Coordinate Geometry

Coordinate Geometry
Compiled by: Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)
+263772978155/+263717267175
ntarakino@gmail.com
11 MARCH 2020
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Page 1
SYLLABUS (6042) REQUIREMENTS

 find equations of parallel and perpendicular straight
lines
 calculate the distance between two points

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







Page 2
COORDINATE GEOMETRY
DEFINITION: It is the study of geometry using the coordinate points or the study of
algebraic equations on graphs or the study of geometrically represented
ordered pair of numbers
The Coordinate Plane

o Each point in a plane can be identified using an ordered pair of real numbers called the
Cartesian coordinates .
o The axes are perpendicular number lines which intersect at the origin .
o The horizontal axis has positive numbers on the right and is called the -axis.
o The vertical axis has positive numbers above the -axis and is called the -axis.
o The axes divide the plane into four quadrants, labelled to .
Positive (y-values)
II I
Negative (x-values) 0 Positive (x-values)
III IV
Negative (y-values)
NB: The points on the axes are not in any of the four quadrants.

Page 3
o The distance of a point from the -axis is called its x-coordinate, or abscissa.
o The distance of a point from the -axis is called its y-coordinate, or ordinate.
o The coordinates of a point on the x-axis are of the form
o The coordinates of a point on the y-axis are of the form .
The distance between two points
o Distances in geometry are always positive, except when the points coincide.
o The distance from to is the same as the distance from to .
Distance formula
A formula used to find the distance between two points, and
o The distance can be found using Pythagoras’ theorem and it is given by:
o The distance of a point from the origin is given by:

Page 4
o Let and be points in then:
o The distance of a point from the origin is given by:
Solved Problems
Question 1
Find the distance between the points and .
Suggested Solution
Question 2
If is and is find the length of .
Suggested Solution
Question 3
Find the distance of from the origin.
Suggested Solution

Page 5
Question 4
Find the distance of from the origin.
Suggested Solution
The Midpoint of an Interval
Given the points and then the midpoint, , of interval , given by:
0 X

Page 6
Solved Problems
Question 1
Find the coordinates of the midpoint of given that the points is and is .
Suggested Solution
Question 2
If is and is , find the coordinates of the midpoint of .
Suggested Solution
Question 3
Find the length of CD given that the point is the midpoint of where is ,
is and is .
Suggested Solution

Page 7
Now:
The Gradient of a line
Definition: The gradient is a measure of the steepness of line/slope.
o We will use the pronumeral/variable for gradient.

o The gradient of the line that passes through the points and is given
by the formula:
o In general, the gradient of an interval is given by:

Page 8
where rise is the change in the y-values as you move from to and run is the change
in the x-values as you move from to .
Types of gradients
Positive Gradients (Uphill Slope)
NB:
The line going up is said to have a positive gradient (or slope).
Negative Gradients (Downhill Slope)
NB:

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If we move from left to right the line going down is said to have a negative gradient (or
slope).
Zero Gradients (Horizontal lines)
NB: is not defined
If the line is horizontal (not going up or down) its gradient is zero.
No Gradients (Vertical Lines)
NB:
If the line is vertical its gradient is not defined.

Page 10
Worked Examples
Question 1
Find the gradient of the line joining the points and

Suggested Solution
Question 2
The gradient of the line joining the point to is . Find the value of
Suggested Solution
Question 3
Write down the value of the gradient and the coordinates of the -axis for the line with the
equation point
Suggested Solution

Page 11
Now comparing to
The Equation of a Line
o The general form of the equation of a line is given in the form , where
, and are integers and .
o The equation of a line can also be written as , where gives the gradient of
the line and gives the -intercept of the line.
o Parallel lines have the same gradient
CASE 1: Given the gradient ( ) and the y-intercept ( )
We use the equation
Worked Examples
Question 1
Find the equation of the line which cuts the -axis and its gradient is .
Suggested Solution

