Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric Functions
Compiled by: Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)
+263772978155/+263717267175
ntarakino@gmail.com
10 APRIL 2020
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

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SYLLABUS (6042) REQUIREMENTS
 Sketch the graphs of trigonometrical functions

 Transform the graphs of trigonometrical functions
 Sketch graphs of inverse trigonometrical relations
 Solve trigonometrical equations
 Prove trigonometrical identities
 Solve problems using trigonometrical identities
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TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Definition: Trigonometric functions are elementary functions, the argument of which is an

angle. Trigonometric functions are simply functions of angles. They are used to
relate the angles.
Notes
o Trigonometric functions describe the relation between the sides and angles of a right
angle.
o Trigonometric functions are also called circular functions
o Trigonometric functions include the following six functions: sine, cosine, tangent,
cotangent, secant and cosecant.
o Trig functions can be defined using unit circles (A circle with a radius of )

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The diagram above shows a circle with centre and radius . is a point on
the circle and is the angle between the positive direction of axis and vector .
NOW:
(i) The Sine of an angle is the ratio of coordinate of the point to the radius :
Since , this is equal to coordinate of the point i.e.
(ii) The Cosine of an angle is the ratio of coordinate of the point to the radius
:
(iii)The Tangent of an angle is the ratio of coordinate of the point to the

coordinate:
(iv) The Cotangent of an angle is the ratio of coordinate of the point to the
coordinate:
NB:
(v) The Secant of an angle is the ratio of the radius to the coordinate of the point
:
NB:

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(vi) The Cosecant of an angle is the ratio of the radius to the coordinate of the point
:
NB:
NOTE
For and there is a ‘C’ ‘S’ relationship i.e. and are reciprocal
functions
Graphs of Basic Trigonometric Functions

The six basic trigonometric functions are , , , , and .
Amplitude and Period
(a) Amplitude refers to the maximum value of or simple maximum ordinate value
(b) Period refers to the length of the smallest domain interval which corresponds to a
complete cycle of values of the function
(c) Domain refers to the set of all possible input values ( values) over which the function
has defined outputs
(d) Range refers to the set of all actual outputs ( values)

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Sine Function
o Amplitude
o Period or
o Domain
o Range
o i.e. it is odd or asymmetric
Cosine Function
o Amplitude
o Period or
o Domain
o Range
o i.e. it is even or symmetric

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Tangent Function
o Amplitude None
o Period or
o Domain except for is an odd integer
o Range
NOTE:
 It is defined for
 So when we have the asymptotes for the graph i.e. ,
 The vertical asymptotes must be positioned at
NB: is undefined for or
or or

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Secant Function
o Period or
o Domain except for where is an odd integer
o Range except for

o i.e. it is even or symmetric
NOTE:

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Cosecant Function
o Period or
o Domain except for is an integer
o Range except for
NOTE:
,

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Cotangent Function
o Period or
o Domain except for is an integer
o Range
NOTE:


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Graphs of Inverse Trigonometrical Relations
o The six inverse trigonometric functions are ; ; ; ;

and .
o To sketch the graphs of inverses simply reflect the graphs of the original functions along
the line .
Function
It is a reflection of the graph of along the line . The domain of

must be restricted so that it becomes a one-one function.
Domain: or
Range: or

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Function

Domain: or
Range: or
Function

Domain: or
Range: or

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Function

Domain: or
Range: or
Function

Domain: except for or except for
Range: except for or

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Function

Domain except for or except for
Range: except for or

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TRANSFORMATIONS
To transform means to change in shape (size) and position.
There are three types of transformations which are: Translation, Reflection and Stretch.
TRANSLATION
(i) x
: This is translation along the with translation vector or
simply moving units to the right side.
simply moving units to the left side.
(ii) y
simply moving units downwards.
simply moving units upwards.
REFLECTION
(i) x
: This is reflection along the
(ii) y

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: This is reflection along the
STRETCH
(i) x
: This is stretch along the with factor or simply divide every
by .
(ii) y
: This is stretch along the with factor or simply multiply every

by .
Worked examples
Question 1
Sketch the graph of for .
Hence on separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of the following functions and state the
resultant transformation.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

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Suggested solution
NB: is a graph of which has been translated unit below the .
(i)
Stretch along the with factor or multiply every by or
divide every by .
(ii)
Translation along the with translation vector or moving
rightwards.

