Anaphy Notes, I - Cells, Cell Division and Tissue

Cells and Tissues – C, O, H, N
∙ Carry out all chemical activities needed

to sustain life.
REVEIW on CELLS ,CELL ∙ Cells are the building blocks of all living
DIVISION, TISSUES things
∙ Tissues are groups of cells that are
similar in structure and function
∙ Structure reflects function
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.1
Anatomy of the Generalized Cell The Nucleus

∙ Cells are not all the same ∙ Control center
∙ All cells share general structures of the cell
∙ Cells are organized into three main ∙ Contains genetic
regions material (DNA)
∙ Nucleus ∙ Three regions

∙ Cytoplasm ∙ Nuclear
membrane
∙ Plasma membrane
∙ Nucleolus
∙ Chromatin
Figure 3.1a Figure 3.1b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.3
Nuclear Membrane – double Nucleoli

membrane or envelope
∙ Barrier of nucleus
∙ Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli
∙ Consists of a double phospholipid
membrane ∙ Sites of ribosome production
∙ Contain nuclear pores that allow for ∙ Ribosomes then migrate to the
exchange of material with the rest of the cytoplasm through nuclear pores
cell – selectively permeable
Chromatin (when not dividing) Plasma Membrane
∙ Barrier for cell contents

∙ Composed of DNA and protein ∙ Double phospholipid layer (fat – water)
∙ Hydrophilic heads
∙ Scattered throughout the nucleus
∙ Hydrophobic tails
∙ Chromatin condenses to form
∙ Other materials in plasma membrane
chromosomes when the cell divides
∙ Protein
∙ Cholesterol
∙ Glycoproteins
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.7a
Plasma Membrane Plasma Membrane Specializations
∙ Microvilli
∙ Finger-like
projections that
increase surface
area for absorption
∙ Small intestine and
nephrons of kidney
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.2
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.7b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.8a
Cytoplasm Cytoplasmic Organelles
∙ Material outside the nucleus and inside

the plasma membrane
∙ Cytosol
∙ Fluid that suspends other elements
∙ Organelles
∙ Metabolic machinery of the cell
∙ Inclusions
∙ Non-functioning units – fat, pigments…..
Figure 3.4
Cytoplasmic Organelles Cytoplasmic Organelles
∙ Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
∙ Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances
∙ Ribosomes
∙ Two types of ER
∙ Made of protein and RNA
∙ Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
∙ Sites of protein synthesis
∙ Studded with ribosomes
∙ Found at two locations ∙ Site where building materials of cellular
∙ Free in the cytoplasm membrane are formed
∙ Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum ∙ Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

∙ Functions in cholesterol synthesis and
breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification
of drugs
∙ Golgi apparatus
∙ Modifies and packages proteins
Figure 3.5
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.13a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.13b

∙ Lysosomes
∙ Contain enzymes that digest nonusable ∙ Mitochondria
materials within the cell
∙ “Powerhouses” of the cell
∙ Peroxisomes
∙ Change shape continuously
∙ Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
∙ Carry out reactions where oxygen is used
∙ Detoxify harmful substances to break down food
∙ Break down free radicals ∙ Provides ATP for cellular energy
(highly reactive chemicals)
∙ Replicate by pinching in half
∙ Cytoskeleton
∙ Cytoskeleton ∙ Three different types
∙ Network of protein structures that extend ∙ Microfilaments
throughout the cytoplasm
∙ Intermediate
∙ Provides the cell with an internal framework filaments
∙ Microtubules
Figure 3.6
Cytoplasmic Organelles Cellular Projections
∙ Not found in all cells

∙ Centrioles
∙ Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules ∙ Used for movement
∙ Direct formation of mitotic spindle during ∙ Cilia moves materials across the cell
cell division surface
∙ Flagellum propels the cell
Cell Diversity Cell Diversity
Figure 3.7; 3
Figure 3.7; 1, 2
Cell Diversity Cell Diversity
Figure 3.7; 6, 7
Figure 3.7; 4, 5
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.19c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.19d
Cell Diversity Cellular Physiology:

Membrane Transport
∙ Membrane Transport – movement of

substance into and out of the cell
∙ Transport is by two basic methods
∙ Passive transport
∙ No energy is required
∙ Active transport
∙ The cell must provide metabolic energy
Figure 3.7; 6, 7
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.19d Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.20
Selective Permeability Passive Transport Processes