Page 12
Question 2
Find the equation of the line which cuts the -axis and its gradient is .
Suggested Solution
CASE 2: Given the gradient ( ) and the point ( )
We use the equation
Worked Examples
Question 1
Find the equation of the line which passes through the point and has a gradient of .
Suggested Solution
Question 2
Find, in the form , the equation of the line which passes through the point
with a gradient of .
Suggested Solution

Page 13
CASE 3: Given two points ( ) and ( )
Method 1
Steps
(i) Find the value of the gradient , using the given points.
(ii) Find the vertical axis intercept using the equation , by substituting the
value of and the coordinates of one of the given points.
(iii) Rewrite replacing and with their numerical values.
Method 2
We can use the formula:
where ( ) and ( ) are points on the line.
Worked Example
Question
Find the equation of the line which passes through the points and .
Suggested Solution

Page 14
Alternatively we can use the following method:
Find the gradient
Find the y-intercept (c)
Choose any point and substitute it into
Rewrite replacing and with their numerical values

Page 15
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
Parallel Lines
Two lines and with respective gradients of and are parallel and only if they have
the same slope i.e. if and also if their corresponding angles are equal.
Perpendicular Lines
Two lines and with respective gradients of and are perpendicular if and only if
the product of their slopes is i.e. if where neither nor can equal zero.
In other words, the two slopes must be opposite (opposite signs) reciprocals.

Page 16
Now:
Worked Examples
Question 1
Find the equation of the line which is perpendicular to the line which passes through the
points and .
Suggested Solution
NB: For perpendicular lines:
Now:

Page 17
Alternatively we can use the following method:
Find the gradient
Find the y-intercept (c)
Choose any point and substitute it into
Rewrite replacing and with their numerical values

Page 18
Question 2
Find the equation of the line which passes through the point and which is parallel to
the line with equation .
Suggested Solution
NB: For parallel lines:
Now
Follow Up Questions
Question 1
For the following pairs of points A and B, calculate:
(a) the midpoint of the line joining A to B
(b) the distance AB
(c) the gradient of the line AB
(d) the gradient of the line perpendicular to AB.
(i) and
Answer: , , and
(ii) and
Answer: , , and

Page 19
(iii) and
Answer: , , and
(iv) and –
Answer: , , and
Question 2
The points and have coordinates and , where , and
Find:
(i) the value of
(ii) the lengths of and
(iii)the area of triangle .
Answer: , , ; Area
Solved Past Examination Questions
Question 1
UCLES NOVEMBER 1996 PAPER 1
The line joining have coordinates , respectively. Find the

equation of the straight line joining to the mid-point of . [3]
Suggested Solution
Let the mid-point of
Now:

Page 20
Now the equation is given by:
Question 2
ZIMSEC November 2019 Paper 1
The diagram above shows points and lying on the line whose equation is .
The point lies on the -axis and . The line from to is perpendicular
to .
Calculate the
(a) co-ordinates of and , [6]

(b) exact area of triangle ADC. [3]
Suggested Solution
(a) At :

Page 21
is
Also the gradient of is perpendicular to the gradient
Now: gradient of gradient of
Equation of is given by:
Finding the coordinates of

(i)
(ii)
Substituting equation (i) into equation (ii)
Now:
The coordinates of are

Page 22
Let the coordinates of be
and
Since
and
(b) , and
Length of
Length of
Now:

Page 23
Question 3
Cambridge June 2004 Paper 1
The curve and the line intersect at two points. Find
(i) the coordinates of the two points, [4]

(ii) the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the two points. [4]
Suggested Solution
(i) (i)
(ii)
Now:

Page 24
(ii)
or
or
The coordinates are and
(ii) Let the mid-point of
Now:
Gradient of line
Gradient of perpendicular line
Now the equation is given by:

Page 25
Question 4
ZIMSEC JUNE 2005 PAPER 1
The points and have coordinates and respectively.
Find the values of for which the mid-point of lies on the line . [3]
Suggested Solution
Since the mid-point of lies on the line