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(iii)
Stretch along the with factor or multiplying every by .
(iv)
(a) Translation along the with translation vector or moving
rightwards.
(b) Translation along the with translation vector or moving
upwards.

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Question 2
Sketch the graph of for the interval .
Suggested Solution
(a) Stretch along the with factor or multiply every coordinate by
(b) Translation along the with translation vector or moving upwards.
Question 3
Suggested Solution
(a) Stretch along the with factor or divide every coordinate by
(b) Stretch along the with factor or multiply every coordinate by

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Question 4
a) Sketch the graph of for the interval
b) Given that , for the domain , find the largest value of for which
has an inverse.
Suggested Solution
a) (i) Stretch along the with factor or divide every coordinate by
(ii) Stretch along the with factor or multiply every coordinate by
b) If has an inverse then it must be a one to one function thus the largest value of in the
given interval is .

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Question 5
Suggested Solution
(a) Translation along the with translation vector or moving
rightwards.
(b) Stretch along the with factor or multiply every coordinate by .

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Quadrants
o A quadrant is a quarter of a coordinate plane

o There are four quadrants namely (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
o The coordinates in each respective quadrant are of the form , , and
respectively
o Quadrants move in an anticlockwise direction from the first quadrant which is the
positive quadrant i.e. both and have positive coordinates.
90
SILLY ALL
(Only Sin positive) ; ; (All positive)
180 0
360
(Only Tan positive) (Only Cos positive)
TOM CATS
270
o There are two angles within the first that have the same value.
o is the principal angle

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Reference Angles
o is the reference angle: The positive acute and smallest angle representing an
angle of any measure and it is made from the terminal
side of a given angle with the -axis. It is never
negative
o is the principal/standard angle
Quadrant 1 Quadrant 2
Quadrant 3 Quadrant 4

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General Solutions
Sine function
If , then the general solution is given by:
Cosine function
Tangent function
NB: is the principal angle and is period.
Basic Trigonometrical Equations
Steps
o Set the equation equal to zero
o Factor if possible
o Convert to one trigonometric function if possible
o If the angle has a coefficient greater than one (multiple variables e.g. , etc),
then go around the circle that many times to find all possible angles.
o Divide the resulting angles by the coefficient e.g. for divide by .

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NOTE
 The other solutions are found by adding or subtracting multiples of the period
i.e. for and the period is or and for the period is
or BUT be guided by the given range/interval.
 Do not divide the equation by a trig function e.g. for never
divide by BUT put all functions to one side and factor out .
 If you square both sides, always remember to check the solutions at the end e.g.
for , we get BUT after application of
necessary identities and solving this equation, remember to check if all the
solutions satisfy the original equation . Drop/ignore all solutions
which do not satisfy this equation.
 If the range is given in radians e.g. make sure to give your solutions
in radians and if it is given in degrees e.g. always express your
answers in degrees.
Solved Problems
Question 1
Solve the equation for
Suggested Solution

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OR
Using the general solution:
Question 2
Suggested Solution
Method 1

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Method 2

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Method 3
Question 3
Suggested Solution

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Now:
Also:
Question 4

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Suggested Solution
NB: After calculating the principal angles, we then add multiples of (due to periodicity) in order
to satisfy the required restriction i.e.
NB: We only divide after finding all possible angles.
Question 5
Solve the equation for .

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Aside:
NB:
Also:
Question 6
Cambridge Question
a) Solve the equation for .
b) The smallest positive solution of the equation , where is a

positive integer is . State the value of and hence find the largest solution of the
equation in the interval .