∙ Diffusion
∙ Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly
∙ The plasma membrane allows some within a solution
materials to pass while excluding others ∙ Movement is
from high
∙ This permeability includes movement concentration
into and out of the cell to low
concentration,
or down a
concentration
gradient
Figure 3.8
Passive Transport Processes Diffusion through the Plasma
Membrane
∙ Types of diffusion
∙ Osmosis – simple diffusion of water
∙ Highly polar water easily crosses the
plasma membrane
∙ Facilitated diffusion (glucose)
∙ Substances require a protein carrier for
passive transport
Figure 3.9
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.24b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.25
Passive Transport Processes Active Transport Processes (ATP)

∙ Transport substances that are unable to pass
by diffusion
∙ Filtration ∙ They may be too large
∙ Water and solutes are forced through a ∙ They may not be able to dissolve in the fat core
membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure of the membrane
∙ A pressure gradient must exist ∙ They may have to move against a concentration
gradient
∙ Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a ∙ Two common forms of active transport
high pressure area to a lower pressure
area ∙ Solute pumping
∙ Bulk transport
Active Transport Processes Active Transport Processes
∙ Solute pumping
∙ Amino acids, some sugars and ions are
transported by solute pumps
∙ ATP energizes protein carriers, and in most
cases, moves substances against
concentration gradients
Figure 3.10
∙ Bulk transport
∙ Exocytosis
∙ Moves materials out of the cell
∙ Material is carried in a membranous vesicle
∙ Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane
∙ Vesicle combines with plasma membrane
∙ Material is emptied to the outside
Figure 3.11
∙ Bulk transport
∙ Endocytosis
∙ Extracellular substances are engulfed by
being enclosed in a membranous
vescicle
∙ Types of endocytosis
∙ Phagocytosis – cell eating
∙ Pinocytosis – cell drinking
Figure 3.12
Cell Life Cycle DNA Replication
∙ Cells have two major periods ∙ Genetic material

duplicated and
∙ Interphase readies a cell for
∙ Cell grows division into two cells
∙ Cell carries on metabolic processes ∙ Occurs toward the
∙ Cell division end of interphase
∙ Cell replicates itself ∙ DNA uncoils and
∙ Function is to produce more cells for each side serves
growth and repair processes as a template
Figure 3.13
Events of Cell Division Stages of Mitosis
∙ Mitosis
∙ Division of the nucleus
∙ Results in the formation of two daughter
nuclei
∙ Cytokinesis
∙ Division of the cytoplasm
∙ Begins when mitosis is near completion
∙ Results in the formation of two daughter
cells Figure 3.14; 1
Stages of Mitosis Protein Synthesis
∙ Gene – DNA segment that carries a

blueprint for building one protein
∙ Proteins have many functions
∙ Building materials for cells
∙ Act as enzymes (biological catalysts)
∙ RNA is essential for protein synthesis
Figure 3.14; 2
Protein Synthesis Role of RNA

∙ Transfer RNA (tRNA)
∙ Gene – DNA segment that carries a ∙ Transfers appropriate amino acids to the
blueprint for building one protein ribosome for building the protein
∙ Proteins have many functions ∙ Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
∙ Building materials for cells ∙ Helps form the ribosomes where proteins
are built
∙ Act as enzymes (biological catalysts)
∙ Messenger RNA
∙ RNA is essential for protein synthesis
∙ Carries the instructions for building a
protein from the nucleus to the ribosome
Transcription and Translation Protein Synthesis
∙ Transcription
∙ Transfer of information from DNA’s base
sequence to the complimentary base
sequence of mRNA
∙ Translation
∙ Base sequence of nucleic acid is translated
to an amino acid sequence
∙ Amino acids are the building blocks of
proteins
Figure 3.15
Body Tissues Epithelial Tissues

∙ Cells are specialized for particular functions ∙ Found in different areas
∙ Tissues ∙ Body coverings
∙ Groups of cells with similar structure and ∙ Body linings
function ∙ Glandular tissue
∙ Four primary types ∙ Functions
∙ Epithelium ∙ Protection
∙ Connective tissue ∙ Absorption
∙ Nervous tissue
∙ Filtration
∙ Muscle
∙ Secretion
Epithelium Characteristics Classification of Epithelium
∙ Cells fit closely together