Page 26
Question 5
Cambridge June 2009 Paper 1
The diagram shows points and lying on the line . The point lies on the
-axis and . The line from to is perpendicular to . Calculate the
coordinates of and . [7]
Suggested Solution
At :
is
Also the gradient of is perpendicular to the gradient
Now: gradient of gradient of

Page 27
Finding the coordinates of
(i)
(ii)
Now:
Let the coordinates of be
and
Since

Page 28
and
Questions 7
Find in terms of , the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the points
and . [3]
Suggested Solution
gradient of
Now the equation of the perpendicular bisector is given by:

Page 29
Question 8
Cambridge November 2007 Paper 1
The three points and are shown in the diagram. The point is
such that the line is perpendicular to and is parallel to . Calculate the
coordinates of . [7]
Suggested Solution
Now:

Page 30
Also:
Finding :
(i)
(ii)
Substituting equation (ii) into equation (i)
(ii)

Page 31
The coordinates of are or

Page 32
PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
ZIMSEC
Questions 1
UCLES JUNE 2007 PAPER 1
The vertices of the triangle are and Find an equation of the

line passing through and , giving your answer in the form , where
and are integers. [3]
Show by calculation that and are perpendicular. [2]
Answer:
The product of gradients
Questions 2
The curve and the line intersect at the points and and is
the origin. Calculate the coordinates of and , and hence show that ad are
peperndicular. [6]
Answer: and . The product of gradients .
Questions 3
The straight line passes through the point and is perpendicular to the line
. Find the equation of , giving your answer in the form [3]
Answer:

Page 33
Questions 4
UCLES JUNE 2000 PAPER 1
Find the equation of the straight line passing through the origin and perpendicular to the line
. [3]
Answer:
Questions 5
The points have coordinates respectively. The line passes through the
mid-point of and is parallel to the line with equation . Find the equation
of , giving your answer in the form . [3]
Answer:
Questions 6
The line has equation . The line passes through the point and is
perpendicular to .
(i) Find the equation of in the form . [2]

(ii) The line crosses the axis at and the axis at . Find the coordinates of
and of . Hence determine the area of triangle , where is the origin. [2]
Answer:
and ; Area

Page 34
Questions 7
and are points and respectively.
(i) Find the equation of the line which passes through and , giving your answer in
the form . [2]
(ii) Given that is the mid-point of , show that is perpendicular to . [3]
(iii) Hence or otherwise show that the area of is . [3]
Answer:
and the products of gradients
Questions 8
Line has equation and point has coordinates .
Show that the line from perpendicular to has equation . [3]
Hence find
(i) the perpendicular distance of from , [5]

(ii) the equation of the circle which has centre and touches . [3]
Questions 9
The line intersects at and . Find the coordinates of the

mid-point of . [5]
Answer:

Page 35
Questions 10
The equation of a straight line is . The straight line is parallel to and

passes through
(i) Find the equation of . [2]

(ii) Show that the line joining to is perpendicular to . [3]
(iii) Given that the point lies on , and that lies on , find the equation of
circle passing through and . [3]
Answer:
The products of gradients
Questions 11
Find the set of values of such that the gradient of the line passing through the points
and is less than . [3]
Answer:
Questions 12
The straight line passes through the point and is perpendicular to a line with
equation .
Find the equation of the line , leaving the answer in the form . [3]
Answer:

Page 36
CAMBRIDGE QUESTIONS
Questions 1
CAMBRIDGE NOVEMBER 2002 PAPER 1
The diagram shows a rectangle where is and is .
Given that the equation of is , find
(ii) the coordinates of , [2]

(iii)Find the perimeter of the rectangle . [3]
Answer:

Page 37
Questions 2
CAMBRIDGE JUNE 2007 PAPER 1
The diagram shows a rectangle . The point is , is and lies on the

-axis.
Find
(i) the equation of , [4]

(ii) the coordinates of and . [3]
Answer:
Questions 3
The point lies on the curve .
(i) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at . [3]
The equation of the curve at intersects the curve again at .
(ii) Find the coordinates of . [4]
The tangents at and intersect at each other at

Page 38
(iii)Find the coordinates of . [4]
Answer:
Questions 4
The point and lie on the curve .
(i) Show that the equation of the perpendicular bisector of is . [4]
The perpendicular bisector of meets the curve at and
(ii) Find by calculation, the distance , giving your answer in the form where
and are integers. [5]
Answer:
Questions 5
The diagram shows a kite in which is the line of symmetry. The coordinates of
and are and respectively and is the origin.