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Suggested Solution
has no solutions or

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Proving Trigonometric Identities
Definition: Trigonometric identities are equations involving the trigonometric functions that
are true for every value of the variables involved.
Steps
 Determine the more complex side
 Work each side separately. Do NOT move across the equal sign
 Break down the sines and cosines
 When there are two terms on one side sometimes it is necessary to find the
common denominator
 Sometimes you need to factor i.e. sum and difference of cubes, difference of two
squares
 Use substitutions like or
 is often used
 Sometimes you need to multiply by a conjugate

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From the diagram above:
Now:
The reciprocal identities are
NB: For ( ) and ( ) there is a ‘ ’ ‘ ’ relationship
Using identity ( ):
Also:

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But from the triangle above
Substituting (iv) into (iii):
Using identity ( ):
Also:
NB: (i) Identities 6, 7 and 8 are called Pythagorean identities
(ii) Using (6): and

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Worked Problems
Question 1
Prove the identity
Suggested Solution
LHS:
Question 2
Prove that .
Suggested Solution
LHS:

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Compound angle formulae
Definition: A compound angle is an algebraic sum of two or more angles

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Double/ Multiple angle formulae
Definition: A multiple angle is an algebraic sum of two or more identical angles
Solved Problems
Question 1
Find, without using tables/ calculators, exact value for:
a)
b)
c)
Suggested Solution
a)

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b)
c)

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Question 2
Prove the following identity:
Suggested Solution

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Question 3
Prove the identity
Suggested Solution
Question 4
Cambridge Question
(i) Prove that .
(ii) Hence
a) solve for , the equation ,

b) find the exact value of .

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Suggested Solution
(i)
LHS
(ii)
(iii)

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Question 5
Solve the equation for .
Suggested Solution
Aside:
Also:

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Question 6
Cambridge Question
Showing all necessary working, solve the equations
(a) for
(b) for .
Suggested Solution
(a)
But
Now multiplying both the numerator and the denominator by :

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(b)
Remember that
Now:
Harmonic Identities
o Given an expression , express it in the form i.e.
Thus
Now:

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Method 1
Using
i.e.
Using
Method 2

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From the triangle:
Using the Pythagoras’ theorem
i.e.
NOTE
(i) Express in the form
(ii) Express in the form
(iii)Express in the form

Page 47
Harmonic Equations
o They are of the form and

o Given the equation, say, express the LHS in the form
and solve the equation .
Worked Problem
Question 1
ZIMSEC NOVEMEBER 2003 PAPER 1
Express in the form ), where and [2]
Hence or otherwise find the solution of the equation
for [4]
Suggested Solution
Now:
Using

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Using
Now:

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MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES
Case 1: Expressions of the form and
(i) -Express in the form
(iv) Express in the form
Method 1
The range for the above expressions is given by:
The maximum value is and the minimum value is –

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Method 2
Make use of transformations but take note of the following:
(i) The largest/greatest value gives the maximum

(ii) The smallest/least value is the minimum.
Method1
The maximum value is and the minimum value is –
Method 2


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Method 1
The maximum value is and the minimum value is
Method 2
(i) The largest/greatest value gives the minimum

(ii) The smallest/least value is the maximum

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Method 1
The maximum value is the largest value between and and the minimum value
is the smallest value between and
Method 2

Solved Problems
Question 1
Express in the form , where is positive and .
Hence,
(i) sketch the graph of for .
(ii) solve the equation for ,

(iii)determine
(a) the value of for which is maximum,
(b) the minimum and maximum values of .
Suggested Solution

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(i) (ii)
Also:
(i) Sketching the graph of for .
(ii) solving the equation for

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(iii)Determining
(a) the value of for which is maximum,
The maximum value is
Alternatively, graphical method or differentiation can be used
(b) the minimum value of
Method 1
Also:

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The minimum value (smallest value between the two values) is and the
maximum value (largest value between the two values) is .
Method 2
When .
When .
The maximum value is and the minimum value is
Method 3
Function Maximum Minimum
Minimum value
Maximum value