∙ Tissue layer always has one free ∙ Number of cell layers
surface
∙ Simple – one layer
∙ The lower surface is bound by a
basement membrane ∙ Stratified – more than
one layer
∙ Avascular (have no blood supply)
∙ Regenerate easily if well nourished
Figure 3.16a
Classification of Epithelium Simple Epithelium
∙ Simple squamous
∙ Shape of cells ∙ Single layer of flat
cells
∙ Squamous – flattened
∙ Usually forms
∙ Cuboidal – cube-shaped membranes
∙ Columnar – column-like ∙ Lines body
cavities
∙ Lines lungs and
capillaries
Figure 3.17a
Figure 3.16b
Simple Epithelium Simple Epithelium

∙ Simple cuboidal
∙ Simple columnar
∙ Single layer of
cube-like cells ∙ Single layer of tall
cells
∙ Common in
glands and their ∙ Often includes
ducts goblet cells, which
∙ Forms walls produce mucus
of kidney tubules ∙ Lines digestive
∙ Covers the tract
ovaries Figure 3.17b Figure 3.17c
Simple Epithelium Stratified Epithelium

∙ Pseudostratified ∙ Stratified squamous
∙ Single layer, but ∙ Cells at the free edge
some cells are are flattened
shorter than others
∙ Found as a protective
∙ Often looks like a covering where
double cell layer friction is common
∙ Sometimes ciliated, ∙ Locations
such as in the
respiratory tract ∙ Skin
∙ May function in ∙ Mouth
absorption or ∙ Esophagus
secretion Figure 3.17d Figure 3.17e
Stratified Epithelium Stratified Epithelium
∙ Stratified cuboidal
∙ Two layers of cuboidal cells ∙ Transitional
∙ Stratified columnar epithelium
∙ Surface cells are columnar, cells ∙ Shape of cells
underneath vary in size and shape depends upon the
amount of stretching
∙ Stratified cuboidal and columnar
∙ Lines organs of the
∙ Rare in human body
urinary system
∙ Found mainly in ducts of large glands
Figure 3.17f
Glandular Epithelium Connective Tissue

∙ Gland – one or more cells that secretes a
particular product ∙ Found everywhere in the body
∙ Two major gland types ∙ Includes the most abundant and widely
∙ Endocrine gland distributed tissues
∙ Ductless
∙ Functions
∙ Secretions are hormones
∙ Binds body tissues together
∙ Exocrine gland
∙ Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface
∙ Supports the body
∙ Include sweat and oil glands ∙ Provides protection
Connective Tissue Characteristics Connective Tissue Types

∙ Bone (osseous tissue)
∙ Variations in blood supply ∙ Composed of:
∙ Some tissue types are well vascularized ∙ Bone cells in lacunae
(cavities)
∙ Some have poor blood supply or are
avascular ∙ Hard matrix of calcium
salts
∙ Extracellular matrix ∙ Large numbers of
∙ Non-living material that surrounds living collagen fibers
cells ∙ Used to protect and
support the body Figure 3.18a
Connective Tissue Types Connective Tissue Types
∙ Hyaline cartilage
∙ Most common
cartilage ∙ Elastic cartilage
∙ Composed of: ∙ Provides elasticity
∙ Abundant collagen
fibers ∙ Example: supports the external ear
∙ Rubbery matrix
∙ Entire fetal skeleton
is hyaline cartilage Figure 3.18b

∙ Dense connective
tissue
∙ Fibrocartilage ∙ Main matrix element
is collagen fibers
∙ Highly compressible ∙ Cells are fibroblasts
∙ Example: forms ∙ Examples
cushion-like discs ∙ Tendon – attach
between vertebrae muscle to bone
∙ Ligaments – attach
Figure 3.18c
bone to bone Figure 3.18d

