Small Changes and

Approximations
Compiled by: Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)

+263772978155/+263717267175

ntarakino@gmail.com

17 February 2019

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Page 1
 SYLLABUS (6042) REQUIREMENTS

 Define error
 Distinguish between absolute error and relative error
 Estimate errors in calculation including the use of












Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Page 2
 ERROR

Definition: It is the difference between the measured/calculated value and the true/exact
value.
Types Errors
(i) Absolute Error: It is the difference between the actual and measured value

The absolute error in is given by .

(ii) Relative Error: It is the absolute error divided by the actual measurement

The relative error in is given by .

(iii) Percentage Error: It is the relative error shown as a percentage

The absolute error in is given by .

The percentage change is an increase when it is positive or a decrease when it is negative.

SMALL ERRORS

NOTES
- The small change in is denoted by and the small change in is denoted by .
- is pronounced as ‘delta ’

- If is so small then will be a good approximation for i.e

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Page 3
 - The quantity is known as the ‘total differential of ’ (or simply ‘the differential
of ’). It provides an approximation (including the appropriate sign) for the
increment, , in subject to an increment of in .
- It is important not to use the word ‘differential’ when referring to ‘derivative’. Rather,
the correct alternative to ‘derivative’ is ‘differential coefficient’
- is useful in determining the change in one variable given the small change
in the second variable.

NB: It is usually more meaningful to discuss increments in the form of a percentage, since
this gives a better idea of how much a variable has a changed in proportion to its original
value.

Derivation of using a simple example

Given that . Lets consider the point . Suppose increased to

, decreased to . Then:

and

Now:

Also

Thus

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Page 4
 WORKED EXAMPLES

Example
An error of is made in measuring the radius of a sphere. Find the percentage error in
volume.

Now

Percentage error of is given by:

The percentage increase is .

November 2000 ZIMSEC Paper 1

The area of a circle is calculated from a measured value of the radius . There is a small
error in measuring the radius.
(i) Find an approximate expression for the measuring error in the calculated value of
the area.
(ii) Deduce that relative error in the area is approximately twice the relative error in the
radius.

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Page 5
Suggested solution

(i)

Now

(ii) Relative error of is given by:

The relative error in the area is twice the relative error in the radius.

June 2012 ZIMSEC Paper 1

If , find the approximate percentage decrease in given that increases by .

Suggested solution

.
Now

Percentage error of is given by:

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Page 6
 The percentage decrease is .

November 2015 ZIMSEC Paper 1

Given that , find the percentage increases in as increases from to .

Suggested solution

.
Now

Percentage error of is given by:

The percentage increase is .

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Page 7
PRACTICE QUESTIONS

[1] If the radius of the sphere increased from to , what is the approximate
increase in surface area? [ANSWER: ]

[2] The height of a cylinder is and its radius is . Find the approximate increase
in volume when the radius increases to . [ANSWER: ]

[3] An error of is made in measuring the radius of a sphere. Find the percentage error
in volume. [ANSWER: ]

[4] An error of is made in the measurement of the area of a circle. What is the
percentage error in
(a) the radius
(b) the circumference. [ANSWER: ]

[5] One side of a rectangle is three times the other. If the perimeter increases by .
What is the percentage increase in the area? [ANSWER: ]

[6] The kinetic energy of a body of mass moving with speed is given by
. If a body’s speed is increased by , what is the approximate
percentage change in the kinetic energy? [ANSWER: ]

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Page 8
 PAST EXAMINATION QUESTION

November 1996 ZIMSEC Paper

The length and are related by the equation

Given that is a constant, but that and can vary, show that

Hence find the approximate relative error in arising from a relative error of in , in the
case when .

November 1998 ZIMSEC Paper 1

Expand in ascending powers of , up to and including the term in .

State the set of values of for which the expansion is valid.
Calculate the relative error in using these terms of the expansion as an approximation for
when .

June 2007 ZIMSEC Paper 1

Question 5

A gas law is given by the equation , where is a constant.

Find
(i) in terms of and ,
(ii) the percentage change in given that increases by and state whether it is an
increase or a decrease.

Question 9

The volume of a sphere is given by the formula , where is the radius.

Show that , where is the diameter of the sphere.
Write down an expression for .

Hence estimate the maximum error in computing the volume of a sphere whose diameter is
measured as with error .

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Page 9
November 2007 ZIMSEC Paper 1

A student in a physics class measured the diameter , of a cylindrical wire of fixed length .
He used this to calculate the volume of the wire. If an error , in measurement of the
diameter, results in an error of in the calculated volume, write down the relationship
between and . Hence show that the relative error in the calculated volume is
approximately twice the relative error in the diameter.

November 2009 ZIMSEC Paper 1

The two variables and are related by the equation .Given that the value of
increases from by a small amount , determine in terms of ,
(i) the approximate change in ,
(ii) the corresponding percentage change in .

June 2013 ZIMSEC Paper 1

If error is made in measuring the diameter of a sphere, find approximately, the resulting
percentage error in
(i) the volume
(ii) the surface are of the sphere

November 2013 ZIMSEC Paper 1

Given that ,
(i) find in terms of and ,
(ii) find an expression for the approximate value of when where is a small
increase in

June 2014 ZIMSEC Paper 1

Given that ,find the percentage change in if is decreased by when .

November 2014 ZIMSEC Paper 1

Given that , where is a constant, find the percentage change in if increases by

.

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Page 10
June 2017 ZIMSEC Paper 1

The radius of a spherical globe was increased from to . Determine the

percentage increase in the volume of the globe.

November 2017 ZIMSEC Paper 1

Quantities and are related by the equation where is a constant. Find the
approximate percentage decrease in if increases by .

APPROXIMATIONS

NOTES
A more rigorous approach to the calculation of is to use the result known as ‘Taylor’s
Theorem’, which, in this context would give the formula

Hence, if is small enough for powers of two and above to be neglected then

WORKED EXAMPLE

November 2018 ZIMSEC Paper 2

The equation is used to approximate the square root of a number. Find an

approximation for

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Page 11
Suggested solution

and

and

Now

Now

The an approximation for is .

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

[1] Find an approximation for without using a calculator.

[2] Find an approximation for without using a calculator.

[3] Find an approximation for without using a calculator.

[4] Find an approximation for without using a calculator.

[5] Find an approximation for without using a calculator.

[6] Find an approximation for without using a calculator.

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Page 12
ASANTE SANA

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Page 13
*******THERE IS A LIGHT AT THE END OF EVERY TUNNEL *******

CONTRIBUTIONS ARE WELCOME; FEEL

FREE TO CONTACT ME SO THAT WE CAN
IMPROVE THE DOCUMENT TOGETHER.
***ENJOY***

Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)

+263772978155/+263717267175

ntarakino@gmail.com

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Page 14