Page 39
(i) Find the equation of and . [4]
(ii) Find by calculation the coordinates of . [3]
Answer:
Questions 6
The points and have coordinates and respectively, where is a

positive constant.
(i) Find the equation of the line through the origin parallel to . [2]
(ii) The length of the line is . Find the value of . [3]
Answer:
Questions 7
The diagram shows a trapezium in which the coordinates of , and are

and respectively. The lines and are parallel, angle
and is parallel to the -axis.
(i) Find, by calculation, the value of . [3]

(ii) Hence, find the coordinates of . [3]

Page 40
(iii)It is given that and are equal in lengths. Find an equation relating and
and show that it can be simplified to . [3]
(iv) Using the results from parts (ii) and (iii), and showing all necessary working, find
the possible coordinates of . [4]
Answer:
Questions 8
The diagram shows a trapezium in which is parallel to and angle is .

The coordinates of and are and respectively

(ii) Find, by calculation, the coordinates of . [3]
The point is such that is a parallelogram.
(iii)Find the length of . [2]
Answer:

Page 41
Questions 9
The coordinates of points and are and respectively and is the mid-point
of . A point has coordinates , where and are variables.
(i) State the coordinates of . [1]

(ii) It is given that . Write down an equation relating and . [1]
(iii)It is given that and are equal in lengths. Find an equation relating and
and show that it can be simplified to . [3]
(iv) Using the results from parts (ii) and (iii), and showing all necessary working, find
the possible coordinates of . [4]
Answer:
Questions 10
A straight line has gradient and passes through the point . Find the values of for
which the line is a tangent to the curve and for each value of find the
coordinates of the point where the line touches the curve. [7]
Answer:

Page 42
ASANTE SANA

Page 43
*******THERE IS A LIGHT AT THE END OF EVERY TUNNEL *******
CONSTRUCTIVE COMMENTS ON THE FORM

OF THE PRESENTATION, INCLUDING ANY
OMISSIONS OR ERRORS, ARE WELCOME.
***ENJOY***
Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)
+263772978155/+263717267175
ntarakino@gmail.com

Page 44

Coordinate Geometry - by Trockers

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Compiled by: Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

The Coordinate Plane

Negative (x-values) 0 Positive (x-values)

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

The distance between two points

o The distance of a point from the origin is given by:

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

o The distance of a point from the origin is given by:

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

The Midpoint of an Interval

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

The Gradient of a line

Definition: The gradient is a measure of the steepness of line/slope.

o We will use the pronumeral/variable for gradient.

o In general, the gradient of an interval is given by:

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Positive Gradients (Uphill Slope)

The line going up is said to have a positive gradient (or slope).

Negative Gradients (Downhill Slope)

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Zero Gradients (Horizontal lines)

NB: is not defined

If the line is horizontal (not going up or down) its gradient is zero.

No Gradients (Vertical Lines)

If the line is vertical its gradient is not defined.

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Find the gradient of the line joining the points and

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

The Equation of a Line

CASE 1: Given the gradient ( ) and the y-intercept ( )

We use the equation

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

CASE 2: Given the gradient ( ) and the point ( )

We use the equation

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

We can use the formula:

where ( ) and ( ) are points on the line.

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Find the gradient

Find the y-intercept (c)

Choose any point and substitute it into

Rewrite replacing and with their numerical values

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

NB: For perpendicular lines:

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Find the y-intercept (c)

Choose any point and substitute it into

Rewrite replacing and with their numerical values

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

NB: For parallel lines:

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Solved Past Examination Questions

UCLES NOVEMBER 1996 PAPER 1