∙ Areolar connective ∙ Areolar connective
tissue tissue
∙ Most widely ∙ Most widely
distributed distributed
connective tissue connective tissue
∙ Soft, pliable tissue ∙ Soft, pliable tissue
∙ Contains all fiber ∙ Contains all fiber
types types
∙ Can soak up excess ∙ Can soak up excess
fluid Figure 3.18e fluid Figure 3.18e
∙ Reticular
connective tissue ∙ Blood
∙ Delicate network of ∙ Blood cells
interwoven fibers surrounded by fluid
∙ Forms stroma matrix
(internal supporting ∙ Fibers are visible
network) of
lymphoid organs during clotting
∙ Lymph nodes ∙ Functions as the
∙ Spleen transport vehicle
∙ Bone marrow for materials
Figure 3.18g
Figure 3.18h
Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue Types
∙ Skeletal muscle
∙ Function is to produce movement ∙ Can be controlled
∙ Three types voluntarily
∙ Skeletal muscle ∙ Cells attach to
connective tissue
∙ Cardiac muscle
∙ Cells are striated
∙ Smooth muscle
∙ Cells have more than
one nucleus
Figure 3.19b
Muscle Tissue Types Muscle Tissue Types

∙ Cardiac muscle
∙ Found only in the ∙ Smooth muscle
heart
∙ Involuntary muscle
∙ Function is to pump
blood (involuntary) ∙ Surrounds hollow
organs
∙ Cells attached to
other cardiac muscle ∙ Attached to other
cells at intercalated smooth muscle cells
disks
∙ No visible striations
∙ Cells are striated
∙ One nucleus per cell
∙ One nucleus per cell Figure 3.19c Figure 3.19a
Nervous Tissue Tissue Repair
∙ Neurons and ∙ Regeneration

nerve support ∙ Replacement of destroyed tissue by the
cells same kind of cells
∙ Function is to ∙ Fibrosis
send impulses to ∙ Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue
(scar tissue)
other areas of
the body ∙ Determination of method
∙ Irritability ∙ Type of tissue damaged
∙ Conductivity ∙ Severity of the injury
Figure 3.20
Events in Tissue Repair Regeneration of Tissues

∙ Tissues that regenerate easily
∙ Epithelial tissue
∙ Capillaries become very permeable ∙ Fibrous connective tissue and bone
∙ Introduce clotting proteins ∙ Tissues that regenerate poorly
∙ Wall off injured area ∙ Skeletal muscle
∙ Formation of granulation tissue ∙ Tissues that are replaced largely with scar
∙ Regeneration of surface epithelium tissue
∙ Cardiac muscle
∙ Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

Anaphy Notes, I - Cells, Cell Division and Tissue

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Cells and Tissues – C, O, H, N

∙ Carry out all chemical activities needed

Anatomy of the Generalized Cell The Nucleus

∙ Nucleus ∙ Three regions

Nuclear Membrane – double Nucleoli

∙ Barrier for cell contents

Plasma Membrane Plasma Membrane Specializations

Cytoplasm Cytoplasmic Organelles

∙ Material outside the nucleus and inside

∙ Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum ∙ Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cytoplasmic Organelles Cytoplasmic Organelles

Cytoplasmic Organelles Cytoplasmic Organelles

Cytoplasmic Organelles Cellular Projections

∙ Not found in all cells

Cell Diversity Cell Diversity

Cell Diversity Cellular Physiology:

∙ Membrane Transport – movement of

Selective Permeability Passive Transport Processes

Passive Transport Processes Active Transport Processes (ATP)

Active Transport Processes Active Transport Processes

Active Transport Processes Active Transport Processes

Cell Life Cycle DNA Replication

∙ Cells have two major periods ∙ Genetic material

Stages of Mitosis Protein Synthesis

∙ Gene – DNA segment that carries a

Protein Synthesis Role of RNA

Body Tissues Epithelial Tissues

Epithelium Characteristics Classification of Epithelium

∙ Cells fit closely together

Simple Epithelium Simple Epithelium

Simple Epithelium Stratified Epithelium

Glandular Epithelium Connective Tissue

Connective Tissue Characteristics Connective Tissue Types

Connective Tissue Types Connective Tissue Types

Connective Tissue Types Connective Tissue Types

Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue Types

Muscle Tissue Types Muscle Tissue Types

∙ Neurons and ∙ Regeneration

Events in Tissue Repair Regeneration of Tissues

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