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Question 2
Express in the form ), where and .
Hence,
(i) solve the equation for ,
(ii) state the maximum and minimum values of .
Suggested Solution
Now:
From the triangle:

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Page 58
(ii) Finding maximum and minimum values of .
Method 1
Minimum value occurs when .
Maximum value occurs when .
Method 2
Minimum value
Maximum value
Method 3
Function Maximum Minimum
Minimum value
Maximum value

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Question 3
Solve for
Suggested Solution
Method 1

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Now we have to check if all the solutions satisfy the original equation .
Method 2
Aside:

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Now:
From the triangle:
Now:

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Solved Past Examination Questions
Question 1
ZIMSEC June 2006 Paper 1
(a) It is given that and , where and are acute. Use this
information to prove that . [3]

(b) Express in the form , where and is acute, giving
the value of correct to the nearest one tenth of a degree. [2]
Hence find
(i) values of , correct to one tenth of a degree, for , which satisfy
, [3]
(ii) the greatest and least values of . [2]
Suggested Solution

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Now:
From the triangle:

Page 64

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The least value and the greatest value .
Question 2
ZIMSEC November 2011 Paper 1
Describe the transformation needed to transform the graph of onto the graph of
. [3]
Suggested Solution
(a) Stretch along the with factor or divide every coordinate by
(b) Stretch along the with factor or multiply every coordinate by
(c) Translation along the with translation vector or moving
downwards
Question 3
(a) Prove the identity
(b) Solve the equation
for . [6]

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Suggested Solution
(a)
RHS:
(b)

Page 67
Question 4
(a) Prove the identity
(b) Hence, or otherwise solve the equation
for . [6]
Suggested Solution
(a)
RHS:

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Question 5
(a) Show that
(b) By letting , deduce that . [4]
Suggested Solution
RHS:

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Let

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Question 6
Cambridge June 2009 Paper 3
(i) Prove that
(ii) Hence solve , for . [2]
Suggested Solution
(i)
LHS:
(ii)

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Question 7
The angle and lie in the interval , and are such that
Find the possible values of and [6]
Suggested Solution
(i)
(ii)
Substituting equation (i) into equation (ii):

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(ii)
and or and .

Page 73
Question 8
Cambridge November 2017 Paper 3
(i) Prove the identity
(ii) Hence sketch the graph for . [3]
Suggested Solution
(i)
LHS:

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(ii)
 Stretch along the with factor or divide every coordinate by
 Stretch along the with factor or multiply every coordinate by
Question 9
(i) By first expanding , or otherwise, show that
(ii) Hence solve the equation
for . [4]
Suggested Solution
(i)

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But
REMEMBER that
(ii)
Aside:

Page 76
Also:
Question 10
Cambridge November 2019 Paper 3
(i) By first expanding show that the equation can be written

in the form . [4]
(ii) Hence solve the equation for . [3]
Suggested Solution
(i)

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Remember that
Now
(ii)
Let
or

Page 78
But
or
or
Aside:
Also:

Page 79
TRIGONOMETIC IDENTITIES PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Prove the following identities:
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3
Question 4
Question 5
Question 6
Question 7
Question 8

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Question 9
Question 10
Question 11
Question 12
Question 13
Question 14
Question 15
Question 16
Question 17

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Question 18
Question 19
Question 20
Question 21
Question 22
Question 23
Question 24
Question 25

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Question 26
Question 27
Question 28
Question 29
Question 30
Question 31
Question 32
Question 33

Page 83
Question 34
Question 35
Question 36
Question 37
Question 38
Question 39
Question 40
Question 41
Question 42

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Question 43
Question 44
Question 45
Question 46
Question 47
Question 48
Question 49
Question 50

Page 85
Question 51
Question 52
Question 53
Question 54
Question 55
Question 56
Question 57
Question 58

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Question 59
Question 60

Page 87
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Solve the following equations:
Question 1
Answer:
Question 2
Answer:
Question 3
Answer:
Question 4
Answer:
Question 5
Answer:

Page 88
Question 6
Answer:
Question 7
Answer:
Question 8
Answer:
Question 9
Answer:
Question 10
Answer:
Question 11
Answer:

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Question 12
Answer:
Question 13
Answer:
Question 14
Answer:
Question 15
Answer:
Question 16
Answer:
Question 17
Answer:

Page 90
Question 18
Answer:
Question 19
Answer:
Question 20
Answer:
Question 21
Answer:
Question 22
Answer:
Question 23
Answer:

Page 91
Question 24
Answer:
Question 25
Answer:
Question 26
Answer:
Question 27
Answer:
Question 28
Answer:
Question 29
Answer:

Page 92
Question 30
Answer:
Question 31
Answer:
Question 32
Answer:
Question 33
Answer:
Question 34
Answer:
Question 35
Answer:

Page 93
Question 36
Answer:
Question 37
Answer:
Question 38
Answer:
Question 39
Answer:
Question 40
Answer:
Question 41
Answer:

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Question 42
Answer:
Question 43
Answer:
Question 44
Answer:
Question 45
Answer:
Question 46
Answer:
Question 47
Answer:

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Question 48
Answer:
Question 49
Answer:
Question 50
Answer:
Question 51
Answer:
Question 52
Answer:
Question 53
Answer:

Page 96
Question 54
Answer:
Question 55
Answer:
Question 56
Answer:
Question 57
Answer:
Question 58
Answer:
Question 59
Answer:

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Question 60
Answer:
Question 61
Answer:
Question 62
Answer:
Question 63
Answer:
Question 64
Answer:
Question 65
Answer:

Page 98
PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
CAMBRIDGE
Question 1
CAMBRIDGE November 2019 Paper 3
(i) By first expanding , show that the equation can be written

in the form [4]
(ii) Hence solve the equation for . [3]
Answers:
Question 2
CAMBRIDGE June 2019 Paper 3
Showing all necessary working, solve the equation for . [5]
Answers:
Question 3
By expressing the equation in terms of only,

solve the equation for . [5]
Answer:
Question 4
(i) Express in the form , where and ,

giving the value of correct to decimal places. [3]

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for . [4]
Answers: (i)
(ii)
Question 5
The angles and are such that
and .
Without using a calculator, find the exact value of . [8]
Answer:
Question 6
Solve the equation for . [6]
Answers:
Question 7
(i) Show that . [3]
(ii) Given that , find the exact values of . [4]
Answer:

Page 100
Question 8
(i) Given that , show that . [3]

(ii) Express in the form , where and ,
giving the value of correct to decimal places. [3]
(iii)Hence solve the equation for . [4]
Answers: (ii)
(iii)
Question 9
CAMBRIDGE November 2013
Paper 32
(i) Prove that . [3]

(ii) Hence show that
Question 10
(i) Show that the equation
can be written in the form

Page 101
for . [3]
Answers: (ii)
Question 11
(i) Show that the equation can be written in the form
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, solve the equation
for . [3]
Answers: (ii)
Question 12
(i) Express in the form , where and , giving

the exact value of and the value of correct to decimal places. [3]
giving all solutions in the interval . [4]
Answers: (i)
(ii)
Question 13
Sketch the graph of for . [3]
Answer:

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Question 14
(i) Prove that . [3]
(ii) Hence find the exact value of
Answer: (ii)
Question 15
The angle , measured in degrees, satisfies the equation
(i) By expanding each side, show that the equation may be simplified to
(ii) Find two possible values of lying between and . [3]

(iii)Find the exact value of , giving your answer as a fraction. [3]
Answers: (ii)

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(iii)
Question 16

stating the value of correct to decimal places. [3]
Hence
(ii) solve the equation
giving all values of such that , [4]
(iii)Write down the greatest value of . [1]
Answers: (i)
(ii)
(iii)
Question 17

stating the exact value of and the value of correct to decimal place. [3]
(ii) Solve the equation
giving all solutions in the interval . [4]

