems. It is a pattern or body of techniques used to investigate a
phenomenon, acquire new knowledge, or correct and integrate previous knowledge.
You may study below figure 1. Scientific method to review your knowledge of the
Research process.

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 Figure 1. Scientific Method

Done reviewing the Scientific Method? Let’s see if you can still know
how to use it. Try the second activity.

ACTIVITY 2: Scientific Method

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Procedure:

1. Get/Prepare 1 pack of NIPS (milk chocolate sachet, any size).

2. Decide on one (1) question you would like to answer about your pack of
NIPS.  Write it down.  (DO NOT OPEN)

3. Guess what the answer to your question might be (hypothesize).  Write it

down.  (DO NOT OPEN)

4. Open your pack of NIPS and answer your questions (data

collection/experimentation) 

5. Based on your gathered data, write a conclusion and state whether your
hypothesis is accepted or rejected.

6. You may follow the format below.

ACTIVITY 2
Scientific Method
PROBLEM:
HYPOTHESIS:
EXPERIMENT:
DATA PRESENTATION:
CONCLUSION:

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 ASSESSMENT

Alright! You are a step closer on finishing the first part of this module.

Direction: Read each question carefully. Choose the best answer. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

II.Choose the letter of the correct answer. 10 pts.

_______ 1. A variable that is applied to the experimental unit and can be changed
to see its effect.
a. dependent b. independent c. single d.
none of the above

_______ 2. In Research, what does CRD stand for?

a. Central Registration Depository c. Chronic Respiratory
disease.
b. Completely Randomized Design d. Common Route
Definition

_______ 3. A variable that is being tested in the experiment and is affected by

another type of variable.
a. dependent b. independent c. single d.
none of the above

_______ 4. An educated guess based on related facts.

a. Data gathering c. drawing conlcusion
b. hypothesis d. analyzing the data

_______ 5. Making a concrete statement based on the results of the experiment.

a. Data gathering c. drawing conlcusion
b. hypothesis d. analysing the data

_______ 6. Reasons for conducting peer review include all of the following except
a. Analysing the experimental design
b. Pointing out possible bias
c. Identifying an illogical conclusion
d. Changing data to support the hypothesis

_______ 7. An experimental design included references from prior experiments,

materials and equipment, and step-by-step procedures. What else
should be included before the experiment can be started?
a. A set of data
b. A conclusion based on data
c. Safety precautions to be used
d. An inference based on results
_______ 8. Which statement about the use of independent variables in controlled
experiments is correct?
a. A different independent variable must be used each time an
experiment is repeated.
b. The independent variable must involve time.
c. Only one independent variable is used for each experiment.
d. The independent variables state the problems tested.

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 _______ 9. A research based on practical experience without the benefit of
scientific knowledge or theory.
a. logical c. empirical
b. cyclical d. analytical

_______ 10. A decision-oriented research which involves the application of the

steps of scientific method in response to an immediate need for
improvement of existing practices.
a. Action research c. Pure research
b. Applied research d. Laboratory research

II. Modified TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statements is correct, and if
the statement is false, change the underlined word to the correct one. 5
pts.

_______ 1. Research intended to all bodies of scientific knowledge in order to

discover the basic truth or principles is called Pure research.

_______ 2. The response variable is independent variable.

_______ 3. A variable which alters the relationship between the independent

variable and dependent variable is intervening variable.

_______ 4. A research is logical if it is based on valid procedures or principles.

_______ 5. A variable which interferes with the independent and dependent

variables but whose effects can either strengthen or weaken the
independent and dependent variables is moderate variable.

III. Scientific skills and Method

Pls include direction specifying tasks to be done by learners

1. Tom wanted to test his hypothesis that plants grow better at room
temperature than in cold temperatures. He placed an ivy plant in the
refrigerator, which had no light source. He also placed a spider plant in the
window in his room.
a. What is the independent variable? 1 pt.
b. What is the dependent variable? 1 pt.
c. What was wrong with Tom’s Experiment? 3 pts.

2. During your free time, you’ve noticed that placing a drinking glass or jar over
a lit candle causes the flame to die out. You think that the scientific method
can help you figure out how and why this happens. Make a flowchart
showing the different steps of the scientific method to show how you
can answer your problem. Present the different components/steps of
scientific method using a flowchart. (10 points)

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References

Calmorin, L.P & M.A. Calmorin 2005. Methods of research and Thesis Writing. 1 st
Edition. (Reprint) Manila: Rex Books Store.

Devin Hag. “Scientific Method Practice.” 2015. PDF file.

Calderon, J.F, Ed. D & Gonzales, E.C. 2018. “Methods of Research and Thesis
Writing.” QUAD ALPHA CENTRUM BLDG. 125 Pioneer St., Mandaluyong City.
National Book Store.

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