Flywheel Energy Storage System Design For: Distribution Network
Flywheel Energy Storage System Design For: Distribution Network
Flywheel Energy Storage System Design For: Distribution Network
Distribution Network
Jiancheng Zhang, a y e Chen, Lijun Cai,and Yuhua Zhao
North China Electric Power University
B. TheMagnetic Bearing
hl0t.d-
md Flyahcrl The bearing serves as the support of the
Fwl C&on of a FES syltan
flywheel. Mechanical bearing in the past
cannot be adopted, as it causes a lot of
motor/generator and makes the flywheel fiction and has a short life with high speed.
accelerate with the ever-increasing amplitude The electro-permanent magnetic bearing
and frequency of the AC voltage. At the system is composed of permanent magnets,
generating times, the motor/generator drived which support the weight of the flywheel by
by the AC power converter rotates slower and their repelling fotce, and electromagnets,
slower returning the energy to DC bus, at the which keep the flywheel stable. This sort of
same time, the AC power converter bearing can reduce the friction and lengthen
transforms the DC energy into 50Hz the life span, but the controlling system of
alternating currents and sends to consumer electromagnets is too complex. The current
bus via a transformer. In the following, the ideal bearing is the high-temperature
four parts in the FES system will be discussed superconducting magnetic bearing under
in detail. study. The flywheel is suspended by the
repelling and pulling force, which is
A. TheFlywheeI
generated by the action of obstructing and
As the medium carrying energy, the passing magnetic flux through
flywheel has such merits as high efficiency, superconductor. This type of force can situate
long life, easy to maintain and fiee of the flywheel automaticalIy and then is no
pollution, and, therefore, attracts a great deal need for electricity and complex position-
of attention Extractable flywheel energy is controlling system. Therefore, this type of
expressed as; bearing has such merits as high speed, less
AE=X.J.(wk -0L) (1) fiction, small size and compact structure.
where: However, the h@-temperature
superconductor is very expensive, and liquid
AE = extractable flywheel enexgy nitrogen has to be used for cooling in
J = flywheel moment of inertia
operation so as to keep the superconductive
W, =maxi" flywheel operating speed state. The FES system discussed in this article
..
="mum flywheel operating speed uses a type of bearing assembled by
permanent magnet and oil bearing. 90 percent
The fmulation in (1) illustrates the of the weight of the flywheel is suspended by
advantage of high speed flywheel operation the attracting force of the permanent magnet,
Since extractable energy is proportion to the and the friction of the oil bearing is greatly
square of the operating speed, low mass, high reduced. The oil bearing is used to stabilise
speed units can be designed to provide high the flywheel. This type of bearing allows as a
energy dencities. Therefore, new composite high speed as 10,000 rpm, and needs very
material with high a,/? parameter can little maintenance.
greatly increase the speed of the flywheel,
and accordingly the capacity of the FES C. TheMotor/Generator
system will increase. The optimal material for In the FES system,the exchange of electric
the flywheel is carbon fibre, the linear energy and kinetic energy is done via the
velocity of which can exceed 1000 m/s. The motor/generator. When the flywheel stores
flywheel designed in this article is made of energy, the motor/generator operates as a
steel. Its outer radius is 0.40 m, the inner motor and the flywheel accelerates. When the
radius 0.24 m, the thickness 0.20 m, and the flywheel releases energy, the motodgenerator
inertia 54.60 kgm'. In normal operation, the acts as a generator, and the flywheel
I!ji!j--@
MZ3r
F a 2 ACpcnacraavcrtcr
T b Ptvrpc AC Llnk
voltage phase and amplitude of the
customer bus. The phase signal is used to
keep the phase of Inverter A in line with the
phase of the distribution system. The
amplitude signal is used to regulate the AC
power fiom the DC bus passes Inverter B voltage of Inverter A and decide the
and is transformed into three-phase AC running status of Inverter B. PID cuntrol
power wrth adjustable frequency and method is adopted for the voltage stability
amplitude of voltage, which is used to drive and modified as follows:
the motor/generator. Because the The proportional coefficient is not a
mdor/generator is designed to opemte at a canstant. It varies regularly with the
constant power during storage or release voltage of the measured bus.
period, the frequency and amplitude of the A maximum is set for the integral lest
voltage from Inverter B will have to meet the integral is too big and the stability
the following: of the system is a m e d .
U = const
- (2) When the error (the voltage sag)
0 changes its sign, the integral plays a
reaction role. Thus it is necessary to set
Inverter A mainly serves the purpose of the integral to zero in order to ensure
inverting the DC power into three-phase the stability of the system.
AC power with the frequency being 5OHz A neighbourhood to zero is set to be
and the amplitude and phase of the voltage -
-2% +2%. Any error in this range is
assumed to be zero.
being adjustable. The AC power, then,
I 249.6
235.4
223.4
I 100
90
80
I
207.2 70
I 195.6 60
1 180.0 I 50 1
V .CONCLUSIONS
me voltage quality and the reliability of
power supply can be guaranteed ifthe FES
system can be installed in the distribution
network. Compared with other energy
storage techniques, FES system has such
merits as larlpe SED, hi& efficiency, long
fife span, and fiee of enviranmantal
pollution. The magnetic suspension of the
bearing and the vacuumd space around the
flywheel enable the FES system to work
witb 80% efficiency. ITlw FES unit can be
mstalled underground the customer site. it
takes no space and needs no more new
Eacilities. Further study will make it
possible to design FES unit with hi&
eflicimcy and larspr capacity. If a number
of FES units are installed sepamdy m the
power system, tbe problem of electric
utility load levelling could be solved.
REERENCES
Kirk,.TA. and hand,D.K, “ovapiew of a
Flywheel Stack Eeetgy S-e System”.
proC.23rd Wersoc. Enagy Conv. w.
M., Denver, CO, USA, Jnl31-Aq 5 1988.
Hq&qM.A, “Flywheel Energy Storage fw
Electric utility L4Xd Leveling“, Maryland
20740,USA 1991.
Neimeyer,X,.H., “A High E f f i u e ~ ~Moter
y for
the hAagneticelly Ehqemkd Flywheel Stackn,
M S Thesis, Univ. of MD,1989.