(iii)The graph of for , has one stationary point. State
the coordinates of this point. [1]
Answers: (i)
(ii)

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(iii)
Question 18
Solve the equation for . [5]
Answers:
ZIMSEC
Question 1
Show that the equation
may be written as
and hence solve the equation for . [7]
Answer:
Question 2
(i) Express in the form , where and [3]

(ii) Hence, or otherwise, solve the equation
for . [3]

Page 105
Answers: (i)
(ii)
Question 3
(i) Solve the equation
for . [3]
(ii) Solve the equation for .
giving all solutions in the interval , giving your answers correct to the
nearest . [5]
Answers: (i)
(ii)
Question 4
(a) (i) Write down the function in the form , where

and .
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, solve the equation for .
[6]
(b) (i) State the maximum and the minimum values of the function
(ii) Sketch the graph of against for .

(iii) Describe the basic transformations which the graph of undergoes to obtain
the graph of . [8]
Answers: a) (i)

Page 106
(ii)
b) (i) maximum value and minimum value
(ii)
(iii) (1) Translation along the with translation vector or
moving rightwards
(2) Stretch along the with factor or multiply every
coordinate by
(3) Translation along the with translation vector or
moving upwards
Question 5
(i) Prove the identity
Answers: (i)
Question 6
(i) Express in the form . [3]

Page 107
(ii) Hence or otherwise, solve the equation for .
[3]
(iii)State the minimum and the maximum values of
Answers: (i)
(ii)
(iii) Maximum
Minimum
Question 7
(a) Express in the form where and . [3]
(b) Hence or otherwise, solve the equation for . [3]
(c) Determine the maximum and the minimum values of . [2]
Answers: (a)
(b)
(b) Maximum
Minimum

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Question 8
(a) Given that

Sketch the graph of for . [3]
(b) Describe the geometrical transformation which maps onto
. [3]
Answers: (a)
(b) Translation along the with translation vector or moving
rightwards followed by a stretch along the with factor

or multiply every coordinate by

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ASANTE SANA

Page 110
*******THERE IS A LIGHT AT THE END OF EVERY TUNNEL *******
CONSTRUCTIVE COMMENTS ON THE FORM

OF THE PRESENTATION, INCLUDING ANY
OMISSIONS OR ERRORS, ARE WELCOME.
***ENJOY***
Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)
+263772978155/+263717267175
ntarakino@gmail.com

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Compiled by: Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

 Sketch the graphs of trigonometrical functions

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Definition: Trigonometric functions are elementary functions, the argument of which is an

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Since , this is equal to coordinate of the point i.e.

(iii)The Tangent of an angle is the ratio of coordinate of the point to the

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Graphs of Basic Trigonometric Functions

Amplitude and Period

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

o Domain except for is an odd integer

 The vertical asymptotes must be positioned at

NB: is undefined for or

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

o Domain except for where is an odd integer

o Range except for

 The vertical asymptotes must be positioned at

NB: is undefined for or

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

NB: is undefined for or

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

NB: is undefined for or

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

o The six inverse trigonometric functions are ; ; ; ;

It is a reflection of the graph of along the line . The domain of

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

It is a reflection of the graph of along the line . The domain of

It is a reflection of the graph of along the line . The domain of

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

It is a reflection of the graph of along the line . The domain of

It is a reflection of the graph of along the line . The domain of

Domain: except for or except for

Range: except for or

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

It is a reflection of the graph of along the line . The domain of

Domain except for or except for

Range: except for or

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

To transform means to change in shape (size) and position.

: This is translation along the with translation vector or

simply moving units to the right side.

: This is translation along the with translation vector or

simply moving units to the left side.

: This is translation along the with translation vector or

simply moving units downwards.

: This is translation along the with translation vector or

simply moving units upwards.

: This is reflection along the

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

: This is stretch along the with factor or simply divide every

: This is stretch along the with factor or simply multiply every

Sketch the graph of for .

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

NB: is a graph of which has been translated unit below the .

Translation along the with translation vector or moving